WORK STUDY DEFINITION:- One of the most important techniques, which are frequently employed by all management personnel, is work-study. It introduces the most effective method of working. Work study has proved to be the most effective tool in the hands of management. Every industry is facing problems concerning the efficiency at all levels and so a systematic attempt is need to eliminate unnecessary work and the make remaining work easier. Thus productivity would automatically be increased. It is therefore, necessary to have a constant effort to reduce the waste in every phase of production. So, that there is surplus available for division to develop good life. According to the ILO, “Work Study is a term used to embrace the techniques of method study and work measurement, which are employed to ensure the best possible use of human and material resources in carrying out a specified activity.” According to British Standards Institute, “Work study is generic term for those techniques, particularly ‘method study and ‘work measurement’ which are used in the examination of human work in all its contexts and which lead systematically to the investigation of all factors which affect the efficiency and economy of the situation being renewed, in order to effect improvement.” Thus, the work study of human works in all aspects in order to improve productivity. It is a systematic and analytical study of work process and work methods with the objective of increasing efficiency and reducingcosts. Work study helps to reduce waste through standardization of qualitative and quantitative element of the job. Advantages of Work Study:- Uniform and improved power flow. Higher productive efficiency. Reduced manufacturing costs. Fast and accurate delivery dates. Better service to customer. Job seaurity and job satisfaction to workers. NOOPON DS Higher wages to workers. Objectives of work study:- 1. Provide more and improved physical means to motivate the workers. 2. Improve the basic process by research and development. 3. Improve the methods of operation. 4. Simplify and improve the product and reduce the variety, standardize the product. 5. Improve organization, product planning and control. 6. Improve manpower efficiency at all levels. Scope of Work Study There is a school of thought that work study is applicable only in the field of industry where processes are highly repetitive. This is not true. Since it is universal in its application, it does not matter whether the activities studies had occurred in industry, public services or in the armed forces. It is not confined to engineering activities of a repetitive nature; it can be applied to Jobbing, maintenance or similar work in which there is little or no repetition of a particular operation.Uses of Work study 1 2 3. 4. 5. 6 7 8 9. 10. 11, 12. Increased productivity and operational efficiency. Reduced manufacturing costs. Improved work place layout. Better manpower planning and capacity planning. Fair wages to employees. Better working conditions to employees. Improved work fiow. Reduced material handling costs. Provides a standard of performance to measure labor efficiency. Better industrial relations and employee morale. Basis for sound incentive schemes. Provides better job satisfaction to employees.Work study procedure There are eight basic steps involved in a work study procedure. Some of them are common to both method study and work measurement These steps are 1 Select: The job or the process or the operation to be studied 2 Record: All relevant facts about the job or process or operation using suitable charting techniques such as operation process chart, flow process chart, flow diagram, SIMO chart (simultaneous motion chart) and man-machine chart 3 Examine: Critically all the recorded facts, questioning the purpose, place, sequence, person and the means of doing the job/process/operation 4 Develop: The new method for the job/process/operation 5 Measure: The work content and establish the standard time using an appropriate work-measurement technique, viz., time study using stop watch, synthesis method, analytical estimating method, pre- determined motion time system and work sampling 6. Define : The new method for the job/process/operation 7. Install : The new method as standard practice. 8. Maintain : The new method for the job/process/operation.Techniques of Work Study Work-study has two closely related facts: method study, an examination of the ways of doing work, and work measurement, which is the assessment of the time, which a job should take. Both are carried out systematically and follow very similar patterns Work study Method Study Work Measurement 1) Select task to be 1) Select task to be studied studied 2) Record the facts. 3) Examine the facts 2) Record the facts 3) Analyze the facts 4) Develop and define the new meth 1) Measure the task 5) Install the new method 5) Compile the standard time 6) maintain 6) Define method and its related timeMETHOD STUDY 1. Define METHOD STUDY? State its objectives? Solutio '- METHOD STUDY METHOD STUDY isa systematic recoding and critical examination of the way of doing a task/job/work and determination of the best method OBJECTIVES OF THE METHOD STUDY To improve the process and work procedure. To improve the layout of factory, shop and workplace. To oblain effective use of man, material and machine. Toreduce material handling and fatigue to the operator ORONS Improved design and specification of the product. 2. State the brief procedure of METHOD STUDY? OR Brief the steps involved in METHOD STUDY Solution:- STEPS IN METHOD STUDY The steps involved in the METHOD STUDY are 1. Selection of the work tobe studied 2. Recording all the relevant fact of presenl/proposed method by observation and analysis. 3. Examine the recorded fact critically and challenge everything that is done 4. Develop the most practical, economical and effective method considering all the circumstances 5. Define the new method so thalit can be always be identified6. Install the method as standard practice. 7. Maintain that standard practice by regular machine check up. 3. Howwork is selected for the METHOD STUDY? Solution:-Selection of work for METHOD STUDY The selection of work should be such that proposed method achieves one or more following result 1. Increased productivity of men, machine and material 2. Improved quality with less scrap. 3. Improvement in layout. 4. Improved working condition. The factor that should be kept in mind while selecting a job or work are A. Economic consideration B. Technical consideration. C. Human consideration A. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION. 1) ILis totally wastage of time to carry out the method study if the economic importance of the job is small 2) That means by applying method study, proposed method must give a sufficient result 3) The following factor affect the selection of the job are a) Bottleneck operation holding up other production operation b) Operation involving excessive manpower. ¢) Operation producing lost of scrap/defects. d) Operation having poor utilization of resources. ) Backtracking of material and excessive moment of materialB. TECHNICAL CONSIDERAITON 1) An office clerks cannot solve the problem in the machine shop or machinist cannot do office work with justice, 2) Likewise method study should select ajob in which hehas a technical expertise knowledge i.e. he should be expert in particular field 3) The following factor which favors the selection of the job are a) Operation producing a lot of scrap. b) Frequent complaint from working regarding job c) Job having inconsistent quality d) Job in which too many man hours are spent in checking and rechecking works, C. HUMAN CONSIDERATION 1) Human reaction plays an important role in method study and as such must be given due to consideration by method study engineer. 2) Certain operation often causes dis-satisfaction by workers. 3) That means proposed methods should be positive about workers. physical and mental condition as well as earning 4) Following are the situation where mainly human factors are considered a) Workers complaining about unnecessary and tiring works. b) When the frequency of accidents are more c) Inconsistency of payment when itis tied to output.4, Enumerate the various RECORDING TECHNIQUES used in METHOD STUDY? What is importance of RECORDING in METHOD STUDY? OR What do you mean by RECORDING? What are various RECORDING TECHNIQUES in METHOD STUDY? Ans :-RECORDING RECORDING is defined as systematic note down of all relevant facts of proposed method by observation and analysis. RECORDING TECHNIQES | DESCRIPTION 4.CHARTS Oulline Process Chart | Gives overall picture of process and record the main operation and inspections. b | Flow Process Chart Record the activity of the worker, on material done by machine. © Multiple Activity Chart_| Record the activity of man and machine on the common time scale. f ‘SIMO Chart a Two Hand Process Records the activity perform by the Chart workers hand € Travel Chart Records the movement of man and material in the department. Record the movement of paris of body on the common time scale 2 DIAGRAM a | Flow and String Diagram b | Cycle Graph and Chrono- cycle Graph Record the path movement of man and material Records the high speed and short time, cycle operation c | Template and Model Helps to show the proposed work place layoutImportance of recording. 1. Ithelps to carry out critical examination caretully 2. The success of method study depends upon on the accuracy with which facts are recorded 3. Recording provides basis of critical examination and development of improved method 5. What is MICROMOTION? State the techniques of MICROMOTION? Solution:- MICROMOTION 1) MICROMOTION means study of small motion knows as THERBLINGS 2) MICROMOTION study provides techniques for recording and timing activity STEPS IN MICROMOTION STUDY 1. Filming the operation to be studied. 2. Analysis of the data from the film 3. Recording of the data using SIMO chart TECHNIQUES OF MICROMOTION STUDY 1. SIMO CHARTS 2. GRAPHS a) CYCLE GRAPH b) CHRONO-CYCLE GRAPH6. Draw the various symbols used in recording the flow process charts? Solution:- No] Activity ‘Symbot - Operation @ = Inspection = + Transport = “ Temporary storage or Delay » * Permanent storage a 1, OUT LINE PROCESS CHARTS 1. ILis also called as operation process chart 2. It shows quick and overallpicture of the whole process by recoding in sequence only the main operation and inspection 3. Itused two symbol, operation and inspection It helps to visualize he complete sequence of operation and inspection in the process. 5. Itdoes not reveal the place of operation and processTask Changing of refill of a ball point pen ‘Chart begins :Unscrew cap Method : Presented Proposed Chart ends :Screw cap Charted by :ABC Date: Unscrew the cap Unscrew the neck Remove the old refill ‘Assemble the spring on the new refill Place the refillin the barrel ‘Screw the neck Gheck if the ball pen writing ‘Screw the cap SYMBOL FREQUENCY 2. ELOW PROCESS CHARTS 1) tis the extension of OUTLINE PROCESS CHART. 2) It shows the activity of operation, inspection, storage, transportation and delay 3) FLOW PROCESS CHART is a process chart of setting out the sequence of the flow of product or a procedure of recording all activities under reviews using appropriate process chart 4) Three type (man, material and machine).May Type Material Type Chart begins : Man in inspection deptt. Material in goods receiving Chart ends : Man in inspection deptt. Material in stores. => To goods receiving. ‘Await errival of man Locate component 1 To inspection dept. Pick out component Set on the bench 2 To inspection deptt. G) ‘Set the component to bench Inspection ‘isestenypecteo 2 Measure dimension CG) Measure & record length Stamped (S_) Put inspection seal 2eckp Testore 3 Tostores Vv Stored (6) Enter in stock 4 > Rewwrn to inspection dept, Summary symbot OO =p O o=opv Frequency 6 89 4 ' 3 2 1 rot2. MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHARTS © MUTLIPLE ACTIVITY CHARTS records the activities of worker with relation to machine on the common e scale. * Itconsists of series of bars placed against a common time scale. * One separate bar is pales for each element and activilies related to the element are represented in the bars. * Each bars is divided into three parts a. description of the activities b. time c. State of working and non working State of working and non working are represented by * Itis prepared for a. Detecting the idle time of employees. Determining the no of machine handled by the operator ©. Determine the number of workers required to perform a job involving the team work * Application of MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHARTS a. Plant repair and maintenance b. Construction jobs c. Planning team work3. TRAVEL CHART 1 A travel chart is a tabular record for presenting quantitative data about the movement of the workers, material or equipment between any numbers of places over a given period of time. Itis quicker and more manageable techniques 3. Itrecords the distance and frequency of movement between the pairs of departments. 4. This chart is used to determine the degree of closeness between the departments. 5. It forms the basis of layout design that seeks to minimize the total material handling costs. Advantages 1. It is a useful tool for movement analysis. 2. Itis helpful to locate the activities and backtracking 3. Useful for comparing alternative flows. 4. Can be easily computerized as quantitative data is involved. Procedure 1 Department or work centre’s are listed both row wise and columwise in the same sequence. Each intersecting square or cells is used to records the data from department to another. The entries in the chart are scattered on both sides of the diagonal4. TWO HANDED PROCESS CHARTS It focuses on the workers. The activities completed by worker hands in relation to one another are recorded on the chart. That is why it is called TWO HANDED PROCESS CHARTS It consists of the two columns a) One for LEFT hand and b) other for RIGHT hand The activities of the both hands are recorded opposite to each other on the chart. It commonly used for repetitive and short operations The amplification of this chart are a) To visualize the complete sequence of activity in a repetitive tasks. b) To study work station layout TWO HAND PROCESS CHART Charted by :ABC Date Task ‘filling _up ink in the fountain pen LEFT HAND SYMBOL RIGHT HAND LH RH Pick up the pen Idle) Hold Remove cap Hold Unscrew neck Hold Fill ink in the barrel Hold AssembleSummary 5. SIMO CHART 5. SIMO CHART is recoding techniques for micro motion study It is based on the film analysis 7. SIMO CHART records the rapid movement of part of worker body's for short duration on the common time scale. 8. These movements are represented by THERBLINGS 9. SIMO CHART has two column, * One for LEFT HAND * Other for RIGHT HAND 10. The time scale is placed on the column for the comparison. 11. Itis used for micro motion analysis of * Short cycle for repetitive jobs * High order skill jobs. 12. Application of SIMO CHART a) PACKING b) Repetitive uses of jigs and fixtures c) InspectionSIMO CHART OPERATION : Assemble of Nut and Bolt FILM.NO: Method :Presented/Proposed OPERATION NO: Charted by :ABC Date : LEFT HAND TH ]AB | TIME | RIGHT HAND TH |AB | TIME To bolt TE Grasp bolt 12 To nut Grasp nut Move to assembly Move to assembly Head bold H 10 Put nut over the H [10 bolt THEREBLINGS 1. FRANKLIN B GILBERTH founder of method study suggested therbiings 2. Therblings are used to describe the basic element of movements ‘fundamental hand motion of cycle. 3. Each Therblings has symbol, colour and name NO THERBLINGS SYMBOLS ABBREVIATI 1 | SELECT se 2 | SEARCH s 3 | HOLD 4 4 | GROUP G5 | POSITION P 6 | RELEASE LOAD RL 7 | TRANSPORT LOADED TL 8 | TRANSPORT EMPTY TE 9 | ASSEMBLE A 10 | DISS-ASSMEBLE DA 11 | UN -AVOIDABLE DELAY UD 72 | AVOIDABLE DELAY AD 13 | PLAN PN DIAGRAM 1. FLOW DIAGRAM 1. Flow diagram is a diagram drawn by taking suitable scale of total working areas on which moment of men and material are traced by line with arrows. 2. The flow diagram shows the relative position of machine tools, work tables, storage racks inspection tables. 3. Different colors are used to represent different type of moments.VW )) > Figure :FLOW DIAGRAM The layout of the workplace is drawn to scale on sheet which is shown by WIA. Relative position of machine tool, work tables, storage point and inspection points are marked on the sheets. Path of material and men tracked by lines.4, Each movementis serially numbered and indicated by arows for direction 2. STRING DIAGRAM 1. STRING DIAGRAM is a diagrem drawn by taking suitable scale of the total working areas on which the path traced by mens and material are recorded by means of string/threads, 2. Itis valuable where movements are complicated and irregular. ILis useful to shows the repetitive movement between workstation A swring diagram a. The layout of the workplace is drawn to scale on sheet. b. Pins are fixed at the place of workstation.c. Pinsare also fixed at the tuming poinis of the routes. d. A measuring length of thread is taken to trace the movement. e. The distance covered by the object is obtained by measuring the remaining parts of thread by subtracting it from original length. 7, What is the CRITICAL EXAMINATION? How it is done? CRITICAL EXAMINATION Critical Examination is a questioning technique having sets of question which gives a clear idea of the problem and solution for those problems. OBJECTIVES OF CRITICAL EXAMINATION To analyze the fact critically and thereby giving the alternative which form basis of selection and development of easier and effective methodSTEPS OF CRITICAL EXAMINATION Itis done by the means of two set of detailed questions. 1. Primary question to find out the facts and reason behind them. 2. Secondary question to determine a. the alternative for place, sequence and person or b. Means for improvement over the current methods. 8. CRITICAL EXAMINATION IS A MOTIVE FORCE TO DEVELOP NEW METHOD JUSTIFY? 1. Critical examination is a questioning technique having a set of questions. 2. In these techniques, very basic questions are used to find out the facts and reasons. 3. The question are of the types ie what, why, how, when, where and who 4. These questions determine and reveal the facts that are not easily understood 5. Thus the solution of different problem can be find out.6. Itis a practical techniques which gives the clean idea of problem and solution to this problem Hence Critical Examination is a motive force to develop a new product. 9. Write a short note on WORKPLACE LAYOUT? OR Explain how WORKPLACE LAYOUT is designed WORKPI ACF LAYOUT 41) A good workplace layout and productivity are closely related to each other. 2) Acomfortable workplace satisfies the worker. 3 4 Bad working condition results in dissatisfaction and poor production While designing a workplace layout, following thing should be kept in mind 5) Material and tools should be located within normal working area and as close and in front of operator as possible. 6) Material and tools should be located in order in which they are used in the assembly. 7) Workplace must be clean as well as painted 8) Workplace must be properly illuminated to avoid eye strain. 9) It shouldbe free from the presence of the harmful elements like smoke, dust, heat, excessive humidity and vibrations.10. GRAPHS * GRAPHS are the part of MICROMOTION STUDY. * These graphic techniques were developed by GILBERTH. A. CYCLE GRAPH B. CHRONOCYCLE GRAPH A. CYCLE GRAPH 1. A CYCLE GRAPH is a record of path of movement by hand any other body part of an operator while he is performing an operation traced by the continuous source of the light on photograph. 2. Asmall bulb is attached to the hand of operator or other parts of body of the operator performing the operation. 3. The photograph is taken by still camera and the light source shows the path of motion and path of photograph is called cycle graph. B. CHRONOCYCLE GRAPH41. CHRONOCYCLE GRAPH is spherical form of cycle graph in which the light source is interrupted suitably 10-30 times per second. 2. Itrecords the path of movement in the form of pear shaped dots on the photographic plate. TEMPLATES AND MODELS A. TEMPLATES | TEMPLATES are two dimensional cut out of cardboard/colored paper. 2. They are prepared by scale and placed on scaled plan on the board It shows the plan of various facilities like machine tools, fittings and storage racks, B. MODELS 4. They are scale models of facilities resembling in length, width and height. 2. They are made up of wood or plastics 3. They are commonly used to prepare floor plan elevations. 4. They are useful in preparing altemative plan for multi-storey plant Example: 3 dimensional models of chemical factory and refineries. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW METHODS Eliminate all the unnecessary operations Try to combine operation as possible. Change the sequence of operations. Bona Simplify the unnecessary operations.1. Evaluation 2. Investigation selection. 11. List and give the importance of human factor consider in the MOTION STUDY? HUMAN FACTOR IN THE MOTION STUDY | 1. HUMAN FACTOR plays a significant role in WORK-STUDY application 2. It cannot benefit the company until the everyone makes the contribution 3. WORKSTUDY means the changes and these changes involve the people. 4. these people are a) WORK STUDY practitioner who makes the changes b) TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT who support the changes. c) MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT who implementand supervise the changes. d) WORKERS who are greatly affected by the changes. e) TRADE UNIION who support those affected by changes. LWMPORTANCE OF HUMAN FACTOR IN THE MOTION STUDY 1. It makesa METHOD STUDY a powerful management tool to improve the productivity. 2. Itimproves the efficiency of the organization 3. It provides better satisfaction to workers and management.12. Explain the importance of PRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY? Ans:- IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY 1. PRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY are particularly useful form of developing improved methods at workplace 2. It forms a basis for * Improving the efficiency and * Reduce the fatigue in the manual work. 2. Ithelps to * Eliminate the unnecessary motion and * Combine and modify the motion by changing their sequence. 3. It makes suitable changes in workplace layout by simplifying the motions. 13. Explain the PRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY RELATED TO HUMAN BODY? Principle of Motion Economy This principle is divided into 3 categories 1. The use of human body 2. The arrangement of workplace 3. The design of tools and equipment This principle is good for the company to apply to their workplace layout because it can reduce accidents, can improve the quality of the product, the employee feel more comfortable while workingi) Both hands should begin as well as complete their motion ii) Both hands should not idle at the same time. iii) Motions of the arms should be made in opposite and symmetrical directions. iv)Motions should be confined to the lowest degree. v) Momentum should be used when wherever possible but should be reduce vi)Smooth continuous curved hand motions are better to straight line mations. vii) Ballistic movements are faster, easier and more accurate. viii) Work should be arranged to permit an easy and natural rhythm. ix)Work should be arranged such that eye motion is limited to one comfortable area2. Work place layout i) There should be definite and fixed place for tools and materials. ii) Toolsand materials should be placed first to reduce search activity iii) Gravity feed, box or container should be used to deliver material iv) Tool and material should be placed within the maximum working area v) Material and tools should be located to permit the best sequence of motions. vi) Drop deliveries or ejectors should be used. vii) Adequate illumination and good contrast viii) Ergonomically design and workplace should be used 3. Design of tool and equipment. i) Hands should be free from all work that may be done with fixture. ii) Two or more tool should be combined. ili) Load should be distibuted in accordance to the inherent capacity of the fingers iv) Handles of tools should be design so as to allow as much surface area of the hands. This is how principles of motions economy can give a good workplace area. By following this method we can improve the productivity of our productPRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY RELATED TO HUMAN BODY 1. Both hands should start as well as complete their motion at same time. Both hands should not be idle at same time except during the rest. Use both hand simultaneously and use the best motion sequence. Hand should be free from all works than can be done by feet. Hand and body motion should be made at the lowest possible ORON classification in order to reduce the fatigue. 6. Ballistic movement is preferred, which are faster easier and more accurate than controlled movements. 7. Smooth and continuous movements of the hands are preferred than zigzag /variable motion 8. Rhythm is essential to the smooth and automatic performance of repetitive operations. PRINCIPLE OF MOTION OF ECONOMY RELATED TO WORKPLACE. Layout. 1. All the tool and material should be places at a definite and fixed place within easy reach 2. All the tools and material and actuating devices should be placed in front of the operator at a distance as near as possible 3. Gravity feed bins and containers should be used to deliver the material as close to the point of use as possible. 4. Material handling equipment should be arranged to deliver the material as close to the point of use as possible. 5. Materialand Equipment should be arranged to permit the best sequenceof the motion Provide the adequate lightning for better visual inspection Provide proper tables, chair etc wherever possible to permit good sequence posture. 8. The height of workplace and seat should be arranged to allow alternate standing and sitting. Keep shop in good order, neat and clean Principles of Motion Economy: These principles can be considered under three different groups. + Those related to the use of the human body. + Those related to the workplace arrangement, and + Those related to the design of tools and equipment. PRINCIPLES RELATED TO THE USE OF HUMAN BODY: 1. Both hands should begin and end their basic divisions of acivity simultaneously and should not be idle at the same instant, except during the rest periods. 2. The hand motions should be made symmetrically and simultaneously away from and toward the centre of the body 3. Momentum should be employed to assist the worker wherever possible, and it should be reduced to a minimum if it must be overcome by muscular effort. 4. Continuous curved motions should be preferred to straight line motions involving sudden and sharp changes in the direction a The least number of basic divisions should be employed and these should be confined to the lowest practicable classifications. These classifications. summarized in ascending order of time and fatigue expended in their performance, are a. Finger motionsb. Finger and wrist motions. c. Finger, wrist, and lower arm motions. d. Finger, wrist, lower arm, and upper arm motions. e. Finger, wrist, lower arm, upper arm motions and body motions. 6. Work that can be done by the feet should be arranged so that itis done together with work being done by the hands. It should be recognized, however, that it is difficult to move the hand and foot simultaneously. 7. The middle finger and the thumb should be used for handling heavy loads over extended periods as these are the strongest working fingers. The index finger, fourth finger, and little finger are capable of handling only light loads for short durations. 8. The feet should not be employed for operating pedals when the operator is in standing position9. Twisting motions should be performed with the elbows bent. 10. To grip tools, the segment of the fingers closed to the palm of the hand should be used. PRINCIPLES RELATED TO THE ARRANGEMENT AND CONDITIONS OF WORKPLACE: 1. Fixed locations should be provided for all tools and materials so as to permit the best sequence and eliminate search and select 2. Gravity bins and drop delivery should be used to reduce reach and move times. Use may be made of ejectors for removing finished parts. 3. All materials and tools should be located within the normal working area in both the vertical and horizontal plane (see Figure ), and as close to the point of use as possible. 4. Work table height should permit work by the operator in alternately sitting andstanding posture. a Glare-ree adequate illumination, proper ventilation and proper temperature should be provided. 6. Dials and other indicators should be patterned such that maximum information can be obtained in minimum of time and error. PRINCIPLES RELATED TO THE DESIGN OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT: 1. Use color, shape or size coding to maximize speed and minimize error in finding controls. 2. Use simple on/off, either/or indicators whenever possible. If simple on/off indicator is not sufficient, use qualitative type indicator, and use quantitative type indicator only when absolutely essential 3. All levers, handles, wheels and other control devices should be readily accessible to the operator and should be designed so as to give the best possible mechanical advantage and utilize the strongest available muscle group. Their direction of motion should conform to stereo-typed reactions. 4. Use quick acting fixture to hold the part or material upon which the workis being performed 5. Use stop guides to reduce the control necessary in positioning motions. 6. Operating, set-up and emergency controls should be grouped according to the function.WORK MEASURMENT 1. Define WORK MEASURMENT? Solution: - WORK MEASURMENT 1. Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry outa task at a defined rate of working 2. Work measurement is the application of technique designed to establish time for a qualified worker to carry out a specified job at a defined level of performance 3. It provide the management with a means of measuring the time taken in the performance of an operation or series of operations in such a way that ineffective time is detected and can be separated from the effective time 2. Give the objective of WORK MEASUREMENT? Solution: OBJECTIVE OF WORK MEASUREMENT _ To eliminate the ineffective time. 2. To balance the assignment of work among the workers in a team with the help of multiple activity chart. 3. To determine the number of machine a operator can run with the help of man machine chart. 4. To provide a basis for production planning and control choice of a better layout and for process planning 5. To provide information that is useful for making tenders, selling price and delivery dates3. Explain the basic procedure of work measurement? Solution: - PROCEDURE OF WORK MEASURMENT The basic procedure of WORK MEASURMENT is 1. Select the work to be studied and determine the objective of the TIME STUDY. 2. Record all the relevant data 3. Examine the recorded data 4, Measure the time required to complete each element of the work using work measurement techniques 5. Compile the standard time for the operation of work cycle by considering the allowances. 6. Define precisely the series of activity and method of operation of which time has been completed OR Basic procedure for work measurement The fdlowing steps are necessary for carrying out the work measurement systematically. 1. Select the work to be studied and determine the objectives of study. 2. Record all the relevant data relating to circumstances in which the work is being done, the methods to be used 3. Examine the recorded data and the detailed breakdown critically to ensure that most effective method and motions are being used and thal unproductive elements are separated from productive elements. 4. Measure: The time required to complete each element using the appropriate work measurement techniques. 5 Compile: The standard time for the operation6. Define: Precisely the series of activities and methods of operation for which the time has been compiled and issue the time standards for the activities and methods specified. 4. State the use of WORK MEASUREMENT? Solution: - USE OF WORK MEASUREMENT 1) To reveal the existence of ineffective time. 2) To compare the efficiency of the alternative methods 3) ) 4) To balance the work of member of team in association. To decide production time and provide useful data in planning and scheduling 5) To decide the cost of production 6) Asa basis for labor budgeting and budgetary control systems 7) To determine with the help of man and machine charts, the number of machines an operator can run. 8) To provide info for labour cost control 9) To sot the time standards for carrying out the work. 5. Define the WORK MEASUREMENT? State the techniques of WORK MEASUREMENT? ORList down the various method of WORK MEASUREMENT? Explain WORK SAMPLING in brief? Solution: WORK MEASURMENT Work Measurement is the application of techniques designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a defined rate of working, WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES Work measurement techniques are classified as 1. Direct method a) Time Sampling b) Work Sampling2. Indirect method a) Standard Time Data b) Analytical Estimating c) PMTS Techniques of work measurement The following are the principle techniques by which work measurement is carried out 1 Stop watch time study 2. Predetermined motion time systems 3. Activity sampling 4. Analytical estimating 5. Synthesis from standard data 6. Define the TIME STUDY? Mention the steps taken to conduct astop watch time study?Itis one of the major techniques of work measurement, Itis suitable for shot cycle and repetitive jobs. Iis the study with the help of stop watch. Itis generally carried with the special purpose ILis used to set time standards particularly in mass production. Steps taken to conduct a STOP WATCH TIME STUDY 1 oaken Select the work for time study Select the worker for time study. Divide the work into elements. Decide the number of cycle to be times. Timing each element with the stop watch Compute the basic time, 7. Rate the performance of worker involves in manual work. 8. Calculate the standard time.