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Aes pe Rag WK pereen Ge promene Lepraw Sey OK ter Spent Wee te 5 sig be wun at VE loos Wow eek Speed, thd oni y Vee ete Ye DL 5 7 cenit dre a An oYReaction Turbine A reaction turbine, therefore, is one that is constructed of rows of fixed and rows of moving blades. The fixed blades act as nozzles. The moving blades move as a result of, the impulse of steam received (caused by change in momentum) and also as a result of expansion and acceleration of the steam relative to them. In other words, they also act as nozzles. The enthalpy drop per stage of one row fixed and one row moving blades is divided among them, often equally. Thus a blade with a 50 percent degree of reaction, or a 50 percent reaction stage, is one in which half the enthalpy drop of the stage occurs in the fixed blades and half in the moving blades. The pressure drops will not be equal, however. They are greater for the fixed blades and greater for the high-pressure than the low-pressure stages. The moving blades of a reaction turbine are easily distinguishable from those of an impulse turbine in that they are not symmetrical and, because they act partly as nozzles, have a shape similar to that of the fixed blades, although curved in the opposite direction. The schematic pressure line (Fig. 24.2) shows that pressure continuously drops through all rows of blades, fixed and moving. The absolute steam velocity changes within each stage as shown and repeats from stage to stage. Figure 24.3 shows a typical velocity diagram for the reaction stage. PRESSURE ING VELOCITY is |e-sack PRESSURE Figure 24.2 Three stages of reaction turbine indicating pressure and velocity distributionPressure and enthalpy drop both in the fixed blade or stator and in the moving blade or Rotor Enthaipy drop in Rotor Degree of Reaction = 2#thaly drop in Stage Arin R (24.3) 7 Ty hy (24.3) Avery widely used design has half degree of reaction or 50% reaction and this is known as Parson's Turbine. This consists of symmetrical stator and rotor blades. Flxed Blade Figure 24.3 The velocity diagram of reaction blading The velocity triangles are symmetrical and we have Cpa) Olga Ha. YnaVa Energy input per stage (unit mass flow per second) vA 2 a (24.4) 2 2 woos 2 = B= (i -U? + 2HU cosem)/2 (24.5)From the inlet velocity triangle we have, 2a v2 -U? - 2% cosa Work done (for unit mass flow per second) ~ 7 = Une = U(QH cosy -U) Therefore, the Blade efficiency 2K; cose -U) =e i —U? + WU cosy Reaction Turbine, ® Put Qp(2eosey - P) We => =p? + 2pcosey dt 26 For the maximum efficiency 4° and we get (1p? + 2pcosay) (4cos cy ~ 49} = 2p(2o0s ay =p}(-2p+ 2cosexy) =O from which finally it yields U vw-(t) (24.6) (24.7) (25.1) (25.2) (25.3)Figure 25.1 Velocity diagram for maximum efficiency Absolute velocity of the outlet at this stage is axial (see figure 25.1). In this case, the energy transfer E =U y =U (25.4) ‘Me Imarimum can be found out by putting the value of P= °° in the expression for blade efficiency (25.5) (Mp dimgratse = 0087 C4 (25.6) js greater in reaction turbine. Energy input per stage is less, so there are more number of stages. Stage Effici ncy and Reheat factor The Thermodynamic effect on the turbine efficiency can be best understood by considering a number of stages between two stages 1 and 2 as shown in Figure 25.2Enthalpy Entropy » Figure 25.2 Different stage of a steam turbine ‘The total expansion is divided into four stages of the same efficiency "'s) and pressure ratio. Ra Se pase tes (25.7) RR RF d ‘The overall efficiency of expansion is ‘lo. The actual work during the expansion from 1 to 2is Wa=1¥ _ Wa _actuél enthalpy drop (1-2) No = (2: o W isontrepie heat rop (1-2) ee) Curnulative enthalpy drop (isentropic) Reheat factor (R.)= He*ireple enthalpy drop Coverall) + Akg + Bly, + Aft a Fee lee Pe (25.9) Aa REF is 1.03 to 1.04 ifs remains same for all the-stages or "s is the mean stage efficiency.Alyy _ Sly _ Altys Ea eae 28 bee cara nie (25.10) Alyy + My + Altyg + Bh MS = Rha FAs + Mpg + Dep (25.11) on, 1A Blige + Mize + MteD actual enthalpy drop Stamalative enthalpy drop (seniropi We can see: ng = 15 XRF (25.12) This makes the overall efficiency of the turbine greater than the individual stage efficiency. The effect depicted by Eqn (25.12) is due to the thermodynamic effect called "reheat’ This does not imply any heat transfer to the stages from outside. It is merely the reappearance of stage losses an increased enthalpy during the constant pressure heating (or reheating) processes AX, BY, CZ and D2. Exercise Problems (for Steam Turbines) Q1, The adiabatic enthalpy drop in a given stage of a multi-stage impulse turbine is 22.1 KJikg of steam. The nozzle outlet angle is '®°> and the efficiency of the nozzle, defined as the ratio of the actual gain of kinetic energy in the nozzle to adiabatic heat drop, is 92%. The mean diameter of the blades is 1473.2 mm and the revolution per minutes is 1500, Given that the carry over factor ° is 0.88, and that the blades are equiangular (the blade velocity coefficient is 0.87). Calculate the steam velocity at the outlet from nozzles, blade angles, and gross stage efficiency. Q2. The following particulars relate to a two row velocity compounded impulse wheel which forms a first stage of a combination turbine. Steam velocity at nozzle outlet = §79.12m/s Mean blade velocity = 115.82m/s Nozzle outlet angle = 16° Outlet angle first row of moving blades = 12” Outlet angle fixed guide blades = 22°Outlet angle, second row of moving blades = 36° ‘Steam flow rate = 2.4 kg/s ‘The ratio of the relative velocity at outlet to that at inlet is °-84 for all blades. Determine for each row of moving blades the following + The velocity of whirl + The tangential thrust on blades + The axial thrust on the blades + The power developed What is the efficiency of the wheel as a whole? Q3. A velocity compounded impulse wheel has two rows of moving blades with a mean diameter of 714.2 ram. The speed of rotation is 3000rpm, the nozzle angle is 16° and the estimated steam velocity at the nozzle outlet is 554.73m/s. The mass flow rate of the steam passing through the blades is 5.07 kg/s. Assuming that the energy loss in each row of blades (moving and fixed) is 24% of the kinetic energy of the steam entering the blades and referred to as the relative velocity, and that the outlet angles of the blades are: (1) first row of moving blades 18°, (2) intermediate guide blade 22°, 2 (3) second row of moving blades is 38” | draw the diagram of relative velocities and derive the following + Blade inlet angles, + Power developed in each row of blades + Efficiency of the wheel as a whole Q4. The following particulars refer to a stage of an impulse-reaction turbine. Outlet angle of fixed blades = 20° Outlet angle of moving blades = 20° Radial height of fixed blades =100mmRadial height of moving blades =100mm Mean blade velocity = 138m/s Ratio of blade speed to steam speed = 0.625 3 Specific volume of steam at fixed blade outlet =1.235 " /E 31 by Specific volume of steam at moving blade outlet =1.305 "7 /#z Calculation the degree of reaction, the adiabatic heat drop in pair of blade rings, and the gross stage efficiency, given the following coefficients which may be assumed to be the same in Both fixed and moving blades : "im = 09, =0:86 Q5. Steam flows into the nozzles of a turbine stage from the blades of preceding stage with a velocity of 100m/s and issues from the nozzles with a velocity of 325 m/s at angle ‘of 20° to the wheel plane. Calculate the gross stage efficiency for the following data: Mean blade velocity=180m/s Expansion efficiency for nozzles and blades = 0.9 Carry over factor for nozzles and blades = 0.9 Degree of reaction = 0.26 Blade outlet angle = 28°