mr18 ‘Attacking GOI engine particulate emissions - SAE International ieee Cac eS LS AS Ee taser or Attacking GDI engine particulate emissions 2o-bec 2044 10-40 EST Source! Autaneive Epeaney Migeane 3@AmG —-STOATDC 450 ATDC !emay be surprising to leatn thatthe moder gasoline drect-injecton (GD!) engines in toy’ passenger cars can erst more hazardous fine paculate matter than a pot fuelnjected engine (PF), or even the last Neavy-duty desels equipped witha particulate ke. And the potentialimpact to public heath ram these partculates is dng new developments in fuel delivery, conttls, and combustion stratsies Cars wih downsize, turbocharges Go engines such a5 Ford's popular EeoBoost ames have became automakers most effective tol in meeting stiter government fel economy standards, BI, Daimler and Ka are already using Got technology in mest ofthe production vehicles while Robert Bosch sees GDI as fn Ideal bai for future hyrids,48-valk, trong or plug. So's no wander that GOI engines are tobe the fastest-growing market segment in propulsn during ‘he coming deci, wth some 80 mien uns in vse by 2025, acordng to the research fem IMS. Such growth means that GDI particulate emssons, thou low compared to those ofan unitered dese, snow an emering issue that has researchers ‘examining varous apaoaches te mitgating the problem sncing new combustion design and engineering cncets, aerate fuel and emsions conta Unheattny soot Confemation of the hazard comes va a recent study conducted by resarchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) Fuels, Engines and Emissions Research Center who found that sample GD! engines emit veto 40 tes more particulate matter than thes PFT counterpars ‘Tha tradeot for tel economy i higher particule matter emsion,”sld ORNL senor RAD team leader ohn Storey. "The particulate size ranges fom 5 to '5000 nm 9 ameter snd they can icue very heavy low voit hyérocarbons an tars.” “These carbon-based agslomerates can kntate the eyes, nese, treat and lungs, contributing to esprater and carovasculrlnesses and even premature death especlly among the vulrerabl: chen, the elder nd those with respestory cancion “The paras that ate released by GOI engines ar smaller and more varied i se than gael pate, Strey note, And since these urain particles (UF) are Just onthe heavy end of smoke size-wise, they can panetrate deeper int lungs thus posing sreater Neath risks, Puble Health authors are growing concerned bout UEP ris in urban areas anc near busy highways and major roa, “The Calfornia ARB LEV.3 Fits an U.S, EPA Tier 3 sandr fr parculte moss (PH) emissions start this year, sid Cary Henry, princi eng-eer for aftertreatmant technology at Southast Resebrh Institute in San Antonio, For ear, that means Pas must go fom releasing se than 10 ma/mi to 3 man {uring 9 2017-to-2021 phosein perag,andthen down to | mg/m beginning 9 2025» 90% reduction. Engine emissions tend to change wth iternal Wear 80 ‘the goals to maintain these levee over a vehicle's 150,000-m (93,200-km) etme, 1 Europe, a 5 map (3-1 mg/m) eM emission Ii or GOI engines took eect 92009 wth the Fura Sstandord. he rst estrone fr particulate number (@n) emissions—consicaea more acu to achieve than PM targats~come into eect this year wih Eure, Henry explained. Theater nay Imits PN totals to 6 « 10"? numbers, ans then i ate 2017 fs an order of magnitude to 6 101% number, Inthe U.S. adopting PN stancar s under debate, 601 pros and cons. Injecting uel recy into the ytnder enable 2clean-suring expsion that wastes Hitle fue and delves eater power, sais Mat Marc, technical leader ‘chemical engineenng and emissions afterreatment at Fords Research and Innovation Center in Dearborn, Gaseine i sprayed rect where the combustion chamber the hetast (rather than inthe ar intake), lowing for a mare thorough, even analeaner urn But bocause of what is thought tobe incomplete fel vlatzation, partly fuehricn zones and the impingement of fuel on lston and cyndersuraces, GDL engines produce a certain amount of particulate mater. Most emissions typaly occur dutng ea starts and high lad tanslants during warming, ut cutput ‘aries scoring tothe fag, te dive-cele phase and diver seman Ln tougher envonmenta rguations tak eft, there was ttle ncentiv to replace PF tecinlogy, Marca said, "That's where you spray the fel wih a closed intake port. The fel evaporates ad has plenty of time to mix withthe al” enabling more complete, sokchometiceambustion—e chemical balanced reaction that “creates almost no 300.” hnipsaricles. 220 org 136240 12mr18 ‘Attacking GO! engine particulate emissions - SAE International tn the ealy 2000s the auto Industry recognized that "GDI could apa eect CO, emissions ona lrge scl,” so automakers have been switching overt ver “since, he tok Automotive Engineering, noting that GOT techalogy continues to evo. Fatly versions, Marca Sa, used 8 stratified Injection strategy whieh Included ae fuel injection and charge a mation te produce astachiometncauel mixture nthe Vinty oF tre Spark plug anc, thereby, recuce pumping losses at ght ads. “The downside of trates GD! and tne associated "wall-guded direct injection’ delver ea tandency fr Iau fuel ropes to splash onto the pon and cylinder surfaces and in homogeneous afl main, bath of whe form particulates. Instead, more recent development 0 GUI technology has focusea on eal Infection, Whats called hemegeneous epertion, in which 'spray-qudes drat injecton' ects uel straight cown the cylinder, minimizing patulate formation. Culting particle emissions ‘he GDI patctate poblsm can be tigated in many ways, ofcourse, but probably the most bruteorce aproach is Aus dual PF/GDI system which Introduce a the 2014 Neth Rmercan Tatenational Rute Show, The plug-in hybrs concep features @ prmary GOT suppkmented with inec-injcion PF to lower partculate output during paroad operation enough to meet Euro 6 iis Another straightforward measures aerteatment-to mimic se engines and install sone particulate fiers: Henry sia that ltrs have been shown to lower PM emissions by 0% o 9036 and meet Euro & Imi. 1¢S no surprise that carmakers have so fr avoided ites, which would 2¢a addtional casts (around 150 t0 $100 per vehic) and may reduce engine efficency. ‘Athough “green” crs cathe aternatve approach, so-called “engine management” methods, unrelable compare to exhaust irs, mest OEMs and component supalars expect that combustion design and engineering changes wil prove more cost-flent and eventually equally efectve “echnology managers at Basch and Dap ndcate that naw ukta-peison, non-thermal ser erling techniques for making infetornezle hoes that delve fue In.a more Kea fashion wil orstly eprove future GOI systems, Spiess will eealy optimize actor timing, targating, metering and atomization as wall asthe onto injecton to achieve this gal. Migner injection pressures wil also contribute, they sa. ‘ther potential solutions might be found in lw-terperature combustion and cocled-EGR concepts that can cut GDI particle emissions as can using more ethane Inthe gaotne whien ads oxygen that inns sot formation, Hany Sl Varig sad that he expects that he GOI sartculate prob will eventually yk to such measures as modified ues or mulepl inecons per cyl, "which ‘mreoreticaly ets you tune when the fuel ges in there, so nat too much gets thereat once." ‘But e's sti cary dys," he cautones. “We dont yet havea good handle onal the factors ath knobs that engineers could ur, at last enough for us to confident choose the sweet spot for acessng te problem.” Author! Sten Ay ‘Topic: quay, Relebity an Cubity Nabe, Viton lear emo Seucae Fone an hnipsaricles. 220 org 136240 22