TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT
BY
OKOLIE IZUNNA JUDE
FPI/HND/MEC/010/001
BEN DAVID IDOKO
FPI/HND/MEC/010/002
OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004
ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009
AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019

BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING,
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC IDAH, KOGI STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2011/2012 SESSION
1

CERTIFICATION
We the undersigned hereby certify that this project was carried out by
the under listed students.

OKOLO IZUNNA JUDE

FPI/HND/MEC/010/001

____________________________

BEN DAVID IDOKO

FPI/HND/MEC/010/002

____________________________

OKECHUKWU NNAMDI
FPI/HND/MEC/010/004

____________________________

ENEJIYON ABDULMALEEQ
FPI/HND/MEC/010/009

____________________________

AGONOR WILLIAMS
FPI/HND/MEC/010/019

____________________________

Mechanical Engineering Department under the supervision of Mr.

Bingfa Bongfa.

I certify that the work is adequate in scope and quality for the partial
fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Mechanical
Engineering.

___________________________
ENGR. O. Y. USMAN
Head of Department

_______________________
MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Supervisor

APPROVAL PAGE

This project work titled design and construction of hydraulic scissors lift
has been read and approved as meeting the requirement of the national
Board for Technical Education (NBTE) for the award of Higher National
Diploma (HND) in the department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal
Polytechnic Idah, Kogi State.

__________________________
MR. BINGFA BONGFA
Project Supervisor

________________________
External Examiner

Date ______________________

Date ____________________

_________________________
ENGR. O.Y. USMAN
Head of Department

DEDICATION

We dedicated this project to the Almighty God who spare our lives to this
day and make this project a reality.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises, magnification and adoration is due to Almighty God alone

who guide, direct and sustain us throughout our programme.
I acknowledge the effort of my supervisor Mr. Bingfa Bongfa, who work
relentlessly to see the success of this project. The head of Department,
Engr. O.Y. Usman for all his support, Engr. A.M. Aboh and all other
lecturers and students in the department of Mechanical Engineering.

ABSTRACT

The conventional method of using rope, ladder, scaffold and even

mechanical scissors lift in getting to a height encounter a lot of limitation
(time and energy consumption, comfortability, amount of load that can
be carried etc), which hydraulic scissors lift is set out to achieve. In this
project a mobile scissors lift has been designed that will be powered by
hydraulic to a height of 3m carrying a maximum load of 300kg. the
project has been tested and it work successfully.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page -

Certification -

ii

Approval page -

iii

Dedication -

iv

Acknowledgement - -

Abstract - -

vi

Table of content-

vii

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Scope of the Study -

1.4 Importance / Significance of the Study

1.5 Aims/Objectives of the Study

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction -

2.0 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Upright Scissors Lift

2.2 Scaffold -

2.3 Boom Lift

2.3.1 The Straight Boom Lift -

CHAPTER TWO

2.3.2 Articulated Boom Lift

2.4 Mechanical Scissors Lift -

2.5 Hydraulic Lift -

10

2.5.1 Hydraulic Scissors Lift -

11

12

2.5.2 Principle of Operation of Hydraulic Lift

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design Theory and Calculation -

22

3.1 Design Theory

22

23

23

3.1.1.2 Double Acting Cylinders - -

24

3.2 Buckling Action on Cylinder -

25

3.2.1 Stresses of Cylinder - -

27

3.2 Design Calculations -

33

3.1.1 Cylinder Selection -

3.1.1.1 Single Acting Cylinders -

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Material Selection, Construction Procedures, Cost Analysis and
Maintenance

41

4.1 Material Selection --

41

4.2 Construction Operation and Tools

46

4.3 Cost Analysis of Materials

49

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation - -

50

5.1 Conclusion - -

50

5.2 Recommendation - -

50

Reference -

52

CHAPTER ONE

1.0

INTRODUCTION
A scissor lift or mechanism is a device used to extend or position a

platform by mechanical means. The term scissor comes from the

mechanic which has folding supports in criss cross X pattern. The
extension or displacement motion is achieved by the application of force
to one or more supports, resulting in an elongation of the cross pattern.
The force applied to extend the scissors mechanism may by hydraulic,
pneumatic or mechanical (via a lead screw or rack and pinion system).
The need for the use of lift is very paramount and it runs across
labs, workshops, factories, residential/commercial buildings to repair
street lights, fixing of bill boards, electric bulbs etc. expanded and lessefficient, the engineers may run into one or more problems when in use.
[http://ritchikmikie.com/work/index.php/arial-platform]
The name scissors lift originated from the ability of the device to open
(expand) and close (contract) just like a scissors. Considering the need
for this kind of mechanism, estimating as well the cost of expanding
energy more that result gotten as well the maintenance etc. it is better to
adopt this design concept to the production of the machine.
The initial idea of design considered was the design of a single hydraulic
ram for heavy duty vehicles and putting it underneath, but this has
10

limitations as to the height and stability, and someone will be beneath

controlling it. It was rather found out that; there is a possibility of the
individual ascending/descending, to be controlling the device himself.
Therefore further research was made to see how to achieve this aim.
Before this time scissors lift existing use mechanical or hydraulic system
powered by batteries for its operations. Several challenges were
encountered in this very design. Some amongst many include; low
efficiency, risk of having the batteries discharged during an emergency,
extended time of operation, dependent operation, as well as
maintenance cost. It is the consideration of these factors that initiated
the idea of producing this hydraulically powered scissors lift with
independent operator. The idea is geared towards producing a scissors
lift using one hydraulic ram placed across flat, in between two cross
frames and powered by a pump connected to a motor wheel may be
powered by a pump generator. Also, the individual ascending /
descending is still the same person controlling it. I.e. the control station
will be located on the top frame.
A scissors lift is attached to a piece of equipment having a work station
known as scissors lift table that houses the pump, the reservoir, the
generator, control valves and connections and the motor. A scissors lift
does not go as high as a boom lift; it sacrifices heights for a large work

11

station. Where more height is needed, a boom lift can be used.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial-work-platform]
1.2

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A problem remains a problem until a solution is proffered. With the

limitations encountered in the use of ropes, ladders, scaffold and
mechanical scissors lifts in getting to elevated height such as the
amount of load to be carried, conformability, time consumption, much
energy expended etc. the idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift
which will overcome the above stated limitations is used.
1.3

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift is to lift up to a

height of 3.2m and carrying capacity of less than 500kg (500 kilograms)
with the available engineering materials. However, there is for academic
purpose, a similar project for general carrying capacity with a selection
of better engineering materials.
1.4

IMPORTANCE / SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The design and construction of a hydraulic scissors lift is to lift a worker

together with the working equipment comfortably and safely to a required
working height not easily accessible. It may be used without a necessary
external assistance or assistance from a second party due to the
concept of the design. This project will be an important engineering tool
12

or device used in maintenance jobs. Changing of street lights, painting of

high buildings and walls around the school environment.
1.5

AIMS/OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The project is aimed at designing and constructing a hydraulically

powered scissors lift to lift and lowers worker and his working equipment
with ease and in the most economical way. The lift is expected to work
with minimal technical challenges and greater comfort due to its wide
range of application. The device can easily be handled to the site to be
used with a tow-van and then powered by a generator. Between the
heights of lift (i.e. the maximum height) the device can be used in any
height within this range and can be descend immediately in case of
emergency, and can be operated independent of a second party.

13

CHAPTER TWO

2.0

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Mans quest for improvement has never been satisfied. The drive
towards better and greater scientific and technological outcome has
made the world dynamic. Before now, several scientist and engineers
have done a lot of work as regards the scissors lift in general. A review of
some of that work gives the design and construction of a hydraulic
scissors lift a platform.
2.1

UPRIGHTS SCISSORS LIFT

In Selma California, there is a manufacturer of aerial platforms by name

UPRIGHT, this world wide company was founded in 1946, and now it
manufactures and distributes its product.
According to Wikipedia article, upright was founded by an engineer,
Walkce Johnson who created and sold the first platform which was
called a scissors lift due to the steel cross bricking that supported the
platform giving it the product name magic carpet. The magic carpet
was able to provide instant revenue for the young company due to its
quick popularity among its companies.
Wikipedia further explained that the company constructed innovating
and by early 1930s their product included the X series scissors lift. By

14

1986, they had introduced their first sigma arm lift, model SL20. In 1990,
they improved upon their product line by introducing the sigma arm
speed level. This feature continued to be unique to be upright product
and allow self-leveling of the platform on rough terrains
Upright introduced an equal innovative family of boom lift in 1990s. In
1995 they produced their first trailer mounted boom. The 8P37 (known
as AS38) in 1996. This truly innovated company has left their mark with
the other products including compact scissors design and modular alloy
bridging, as well as expanding the versatility of instant span towers with
aircraft docking and faced system, you will find upright products,
especially the scissors lift, as standard equipment for a variety of
application it is now a visual application in numerous fields and locations.
[www.carliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright]
2.2

SCAFFOLD

Scaffold allows workers to transport themselves and their materials to

elevated heights, usually up and down in an unfinished building.
Scaffolds are designed to allow workers get to elevated heights; they are
used in building sites and construction sites but used mainly in building
sites. According to Google internet search machine, scaffold is cross
section of pipes, irons or woods which are arranged in such a way that

15

workers or operators can climb on the arranged pipes to get to elevated

heights.
Scaffolds cannot be adjusted automatically and they only can remain
fixed the way it is arranged unless rearranged. The tubes are either steel
or aluminum, although composite scaffolding using filament wound tubes
of glass fiber in a nylon or polyester matrix. If steel, they are either
black or galvanized. The tubes come in a variety of length and a
standard diameter of 48.3mm. The basic difference between the two
types of tubes is the lower weight of aluminum tubes (1.7kg/m as
opposed to 4.4kg/m) and also a greater flexibility and so less resistance
to force. Tubes are generally bought in 6.3m length and can be cut down
to certain typical sizes.
Boards provide a working surface for users of the scaffold. They are
seasoned wood and are very strong. Scaffolds for increased height are
preferably made of hardened materials like metal pipes. After arranging
the pipes, a flat materials usually made of wood is placed on top so that
the

worker

can

stand

comfortable

on

top.

[http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffold]
2.3

BOOM LIFT

Boom lifts are used for lifting materials especially on construction sites,
they are designed to carry heavy equipment and materials from one

16

place to another. They are usually connected to cars or trucks that move
from one place to another.
Boom lifts can lift materials and equipment high to height so great that
carrying this equipment by other means will almost be impossible.
According to material handling equipment from ask search engine,
Boom lifts can move vertically, horizontally and sideways and some can
even rotate depending on the circumstance. Boom lifts are very complex
iron design and the jointed parts should be lubricated to reduce friction
and improve efficiency. Boom lifts are formed mainly in construction sites
and building sites. They are also utilized by Electrical companies and
firms such as PHCN (Power Holding Company of Nigeria) Plc. They are
very expensive and are not available in crude or semi mechanized type
of production. Boom lift possess advantage over other types of lifts
because it can lift heavy materials, keep them at elevated heights for a
long period of time; rotate and the lift span of the equipment is long.
Boom lift can fold together to become compressed and portable.
There are two basic types of boom lifts: straight boom lift and articulated
boom lift. These units are often hydraulically powered.
2.3.1 THE STRAIGHT BOOM LIFTS
Straight boom lifts are generally used for jobs that required a high reach
without obstruction. The machines turntable can rotate 360 o with an

17

extensible boom that can be raised vertically to below horizontally. The

operator can maneuver and steer the vehicle while the boom is fully
extended. It is available in gas, propane or diesel-powered models with
two or four wheel drive.
2.3.2 ARTICULATED BOOM LIFT:
Articulated boom lifts are used for jobs that require reaching up and over
obstacles to gain access to a job not easily achieved by a straight
telescopic boom. This lift is nearly identical to the straight boom lift in
every aspect; except in the booms ability to articulate. Articulation points
on the boom allow it to bend in any number of different directions
enabling it to maneuver around various obstacles on a job site.
Boom lifts can be equipped with out riggers to stabilize the unit while the
boom is fully extended. [http://ritchienikit.com/wiki/index.php/aerialplatform]
2.4

MECHANICAL SCISSORS LIFT

The mechanical scissors lift is used for lifting materials especially on

construction sites. This is one of the most recent advancement on
scissors lift. There, the lift utilizes a belt drive system connected to a load
screw which constructs the X pattern on tightening and expands it on
loosening. The lead screw actually does the work, since the applied
force from the wheel is converted to linear motion of the lift by help of the
18

lead screw. This can be used to lift the working and equipment to a
height.
A general knowledge however, regarding screws will reveal the loss due
to friction in the screw threats. Therefore, the efficiency of this device is
low due to losses in friction. Also, the power needed to drive the machine
is manual, and much energy is expanded to achieve a desired result. Its
suitability however, cannot be overemphasized as it can be used in
almost every part of the country whether there is availability of electricity
or not.
2.5

HYDRAULIC LIFT:

Hydraulic lift is a device for carrying persons and loads from one floor to
another, in a multi-storey building. The hydraulic lifts are of the following
types.
1.

Direct acting hydraulic lift and

2.

Suspended hydraulic lift.

The direct acting hydraulic lift consist of a ram sliding in a cylinder. A

platform or a cage is fitted to the top end of ram on which goods may be
placed or the persons may stand. As the liquid under pressure is
admitted to the cylinder, the ram moves up and the cage is lifted. The lift
of the cage is equal to the stroke of the ram. The cage moves in the
downward direction when the liquid from the fixed cylinder is removed.

19

The suspended hydraulic lift is a modified form of the direct acting

hydraulic lift. It is fitted with a jigger which is exactly, same as in the case
of a hydraulic crane. The cage is suspended by ropes. It runs between
guides of hard wood round steel. In order to balance the weight of the
cage sliding balance weights are provided. [Gupta, 2006]
2.5.1 HYDRAULIC SCISSORS LIFT
Scissors lifts has developed overtime, and at each stage of its
development, critical problems are solved.
The hydraulic type, but this time, the load screw is replaced by a
hydraulic ram powered by a pump and on electric motor and generator.
One outstanding feature about this design however. Is its independent
operation and increased efficiency. Fluid power is one of the greater
form of power where small input results in a very large output. This
scissors lift can be handled by one person to a place of use, and power
the generator. The lift does not lifting immediately, the operators climbs
on the platform and switches open the hydraulic circuit thereby leading
to an upward extension. When the required height is reached the circuit
is closed, and lifting stops the control panel or station is located on the
top frame. When work is done, the scissors lift is folded by hydraulic
means and handled back to the point of collection.

20

2.5.2 PRINCIPLE

OF

OPERATION

OF

HYDRAULIC

LIFT

(EXTENSION AND CONTRACTION)

A scissors lift is a type of platform that can usually only move vertically.
The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a
criss-cross X pattern, known as a scissors mechanism. The upward
motion is achieved by the application of pressure to the outer side of the
lowest set of supports, elongating the crossing pattern and prepelling the
work platform vertically. The platform may also have extending bridge
to allow closer access to the work area, because of the inherent limits of
vertical only movement. The contraction of the scissor action can be
hydrdaulic, pneumatic or mechanical (via a leadscrew or rack and pinion
system), but in this case, it is hydraulic. Depending on the power system
employed on the lift; it may require no power to enter desert mode, but
rather a simple release of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. This is the
main reason that these methods of powering the lift (hydraulic) is
preferred, as it allows a fail safe option of returning the platform to the
ground by release of a manual valve
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aerial_work_platform scissors_lift]

21

DEFLECTIONS IN SCISSORS LIFT

Deflection Defined
Deflection in scissors lifts can be defined as the resulting change in
elevation of all or part of a scissors lift assembly, typically measured from
the floor to the top of platform deck, whenever loads are applied to or
removed from the lift.
ANSI MH29.1 - Safety Requirements for Industrial Scissors Lifts states
that . . . all industrial scissors lifts will deflect under load. The industry
standard goes on to outline the maximum allowable deflection based on
platform size and number of scissors mechanisms within the lift design.
What Causes Deflection?
Before attempting to discuss how to limit scissors lift deflection, it is
important to understand the contributing factors to a lifts total deflection.
An open, or raised, scissors lift acts very much like a spring would
apply a load and it compresses, remove a load and it expands. Each
component within the scissors lift has the potential to store or release
energy when loaded and unloaded (and therefore deflect). There are
also application-specific characteristics that may promote deflection.
Understanding these Top 10 root causes helps to pinpoint and apply
effective measures to limit deflection.

22

Scissors Legs
Leg deflection due to bending is a result of stress, which is driven by
total weight supported by the legs, scissors leg length, and available leg
cross section. The longer the scissors legs are, the more difficult it is to
control bending under load. Increased leg strength via increased leg
material height does improve resistance to deflection, but can create a
potentially undesirable increased collapsed height of the lift.
Platform Structure
Platform bending will increase as the loads center of gravity moves from
the center (evenly distributed) to any edge (eccentrically loaded) of the
platform. Also, as the scissors open during raising of the lift, the rollers
roll back towards the platform hinges and create an increasingly
unsupported, overhung portion of the platform assembly. Eccentric loads
applied to this unsupported end of the platform can greatly impact
bending of the platform. Increased platform strength via increased
support structure material height does improve resistance to deflection,
but also contributes to an increased collapsed height of the lift.
Base Frame
Normally, the lifts base frame is mounted to the floor and should not
experience deflection. For those cases where the scissors lift is mounted
to an elevated or portable frame, the potential for deflection increases.
To effectively resist deflection, the base frame must be rigidly supported
23

from beneath to support the point loading created by the two scissors leg
rollers and the two scissors leg hinges.
Pinned Joints
Scissors lifts are pinned at all hinge points, and each pin has a running
clearance between the O.D. of the pin and the I.D. of its clearance hole
or bushing. The more scissors pairs, or pantographs, that are stacked on
top of each other, the more pinned connections there are to accumulate
movement, or deflection, when compressing these running clearances
under load.
Hydraulic Circuit Air Entrapment
All entrapped air must be removed from the hydraulic circuit through
approved bleeding procedures air is very compressible and is often
the culprit when a scissors lift over-compresses under load, or otherwise
bounces (like a spring) during operation.
Hydraulic Circuit Fluid Compressibility
Oil or hydraulic fluid will compress slightly under pressure. And because
there is an approximate 5:1 ratio of lift travel to cylinder stroke for most
scissors lift designs (with the cylinders mounted horizontally in the legs),
there is a resulting 5:1 ratio of scissors lift compression to cylinder
compression. For example: 1/16 of fluid compressibility in the
cylinder(s) translates into 5/16 of vertical lift movement.

24

Hydraulic Circuit Hose Swell

All high pressure, flexible hosing is susceptible to a degree of hose swell
when the system pressure is increased. System pressure drops slightly
because of this increased hose volume, and the scissors table
compresses under load until the maximum system pressure is reestablished. And, as with compressibility, the resulting lift movement
(deflection) is 5 times the change in oil column height in the hosing.
Cylinder Thrust Resistance
Cylinders lay nearly flat inside the scissors legs when the lift is fully
lowered and must generate initial horizontal forces up to 10 times the
amount of the load on the scissors lift due to the mechanical
disadvantage of their lifting geometry. As a result, there are tremendous
stresses (and resulting deflection) placed on the scissors inner leg
member(s) that are designed to resist these cylinder forces. And, as
already mentioned above with any changes in column length along the
line of the lifting actuator(s)/cylinder(s), the resulting vertical lift
movement is 5 times the amount of deflection or movement of cylinder
hinge points mounted to leg cross members.
Load Placement
Load placement also plays a large part in scissors lift deflection. Offcentered loads cause the scissors lift to deflect differently than with
centered or evenly distributed, loads. End loads (in-line with the
25

scissors) are usually shared well between the two scissors leg pairs.
Side loads (perpendicular to the scissors), however, are not shared as
well between the scissors leg pairs and must be kept within acceptable
design limits to prevent leg twist (unequal scissors leg pair deflection)
which, in addition to platform movement due to deflection, often results
in poor roller tracking, unequal axle pin wear, and misalignment of
cylinder mounts.
Lift Elevation During Transfer
As mentioned above, degree of deflection is directly related to change in
system pressure and change in component stress as a result of loading
and unloading. Scissors lifts typically experience their highest system
pressure and highest stresses (and therefore the highest potential for
deflection) within the first 20% of total available vertical travel (from the
fully lowered position).
What can be done to Limit Deflection?
There are a variety of proven methods to reduce scissors lift deflection,
with varying design and cost impacts to accomplish each. Listed below
are the most common of these methods, in no particular order, to
provide the reader an understanding of where to begin when attempting
to reduce or eliminate deflection during load transfer (i.e. applying a
load, or removing a load).

26

Select a Lift with a Design Capacity Greater Than Required for the
Application
Most scissors lifts designed for duty at higher capacities will experience
less stress in all structural components, as well as lower system
pressures, at lower, or de-rated, working capacities. Reduced stresses &
pressures always result in reduced deflection. The amount of this
reduction varies depending on the lifts design, so consult the
manufacturer to obtain a more specific estimate of reduction in
deflection.
Minimize Potential for Air Entrapment
Scissors lift manufacturers provide an approved method of bleeding
entrapped air from a new or repaired hydraulic system which may have
had air introduced. This usually involves operating an empty lift through
multiple cycles, and then safely cracking open fittings near high spots in
the system where air accumulates. Refer to the O&M manual for this
procedure.
Limit or Eliminate Hosing
Flexible hose lengths should be limited wherever possible and replaced
with pipe or mechanical tubing as practicable to minimize or eliminate
swell as the system pressure fluctuates.
Use Mechanical Actuators in lieu of Hydraulic Actuators

27

Although it is more difficult, and more expensive, to achieve high vertical

lifting forces with mechanical actuators, they do eliminate the issue of
fluid compressibility and provide a more accurate and repeatable means
of achieving and holding a desired transfer elevation.
Avoid Transfer of Loads Within First 20% of Lifts Travel
To minimize stresses and deflection at transfer elevations, it is critical to
design the conveyor or transfer system to ensure that these elevations
are above the scissors lifts critical zone of the first 20% of the lifts
available travel.
Transfer Loads Over Fixed End of the Platform
First, if possible, loads should not be transferred over the sides of a
raised scissors lift. It is much more difficult to control deflection when the
load is not shared equally between the two scissors leg pairs. Make it
rule to only transfer over the ends of the lift in line with the scissors
legs. Second, load transfer should be made over the hinged, or fixed,
end of the lift platform to avoid placing concentrated loads on the less
supported, overhung end of the platform provided the platform is
equipped with trapped rollers, or is otherwise capable of withstanding
this edge loading without risk of the platform tipping up or losing contact
with the rollers.

28

Ensure that the Base Frame is Lagged Down and Fully Supported
First, base frames should be adequately attached to the surface on
which they are mounted. Base frames that are not bolted, welded, or
otherwise attached to withstand the upward forces created by eccentric
loading of the platform will contribute to deflection by bending or moving
while resisting such forces. Next, bases must be rigidly supported
beneath the entire perimeter of the frame in order to withstand without
deflection the four point loads imposed upon the frame from above by
the four scissors legs (2) moving roller points and (2) fixed hinge
points.
Platform Locking Pins
When there is no alternative to transferring loads over the sides of a lift,
or whenever lift deflection must be held to near zero in any transfer
orientation, consider using platform locking pins. These pins can be
manual or powered, and mounted beneath the scissors lift deck or an
adjoining fixed landing. The pins are extended into receivers located in
the mating elevated structure during load transfer, and then retracted
before the lift can be operated again.
Use Vertical Acting Actuators in lieu of Horizontal Mounts
Some permanent installations may accommodate actuators which are
mounted vertically beneath the lift instead of horizontally inside the lift
structure. Vertical orientation of the actuators provide a 1:1 ratio of lift
29

travel to actuator stroke instead of the 5:1 ratio normal with horizontal
mounting of the actuators inside the scissors. This means a 1:1 ratio of
lift deflection to actuator compression, 80% less than the 5:1 ratio
experienced normally. Vertical mounting and pushing upward against
underneath side of the platform to raise the lift also eliminates the high
stresses usually exerted at the actuator thrust inner leg member(s).
Summary on Deflection
Deflection is a normal and expected characteristic of industrial scissors
lifts. And though odds are that most scissors lift users have not had to
concern themselves with this issue because their lifting application is
fairly immune to the effects of deflection, there is always a chance that it
matters greatly. ANSI MH29.1accurately points out that It is the
responsibility of the user/purchaser to advise the manufacturer where
deflection may be critical to the application. Though deflection is easier
to qualify than it is to quantify, there are industry best practices which
can be applied to reduce the impact or amount of deflection being
experienced.

(Michael, 2008)

30

CHAPTER THREE

3.0

DESIGN THEORY AND CALCULATION

In this section all design concepts developed are discussed and

based on evaluation criteria and process developed, and a final here

modified to further enhance the functionality of the design.
Considerations made during the design and fabrication of a acting
cylinder is as follows:
a Functionality of the design
b Manufacturability
c Economic availability. i.e. General cost of materials and fabrication
techniques employed.
3.1

DESIGN THEORY
In this chapter, mathematical relationships are developed for the

various parameters necessary for the implementation of this design and

arranged in sections below corresponding to the sequence of their
implementation.
Hydraulic systems are used to control and transmit power.
A pump driven by a prime mover such as an electric motor creates a flow
of fluid, in which the pressure, direction and rate of flow are controlled by
values. An actuator is used to convert the energy of the fluid back into
mechanical power. The amount of output power developed depends

31

upon the flow rate, the pressure drop a cross the actuator and its overall
efficiency.
Most lifting devices are powered by either electricity, pneumatic or
mechanical

means. Although

these

methods

are

efficient

and

satisfactory, they exist lots of limitations and complexity of design of such

lifts as well as high cost of electricity, maintenance and repairs does not
allow these lifts to exist in common places.
The idea of a hydraulically powered scissors lift is based on
Pascals law employed in car jacks and hydraulic rams which states that
pressure exerted anywhere in a conformed incompressible fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the
pressure ratio remains the same

(Michael and John, 1989).

3.1.1 CYLINDER SELECTION

The hydraulic cylinder (or the hydraulic actuator) is a mechanical
actuator that is used to give a unidirectional stroke. It has many
applications, notably in engineering.
3.1.1.1

Single Acting Cylinders

Single acting cylinders use hydraulic oil for a power stroke in one
direction only. The return stroke is affected by a mechanical in one
direction only. The return stroke is affected by a mechanical spring

32

located inside the cylinder. For single acting cylinders with no spring,
some external actin force on the piston rod causes its return.
3.1.1.2

Double Acting Cylinders

Double acting cylinder uses compressed air or hydraulic fluid to pour

both the forward and return strokes. This makes them ideal for bushing
and pulling and pulling within the same application they are suitable for
full stroke working only at slow speed which results in gentle contact at
the ends of stroke.
PRESSURE SUPPLIED TO THE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
Pressure (P) = Force (P)
Area (A)
Where

P=F
A

F = [W + (WA)]
2_
tan

= angle between the scissors and the horizontal

F = force needed to hold the scissors lift
W = the weight of the payload and platform
WA = combine weight of the two scissors arms.
Weight of the arm = mass of the scissors arm acceleration due to
gravity
3.2

Buckling Action on Cylinder

In the selection of cylinder, two primary concerns were noted:

33

a The strength of the rod. i.e its ability to support a specified load
without experiencing excessive stresses
b The ability of the piston to support a specified load without
undergoing unacceptable deformations.
PE

2EI
L2

Where E = Young Modulus of elasticity

I = Moment of Inertia
L = Unsupported Length

= d4
64

(Rajput, 2010)

= AK2

To avoid buckling (bending) of the strut, the compressive stress E must

not exceed the yield stress Y. (E < Y)
Because of the large deflection caused by buckling, the least moment of
inertia I can be expressed as I=AK2
Where A is the cross sectional area and K is the radius of gyration of the
cross sectional area. i.e
K

I_
A

Note that the smallest radius of gyration of the column, i.e the least
moment of inertia I must be taken in order to find the CRITICAL STESS
OR BUCKLING STRESS OR CRIPPLING STRESS.
34

Dividing the buckling equation by A, gives

E

= PE
A

= 2E_
(L/k)2

Where
E = is the compressive stress in the column and must not exceed the
yield stress Y of the material i.e E < Y
L/K is called the SLENDERNESS RATIO; it is a measure of the columns
flexibility.
CASE END CONDITIONS

EQUIVALENT

BUCKLING

Both ends hinged or pin

LENGTH Le
L

LOAD (EULER)
2EI

jointed or rounded or free

One end fixed, alter end

2L

L2
2EI

free
One end fixed other end

L/ 2

4L2
22EI

pin jointed
Both ends fixed or

L/2

L2
42EI

encastered

L2
(Rajput, 2010)

3.2.1 STRESSES IN CYLINDERS

When cylinders are subjected to internal fluid pressure, the
following types of stresses are developed.
1 Hoop or circumferential stress.
2 Longitudinal stress.
Hoop stress is produced as a result of forces applied from inside the
cylindrical pipe pushing against the pipe walls. Hoop stress is the result
35

of forces pushing against the circumferential cylinder walls. While,

longitudinal stress is as a result of forces pushing against the top ends of
a cylinder. These forces are derived using Newtons first law.
Let

d = internal diameter of cylinder

T = thickness of cylinder
P = internal pressure (gauge) in the cylinder
C = circumferential or hoop stress
L = longitudinal stress
L = length of cylinder or pipe

Hoop stress C = pd/2t

Longitudinal stress L = pd/4t
= C - L
2

Maximum Shear Stress Tmax = pd

8t
Bursting force (pressure) = pdL
Resisting strength = 2LtC

Busting force = resisting strength ( pdL = 2LtC )

Note: the maximum stress developed must not exceed the permissible
tensile stress (t) of the material.

(Rajput, 2010)

BASIC DIMENSIONS OF COMPONENT MEMBER.

Lift Extension
- At maximum extension, an X arrangement of the lift moves 0.9m =
900mm.
- Total number of tiers of scissors (combined) = 3
36

Thus, total height of extension = 3 0.9 = 2.7m.

Length of base = 1400mm
Width of base = 800mm
Height of base from ground = 500mm
At maximum extension, Angle of inclination = 50
At maximum extension, distance between two scissors feet = 800mm
Distance moved by sliding foot to full extension = 400mm

Bearings
-

Number of ball bearings = 4

Number of shell bearings = 36
Internal diameter of ball bearings = 30mm
Internal diameter of shell bearings = 11mm
External diameter of ball bearings = 50mm
External diameter of shell bearings = 15mm
Pivot pin diameter = 14.6mm

Platform
-

Total height of platform = 1400mm.

Total width of plat form = 800mm
Total height of platform = 800mm
Permissible load on plat form + platform weight = 300kg = 2.94kn.

Jointed Members
- Thickness of rectangular pipe = 3mm
- Thickness of angle bar = 3mm.
Scissors Arm
The material used for the scissors arms (members), is stainless steel.
With the density and the dimensions of the scissors arms known,
the mass can be calculated using the relationship.
Density (p) = Mass (M)
Volume
Mass = p.v

kg/m3

Density of stainless steel (type 304) = 7900kg/m3

37

Area (cross sectional area) = A1 A2

A1 = Outer cross sectional area
A2 = Inner cross sectional area
A1 = Height breadth = h b
A2 = (h t)(b t)
Where h = scissors arm height
b = breadth
t = thickness of material.
Volume (v) = area length
V = AL (m3)

X
t

Section X - . - - X

38

Scissors Arm Cross Section

DESIGN OF SCISSOR LIFT WITH FORCE APPLIED FROM THE SIDE

Actuator
F

W + Wf
2

W + Wf
2

F = W + Wa
2tan
Where
39

F = force provide by the hydraulic Ram

W = combined weight of the pay load and plat form
Wa = combined weight of two scissors arms themselves
= Angle between the scissors arm and the horizontal.

Psin = (W+WF)
2
P = [(W+WF)/2sin]

where WF = Frame weight.

F = Pcos
F = cos [(W+WF)/2sin]
F = (W+WF)/2tan

40

3.2 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Input
h =50MM
b = 25MM
t = 3mm

A = 216MM2
L = 1200MM

stainless steel

Processing
A1 = b h
= 25 50
A2 = (b t)(h t)
= (25 3)(50 3)
= 22 47

Output
A1 = 1250m2

A = A1 A2
= 1250 1034

A = 216mm2

V =A L
= 216 10-6 120010-3

V = 2.5910-4m3

A2 = 1034M2

7900Kg/M3
M = PV
V = 2,59 10-4 M3
= 7900 2.54 10-4
M = 2.05Kg
Mass of one tier = M 4
= 2.05 4

M = 2.05kg

8.2kg

Ms = 8.2Kg
g = 9.81M/s2

Mp = 300Kg
g = 9.81M/s2
WA = 80.4N
= 500

Wa = Msg
= 8.2 9.81

W = 80.4N

41

F=

WA
2
tan

W+

W = 2943

F 2503.1N

W= Mpg
= 300 9.81
F

80.4
2
2943+
tan 50

2943+

Foverall = 7509N
= 7.5kN

40.2
1.1918

Foverall = 2503.1 3
HYDRAULIC CYLINDER
CALCULATION
Selected cylinder diameter from
standard cylinder sizes
D=36
D=50

A1=D 2/4
= 502/4

A1 =1963.5mm2

A2=/4[D2-d2]
=/4[502-362]

A2=945.6mm2

F=7.5KN
Supplied pressure
A=1.963510-3m2 P=F/A
=7.5103/1.963510-3
DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR
BUCKLING
For both ends pinned,
Buckling load
PE =2EI/L2

42

P=38.20bar

L=0.8m
E=210GN/m2
(for mild steel)
D = 0.036m

I=d4/64
I=(0.036)4/64

I=8.2410-8m4

PE =22101098.2410-8/0.82

A=

PE = 267004.7N
D = 0.036

d2
4
2

0.036

Buckling stress
E

267004.7 3
10
1.02

Since the load required

43

PE=267KN

A = 1.0210-3m2

(7.5kN) is less than the

Buckling load (PE) =
267kN, the cylinder is
safe in operation

d = 0.036
L = 0.8m

SLENDERNESS RATIO
Radius of gyration
d
K 4

K = 0.009

0.036
4

Slenderness Ratio =

3.5.2.2

P = 38.2 bar
D = 50mm
t = 5mm

E = 262Mn/m2

L
K

= 89
long column

0.8
0.009

DESIGN OF CYLINDER FOR

STRESSES
Hoop stress c =
6

Pd
2t

c=19.1MN/M2

3.83 1 0 50 1 0
3

2 5 1 0

P = 38.2 bar
D = 50mm
t = 5mm

Longitudinal stress
Pd
L 4 t

44

L = 9.55mn/m2

103
3.82 10 50
5 103
4
6

L = 450mm
D = 50mm
P = 38.2 bar

Bursting force (pressure) = PdL

3.82 106 50 10-3 0.45
Therefore Bursting force = Resisting
force.
Since the Hoop stress is less than
the tensile stress of the material of
the cylinder, the cylinder will not
burst.
c = 19.1MN/M2 < 410MN/M2 = t
DESIGN OF PINS FOR SHEARING
AND CRUSHING
F

16

9
60mm

Head

body

thread

F = 750
d = 9mm

Area of pin
Ap = dp2/4
(9 10-3)2 / 4

= 22/7
r = 0.045m
h = 0.06m

total surface area of pin

As = 2r (r + h)
= 2 0.045 (0.045 + 0.06)

45

Ap = 6.3610-5m2
As = 2.969 10-2

= 118mn/m2

Shear stress =shear load/share

Area
crushng stress=shear
F/ As

cr = 253kn/m2

load
sruface area
total

7509
10 x 2
2.969

DESIGN OF MEMNERS FOR

BUCKLING

b
B

B = 50mm
D = 25mm
T = 3mm

b = B t = 50 3
d = D t = 25 3
I =B D3

b = 47mm
d = 22mm

b d3
12

I = 2.34 10-8m2

22 3 /12
25 347
50

= 22/7
E = 193 109
I = 2.34 10-8
L = 1.2m
A = 216mm2

Buckling load for the members

PE =

2 EI
L2

2 193 109

PE = 37.144kN
8

2.341 o
1.2

Critical stress
E = 172MN/M2
46

l 2

k
2 E /

P
E
A

1.2 2

k
2 193 109 /

37.144

10
106
216

Since the critical stress (E =

172MN/M2) is less than the yield
stress of stainless steel (415MN/M2),
therefore the material is safe I
operation.

DESIGN OF MEMBERS FOR BENDING

W/
2

F
0.6m
0.6m

47

W+WF/2

Where WF = Weight of frame

W = weight of platform +
payload
= angle of inclination of scissors arm=

W=2943N
WF=20.111N

10, 20, 30,40, 500

M = force perpendicular
0

distance.
For = 100 ,
Bending moment =(W+WF/2)cos0.6
+W/2cos0.6
=0.6cos(W+WF/2 + W/2)
= 0.6 cos10(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.60.9848(2953.06).
=1744Nm

FOR =200
Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2
+W/2)
=0.6cos20(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=835.331 +829.661
=1664.99Nm

FOR =300
Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2 +w/2)
48

=0.6cos30(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=769.84 + 764.59

FOR =400

=1534.43Nm

Bending moment= 0.6cos(W+WF/2

+W/2)
= 0.6cos40(2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.4596(2953.06)

FOR =500
=1357.23Nm
Bending moment = 0.6cos(W+WF/2
+W/2)
= 0.6cos50 (2943+20.111/2 +2943/2)
=0.38572953.06

M/I=/Y=E/R
Therefore from the analysis of the bending
moment above, the Maximum bending
moment = 1744.92Nm occurs at the point
when =100
Therefore, the smaller the angle, the
higher the bending moment and vis-visa.

49

=1138.91Nm

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 MATERIAL SELECTION, CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES, COST

ANALYSIS AND MAINTENANCE
4.1: MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection plays a very important role in machine design.
For example, the cost of materials in any machine is a good determinant
of the cost of the machi8ne. more than the cost is the fact that materials
are always a very decisive factor for a good design. The choice of the
particular material for the machine depends on the particular purpose
50

and the material for the machine depends on the particular purpose and
the mode of operation of the machine components. Also, it depends on
the expected mode of failure of the components.
Engineering materials are mainly classified as:
1 Metal and their alloys, such as iron, steel, copper, aluminum etc.
2 Non-metals such as glass, rubber, plastic etc. metals are further
classified as ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals.
Ferrous metals are those metals which have iron as their main
constituent, such as cast iron, wrought iron and steels.
Non-ferrous metals are those which have a metal other than iron as
there main constituent, such as copper, aluminum, brass, tin, zinc etc.
For the purpose of this project, based on the particular working
conditions machine component were designed for only the ferrous
metals have been considered.
Also, certain mechanical properties of metals have greatly
influenced our decisions. These properties include:
1 Strength: it is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied
force without break down or yielding the internal resistance offered
without break down or yielding the internally applied force is called
stress.
2 Stiffness: it is the ability of a material to resist deformation under stress.
3 Elasticity: it is the property of a material to regain its original shape after
deformation when the external force are removed.
51

4.

Plasticity: it is property of a material which retains the deformation

produced under load, permanently.

4 Ductility: a very important property of the material enabling it to be
drawn into wire with the application of a tensile force. A ductile material is
both strong and plastic. Ductile materials commonly used in engineering
practical (in order of diminishing ductility) are mold steel, copper,
aluminum, nickel, zinc tin and lead.
5 Malleability: it is a special case of ductility which permit materials to be
rolled or hammered into thin sheets. A malleable material is plastic but
not 80 essentially strong. Examples include; lead soft steel, wrought iron,
wrought iron, copper and aluminum in order of diminishing malleability.
6 Toughness: it is the property of a material to resist fracture due to high
impact loads like hammer blows, when heated. This property decreases.
7 Brittleness: it is the properties of a material opposite to ductility, it is the
property of breaking of a material with little permanent deformation when
subjected to tensile load, brittle materials snap off without giving any
sensible elongation. Cast iron is a brittle material.
8 Hardness it embraces difference properties such as resistance to water,
scratching, deformation and machinability etc. it also measure of the
ability of a metal to cut another metal.
ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENT OF
ESSENTIAL MACHINE COMPONENTS.

52

It is necessary to evaluate the particular type of forces imposed on

components with a view to determining the exact mechanical properties
and necessary material for each equipment. A very brief analysis of each
component follows thus:
I
II
III
IV
V

Scissors arms
Hydraulic cylinder
Top plat form
Base plat form
Wheels

Scissors Arms: this component is subjected to buckling load and

bending load tending to break or cause bending of the components.
Hence based on strength, stiffness, plasticity an hardness. A
recommended material is stainless steel.
Hydraulic Cylinder: this component is considered as a strut with both
ends pinned. It is subjected to direct compressive force which imposes a
bending stress which may cause buckling of the component. It is also
subjected

to

internal

compressive

pressure

which

generates

circumferential and longitudinal stresses all around the wall thickness.

Hence necessary material property must include strength, ductility,
toughness and hardness. The recommended material is mild steel.
Top Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the workman
and his equipment, hence strength is required, the frame of the plat form
is mild steel and the base is wood.

53

Base Platform: this component is subjected to the weight of the top plat
form and the scissors arms. It is also responsible for the stability of the
whole assembly, therefore strength. Hardness and stiffness are needed
mechanical properties. Mild steel is used.
Wheels: the wheels are position at the base part of the scissors lift and
enable the lift to move from one place to the other without necessary
employment of external equipment like car.
Choice of stainless and mild steel
1

Mild Steel contains 0.05 to 0.3 percent carbons it has for almost all
purpose replaced wrought iron, its greater strength giving it under viable
advantages. Mild steel can be rolled, wielded and down. It can even be
cast, though not very successfully. Among its application are plates for
ship building, bicycle frame tubes, mesh work, bolts, nuts, studs etc.
solid and hollow constructional sections, sheet metal parts and steel

castings such as flywheels and locomotive wheel centers.

Stainless Steel: these are steel with high rust and corrosion resistance
to meet specific application requirements. They also have high strength
and toughness.
It is an alloy of iron with about 11% chromium and other metals like
nickel, molybdenum etc. the properties of rust and corrosion resistance,
toughness and strength, aesthetics and how coefficient of friction were

54

considered to meet all requirements and the choice of stainless steel for
the scissors members.

4.2 CONSTRUCTION OPERATION AND TOOLS

In the design and construction of the hydraulic scissors lift, the
procedures followed to achieve a positive result are laid down in the
preceding text. But first, a look at the operations and tools involved.
Operations
1
2
3
4

Marking out
Cutting
Drilling
Joining (welding and bolt and nut)

Tools
1 Engineers rule
2 Scriber
3 Hack saw
4 Hand file
5 Drilling machine
6 Welding machine
7 Pliers
8 spanner
9 Try square
10 Electric grinder

Construction Procedure
1 Base Platform the material used for this purpose is mild steel angle bar.
(33 inch) thickness 3mm. this is used because the base frame is
55

responsible for the stability of the platform. The basic dimensions were
marked out using on Engrs rule and scriber and then cut with the use of
hack saw after being welded firmly clamped to the vice. They are then
joined together by welding to give the base frame.
2 Scissors Arms these include the members that are arranged in a crosscross X pattern and whose construction is responsible for lifting the
platform and extension and lowering of the platform.
It is usually made up of pipes with rectangular cross-section and have
high resistance to bending. The material is stainless steel for corrosion
and rust resistance to give high strength.
After marking out, they were cut to the required sizes holes of
appropriate diameter were drilled at both ends and the middle of each
member. Hollow pins of external diameter corresponding to the drilled
holes we then fit into holes and welded in order to strengthen the
position then joined together to give the X pattern using bolts and nuts.
The scissors arms were brazed to increase the strength and bending
resistance.

Top Platform
The material used for the construction of this component is mild steel
angle bar for the frame and timber for the base of the platform. The
56

angle bar is cut into the required sizes and welded to form a rigid
platform. The timber was equally into the required dimensions, drilled at
the edges and fastened using bolt and nut to secures it in position at the
base of the platform.
Assembling of various components of the hydraulic scissors lift.
The scissors assemblage was mounted on the base frame with
one end hinged and the other fitted with roller (bearing) to produce the
needed motion of rolling along the rail to cause lifting and lowering of the
scissors lift. The scissors arm connected to the platform is also
connected with one end hinged and the other fitted with roller to effect
extension and contraction of the lit. The hydraulic cylinder is connected
to the first arm of the scissors lift with both ends hinged. This cylinder
provides the force needed to lift the load on the platform.
The force is as a result of the pressure of the hydraulic supplied to the
cylinder by the pump from the reservoir.
The lift is fitted with wheels to aid mobility from one location to
another.
Painting of the entire unit is done to improve it aesthetics and
increase the corrosion and resistance to rust.
COST ANALYSIS OF MATERIAL
The table below shows the cost of material used in constructing the
hydraulic scissors lift
57

NO.

OF MATERIAL

QUANTITY

UNIT COST

TOTAL COST

ITEM
1

DESCRIPTION
REQUIRED
3 x 3 lnch Angular 3

2400

7200

2
3

bar
1 x 1 Inch Angle bar
8
1 x 2 inch stainless 8

1000
3000

300
30, 400

4
5

steel pipe
Mild steel bushins
20
Stainless
steel 13

50
100

1000
1500

6
7

electrode
Mild steel electrode
20
Drilling of stainless 12

25
250

500
3000

steel pipe
Stainless steel drive 2

250

500

9
10
11
12

bit
Bolt and nut
Wood timber
Roller bearing
Hydraulic
cylinder

25
650
100
6500

1000
1300
400
6500

13

(Ram)
Electric motor and 1

20, 000

20, 000

14

pump
Directional

control 1

5000

5000

2500

10, 000
6000
2000
96, 600

15
16
17

valve
Wheel
Transportation
Miscellaneous
TOTAL

40
3
4
1

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1

CONCLUSION
The design and fabrication of a portable work platform elevated by

a hydraulic cylinder was carried out meeting the required design

standards. The portable work platform is operated by hydraulic cylinder
58

which is operated by a motor. The scissor lift can be design for high load
also if a suitable high capacity hydraulic cylinder is used. The hydraulic
scissor lift is simple in use and does not required routine maintenance. It
can also lift heavier loads. The main constraint of this device is its high
initial cost, but has a low operating cost. The shearing tool should be
heat treated to have high strength. Savings resulting from the use of this
device will make it pay for itself with in short period of time and it can be
a great companion in any engineering industry dealing with rusted and
unused metals.
5.2

RECOMMENDATION
This device affords plenty of scope for modifications for further

improvements and operational efficiency, which should make it

commercially available and attractive. Hence, its wide application in
industries, hydraulic pressure system, for lifting of vehicle in garages,
maintenance of huge machines, and for staking purpose. Thus, it is
recommended for the engineering industry and for commercial
production.

59

REFERENCE

GUPTA S.C (2006). Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines.

Pearson Education India, 2006. P.p 1296
RAJPUT R.K (2010). Strength of materials (mechanics of solids).
S.Chand and Company LTD; 2010. P.p (928-941, 2-3, 590-592, 264-265).

60

HENRY W. SASLACH JR. and ROWLAND W. ARMSTRONG (2005).

Deformatble bodies and their material behaviour.
John Wiley and Sons inc. P.p (105-212).
KHURMI R.S and GUPTA J.K (2006). Machine design. Fourteenth edition.
P.p (40-45).
DR. SADHU SINGH (2000) Applied stress analysis (fourth edition)
P.p (35-42).
KHURMI R.S and J.K GUPTA (2005). Theory of machines (second edition).
Eurasia publishing house LTD. P.p(99-117).
MICHAEL .A. (2008). Understanding scissors lift deflection.
Autoquip corporation. (2008. PDF book). P.p (1-4).

Aerial platform: Retrieved online from

http://ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Aerial-platform.
Upright lifts: Retrieved online from www.canliftequipment.ca/inventory/upright.
Scaffolding: http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/scaffolding.

61