Professional Documents
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CDB2013
Dr Chew Thiam Leng
Chapter
Liquid-Liquid
Extraction
Lesson outline
Introduction
Lesson outcome
At the end of the session, the students are able to:
1. Discuss the principles of liquid-liquid processes and
basic design considerations.
2. Able to estimate the exit stream amounts and
compositions of single stage extractor.
3. Able to conduct total and component material balance
on multistage liquid-liquid extraction equipment.
Gas-liquid equilibrium
Countercurrent Multiple-Contact Stages
Determination of multiple stages required for a desired
separation using
Material balance and graphical method
Analytical Equations (Kremser Equation)
Introduction
Liquid-liquid extraction (solvent extraction): is the separation of the
constituents of a liquid solution by contact with another insoluble
liquid.
It is a mass transfer operation in which a liquid solution (feed) is
contacted with an immiscible or nearly immiscible liquid (solvent)
that exhibits preferential affinity or selectivity towards one or more
of the components in the feed.
Important terms
The solution which is to be extracted is called the feed,
the liquid with which the feed is contacted is called the solvent.
The solvent rich product of the operation is called the extract,
the residual liquid from which the solute has been removed is
the raffinate.
C+A+B
EXTRACT
RAFFINATE
B+A+C
A+B
FEED
An example of extraction:
Extract (C+A+B)
Acetic acid (A)
in Water (B)
+
Ethyl acetate
(C)
Raffinate (B+C+A)
Aqueous layer contains a weak
acetic acid solution with a small
amount of ethyl acetate.
10
a) Separate mixer-settler
b) Combined mixer-settler
12
13
Advantages
Disadvantages
14
Disadvantages
Inefficient.
Disadvantages
Gearbox
Light
Phase Out
Heavy
Phase In
Vessel Shaft
Walls
Stators Rotors
Light
Phase In
Interface
rotating-disk contactor
a. agitator; b. stator disk
Interface
Control
Heavy
Phase Out
Disadvantages
Repair of internal mechanical
parts can cause process delays.
Ternary relationship
1.
2.
3.
Fig.: Triangular diagram
4.
Example:
i.
Fig.: Liquid-liquid phase diagram where components A & B are partially miscible
28
Example 5.1
Any point on the side of the triangle represents a binary mixture
Define the composition of point A, B, C, M, E, R, P and DEPRG in the ternary-mixture.
Point A = 100% Water
Point B = 100% Ethylene Glycol
Point C = 100% Furfural
Point
The miscibility limits for the furfuralwater binary system are at point D and
G.
Point P (Plait point), the two liquid phases
have identical compositions.
Example 5.2
From the diagram below determine the concentrations (mole fractions) at
Point M, E and R?
30
Solution
Consider the point M:
0.19
0.20
0.61
check: xA + xB + xC = 1
31
The system acetic acid (A) water (B) isopropyl ether solvent (C).
xB = 1.0 - xA - xC
yB = 1.0 - yA - yC
Liquid-liquid Equilibrium
phase diagram
and
h (trial
at either end
34
Example 5.3
An original mixture weighing 100 kg and containing 30 kg of
isopropyl ether (C), 10 kg of acetic acid (A), and 60 kg water (B) is
equilibrated and the equilibrium phases separated. What are the
compositions of the two equilibrium phases?
Solution:
Composition of original mixture is xc= 0.3, xA = 0.10, and xB = 0.60.
35
Solution
1. Plot the composition of xC =
0.30, xA = 0.10 and xB on the
equilibrium diagram as at
point h.
2. The tie line gi is drawn
through point h by trial and
error.
3. The composition of the
extract (ether) layer at g is yA
= 0.04, yC = 0.94, and yB =
1.00 - 0.04 - 0.94 = 0.02
mass fraction.
4. The raffinate (water) layer
composition at i is xA = 0.12,
xC = 0.02, and xB = 1.00
0.12 0.02 = 0.86.
36
L+V=M
mixer
5.2
5.3
5.4
V
x AM x A
(5.5)
yC xC M
V
xC M xC
V
M
(5.6)
xC xC M
x A x AM
xC M y C
x AM y A
(5.7)
mixer
Eqn. 5.7 shows that points L, M, and V must lie on a straight line.
By using the properties of similar right triangles,
Lever arms rule
L( kg)
VM
V ( kg)
LM
L(kg)
VM
M (kg)
LV
(5.8)
(5.9)
similar triangles
Example 5.4
The compositions of the two equilibrium layers in Example 5.1 are
for the extract layer (V2) yA = 0.04, yB = 0.02, and yC = 0.94, and for
the raffinate layer (L1) xA = 0.12, xB = 0.86, and xC = 0.02. The original
mixture contained 100 kg and xAM = 0.10. Determine the amounts of
V1 and L0.
Given:
V1
L0
Solution:
V2
L1
mixer
Given:
yA = 0.04, yB = 0.02,
V2
V1
L0
Required: V1 and L0
Solution:
L1
mixer
( a)
(b)
41
M 100 gi 5.8
similar triangles
V1
V2
L0
L1
L0 V2 L1 V1 M
5.10
L0 x A0 V2 y A2 L1 x A1 V1 y A1 Mx AM
5.11
5.12
x A x B xC 1.0
43
V2
L0
L1
44
Example 5.5
A mixture weighing 1000 kg contains 23.5 wt% acetic acid
(A) and 76.5 wt% water (B) and is to be extracted by 500
kg isopropyl ether (C) in a single-stage extraction.
Determine the amounts and compositions of the extract and
raffinate phases.
45
Solution
Given:
V1
V2
L0
L1
L0 x A0 V2 y A2 Mx AM
(1000)(0.235) (500)(0) (1500) xAM
x AM 0.157
Similarly
L0 xC 0 V2 yC 2 MxC M
xCM 0.33
L0(0.235,0) = (xA0, xC
L1 xA1 V1 y A1 MxAM
L1 (0.2) V1 (0.1) (1500)(0.157)
L1 0.5V1 1,177.5
(1)
(2)
Answer
48
Exercise
A single-stage extraction is performed in which 400 kg of a solution
containing 35 wt% acetic acid in water is contacted with 400 kg of pure
isopropyl ether. Calculate the amounts and compositions of the extract
and raffinate layers. Solve for the amounts both algebraically and by
the lever-arm rule. What percent of the acetic acid is removed? Use
equilibrium data given below.
49
Solution
Given:
xCM 0.5
Draw the equilibrium diagram and Locate point,
L0, V1 and M
50
M
L0(0.35,0) = (xA0,
L1 xA1 V1 y A1 MxAM
L1 (0.22) V1 (0.12) (800)(0.175)
L1 0.54V1 636.36
(i)
51
L1 29V1 1,333.33
(ii)
L1 623.12kg
and
V1 24.49kg
M (kg) L1V1
L1 (kg) 0.38
0.44
M (kg) 0.86
L1 (kg) V1M
V1 (kg) L1M
L1 (kg) 0.38
0.81
V1 (kg) 0.47
L1 325kg *
V1 434.57kg *
y A1 0.12,
yC1 0.88
and
yB1 0
*The correction of amount of extract and raffinate depends on the
identification of points on the graph (setting the pint). The value
obtained from Lever arms rule is more reliable.
54
% =
(400x0.35325x0.23)x100%
= . %
4000.35
55
(Use Equilibrium
56
Acetic
acid
Water
Isopropyl
ether
Acetic acid
Water
Isopropyl
ether
98.8
1.2
0.6
99.4
0.69
98.1
1.2
0.18
0.5
99.3
1.41
97.1
1.5
0.37
0.7
98.9
2.89
95.5
1.6
0.79
0.8
98.4
6.42
91.7
1.9
1.93
1.0
97.1
13.30
84.4
2.3
4.82
1.9
93.3
25.50
71.1
3.4
11.4
3.9
84.7
36.70
58.9
4.4
21.6
6.9
71.5
44.30
45.1
10.6
31.10
10.8
58.1
46.40
37.1
16.5
36.20
15.1
48.7
57