May 2015

`^pdL$ `funpAp dpV_y v$f dpk_u 10 spfuM rk^ \sy
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hj-1
AL$-3
ApN$-f013
dNrT_
d-2015
COMPETITIVE INDIA
hj-2
AL$-24
RNI No.GUJGUJ/2013/51331
[MONTHLY]
Editor-Publisher-Printer-Owner
CHAUHAN KAMLESHKUMAR NANDLALBHAI
Address
Gopnath Road, TALAJA.
Dist.:Bhavnagar (Gujrat), PIN-364 140
M-9408827007
E-mail--competitiveindia007@gmail.com
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02.....fp$ue.........4
03.....`yfL$pf........10
04.....r_^_..........16
05.....r_dZ|L$.......19
06.....rhrh^........21
07.....rv$_ rhij.....23
08.....NyS>fps_u AV$pfu......29
09.....Av$pgs_p pf\u......31
10.....rf`pV$-khnZ-k|QL$pL$....34
11.....A\eh\p_u lgQg...36
12.....rhdpQ_........36
13.....Apsffp$ue hplp....37
14.....MgS>Ns_u lgQg.....39
15.....rhop_ V$_pgp.....42
16....._pgS> A$p.......43
17.....ipV$ L$fV$ Aak.....45
18.....B[X$epT X$pV$f.......47
19.....kpgf rhdp_ B`k....48
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dV$uqfek sfuL$ dyL$sp rdp_p d, klL$pf, kfpl_p A`np L$fsp h^y dppdp ps \ep R>. Ap` kpA `^pdL$ `funp
n dNrT__ L$fV$ Aak_p L$V$V$dp _bf h_ Nep hj S> S>Zphu S> qv$^y lsy. lh Ap` kp `pk l AL$ A`np R> L$,
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qX$TpB_/NpraL$kdp ApL$jL$ krls dlh`|Z bpbs A R> L$, Ake hbkpBV$p s\p A_L$ rinL$ rdp_p gpNdp
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"s L$u Mprsf bk T|_|_ Qprle,
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bk Bfpv$p d s L$u NyS> Qprle'
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A\hp Q|L$ dpV$ L$piL$ L$ s_p L$pB`Z L$dQpfu S>hpbv$pf _\u. L$`V$uV$uh BqX$ep dNqT_dp L$pris \egp gMpdp_p dsep gML$p_p `psp_p lpe R>, S>_u
kp\ dprgL$, L$piL$ A_ k`pv$L$ klds R> sd dp_u ghy _lu. sdS> epen n cph_Nf fli. dNqT_dp Aphsu L$V$guL$ shufp rsL$pdL$ `Z lpe R>.
dNrT_ ghpS>d\u dmh_pf_ dpXy$ dmhp L$ _ dmhp_u rhsfZ L$fsp V$`pg/Ly$fuef\u \su sL$guap_u S>hpbv$pfu dNrT_ kQpgL$p_u fli _lu.
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epS>_p_u i$Aps L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. Ap epS>_p kyL$ep epS>_p_p \p_ i$ \B R>. S>_ L$
kfL$pf_u "bV$u bQphp, bV$u `Y$php' epS>_p kp\ X$hpdp Aphi. Ap epS>_p_p bpX$ AbkX$f
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epS>_p rhj
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dlpdp Npû, frh_p\ V$pNpf, _sp kycpjQ bpT pfp
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rbqV$i BV$ B[X$ep L$`_u\u gB_ ANS> ipk_, hssp
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gMpNpf "Adg lpd qX$qTV$g ApfL$pBh' _u i$Aps 7 dpQ_p fpS>
L$fhpdp Aphu lsu.
Ap L$pf_u i$Aps_ L$pfZ ArslprkL$ `p, R>pepqQp,
gM, kv$ipAp_y kL$g_ L$fu_ kfrns L$fhy ie b_i. rhqv$s R>,
L$ L$pgL$p _Nf r_Nd pfp NS>V$_y L$pi_ B.k. 1924\u \B fy
R>. S>dp cpfs_p hssp kNpd_u rhjehsy_u dprlsu dm R>.
Ap NS>V$_p k\p`L$_p _pd `f\u Ap gMpNpf_y _pd Adglpd
fpMhpdp Apey R>.
kpdprS>L$, d_phopr_L$ A_ ipfuqfL$ kdepAp\u ùqX$s qL$ipfp_u kdepAp_p

kdp^p_ dpV$ dlpfp$ kfL$pf pfp 10 dpQ_p fpS> dyedu v$h aX$_huk_p `r_ Adsp
aX$_huk_p ls l`gpB_ 18002332688 _u i$Aps L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
Ap l`gpB_ 7 eyApfu 2014dp i$ \egp fp$ue Apfpe rdi__p AL$ cpN$`
qL$ipf Apfpe L$pe$d AsNs \B R>.
l`gpB__u kyrh^p rhjeL$

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-V$pg u _bf 18002332688 `f khpf 10 \u kpS> 6 v$frdep_ AL$ rhijo kgplL$pf,
AL$ `y$j A_ AL$ drlgp D`g^ li. S>_u kp\ hs fus `fpdiv$psp `psp_p dyv
Mygu_ QQp L$fu iL$i.
-L$pgf_u ApmM v$fL$ fus Ny fli.
-rhijo kp\ 10 \u 19 hj_u he_p qL$ipfp_u v$fL$ kdepAp S>hu L$, `qfnp, s_ph,
sdpL|$ A_ ifpb, v$hpAp_u ApX$Akf, S>__, Apfpe, Ncph\p, Ncr_fp^L$, ep_
DùX$_ S>hp v$fL$ dyv dpNv$i_ dmhu iL$pi.
-Ap L$pf_u l`gpB__u kyrh^p dmhp_ L$pfZ qL$ipfp `psp_u kdep `psp_p dpspr`sp, cpB-bl_ L$ v$psp_ S>Zphsp ifd A_|ch R>, shu kdepAp_y kdp^p_ dmhu
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L$pW$dX|$-hpfpZku hQ bk khp i$ \B - "cpfs-_`pm du bk khp'

_`pm_u fpS>^p_u L$pW$dX|$ A_ cpfsdp rih _Nfu s\p hX$p^p_ _fcpB
cpfs_p hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u A_ _`pm_p
dpv$u ep\u gpL$kcp kv$e sfuL$ QyV$pep R>, s hpfpZku hQ kuû bk khp 5
hX$p^p_ kyiug L$pBfpgpA _hbf 2014dp v$nk riMf
dpQ _p fpS> i$ L$fhpdp Aphu R>. Ap bk khp_ "cpfs-_`pm du bk khp'
kdg_dp L$pX$dX|$\u qv$lu_u kuû bk khp i$ L$fu lsu. Ap
_pd Ap`hpdp Apey R>.
kdg_dp b_ v$ip hQ kdS|>rs lspnf \ep lsp.
-Ap bk khp AsNs b_ sfa\u Ap^yr_L$ 35 kuV$f hpsp_yLy$rgs bk fpv$u
Qpgi.
-_`pm fV$X$ bk L$pX$dX|$, cflhp, ky_pgu, ApTdNY$, hpfpZku dpN `f
"cpfs-_`pm du bk khp' pfp r_erds bk khp i$ \sp b_
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hpfpZku
gpL$re hpk_ \m lphp_ L$pfZ èV$_ DpN `f bk khp_p
r_Nd pfp bk_y cpXy$ 1300 $rèp fpMhpdp Apey R>.
kL$pfpdL$ cph `X$i.
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bk khp\u \_pf gpc
"lrfepZp i' bpX$_u i$Aps

lqfepZp_p qL$kp_p_u dv$v$ dpV$ A_ fpe_p MX|$sp `psp_u Ms D`S>
L$pB`Z hQV$uep rh_p hQu iL$ s dpV$ NyX$Nph Mps 13 dpQ L$rj _sh kdg__p
Ahkf "lqfepZp i' bpX$_p pfc \ep R>.
MX|$s `psp_u Dd Ms `v$pi_ "lqfepZp i' _p _pd hQhp dpV$ kbr^s
Ar^L$pfu_ Af L$fu iL$i.
2015
rhv$i krQh Ak. S>eiL$f_u kpL$ epp

cpfs_p rhv$i krQh Ak. S>eiL$f pfp 1 \u 4 dpQ v$frdep_ c|V$p_,
AaOpr_sp_, `pqL$sp_, bpgpv$i kp\ Ly$g Qpf v$ip_u kpL$ epp \B lsu.
S>_p lsy kpL$ kd|l_p nue A_ u`nue klepN_u krdnp L$fhp kp\ kv$e
v$ip kp\ kb^p dS>bys L$fhp_p lsp.
fp$ue
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
Aprgh qfX$g L$pQbp_p kpdyrlL$ hkhpV$ V$__u qV$qL$V$p dpV$ Np-B[X$ep

ApqX$kp_p NS>d rS>gpdp i$ \ep
dpV$ L$pX$ L$ud_u i$Aps
kdyu L$pQbp Aprgh qfX$g_p kpdyrlL$ hkhpV$ bkfp_u i$Aps

ApqX$kp fpe_p NS>d rgp_p $riayep _v$u_p dyM `pk L$fhpdp Aphu.
S>_p \d qv$hk S> Apif 10,000 dpv$p L$pQbpA NpMpfpLy$v$p \u `pv$p`sp
kyû 3 qL$gpduV$f gpbp fsu_p sV$ Qpf sfa HX$pAp dyL$ep lsp. heh
r_Zpsp_p S>Zphhp A_ykpf Ap AL$ A_pMp L$pf_u OV$_p R>. S>
ApNpdu L$V$gpL$ kde kyû fu fli. Alu_p hkhpV$ Aprgh qfX$g kdyu
L$pQbpAp_u vy$r_ep_p kp\u dpV$p dlh`|Z bkfp Nprlfdp\p bpv$ bu
_bf_p kpdyrlL$ hkhpV$ R>. epf ApqX$kp_p sV$ v$hu_p _v$u sV$ `Z
L$pQbpAp_p hkhpV$ R>.
Aprgh qfX$g dpv$p L$pQbpAp `L$u eL$ L$pQbp 100 \u 150 S>V$gp HX$p
dyL R>. S>dp\u 45-50 qv$hk kyûdp bpm L$pQbpAp Dcf R>. ApV$gp kde
kyû dpv$p fpl su _\u.
kb h pfp dybB Mps k`|Z fus

drlgp kQprgs ApDV$gV$_u i$Aps
fgh fpedu d_pS>tklpA 2 dpQ_p fpS> gpL$kcpdp Ap`gu dprlsu

A_ykpf cpfsue fgh pfp fgh_p b MX$ _hu rv$lu-dybB A_ _hu qv$lu-lphX$p
Mps V$__u qV$qL$V$p dpV$ Np-B[X$ep dpV$ L$ud_p pfc L$fhpdp Apep R>.
Ap kyrh^p A_ykpf dykpafp Apfrns A_ A_pfrns qV$qL$V$p dpV$ QyL$hZu L$fu
iL$ R>. epqL$p_u kyrh^p dpV$ byqL$N L$pDV$fp `f gZ-v$Z_p kde bQphhp A_
gpbu gpbu gpB_p ApR>u \pe shp lsy\u i$ \egu Ap epS>_p_ L$pfZ fpL$X$ frls
gZ-v$Z Apkp_ fli.
L$ud_u dye rhijsp

-i$Apsdp e|_sd 70 $rèp_u QyL$hZu L$fu_ L$pX$ fu L$fu iL$pi. S>dp dykpaf
20 $rèp_p NyZpL$dp 5000 $rèp kyû_y qfQpS> L$fu iL$i.
-L$pX$_u Ar^L$sd kudp 10,000 $qèp R>.
-Ap L$pX$ Aph_ L$pev$kf li. `pR>gp gZv$Z_u spfuM\u R> dpk kyû DèpN
_ L$fhp `f A\pB $` rb_AkfL$pfL$ \B S>i. S>_ afu i$ L$fhp dpV$ 50 $rèp_u
QyL$hZu L$fhu `X$i.
hqfs cpS>_ D`g^ L$fphsu AdqfL$u fV$pfp Qpe A_ cpfsdp

B.k. 2001dp higu fV$pfp_u Mgp kb h pfp dybB_p A^fu rhspfdp
k`|Z fus drlgpAp pfp kQprgs ApDV$gV$ 8 dpQ_p fpS> Apsffp$ue drlgp
qv$hk_u DS>hZu kp\ Mpghpdp Apey lsy. Ap kp\ cpfsue ApDV$gV$p_u
kep 500 S>V$gu \B R>.
kb h
-kX$huQ A_ kgpX$ hQsu Ap Mgp vy$r_epdp TX$`\u hû flgu
QpBdp _pd_p ^fph R>. 108 v$ipdp s_u 43,035 fV$pfp R>.
-AL$ S> bpX$_u Ap kp\u dpV$u fV$pfp Mgp R>. kp\ kp\ hrL$ sf kp\u
dpV$u fV$pfp kQpgL$ `Z R>.
-cpfs_p 70 ilfpdp ApDV$gV$ ^fph R>. hj 2018 kyûdp s_p ApDV$gV$p_u
kep 1000 S>V$gu L$fhp_u epS>_p ^fph R>.
epN Mps S>m kNl

dpV$ b_gp L$qd
grief_y Dv$OpV$_
fZ_p pL$rsL$ kpv$e dpV$ rk^ gvpM_y epN Npd 1500 AL$f S>V$gy
nam ^fph R>. Npd_ hnp\u ley cey L$fhp dpV$ ba}gp sy` ApL$pf_p
L$qd grief_y Dv$OpV$_ 6 dpQ_p fpS> L$fhpdp Apey.
50 ayV$ JQp Ap sy`dp Apif 2 rdrge_ guV$f S>m_y kNl L$fu_ S>m
kNl L$fhpdp Aphi. Ap sy`_u rhijsp A R> L$, s Apif 6 rdrge_
guV$f `pZu_ kpju iL$ R>. S>_p\u Apk`pk_u S>du_dp cS> gphu_ s_p
`f hn-R>pX$ DNphhp ie b_i.
epS>_p rhj
ba}gp sy`_u Ah^pfZp qX$Ly$N L$epbbp_ QV$kN A_ ` u ku.
_pag_p L$pep\u qfs R>. Ap `qfepS>_p dpV$ _pZp_u AR>s vy$f L$fhp
gpL$p A_ k\p_p pfp vy$r_epcfdp\u dmgp v$p_ pfp 1,25,000
AdqfL$u X$pgf_u fL$d AL$ \B R>.
`pBgV$ `qfepS>_p sfuL$ Ap sy`_u i$Aps A epS>_p_p AL$ rlkp
R>, S> AsNs 10 rdrge_ guV$f `pZu_ kNrls L$fhp dpV$ 80 \u 90 sy`
b_phhpdp Aph_pf R>.
2015
A_ C.C.R.A.S.
pfp kdS|>rs lspnf
N.R.D.C.
rhop_ A_ V$_pgp dpge_ Apû_ AL$d fp$ue ip^ rhL$pk

r_Nd(A_.Apf.X$u.ku.) A_ Apfpe A_ `qfhpf L$epZ dpge_p Apeyj
rhcpN_ Apû_ AL$ hpe kNW$_ L$[e Apeyhqv$L$ rhop_ ip^
`qfjv$(ku.ku.Apf.A.Ak.) hQ 5 dpQ_p fpS> hqf$ Ar^L$pfuAp_u
lpS>fudp kdS|>rs lspnf \ep lsp. S>_p lsy L$[e Apeyhqv$L$ rhop_ ip^
`qfjv$dp rhL$rks \su sL$_uL$p_y hpZueL$fZ L$fhp_p R>. sdS> Ap kdS|>rsdp
v$irhv$idp ku.ku.Apf.A.Ak._ bp[^L$ k`v$p Ar^L$pf khp D`g^
L$fhp_u bpbs `Z kdprh$ R>.
dsv$pf epv$u_ yqV$lu_ A_ dprZL$

b_phhp fp$ue Arcep_ ApeprS>s
dsv$pf epv$u_ yqV$lu_ dprZL$ b_phhp_p lsy\u cpfsue
QyV$Zu `Q pfp fp$ue dsv$pf k|Qu iyûL$fZ A_ dprZs
L$pe$d(A_.B.Apf.ù.A.ù.) _ v$icfdp 3 dpQ i$ L$fhpdp
Apep R>.
N.E.R.P.A.P. Arcep_ rhjeL$
1. L$pe$d A_ykpf dsv$pfp_p BgL$i_ pBhku Hadi_ kV$f X$V$p_ Ap^pf
X$V$p kp\ X$hpdp Aphi.
2. dsv$pfp_ QyV$Zu`Q_u hbkpBV$ pfp hb khpAp_p h`fpi\u
Ak.Ad.Ak., B-dBg, dpbpBg A[gL$i_, fp$ue dsv$psp `pV$g
khp\u `psp_u Ap^pf kep dpL$ghp_u kyrh^p Ap`hpdp Aphu R>.
3. dsv$pf fpe_p L$pg kV$f 1950 `f L$pg L$fu_ `psp_u Ap^pf kep
gMphu iL$ R> A\hp r_^pqfs L$fgp apd `f Ap^pf_u kep s\p dsv$pf
apV$p ApmM`_p rhhfZ kp\ b__u Tfpn L$pù S>dp L$fphhu `X$i.
4. dsv$pf fV$i_ Ar^L$pfu rhij fus rirbf L$fu_ Ap^pf kep_y
rhhfZ cfhp_y A_ kL$g_ L$fhp_y L$pe L$fi. Ap L$pe dpV$ dsv$pf kyrh^p
L$, B-khp L$ A_ gp QyV$Zu Ar^L$pfu pfp Ar^L$s _pNqfL$ khp
L$dp L$pehplu \i.
by\ sf_p Ar^L$pfu Of Of S>B_ rhhfZ AL$us L$fu_ S>_sp_u h^y
cpNuv$pfu kyr_[Qs L$fhp 12 Arg v$icfdp rhij rirbfp ApeprS>s \i.
5. AL$ L$fsp h^y fV$i_ ^fphsp dsv$pfpA `psp_p r_hpk\p_ kuhpe
v$iphgp Ae \p_pdp\u _pd lV$phhp dpV$ apd 7 cfhp_u kgpl Ap`hpdp
Aphu R>. Ap apd 7 S> D`fps dyvp _. 4 dp S>Zphgp v$fL$ \mp pfp S>dp
L$fphu iL$pi.
fp$ue
lqfepZp fpedp kss _uQ S>B flgp
u `y$j tgN friep_u kdep_p kdp^p_
dpV$ Apsffp$ue drlgp qv$hk_p Ahkf AL$
fpesf_p kdpfpl_p ApepS>_ v$frdep_
dyedu d_plfgpg M$f pfp bpmpAp
dpV$_u "Ap` L$u bV$u ldpfu bV$u' epS>_p_p
pfc \ep R>. Ap kN 22/01/2015 bpv$
S>dgu 6 S>V$gu bpmpAp_u dpspAp_
eL$_ 21,000 _u fL$d_p QL$ A`Z \ep
lsp.
kdpfpl v$frdep_ Ae epS>_pAp_u
`Z i$Aps \B lsu. S>hu L$, fpedp
bpmpAp/drlgpAp_p L$epZ s\p rhL$pk
dpV$ "lqfepZp L$epZ L$pj' aslpbpv$,
dhps, `ghg, _pf_pg, L$\g rS>gpdp dps
A_ bpm `pjZ kbû dpdgp dpV$ "dV$u
kL$V$pfg e|qV$i_ pNpd' R>.
"Ap` L$u bV$u ldpfu bV$u'

epS>_p rhjeL$
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
lrfepZp fpedp "Ap` L$u bV$u ldpfu bV$u' epS>_p_p pfc

kdpfpldp `yfL$pf_u fL$d h^pfp_u OpjZp
1. B[v$fp Npû drlgp i[s `yfL$pf_u fL$d 1 gpM\u h^pfu 1.50 gpM L$fhpdp Aphu.
2. bl_ i_pv$hu `yfL$pf_u fL$d 51,000 \u h^pfu_ 1 gpM L$fhpdp Aphu.
3. gpBa V$pBd AQuhdV$ `yfL$pf_u fL$d 21,000 \u h^pfu_ 51,000 L$fhpdp Aphu.
4. drlgp D`g[^ `yfL$pf_u fL$d 21,000 \u h^pfu_ 51,000 L$fhpdp Aphu.
kdpr_s rS>gpAp
-`pZu`s rS>gp_ hj 2013dp 1000 rs R>pL$fpAp kpd 851 R>pL$fuAp_u syg_pA hj 2014dp 1000 R>pL$fp kpd
892 R>pL$fuAp _p^psp Qpf gpM_u fL$d_p \d `yfL$pf A_pes \ep.
-rS>v$dp hj 2013dp 1000 R>pL$fp kpd 859 R>pL$fu_u syg_pA hj 2014dp 891
-fplsL$dp hj 2013dp 847_u syg_pA 879 s\p kp_`s Mps hj 2013dp 824_u syg_pA hj 2014dp 847
S>V$gu R>pL$fuAp_u kep _p^pB R>.
a
epS>_p A_ykpf 22 eyApfu 2015 s\p s bpv$ S>dgu A_yk|rQs rs A_ bu.ù.Ag. `qfhpf_u \d
bpmp_ 21,000_u fL$d p \i. sdS> `qfhpfdp S>dgu bu bpmp_ `Z Ap epS>_p_p gpc dmi.
a
gpcp\} `qfhpfdp Sy>X$hp `yuAp s\p b \u h^y S>d g_pf eL$ bpmp_ 21,000_u fL$d p \i.
a
epS>_p Npe A_ ilfu b_ npdp gpN| `X$i.
bprgL$p rinZ_ ApNm h^pfhp \d cpfs-_`pm du dpV$f

fgu B[X$ep NV$ `f kdp \B
rX$rTV$g TX$f AV$gk fu
bprgL$p rinZ_ pkpl_ Apù_ ApNm ^`phhp dpV$ dp_h kip^_ rhL$pk
dpge pfp 9 dpQ_p fpS> AL$ hb Ap^pqfs D`L$fZ qX$rTV$g TX$f AV$gk
fu L$fhpdp Apey. S>_y A_phfZ L|$g rinZ A_ kpnfsp rhcpN pfp \ey
lsy.
D`L$fZ rhjeL$
-hb Ap^pqfs Ap D`L$fZ A_yk|rQs rs, A_yk|rQs S>_rs A_ dy[gd

gOydsu bpmpAp_p rinZ dpV$_p ApL$X$p dmhu Ap`hpdp dv$v$$` b_i.
-Ap AV$gk Z hjdp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p tgN kbû kL$sL$_p syg_pdL$ rhgjZ
v$p_ L$f R>. S>_p\u A dprlsu dm R> L$, kfL$pf_u epS>_p L$V$gu gpN| \B iL$ R>
A_ lSy> L$ep rhspfpdp h^y ep_ Ap`hp_u S>$f R>.
-Ap AV$gk_u dv$v$\u kfL$pf_ crhedp epS>_pAp b_phhp, aX$_ MQ
L$fhp_u p\rdL$sp _$u L$fhp A_ L$pe$dp gpN| L$fhpdp dv$v$ dmi.
-Ap L$pf_u kyrh^p_ L$pfZ fpe, rS>gp A_ gpL$ sf DèpNL$sp_
cpNprgL$ A_ kepdL$ X$V$p D`g^ L$fphhp_p lsy\u kndsp Aphi A_
p\rdL$, DQ p\rdL$ A_ dperdL$ sf `f eyhsuAp_p rinZ rhj
ZL$pfu dm R>.
cpfsdp bprgL$p rinZ
cpfsdp bpmpAp_ p\rdL$ A_ DQ p\rdL$ rinZ sf L|$g hidp

DQ v$f lpkg L$ep R>. epf dperdL$ sf Ap v$f r__ R>. DQ p\rdL$dp Ly$g
_pdpL$_dp bpmpAp_y rsr_r^h 48.66 %, epf dperdL$dp 47.29 % S>V$gy R>.
dlpfp$ ìy kfnZ(kip^_)

rhêL$ 1995_ fp$`rs_u dS|>fu
dlpfp$ ìy kfnZ(kip^_) rhêL$ 1995_ cpfs_p fp$`rs Zh dyMf
pfp cpfsue krh^p__p A_yR>v$ 201 _u NhpB AsNs dS|>fu_u dlpf dpfhpdp
Aphu lsu.
`$c|rd B.k. 1995dp cpS>` A_ rihk_p_u eyrs kfL$pf pfp fpe_u
rh^p_kcpdp Ap rhêL$ `kpf \ey lsy. 1976_p dlpfp$ ìy
kfnZ Ar^r_ed A_ykpf Np h^ `lgp\u S> r_rj^ L$fpep lsp. `fsy hsdp_
kip^_ bpv$ bmv$ A_ hpR>X$p_ Ap A_yk|rQdp kpdg L$fhpdp Apep R>.
2015
27 abyApfu_p fpS> ApqX$kp_p `yfu Mps\u TX$u v$MpX$ep bpv$ fhp_p \egu
A_ cpfs-_`pm hQ_p u`nue kb^p_ dS>b|s L$fhp, dpN kyfnp_p kv$i
Ap`hp ApeprS>s \egu \d cpfs-_`pm du dpV$f fgu `yfu, L$pZpL$, ^pmu,
cyh_f, bpfu`pX$p, fpefN`yfp, S>div$`yf, fpQu, bp^Nep, fpS>Nuf,
b[sepf`yf, `V$Zp, dyTTaf`yf, apfbukNS>, \b_u, rbfpV$_Nf, ^pfZ,
bpfX$ubpk, ^pguMg, L$pW$dX|$, `p`f_,gyrb_u, ^p_N_u \B_ 8 dpQ_p fpS>
_hu qv$lu_p B[X$ep NV$ Mps kdp \B lsu.
-10 qv$hk Qpggu Ap fgudp b_ v$ip_u Apif 24 V$udp_p 90 gpL$pA 3060
qL$gpduV$f_y Asf L$pey lsy.
-fgu kdp`_ kdpfpl epv$Npf b_phhp B[X$ep NV$ `f S|>_u rhV$S> L$pf_y
v$i_ epey lsy.
Df `|h ndp L$_[V$rhV$udp ky^pfp

dpV$ cpfs A_ A.X$u.bu. hQ kdS|>rs
cpfs_p _pZpdu A_ Arie_ rhL$pk bL$ (A.X$u.bu.) hQ Df
bNpm-Df `|h(A_.bu.A_.B.) ndp kX$L$ k`L$dp ky^pfp dpV$ 300
rdrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf_u kdS|>rs \B R>. Ap aX$_p DèpN Ap ndp kX$L$
rhspf A_ Apsffp$ue ep`pf L$pfuX$pf_u v$nspdp ky^pfp L$fhp dpV$ \i.
S.R.C.I.P.
s AL$ fZ_ursL$ `lg R>. S>_p lsy v$rnZ AriepB D` nue Apr\L$
klepN(SASEC) kd|l hQ cpfs_p A_.bu.A_.B. ndp kX$L$ k`Ldp
ky^pfp gphu_ nue AL$uL$fZ p L$fhp_p R>. S>dp bpgpv$i, cpfs, c|V$p_
A_ _`pm kv$e R>.
kip^_ rhj
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gpL$p Ap rsb^_ AphL$pfi.
fp$ue
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
cpfs_y \d hv$iu fpV$p hpefk

hL$ku_ fpV$phL$ gpQ \ey
lsy A_ fpV$p hpefk_p ApsL$
cpfsdp X$peqfep_ L$pfZ \su riiy dey v$f_ ApR>u L$fhp_p epkpdp
dv$v$$` \B iL$ s\p vy$r_epcfdp kp\u ksu fpV$p hpefk hL$ku_(rs X$pT 1
AdqfL$u X$pgf) D`g^ L$fphhu.
cpfsdp fpV$p hpefk\u \sp X$peqfep_ L$pfZ rs hj 5 hj_u he kyû_p
80,000 bpmL$p_p dey s\p 10 gpM bpmL$p_ lp[`V$gdp kpfhpf ghp dS>byf
b_hy `X$ R>. fpV$p hpefk\u \sp X$peqfep\u \sp deydp rhcfdp \B_ 22 %
S>V$gu dey cpfsdp \pe R>.
cpfsdp 11 dpk\u ApR>u he_p riiyApdp ded\u Ncuf L$pf_p
X$peqfep kp\u kpdpe L$pfL$ AS>V$ R>. s AL$ e[sdp\u bu e[sdp
bL$V$fuep AS>V$p pfp agpe R>. S>_y dye L$pfZ dye $` vy$rjs cpS>_ L$ `pZu
lpe R>.
fpV$phL$ hL$ku_ rhjeL$
fpV$phL$ hL$ku_ rhcfdp D`g^ .Ak.L$. fpV$pqfk A_ dL$k fpV$p

V$L$ bpv$ Ap Zu_y uSy> hL$ku_ R>. hL$ku__ ù.ù.ù. dpX$g AsNs
rhL$rks L$fhpdp Apey R>. S>dp L$[e rhop_/V$_pgp dpge, AdqfL$p_y
_i_g B[V$V$e|V$ Apa l\, rbg NV$k A_ rdtgX$p NV$k pfp kdr\s
cpfs_p hekhu kNW$_p s\p cpfs bpepV$L$ B[X$ep rgrdV$X$ kpdg R>.
Ap hL$ku_ `pR>gp 25 hj_p Akp^pfZ epkp_y `qfZpd R>. S>_p rhL$pk
A_ D`pv$_dp kpdg cpfs bpepV$L$ B[X$ep rgrdV$X$_ cpfs-e|.Ak.
hL$ku_ AL$i_ pNpddp hL$ku_ rhL$rks L$fhp B.k. 1997-98dp `kv$
L$fhpdp Aphg. S>Z NV$k apDX$i_ kp\ dmu_ hL$ku__p rhL$pk A_
`funZdp `psp_y dlh`|Z epNv$p_ v$p_ L$ey lsy.
gptQN
cpfsdp \dhpf qv$lu fpe

pfp B-fi_L$pX$ khp i$ \B
qv$lu kfL$pf pfp cpfsdp \dhpf B-fi_L$pX$ khp_u i$Aps \B R>. S>_p
pfc 27 dpQ dyedu Afthv$ L$S>fuhpg pfp \ep R>. Ap khpdp B-fi_L$pX$_
Ap^pf L$pX$ kp\ tgL$ L$fhpdp Aphi A_ s ù.X$u.Ak. _p gpcp\}Ap_ kfL$pf_u
hb `pV$gdp\u L$pB`Z L$pf_u $L$phV$ rh_p Ap_gpB_ L$pX$ p L$fhp knd
b_phi. Ap _hu_ L$pf_u khp i$ \hp\u c$pQpf ApR>p \hp kp\ rkV$ddp
`pfv$risp Aph shu Apip R>.
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gpcp\}Ap_ s_y rhsfZ TX$`\u \i.
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Ae S>$fu kyQ_pAp _pMu_ `psp_p dpbpBg `f `pkhX$ dmhu iL$i. Ap
`pkhX$ _pep bpv$ B-fi_L$pX$ b_u S>i. S>_ BgL$V$pr_L$ $` B iL$pi, fi_
ghp DèpNu \i, gpcp\} Nd ep\u s_u rV$ ApDV$ L$pY$u iL$i.
gydqX$N\u rkgQf kyû_u

\d dpgNpX$u_u i$Aps
Akd fpS>edp gydqX$N\u rkgQf kyû_u \d dpgNpX$u_ 27 dpQ fghdu

kyfi cy pfp huqX$ep L$ptkN pfp fhp_p L$fhpdp Aphu. gydqX$N-rkgQf
`qfepS>_p `|hpf fpepdp fg L$_[V$rhV$u kpfu b_phhp dpV$ DèpNu \i. L$
kfL$pf ApNpdu hj 2020 kyûdp `|hpf_p v$fL$ fpep_u fpS>^p_u_ fg _V$hL$\u
X$hp_u epS>_p ^fph R>. S>dp bv$f`yf-Ly$dpfOpV$(118 qL$.du.), A$ZpQgrS>fubpd(50 qL$.du.), bfNpd-vy$gpbQfp(29 qL$.du.), L$fudNS> bpe`pk kp\
L$fudNS>-dlkp_p(13.50 qL$.du.) _p kdphi \pe R>.
gydqX$N-rkgQf rhcpN rhjeL$
cpfs_p hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u pfp 9 dpQ_p fpS> fpV$p hpefk

gydqX$N-rkgQf_y 210 qL$gpduV$f_y NS> L$hT_ kL$i_ Akd_u bfpL$OpV$u_
dpV$_u Ap \d hv$iu hL$ku_ fpV$phL$_ gpQ L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
v$i_p bpL$u rlkp kp\ X$ R>. 3500 L$fpX$ S>V$gp MQ kp\ sepf \egu Ap
bpX$NS> gpB_dp 21 S>V$gu kyfN, 79 dpV$p `yg, 340 _p_p `yg, 28 V$i_ A_ lpV$
V$i_ kdprh$ R>. gydqX$N Akd_p _pNph rS>gp s\p rkgQf Akd_p L$R>pf
rS>gp_y dyed\L$ R>.
cpfsue fgh pfp "$` u`X$ L$pX$'
cpfsue fgh_u èV$_ A_ QyL$hZu ipMp ApB.Apf.ku.V$u.ku. A_

e|r_e_ bL$ Apa B[X$ep_p klepN\u cpfsue fgh pfp 24 dpQ "$` u`X$
L$pX$' _p pfc \ep R>.
a
Ap L$pX$_p DèpN fg epqL$p pfp qV$qL$V$ byqL$$N s\p Mfuv$hp dpV$ \i.
a
ApB.Apf.ku.V$u.ku. L$ e|r_e_ bL$ `pk\u dmhu iL$pi.
a
$eL$ qV$qL$V$ byqL$N `f 10 $rèp AL$V$p QpS>, S> ApNpdu 6 dpk `R>u gpN|
\i.
a
L$pX$_y pfrcL$ d|e 10,000 r_^pqfs \ey.
cpfs A_ L$sf hQ ep`prfL$ A_ Apr\L$

Apv$cpfs_u
p_-v$
p_ h^pfhp 6 S>V$gu kdS|>rs
eppA Aphgp L$sf_p Aduf iM sdud rb_ ldv$ Ag
\p_u A_ cpfs_p hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u_u D`g[^dp _hu
qv$lu Mps 25 dpQ_p fpS> b_ v$ip hQ ep`pqfL$ A_ Apr\L$
Apv$p_-v$p_ h^pfhp 6 S>V$gu kdS|>rs `f lspnf \ep lsp. S> Alu
v$ipep A_ykpf R>.
1. k `pdgp L$v$uAp_p Apv$p_-v$p__u kdS|>rs
2. dprlsu A_ kpfZ V$_pgp n klepN dpV$ kdS|>rs
3. fqX$ep A_ V$gurhT_ n klepN dpV$ kdS|>rs
4. kdpQpfdp Ap`ku klepN A_ Apv$p_-v$p_ lsykf kdS|>rs
5. cpfs_p `hu rhop_ dpge A_ L$sf_p dpkd rhcpN hQ
kdS|>rs
6. L$sf_p qX$gpdqV$L$ B[V$V$e|V$ A_ cpfs_p apf_ krhk
B[V$V$e|V hQ kdS|>rs
2015
lrfepZp kfL$pf Npe dpV$ Ap^pf L$pX$ S>hp

ApmM _bf Apì
-v$i_p \d epN
18 dpQ_p fpS> lrfepZp kfL$pf pfp \egu OpjZp A_ykpf Npep dpV$ Ap^pf
L$pX$_u sS> `f Npep_u v$ku _g_ rhij ApmM _bf fu L$fhp r_Ze \ep R>. Ap
kp\ Aphp epN L$f_pf lqfepZp fpe v$i_y \d fpe b_i.
Ap epS>_p_p lsy Npep_ s_u ApmM Ap`hp A_ Npep_u kyfnp s\p Apfpe `f
_Tf fpMhp s\p kyrh^p D`g^ L$fphhp_p R>.
epS>_p_u rhijsp
a
epS>_p AsNs Ap^pf L$pX$_u S>d v$iu Npep_u _g_ rhij ApmM ` V$N
gNphi. S>dp Ap^pf _bf_u S>d 12 ApL$X$p_p AL$ e|r_L$ _bf li. Ap ApmM L$pX$_
Npe_p Nmpdp gV$L$phhpdp Aphi.
a
Ap rhij V$Ndp Npe_u shuf, _g, fN A_ ipqffuL$ b_phV$ kp\ he_u dprlsu
li.
a
epS>_p_p L$pfZ Npepdp L$pB Msf_pL$ rbdpfu agphp_u [\rsdp `lpQu hmhp
dv$v$ dmi.
a
Ap L$pe$d fp$ue X$fu L$pe$d AsNs i$ \i. epS>_p_u i$Aps AdyL$
spgyL$pApdp V$peg h$` Arg 2015dp \i.
fp$ue
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
kfL$pf A_ _pNqfL$p
hQ ku^p khpv$ dpV$
"V$huV$f khpv$' gpQ
"rdi_ B^_yj' dpV$_p

durX$ep Arcep__u i$Aps
Apfpe A_ `qfhpf L$epZ dpge pfp "rdi_ B^_yj' dpV$
duqX$ep Arcep__u i$Aps 23 dpQ \B R>. S>dp bpguhyX$_p NusL$pf
A_ `V$L$\p gML$ hv$ Asf pfp frQs AL$ Nus `Z kpdg R>.
"rdi_ B^_yj' v$i_p v$fL$ bpmL$p_ fkuL$fZ pfp r_hpfu iL$psp
fpNp\u bQphhp dpV$ A_ s_p dlh rhj Nrs agphhp_p lsykf Ap
Arcep_ i$ L$fhpdp Apey lsy. Arcep__p \d QfZ_u i$Aps 7
Arg 2015 "rh Apfpe qv$hk' _p fpS> i$ \i.
fp$ue kyipk_ qv$hk \ep lsp iycpfc

cpfs kfL$pf pfp 25
qX$kbf 2014_p fpS> `|h
hX$p^p_ AV$g rblpfu
bpS>`pB_p 90dp S>d qv$hk_
fp$ue kyipk_ qv$hk $`
DS>hhpdp Apep lsp. Ap qv$hk
"rdi_ B^_yj' _p iycpfc
\ep lsp.
lsy A_ rhspf
Ap Arcep__p lsy ApNpdu hj 2020 kyûdp Ahp v$fL$ bpmL$p_
s_p v$pefpdp gphhp_p R>, S>_y kps S>V$gp fkuL$fZ pfp r_hpfu iL$psp
fpNp kpd fkuL$fZ \ey _\u. A\hp ApriL$ fkuL$fZ \ey R>. kps
fpNpdp rX$\qfep, L$pmu Mpku, qV$V$_k, `prgep,V$u.bu., Mkfp A_
rl`V$pBk-bu kpdg R>. Ap rdi_ AL$ L$fsp h^y QfZdp gpNy \i.
\d QfZdp h^y apk ^fphsp 201 gpdp Arcep_ Qgphpi. S>dp
82 gpdp dp Qpf fpe Dfv$i, rblpf, dev$i A_
fpS>\p__p R>. cpfsdp fkuL$fZ rhrl_ L$, ApriL$ fkuL$fZ ^fphsp
S>V$gp bpmL$p R>, sdp\u Apif 25 % Ap Qpf fpep_p 82 gpdp R>.
Arcep__y buSy> QfZ 297 gpdp Qgphpi.
cpfsdp fkuL$fZ_u [\rs
cpfs v$idp 2.7 L$fpX$ bpmL$p `L$u dp 65 % bpmL$ `psp_p \d hj

v$frdep_ v$fL$ S>$fu fku dmhu iL$ R>. rs hj fkuL$fZdp dp 1 %
S>V$gp h^pfp \B fp R>.
Apfpe dpge rdi__ kam b_phhp_p lsykf dpB$pepS>_pApdp
ZpguAp_ kis b_phhp, fku_y L$pX$ QB_ b^_, r_erds v$MfM
s\p `|Z fkuL$fZ\u hrQs eL$ bpmL$ kyû `lpQ ie b_phhp dpV$
`prgep _pbyv$u L$pe$d `pk\u dmgu V$uk_p DèpN L$fi.
qL$_fk_u Acepfe(sgNZp) dpV$......

sgNZp_p qL$_fk_u Acepfe dpV$ `ghQp_u heh b^_
èphfZ blpgu `qfepS>_p_u OpjZp L$fu R>. S>_p lsy dp_hue
lsn`_ L$pfZ `pqf[\rsL$u_ \egy _yL$ip_ cf`pB L$fhp_p R>.
Acepfe rhjeL$
Ap Acepfe sgNZp_p Mdd rS>gpdp Aphgy R>. S> 635.40
hN qL$gpduV$fdp agpegy R>. S>dp hQphQ NuQ S>Ngdp u` ^fphsy
kyfe qL$_fk_u kfphf `Z Aphgy R>.
d
2015
hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u pfp V$huV$f_p ku.B.Ap. qX$L$ L$pV$gp kp\ _hu
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dyL$pbgp L$fhp_u bpbs L$pefs R>.
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1. fpZu gdubpB `yfL$pf
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R>.
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_pfu i[s `yfL$pf rhj
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1. f[d Ap_v$(qv$lu)
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7. ù. L$piep (srdg_pX|$)
8. X$p. hfpS> rhp_(DfpMX$)
qL$N aTg Apsffp$ue `yfL$pf-2015
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L$fhpdp Apep lsp.
2015
`yfL$pf
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
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9. L$pkphp_p hs_u s\p "Tfu' _p k\p`L$ Afbp_p lpfp
10. kuqfep_p hs_u A_ drlgp rhL$pk L$_p r_v$iL$ dS>v$ Qpbp
`yfL$pf rhj
rhcfdp dp_h Ar^L$pf, drlgpAp_u kdp_sp, kpdprS>L$ Nrs_u
sfaZ A_ Akp^pfZ kplk_y v$i_ L$f_pf drlgpAp_ kdpr_s L$fhp_p
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L$fsp h^y v$ip_u 86 S>V$gu drlgpAp_ kdpr_s L$fu QyL$ep R>.
12
dp. Bbprld `yfL$pf 2014

rlraL$eye `plpbp kdpr_s
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dp.
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ipk_L$pm v$frdep_ gpL$p_ gpL$s e AL$ rhpk Nu Nep lsp. B.k.
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hj v$frdep_ v$idp dp_h Ar^L$pf, gpL$s A_ duqX$ep_u hssp `f
kL$pfpdL$ Akf \B lsu.
dp. Bbprld `yfL$pf rhjeL$

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L$fgy R>. `yfL$pf_u i$Aps AV$gp dpV$ L$fhpdp Aphu lsu, L$ AprL$u _spAp_
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Ap`hpdp Aph R>.
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20
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rdk B[X$ep hX$
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aprgep `yfL$pf
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`pDX$_p QL$ 23 dpQ v$p_ L$ep.
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rdk B[X$ep hX$ 2015 rseprNspdp qv$lu_u kyv$fu Aqv$rs Apep rhS>sp bep
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hj 2015_u Ap rseprNspdp v$icfdp\u 21 S>V$gu kyv$fuApA cpN gu^p
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Ap Dèpk cpfsue d|m_p AdqfL$u gML$ A_ DèpkL$pf ArMg

idp pfp 13 hj_u dl_s bpv$ gMpey R>. S>Z Ae kps S>V$gp Dèpkp_
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L$lp_u ^fph R>. S> blsf v$Nu_u sgpidp rhv$i e R>. sd_u MpS>
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lpe R>, epf AL$ vy$:Mv$ OV$_p_ L$pfZ k`|Z `qfe S> bv$gpB e R>.
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lsy.
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hX$hpBX$ aX$(X$e|. X$e|. Aa.) kp\ gpbp Afkp kyû
X$pegp fp.
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r_v$iL$ $` L$pe L$ey.
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B[X$e_ bXT' byL$_y L$pi_ L$ey.
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Arcep_p s\p L$R>_u MpX$u_p V$p`yAp dpV$ rhrh^ Arcep_p_y
_sh L$ey.
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L$V$gpe rs[$s `yfL$pfp\u kdpr_s \ep. sdS> B.k.
2004dp h d__ gpBa V$pBd AQuhdV$ `yfL$pf\u kdpr_s
\ep.
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sd_y bpm`Z kpbfdus Apd s\p h^p_p khpNpd Apd Mps `kpf \ey lsy.
sAp dlpdp Npû_u X$pefu gM_pf dlpv$hcpB v$kpB_p `y R>. rk^ hssp
k_p_u _bL$Z Qp^fu A_ dpgsuv$hu Qp^fu_p `yu Dfp kp\ sd_p rhhpl \ep bpv$
b_ hX$R>u _pd_p Npd Nep. ep sdZ rinZ_p Qpf L$fhp_u i$Aps L$fu. Alu A
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$prs' kp\ X$pegp fp. "c|v$p_' Apv$pg__p dyM` "c|rd`y'_u i$Aps L$fu_ B.k.
1959 kyû k`pv$L$ fp.
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drs k\p_ kp\ X$pegp fp. B.k. 2004\u Npû L$\p_p Np__u i$Aps L$fu
p L$fgp `yfL$pfp
èphfZ rinZ_p Zsp sfuL$
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v$p_ \ep.
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-B.k. 1998dp krlsp, kvcph, Atlkp, iprs A_ `fdp rhfpû kq$esp dpV$
e|_L$pA dv$_stkl `yfL$pf\u kdpr_s L$ep.
-B.k. 2001dp NyS>fpsu kprle_p `yfL$pf fZsfpd kyhZ QL$\u kdpr_s \ep.
-B.k. 2004dp 18dp d|rsv$hu `yfL$pf rhS>sp \ep.
hsdp_ kde B[X$e_ bV$pX$, QL$guAp, L$pNX$p krls

Ake ìy`nuAp gy \B Nep R>, L$ \hp_u AZuA R>. `pR>gp
L$V$gpL$ kde\u rh kp\ Ap`Zp cpfsue kdpS>dp `Z
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v$peL$p\u L$pefs lsp. sd_p L$rs rinZ A_ `nuAp rhj_u
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B[X$ep_p bpX$ pfp eyhpAp_ èphfZ rinZ Ap`hp
S>hpbv$pfu kp`hpdp Aphu lsu. B.k. 1984dp kV$f apf
AhpefdV$ AeyL$i__p _Qf qX$L$hfu kV$f r_v$iL$ sfuL$
sd_u r_dZ|L$ \B lsu. hsdp_ kde kdN v$i_u
k\pAp/kNW$_p sd_p èphfZ rinZ_p dpX$g_ A_ykf
R>.
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tlNmpS> apd b_phgy, S> sd_p bu Of kdp_ lsy. Alu
r_erds fus èphfZ rinZ rirbfp_y ApepS>_ \sy. sdS>
S>kv$Z spgyL$pdp cpv$f_ L$pW$ tlNpmNY$ Mps NyS>fps fpe_y
AL$dp L$rs rinZ Acepfe Aphgy R>.
kprle kS>_
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kpeepNu rh_pbp, c|v$p_ ApfplZ, dp ^fsu_ Mpm, iprs k_p, khpv$e iy R> ?, Npû
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ApDV$gyL$ dNqT__p k\p`L$ k`pv$L$ A_ hqf$ `L$pf rh_pv$ dlsp qv$lu Mps
ABkdp 8 dpQ_p fpS> 73 hj_u he r_^_ `pep. hsdp_ kde sAp ApDV$gyL$
dNqT__p AqX$V$pqfeg Qfd_ $` L$pefs lsp.
"ghLy$dpf MpQf èphfZ A_ L$rs_p kh^_

A_ `nuk[$_p S>s_ dpV$ Ap`gy epNv$p_
kv$pe rQfh fli'
rh_pv$ dlsp rhjeL$
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Mg `L$pf L$. cpL$f_

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S>_g, B[X$e_ Akk, e|T X$, V$pBk Apa B[X$epdp L$pe
L$fu QyL$gp A_|chu Mg `L$pf L$. cpL$f_ 11 dpQ 80 hj_u he
dybB Mps r_^_ `pep.
sAp cpfscfdp ayV$bpg krls bpL$V$bpg_u fdsp_y `Z
L$hfT L$fsp lsp. sdZ ayV$bpg `ysL$ "rhk byL$ Apa ayV$bpg'
gMu lsu.
17
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rinZ dmey.
-B.k. 1974dp sdZ "X$bpr_ef' _y k`pv$_ L$ey.
-qv$lu Mps "^ `pepr_ef' AMbpf_y qv$lu kL$fZ fS|> L$ey.
-sdZ ifu_p AL$ Ly$sfp_ `pmu_ s_ "AqX$V$f' _pd Apey lsy.
-Arc_u dufpLy$dpfu A_ kS>e Npû_u h_u gMu.
-B.k. 2011dp ApdL$\p "gM_D bpe' gMu.
-"AqX$V$f A_gX$' gMu S>_y qX$kbf 2014dp gpL$p`Z \ey.
-sAp rs[$s k`pv$L$ lphp kp\ kamsp `|hL$ "kX$ ApThf', "B[X$e_ `pV$', "^
B[X$`X$V$', "^ `pepr_ef'(qv$lu AqX$i_) A_ bpv$dp "ApDV$gyL$' _u i$Aps L$fu.
-sd_p gMp_y kL$g_ "rdV$f AqX$V$f : lpD L$gpS> Apf e| V|$ ^ ù.Ad.' B.k. 2011dp
L$pris \ey.
-Df v$i kfL$pf pfp ei cpfsu `yfL$pf-2015\u kdpr_s \ep lsp.
-sAp ANdp gMhp_y h^y `kv$ L$fsp lsp.
2015
r_^_
kf V$fk X$rhX$ _ V$fu QV$
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
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r_^_ `pep.
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A_ 70\u h^y `ysL$p gMu lsu. sdZ 37 S>V$gu cpjpApdp vy$r_epcfdp Ly$g
85 gpM `ysL$p hQu lsu.
-sd_y \d Dèpk "^ L$pf`V$ ù`g' B.k. 1971dp L$pris \ey.
-40 \u h^y `f`f lpe Dèpk_u Mgp Discwold_p r_dpsp $` rk^
\ep. Ap Mgp_y \d lpe Dèpk "^ L$gf Apa dL$' B.k. 1983dp
L$pris \ey lsy.
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sdZ lfu `pV$f A_ S>.L$. fptgN_ `Z `pR>m fpMu v$u^p lsp.
-B.k. 1998dp rbqV$i A`pefdp Aprakf Apa ApX$f $` r_e|s \ep.
-kprle n sd_u khpAp bv$g dlpfpZu ArgTpb\-2 pfp B.k. 2009dp
"_pBV$'_u D`pr^\u kdpr_s \ep.
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L$fhpdp Apep.
dfpW$u gpL$NpeL$ kprlf L$Zfph kbg

dlpfp$dp gpL$Npe_ A_ r\AV$f `f`fp_ pkpl_ Apù_ ApNm
h^pfhpdp epNv$p_ Apù_ `psp_p Nusp pfp dlpfp$_u kL$rs_ kd^
b_ph_pf gpL$re dfpW$u r_`yZ NpeL$, gML$, _pV$eL$pf, L$gpL$pf, gpL$_pV$e
r_dpsp-r_v$iL$ kprlf L$Zfph kbg 20 dpQ 92 hj_u he r_^_ `pep.
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`pk\u rinZ/dpNv$i_ p L$ey.
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A_ ArMg cpfsue dfpW$u kprlf `qfjv$_p Aen b_phpep.
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pfp Npfh `yfL$pf s\p B.k. 1998dp ` u `yfL$pf\u kdpr_s \ep lsp.
-gpL$ Npe_ rkhpe sdZ cpfs R>pX$p Apv$pg_, Nphp dy[s kOj A_ keys
dlpfp$ Apv$pg_ S>hp rhrc_ hssp Apv$pg_pdp kq$e $` cpN gu^p.
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18
rlv$u_p S>d_ rhp_ gpW$pf gyk

B.k. 1960dp qv$lu e|r_hrkV$udp S>d_ cZphhp Aphgp rlv$u_p eps
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i$Aps L$fu.
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rh_p kp\u h^ drlgp rdkpAp ApL$php

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cpfscfdp lh NyS>fpsu cpjpdp

L$fV$ Aak kp\u ApR>u qL$dsdp
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rhL$dp_ cpfsue Brslpk ip^ `qfjv$(ApB.ku.AQ.Apf.)_u _hfrQs
V$uddp kpdg L$fpep R>.
_i_g byL$ V$V$

cpfsue cpjpdp fpls v$f kprle L$pi_ L$fu_ kdpS>dp Aee__u
kL$rs_ pkpl_ Ap`hp dpV$ sL$pgu_ hX$p^p_ h. `qX$s S>hplfgpg
_l$ pfp rinZdpge AsNs B.k. 1957dp _i_g byL$ V$V$_u \p`_p
L$fhpdp Aphu lsu.
`|h Aen A. ksy dp^h_

spS>sfdp rad kkf bpX$_p Aen `v$\u gugp kdk_ fp_pdy
Apep bpv$ rad r_dpsp `lgpS> r_lgp_u_u r_dZ|L$ \B lsu. bpv$dp Vy$L$
kdedp S> _i_g byL$ V$V$_p Aen `v$\u ey.ù.A. kfL$pf pfp r_dZ|L$
`pdgp A. ksydp^h_ fp_pdy Apù v$u^y R>. v$idp A_.X$u.A. _u kfL$pf
fQpep bpv$ L$V$gpL$ fpe_p fpe`pgp krls dlh`|Z k\pApdp
ey.ù.A. kfL$pf pfp r_dZ|L$ \egp lpv$v$pfp `v$ `f\u kdephr^ `|Z \hp
`lgp fp_pdp Apù fp R>.
A. ksy dp^h_ pfp frQs Ake fQ_pAp AN krls Ae
cpjpApdp A_yhpv$ `pdu R>. sdZ 17 Dèpk A_ gOy L$lp_uAp_p 20
S>V$gp kNl gep R>. sd_p _hu_sd gOy L$\p kNl_y _pd "A NV$ apf
A$^rs AX$ A^f V$pfuS>' R>. sAp L$[e kprle AL$pv$du `yfL$pf, L$fm
kprle AL$pv$du `yfL$pf, hegpf `yfL$pf\u kdpr_s \B QyL$ep R>.
rh cpfsu rh rhpge_p Ly$gpr^`rs

sfuL$ hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u_u r_dZ|L$
rhcpfsu rh rhpge
rhcpfsu rhrhpge (`.bNpm) L$[e A_ fpue dlh_y
k\p_ lf \egy R>. s AL$dp Ahu e|r_hrkV$u R>, S>_p Ly$gpr^`rs
sfuL$ hX$p^p__ r_e|s L$fhpdp Aph R>. cpfs v$i_p fp$`rs Ap
e|r_hrkV$u_p `qfv$iL$ rhqTV$fu lpe R>.
_fcpB dpv$u_u r_dZ|L$

`|h hX$p^p_ X$p. d_dpl_tkO pfp `v$ `f\u fp_pdp bpv$ Mpgu flgp
Ap `v$ `f r_dZ|L$ L$fhp rh rhpge_u L$peL$pfu `qfjv$ Sy>gpB 2014dp
_fcpB dpv$u_u r_dZ|L$ dpV$ sph `pk L$fu_ s_ dp_h kip^_ rhL$pk
dpge_ dpL$ghpdp Aphsp, s_ huL$rs Ap`hpdp Aphu lsu A_ fp$`rs
pfp 20 dpQ 2015_p fpS> hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u_ rhcpfsu rh
rhpge_p Ly$gpr^`rs sfuL$ r_e|s L$fhpdp Apep lsp.
cpfsue d|m ^fphsp f MV$pf AdqfL$_ L$pJrkg

Apa AeyL$i__p r_v$iL$ bpX$_p Aen sfuL$ r_e|s
AdqfL$p_u L$pg A_ e|r_hrkV$uAp_u dye kdheL$ k\p AdqfL$_
L$pJrkg Apa AeyL$i__u 16 dpQ hptiNV$_ Mps epegu hprjL$ bW$L$dp
cpfsue d|m ^fphsp A_ hj 2008\u e|r_hrkV$u Apa lpV$__p rkV$d
Qpkgf s\p Aen `v$ L$pefs f MV$pf_u AdqfL$_ L$pJrkg Apa
AeyL$i__p Aen sfuL$ AL$ hj dpV$ r_dZ|L$ L$fhpdp Aphu R>. Ap `lgp
sAp s_p D`pen flu QyL$ep R>.
Ad.ku. dfuL$pd `|hpf n_p bpX$ AbkX$f

`|hpf ndp D`g^ 2.4 gpM L$fpX$ $rèp_u L$pfpbpfu kcph_pAp_
fpL$pZL$pfp kdn fpMhp_p lsy\u `|hpf n rhL$pk fpedu stkl_u
Aensp ^fphsu krdrs pfp `kv$Nu \sp kbr^s dpge pfp 14 dpQ_p
fpS> `|hpf n_p bpX$ AbkX$f `v$ drlgp dy$bpT Ad.ku. dfuL$pd_u
r_dL$ \B R>.
S>Ndpl_ v$pgrdep bu.ku.ku.ApB. _p Aen bep

ApB.ù.Ag.-6 dp L$r\s k$pbpTu A_ `pV$ raL$tkN dpdg dyv$Ng
krdrs_u s`pk bpv$ khpQ Av$pgs Ap`gp Apv$i A_ykpf
bu.ku.ku.ApB. _y Aen `v$ R>pX$_pf A_. r_hpk_ bpv$ _hp
bu.ku.ku.ApB. Aen sfuL$ S>Ndpl_ v$pgrdep_u `kv$Nu 1 dpQ_p fpS>
\B R>. Ap kp\ krQh `v$ kS>e `V$g, L$pjpen sfuL$ Ar_$^ Qp^fu,
D`pen `v$ ku.L$. M_p r_e|s \ep R>.
Apsffp$ue dypL$pj_p hL$[`L$ L$peL$pfu

r_v$iL$ `v$ `y_: ky_ug kcfhpg
AdqfL$u fp$`rs bfpL$ Apbpdp pfp 4 dpQ_p fpS> ky_ug kcfhpg_u
`y_: Apsffp$ue dypL$pj_p hL$[`L$ L$peL$pfu r_v$iL$ `v$ `kv$Nu L$fhpdp
Aphu R>.
rl`V$pBqV$k-B _pbyv$u Arcep__p

bpX$ AbkX$f `v$ Ardspc bQ_
L$ kfL$pf pfp dlh`|Z lf Apfpe kdep rl`V$pBqV$k-bu _u

_pbyv$u dpV$ Ardspc bQ__ 13 dpQ bpX$ AbkX$f `v$ r_dZ|L$ L$fhpdp
Apep R>. rhqv$s R> L$, hj 2002dp cpfsdp `prgep_p dpdgpApdp h^pfp \ep
bpv$ `k `prgep_p bpX$ AbkX$f `v$ Ardspc bQ__u r_dZ|L$ \B lsu.
sAp hj 2005\u `prgep _pbyv$u dpV$ e|r_ka kp\ h[L$ fpS>v|$s sfuL$ X$pep
lsp.
cpfsdp rl`V$pBqV$k-B
rh Apfpe kNW$__p _hu_sd ApL$X$pAp A_ykpf rl`V$pBqV$k-B _

L$pfZ rhcfdp 14 gpM S>V$gu dey \pe R>. cpfsdp 40 rdrge_ S>V$gp fpNu
rl`V$pBqV$k-B _p Q` ^fph R> A_ rshj 6,00,000 S>V$gp gpL$p cpfsue
D`dlpq`dp dey_p riL$pf b_ R>.
kf hL$V$fdZ fpdL$Z_ rbV$__u fpeg

kpkpeV$u_p Aen `v$ `kv$ \ep
rbV$__u fpeg kpkpeV$u_p Aen `v$ dpV$ fpeg kpkpeV$u_u L$pJrkg 18 dpQ dsv$p_ pfp cpfsue d|m ^fphsp A_ _pbg `yfL$pf
rhS>sp kf hL$V$fdZ fpdL$Z__u `kv$Nu L$fu R>. sAp kf `pg _k_y \p_ gB_ 1 qX$kbf 2015_p fpS> `v$cpf kcpmi.
srdg_pXy$_p rQv$bfd Mps S>dgp kf hL$V$fdZ fpdL$Z_ Ap `v$ `f `kv$ \_pf \d cpfsue d|m ^fphsp hopr_L$ R>. sAp
hj 2009dp dprgL$e|gf bpepgpdp dlh`|Z epNv$p_ dpV$ fkpeZ ip_p _pbg `yfL$pf rhS>sp \ep lsp. hj 2010dp cpfs
kfL$pf ` rhc|jZ\u kdpr_s L$ep lsp.
2015
20
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
21
rh_p kp\u dpV$p A_ JQp cpfsue

fp$ue hS> afuv$pbpv$ Mps glfpep
rlv$u rad "rL$fL$V$' gpQ \B
B.k. 1983_u rhL$` rhS>sp V$ud_p kv$e s\p gX$_ kpd_u kdu apB_g
dQdp cpfs_u sdp dlh`|Z c|rdL$p r_cph_pf hsdp_ kde cpS>`_p
v$fcNp Mps\u kpkv$ flgp `|h cpfsue q$L$V$f L$urs ApTpv$_p h_ `f Ap^pqfs
rlv$u rad "qL$fL$V$'(Kirket) 2 dpQ_p fpS> gpQ \B R>.
L$urs ApTpv$ Arc_us, r_dpsp kp_y, kl r_dpsp rhipg rshpfu_p e_p_y
`qfZpd Ahu Ap rad rblpf q$L$V$_u dyL$guAp_y bM|bu rQZ L$fhp_p epk R>
A_ rscpipmu `fsy Nfub eyhpAp_u AL$ hpsrhL$ L$lp_u ^fph R>.
L$urs ApTpv$ gpL$kcp kv$e sfuL$ `psp_p u L$peL$pm ^fph R>. sd_p
r`sp cpNhs Tp ApTpv$ rblpf_p `|h dyedu R>.
"bpguhyX$ rbV$_$' Arcep__p Qpf_u S>hpbv$pfu kaAguMp__

cpfsue v$iL$p_ ApL$rjs L$fhp dpV$ rlv$u
radp_p iyqV$N \egp \mp `f L$[s \p_p hk,
L$pV$gX$ rhNf_ rk^ b_phhp dpV$ rbV$__u
fp$ue èV$_ AS>ku "rhqTV$ rbV$_' pfp 10
dpQ_p fpS> bpguhyX$_p Arc_sp kaAguMp__
Qpf Arcep_ "bpguhyX$ rbV$_$' _u S>hpbv$pfu
kp`hpdp Aphu R>. Ap S>hpbv$pfu dmhhp kp\ sAp
èV$_ \mp_ dil|f b_phhp e_iug Ae
bpguhyX$ Arc_sp Ardspc bQ_(NyS>fps),
AneLy$dpf(L$_X$p), qv$ep rdTp(`p_) S>hu
lsuAp kp\ kpdg \B Nep R>.
rh_u kp \ u
dprZL$ L$`_u
b_u rhp
ehkpedp `pfv$risp
A_ Bdp_v$pfu bv$g
Ap s ffp $ ue k \p
A r \a e f B[V$V$ e | V $
pfp A_pes \sp
`yfL$pf\u rhp L$`_u
kss Qp\uhpf `kv$Nu
`pdu R>. Ap kp\ s
rh_u kp\u dprZL$
L$`_u b_u NB R>.
"bV$u bQphp bV$u `Y$php' Arcep_ s\p "hR> cpfs rdi_' S>hp
kpdprS>L$ dyvpAp `f L$pefs _h Qs_p V$V$ pfp lqfepZp fpe_p
afuv$pbpv$ Mps_p V$pD_`pL$dp 3 dpQ_p fpS> cpS>`_p fp$ue dyM
AduscpB ipl, lqfepZp_p dyedu Ad.Ag. M$f s\p bpguhyX$_p
Arc_sp fZbuf L$`|f_p ls rh_p kp\u dpV$p A_ JQp cpfs_p
fp$ue hS> afL$phhpdp Apep lsp.
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hS> 250 ayV$ _u JQpB `f afL$phhpdp Apep lsp. Ap fus s rhdp kp\u
dpV$p A_ vy$r_epdp kp\u h^y JQpB `f afL$phhpdp Aphgp cpfsue hS>
bep R>.
rhqv$s R> L$, Aphu fus AL$ Ae hS> _hu qv$lu_p L$_pV$ gk_p
kV$g `pL$dp R>. S>_u `lpmpB 60 ayV$ A_ gbpB 90 ayV$ R>. s_ 207 ayV$_u
JQpB `f\u afL$phhpdp Apep R>.
rhdk kV$u A` "ApBka'

Apsffp$ue drlgp qv$hk_u DS>hZu `lgp 6 dpQ_p fpS> rs$h_s`yfd Mps L$pe
Nh_dV$ L$pgS> apf rhd_dp `prgk Ar^L$pfuAp krls ANZuAp_u D`[\rsdp
Ap A`_u dv$v$\u drlgpAp `psp_p dpbpBg ap__u hpe|d
rs$h_s`yfd rkV$u `prgk dpV$ rhdk kaV$u A` "ApBka' _ gpQ L$fhpdp Apey. fpL$f (X$pD_)_ h^y kde v$bphu fpMu_ A\hp `r_L$ bV$_ _p
Ap A` e|.Ak.V$u. gpbg pfp gphhpdp Apey R>.
DèpN\u `prgk L$V$pg $d_ spL$prgL$ AgV$ kv$i dpL$gu iL$i.
`prgk L$V$pg $d_ Ap AgV$ kyQ_p pfp dpbpBg_p ApB.Ad.
ApBka
B.ApB.
_bf, kb$pBbf ApmM s\p \m_u dprlsu syfs dmu
Ap A` e|.Ak.V$u. gpbg pfp `lgp gphhpdp Aphgp A`_p AL$ cpN R>.
S>_ \pX$p drl_p `lgp rs$h_s`yfd `prgk dpV$ rhL$rks L$fhpdp Aphg. Ap A` S>i. S>\u ùqX$sp_p \p_ _L$_p `prgk ku.Apf.hu._ fhp_p L$fu_
hsdp_ kde AX$pBX$ dpV$ D`g^ R> A_ ApNpdu kdedp Ae gV$apd dpV$ klpesp `lpQpX$hpdp Aphi. L$V$pg $d_ AL$hpf AgV$ dmsp S>
D`g^ L$fphpi. e|.Ak.V$u. gpbg Ap kpe|i_ Ae fpep_p `prgkv$m dpV$ `qf[\rs_ `psp_p r_eZdp ghp kyû_u `pTui_ bpbsp_ V$L$ L$fu
iL$pi. S>_ L$V$pg $d s\p `prgk A` `f `Z B iL$i.
`Z D`g^ L$fphhp_u epS>_p ^fph R>.
cpfs-_`pm keys ke
Aepk k|e rL$fZ-VIII k`_
_`pm_p kpgTX$u Mps 23 abyApfu\u 7 dpQ kyû cpfs-_`pm

keys ke Aepk k|eqL$fZ-VIII epB Nep. S>dp cpfsue
k_p V$ud_y _sh N$X$ qX$rhT__u `hsue rbNX$_p kr_L$p s\p
_`pmu k_p Vy$L$X$u_y _sh _`pmu k_p_u HV$u qX$rhT_ pfp \ey
lsy.
ke Aepk_p lsy `lpX$u A_ he npdp rhpluAp A_
ApsL$hpv$u hrAp_u kdpu s\p dlpdpfu, Qù fpNp s\p
dp_hue klpesp, rhrh^ `qf[\rsAp v$frdep_ L$pehplu L$fhp
krls Apù fpls_u Sy>v$u Sy>v$u bpbsp_p Aepk L$fhp_p lsp.
Aepkdp èphfZ kfnZ_ `Z kpdg L$fhpdp Aphg.
spTdlg
gpL$resp_p riMf
dyNg kdpV$ iplS>lp_u dplbs_u kyv$f r_ip_u spTdlg N|Ng `f h[L$ Apcpku
epuAp(hQyAg V$phgk) hQ ApS> `Z `psp_u gpL$repsu fNs rhMfu fy R>.
vy$r_epcf_p epqL$p_p ApL$jZ_y L$ ApNfp Mps_p spTdlg Ariepdp gpL$resp_p
riMf R>. kNdfdf_u b_gu Ap ce Bdpfs Ariep_p kp\u gpL$re \p_ `L$u_u R>.
N|Ng A_ykpf s tkNp`yf, ApV$rgep, L$pqfep, ragu`pBk A_ cpfs_p gpL$p dpV$
ApL$jZ_y L$ R>. cpfsdp spTdlg krls gpgqL$gp, Ly$syb rd_pf, lydpey_p dL$bfp,
S>sf-dsf `Z gpL$re R>.
`pR>gp hj h[L$ Apcpku epuApA `p__p dpJV$ ay, v$psp_bfu_u fNu_ _lfp,
lpridp V$p`y `f_p MY$f_ M|b S> `kv$ L$ep lsp.
2015
rhrh^
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
22
rNfNph Qp`pV$u lh "hfpS>c|rd' _pd\u ApmMpi \d AX$pBX$ rhef

dpV$hpQ lyAphB
hpQ gpQ \B
N|Ng_p AX$pBX$ rhef Ap`fqV$N rkV$d `f Ap^pqfs \d AX$pBX$ rhef dpV$hpQ

lyAphB Qu__u sL$_uL$u L$`_u lyAphB pfp 2 dpQ_p fpS> gpQ \B
Ap lyAphB hpQdp 1.4 HQ_y A.Ad.Ap. Ag.B.X$u., $Q A_ hpV$fya qX$g(S>_
AX$pBX$ 4.3 L$ s_p\u h^y_p dpV$ap_ kp\ X$u iL$pe) R>. Ap qX$hpBkdp Sy>v$u Sy>v$u Apfpe
V$qL$N aL$i_p, AX$hpX$ lpV$ fV$ dpr_V$f kkf A_ dpB$pap_ gpNgy R>.
v$idp k|eps hp dpV$ kp\u kpfp \p_p `L$u_y AL$ s\p

dpep_Nfu dybB_u kp\u S|>_p A_ gpL$re kdyu sV$ L$lhpsp
rNfNph Qp`pV$u_ lh "hfpS>c|rd' _pd\u ApmMhpdp
Aphi. heph^ hssp k_p_u bpg NNp^f rsgL$_
kdpr_s L$fhp_p lsy\u _pd bv$ghp_u dpN gpL$dpe rsgL$
Npfh krdrs pfp \B lsu.
rarTk Dkh-2015
28 abyApfu_p fpS> fp$ue rhop_ qv$hk r_rd dybB Mps cpcp AV$prdL$ qfkQ
kV$f(bpL$) pfp Qpf v$uhkue raqTk Dkh-2015_y Dv$OpV$_ bpL$_p r_v$iL$ X$p. iMf
bky pfp \ey lsy. S>dp rs qv$hk 200 S>V$gp v$iL$pA cpN gu^p lsp.
bpL$ pfp Ap hj DQ D raqTk A_ V$_pgp n L$V$gpe dye L$pe$dp i$
L$fhpdp Apep R>. S>dp dye$` g[X$e_ B[V$V$e|i_ ad}gb L$pgpbi_ apf pV$p_
AkgV$f A_ B[X$e_ eyV$p_p ApThV$fu kpdg R>.
Ap \m_ Qp`pV$u ip dpV$ L$lhpe R> ?

rNfNph sV$_u Qpf bpSy> `pZu_u Qpf `_g dpS|>v$ R>. dpV$
s_ Qp-`V$u L$lhpdp Aphsy lsy. B.k. 1917_u `ysL$ "bpb
gk _k AX$ V$uV$ _k' A_ykpf s_ `[du hpf pfp
r_rds S>ZphpB R>. B.k. 1865dp dgbpf rlg_y riMf
kdg_ ApeprS>s \ey lsy. sdp Qp`pV$u A_ kdy_u sfa_u
kX$L$_ cfhp_u hps \B lsu. S> dgbpf rlg sfa e R>. Ap
_pd W$pZ rS>gp_p dprld spgyL$p_p Npd ks`rs S>hy R>. S>dp
kps^pfpAp ^fphsu AL$ _lf R>.
ApsL$hpv$ rhfpû Apsffp$ue

kdg_ S>e`yf Mps epey
Nplpu e|r_hrkV$u dpV$ "b`yp V$X$u kV$f'

Nplpu e|r_hrkV$u_p 25dp qv$nps kdpfpl_p Ahkf
31dpQ L$[e `|hpf n rhL$pk fpe du X$p. stkl
Nplpu e|r_hrkV$u dpV$ "b`yp V$X$u kV$f' _u OpjZp L$fu
lsu.
ApB.ApB.V$u. dybB_p bpX$ Apa Nh_k_p

Aen `v$\u Ar_g L$pL$pX$L$f_y fp_pdy
19 dpQ\u 21 dpQ v$frdep_ S>e`yf Mps Apsffp$ue ApsL$hpv$ rhfpû kdg__y

ApepS>_ B[X$ep apDX$i_ pfp `prgk kyfnp A_ A`fpr^L$ epe_p kfv$pf `V$g rh
rhpge_p klepN\u \ey lsy. S>_y Dv$OpV$_ L$[e Nldu fpS>_p\tkl L$ey lsy.
kdg_dp ApsL$hpv$ rhfpû NrsrhrÂp `f rhQpf L$fhpdp Apep lsp.
C.B.R.N. ApsL$hpv$
dpQ drl_p_p Arsd v$pfdp C.B.R.N. ApsL$hpv$ iv$ QQpdp fp.

S>e`yfdp(fpS>\p_) ApeprS>s ApsL$hpv$ rhfpû kdg_dp C.B.R.N.(L$rdL$g,
bpepgprS>L$g, fqX$epgprS>L$g A_ e|guef) ApsL$hpv$_ h[L$ sf lf Apfpe,
kyfnp, fp$ue kyfnp, Apr\L$ A_ fpS>_ursL$ [\fsp dpV$ `$ fus Msfp$`
S>Zphpeg. kyfnp bpbs C.B.R.N. ApsL$hpv$ rhfpû Arcep_dp kpdg kyfnp
AS>kuAp dpV$ AL$ dpV$p `X$L$pf b_u Nep R>. L$pfZ L$, kpd|rlL$ rh_pi dpV$ ApsL$hpv$u
kd|l V$_pgpdp \B flgp r_fsf rhL$pk_p epN L$fu fp R>.
`fdp hopr_L$ Ar_g L$pL$pX$L$f ApB.ApB.V$u. dybB_p bpX$

Apa Nh_k_p Aen`v$\u 17 dpQ fp_pdy Apù v$u^y R>. sd_p
L$peL$pm `|Z \hp_ b dpk_u hpf lsu.
sAp hj 2000 \u 2009 kyû `fdp D ApepN_p Aen $`
B.k. 1996 \u 2000 kyû cpcp `fdp A_yk^p_ L$, V$pb _p
r_v$iL$ sfuL$ fp lsp. `fdp rhop_dp sd_u D`gqÂp bv$g
L$ kfL$pf B.k. 1998dp ù, 1999dp ` c|jZ A_ 2009dp
` rhc|jZ\u kdpr_s L$ep lsp.
dpbpBg A` "rQgf'
kpl_p kps qv$hk A_ 24 L$gpL$ cpfsdp sL$pg $rèp dpL$ghp_u kyrh^p Ap`su
dpbpBg A` "rQgf' _u i$Aps 17 dpQ AQ.X$u.Aa.ku. bL$ pfp \B R>. "rQgf'
`psp_u fus_y \d Ahy A` R>, S> kuû fus NplL$_p Mpsp kp\ X$pegy R>.
AQ.X$u.Aa.ku. bL$ L$p[Q Mps_u V$_pgp L$`_u dpbdu kp\ dmu_ Ap A` sepf
L$fu R>.
A` rhjeL$
-Ar^L$sd gZ-v$Z_u kudp 5000, rs qv$hk 10 gZv$Z A_ 50,000 rs

dpk R>.
-A[gL$i_ ap_dp X$pD_gpX$ L$ep bpv$ cpfsdp L$pB`Z e[s_ _pZp dpL$gu
iL$pe R>.
-Ap A[gL$i_ kyfrns R> A_ _pZp_ M-PIN _p dped\u `lpQpX$u iL$pe R>.
M-PIN _u dp NplL$_ S> Mbf lpe R>.
-AQ.X$u.Aa.ku. bL$_p NplL$ ApBV$pf L$ g `f\u A[gL$i_ X$pD_gpX$ L$fu
iL$pe R>.
d
2015
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
23
rh heh qv$hk
hj 2015_p rhje:
"heh A`fp^ Ncuf R>,

heh A`fp^ rhj Ncuf \B Ap'
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20th Consumers International World Congress

20du NplL$ Apsffp$ue hX$ L$pNk_y ApepS>_ ApNpdu 10 \u 13 _hbf 2015_p fpS>
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_urs AsNs v$i_p 33.3 % n `f h_ lphp BA `fsy Ahu
hpsrhL$sp _\u.
ûf-ûf Ap`Zp h_p _$ \B fp R>. h_ c|rd `f DpN-^^p
s\p dL$p_ r_dpZ, Msu_p L$pedp DèpN, gpL$X$pAp_u h^su dpN_
L$pfZ h_p_u NfL$p_|_u L$p`Zu rhNf h_p_p _$ \hp_y dye L$pfZ R>.
Ap`Z Ap`Zu Ap fp$ue k`r bQphu_ s_y kfnZ L$fhy
BA. sdS> hnpfp`Z_ pkpl_ Ap`hy BA.
21 dpQ rh h_ qv$hk DS>hhp dpV$_u NhpB A/R.E.S./67/2000

keys fp$ dlpkcp pfp 28 _hbf 2012_p fpS> L$fhpdp Aphu.
\d DS>hZu 21 dpQ 2013_p qv$hk \B lsu.
rh h_ qv$hk_u DS>hZu_p Dvi h_ kfnZ e Nrs

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dpV$ V$L$pD b^_, kfnZ A_ V$L$pD rhL$pk_ kyY$ L$fhp_p R>. s_y
ge gpL$p_ Ahp Ahkf D`g^ L$fphhp_p R> L$, h_p_y b^_ L$hu
fus L$fhpdp Aph s\p s_p lsy dpV$ V$L$pD $` s_p kvDèpN L$hu fus
L$fhp. rhqv$s R> L$, hj 2014 _p rhje : "kss rhL$pk dpV$ h_' lsp
`|h c|rdL$p ::-
\dhpf DS>hZu :
BqX$e_ V$V$ Apa apfV$ qf`pV$ A_ykpf 6 gpM 90 lf 899

qL$gpduV$f h_ n R>. cpfsdp B.k.1950 \u sL$prg_ L$[edu
L$_epgpg dyiu pfp h_ dlpkh DS>hhp_u i$Aps L$fhpdp Aphu
lsu. S>epf rh ghg \d rh h_ qv$hk B.k.1971dp DS>hhpdp
Apep lsp.
qfep Mps c|-kdg_dp h_ b^__ dpesp Ap`hpdp Aphu lsu.

s\p S>mhpey `qfhs_ A_ `hu_p sp`dp_dp hq^ kpd gX$hp h_
n_ 2007dp 25 % s\p hj 2012 kyûdp 33% L$fhp_u ApheL$sp `f
cpf v$hpdp Apep lsp. S>_p lsy h_p_y kfnZ, h_ b_phhp A_ s_u
`y_fQ_p rhj ZL$pfu v$hp, h_p_p dlh rhj Ns L$fhp_p lsp.
h_ A_ s_u [\rs
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vy$r_ep_u Qpf bpSy> dlh`|Z fus L$pe L$f R>. Ap h_ n 80 % \u h^y
ìyAp_u rs, R>pX$hn A_ qL$V$ dpV$ AL$ Of S>hp Apifp R>. Apif
1.6 rbqge_ gpL$p,S>dp Apif 2000 kespAp kpdg R>, s `psp_p
h_ dpV$ h_ `f r_cf R>. h__ L$pfZ Ake gpL$p_ Ape fpS>Npf
A_ s_p `f r_cf kdyv$pep_ kyfnp dm R>.
"hnp_p A\ R> S>m, S>m_p A\ R> fpV$u, A_ fpV$u_p A\ R> h_'
- L$_epgpg dyiu
h__u dv$v$Npf c|rdL$p

h_ S>mhpey `qfhs_dp Aphsp bv$gphp_ huL$pf L$fhp_u gX$sdp dlh`|Z
c|rdL$p r_cph R>. s\p hpsphfZdp ApL$kuT_ A_ L$pb_ X$peApL$kpBX$_p
ksyg_dp `Z epNv$p_ Ap` R>.
h__ L$pfZ pL$rsL$ S>mpsp_y kfnZ \pe R>. S>\u s_p pfp rh_u 75 %
hksu `psp_u `pZu_u S>$fueps_ kspj R>. h_ Apr\L$, kpdprS>L$, Apfpe apev$p
kp\ èphfZue kb^ dlh`|Z lphp R>sp, vy$r_ep_p h_ndp TX$`\u OV$pX$p \B
fp R>. dp_hue Mgg_ L$pfZ Msfp_u OV$X$u hpNu QyL$u R>. AL$ qf`pV$ A_ykpf
rshj 13 rdrge_ lL$V$f h_n _$ \B fy R>. gpbg hprdN dpV$ S>hpbv$pf 12 \u
20 % Nu_ lpDk Nk_p DkS>_ dpV$ h__u L$p`Zu S>hpbv$pf R>.
rh Npfep qv$hk-20 dpQ
Ofg| Npfep (QL$gu) s\p Ae kpdpe `nuAp A_ s_u kyfnp S>$fuepsp e

Nrs `v$p L$fhp dpV$ eL$ hj vy$r_epcfdp 20 dpQ_p qv$hk rh Npfep qv$hk
DS>hhpdp Aph R>. hsdp_ hj `Z s_u DS>hZu 20 dpQ_p fpS> \B lsu. hj
2013_u 15 ApN$ Npfep QL$gu_ qv$lu_y fpS>e `nu Oprjs L$fu_ bQphhp dpV$
Arcep_ Qgphpey lsy. "hj 2014dp rh Npfep qv$hk_u DS>hZu_p rhje : "fpBT
^ `fp' lsp.
\d rh Npfep qv$hk hj 2010dp DS>hhpdp Apep lsp. eL$ hj s 20 dpQ
DS>hhpdp Aph R>. S> _Qf apfhf kpkpeV$u Apa BqX$ep kp\ BL$p-qkk AL$i_
apDXi_ (pk) A_ L$V$gpe fp$ue A_ Apsffp$ue kNW$_p_p klepN\u i$
\egu Apsffp$ue `lg R>. rh Npfep qv$hk_p lsy rh_p AgN AgN rlkp_p
gpL$p dpV$ dQ v$p_ L$fhp_p R>, L$ S>ep sAp AL$ kp\ Aph A_ kpdpe S>h rhrh^sp
rsAp_p kfnZ_u S>$fuepsp e Nrs agphhpdp dlh_u c|rdL$p r_cphu
iL$ R>.
Ap`Z_ kp_ l \pX$p hjp `lgp S> R>s `f DX$p DX$ L$fsp A_ Qu Qu Qu
AhpT pfp ApNZpdp DX$u Aphsp `nuAp epv$ S> li. S>fp epv$ i[s_ h^y L$kuA
sp Ap QdQdpsu QL$guAp Ap`Z R>g L$epf B lsu ? Ap`Z heL$ liy sp,
$f\u Ap` bpm`Z epv$ Aphu S>i A_ qL$ipf-eyhp liy sp L$v$pQ Ap`Z
`nuAp_p L$pgplg\u Ny DW$sy Ap` ApN L$v$u ey _lu lpe. Ap`Zp Ofp_p
_hp h$` kpcpe_p rsL$ Ahp Ap _p_p `nu_p Apifp R>u_hu gu^p R>. AV$g S>
lh ke L$lhpsp Ap`Zp kdpS>_ Npfep qv$hk DS>hhp_u A_ s_ dpV$ v$pZp`pZu_u
eh\p L$fhp_u bpbs dlk|k \hp gpNu R>.
ilfp/NpdX$pApdp\u `nuAp Nyd \hp_y L$pfZ
ApS> Ap`Z cprsL$ kyrh^p eys h_ hu fp lphp\u A.ku. Ly$gf A_

`MpAp_ L$pfZ Ofp_y h$` bv$gpB Ney R>. S>dp _ sp fpi_v$p_ lpe R> L$, _\u
lpsp `nuAp_p dpmp. `nu rbQpfp e sp L$ep e ? sd_p HX$p bQpAp_u
kgpdsu L$hu fus mh ? hnp ^X$p^X$ L$`pB fp R>. ApX$^X$ MX$L$pB Negp
$p$V$_p S>Ng S>hp dL$p_pdp QL$guAp `psp_p dpmp b_phu iL$su _\u.
2015
S>m sfdp Aphgp TX$ù OV$pX$p

A_ sp`dp_dp \su h[^,
sdS> cep_L$ lv$ h^gp ilfu
vy$jZ_ L$pfZ QL$guAp krls
A_L$ `MuAp_u kepdp OV$pX$p
\ep R>.
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A_ qL$V$_piL$ Tfu fkpeZp_p bapd DèpN_ L$pfZ s_u Akf `nuAp_p
MpfpL$ `f `X$u R>. bpS>fp, Sy>hpf S>hu akg `pL$sp `lgp gZu ghpdp
Aphsu lpe R>. S>_ L$pfZ MpfpL$_u ip^, flW$pZ_p Acph A_ vy$jZ
S>hu bpbsp_ gB_ `nuAp_u kepdp _p^`p OV$pX$p \B QyL$hp kp\
sd_p A[sh kpd_p Msfp Apfc \B QyL$ep R>.
kp kp\ dmu L$prij L$fuA
Ap` kp A Ap`Zp hX$hpAp s\p v$pv$p-v$pv$u `pk\u "QL$u gphu gphu

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Ap`Zp Ap hX$hpAp `hu gpL$ `f kspj A_ `fgpL$dp h_
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eh\p L$fsp. QL$gu, L$pbf, L$pNX$p, `p`V$ rhNf `nuAp_ `psp_p
MpfpL$_u tQsp _ lsu. ^prdL$ fus qfhpTp kpL$mu_ sAp_ A`psp MpfpL$
hN_u kuX$u d_psp lsp. ApS>_p Ars es h_ hsp L$pmp dp\p_p
dp_hu bapd A_ hp\} b_u_ `hu `f_p h_dp/k`v$pdp dp `psp_p
AL$pr^L$pf R>, sd dp_u_ Ae hp_y Arsh gy \B e s lv$ Mgg
`lpQpX$u fp R>.
Ap^yr_L$ es Ahp Ap dp_hu dp Npfep qv$hk `yfsp khv$_iug
b_hp_ bv$g L$pedu s_u Apk`pk_p ìy/`nuAp dpV$ \pX$u L$prij L$f
sp, l `Z dpXy$ _\u \ey. Of_u R>s `f v$pZp A_ `pZu_u eh\p L$fhu
A_ `pZu_p _p_p Ly$X$p dyL$u_ sd_p cyM A_ sfk R>u`phuA. Ofdp \pX$u
Mygu S>ep fpMuA, hn hphuA A_ Mpk hpf kNp L$ sur\ r_rd sd_
rhij dppdp MpfpL$ D`g^ L$fphu_ s ApfpNhp App_ L$fuA.
(A_yk^p_ `p_p _. 30 `f)
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
23 dpQ 1931_p irlv$ rX$d apBV$f

"rv$g k r_L$gNu _ df L$f cu hs_ L$u Dgas
dfu rd$u k cu M|by-A-hs_- ApeNu
- irlv$ cNstkO
"irlv$ ApTd' cNstkO
S>d : 28/9/1907
S>d\m : gpeg`yf rS>p
(lpg `pqLsp_dp)
`sL$ Npd : _hpilf (MX$L$X$L$gp)
r`sp : qL$i_tkl
dpsp : rh^phsu
rinZ : gplpf _i_g L$pgS>-
v$ep_v$ Agp hrv$L$

lpBL|$g
h_ dp `psp_p Mcp `f S> hu iL$pe R>.

bu_p Mcp sp dp L$p^ Ap`hp dpV$ S> L$pd Aph R>.
- irlv$ cNstkO
bpNpes rinZ A_ kip^_ dpV$ irlv$ cNstkl k\p_

23 dpQ 84dp irlv$ qv$hk_p Ahkf `b_p
rafpS>`yf _L$ Aphgp lk_uhpgp Mps fp$ue irlv$
dpfL$ `f irlv$p_ ^pS>gu A`Z L$ep bpv$
hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$uA `b_p Adskf Mps
bpNpes rinZ A_ kip^_ dpV$ irlv$ cNstkl
ù.. B[V$V$e|V$_u \p`_p L$fu lsu.
`pR>gp 30 hj bpv$ lyk_uhpgp Mps

S>_pf _fcpB \d hX$p^p_
lyk_uhpgp `b_p rafpT`yf rS>gp_y AL$ Npd
R>. S> ksgS> _v$u_p sV$ `pqL$sp__u kudp `f Aphgy
R>. Alu 23 dpQ 1931_p fpS> irlv$ cNstkl,
kyMv$h A_ fpS>Ny$_p Arsd kL$pf \ep lsp.
_fcpB dpv$u `pR>gp 30 hj v$f v$frdep_
lyk_uhpgp_u epp L$f_pf \d hX$p^p_ R>. Ap
`lgp B.k. 1985dp sL$pgu_ hX$p^p_ h. fph
Npû Alu eppA Apep lsp.
"BL$gpb qTv$pbpv$'
gplpf_u
kV$g S>gdp
irlv$ cNstkO
27
irlv$ cNstkO_y e[sh

riM `qfhpf_p kfv$pf qL$i_tkO_p `qfhpf Ape kdpS>_p rhQpfp_ A`_pep lsp. irlv$
cNstkO L$pgdpL$k_p rk^psp\u k`|Z cprhs lsp A_ kp\ kp\ kdpS>hpv$_p `Z kd\L$ lsp.
dyX$uhpv$uAp_u rdL$p e_u ipjZ _urs_p sAp rhfpû lsp. S>ghpk v$frdep_ sApA `psp_p
rhQpfp gM A_ `p pfp eL$s L$ep R>.
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cpfsue S>_spdp Nrs Aphi. `qX$s fpdkpv$ rbqdg `psp_u ApdL$\pdp S> S> r_v$ip Apep lsp.
s_y irlv$ cNstkO k`|Z `pg_ L$ey lsy. cpfsuepdp ep`gp ^d-rs_p AgNph\u sAp M|b S>
rM_ lsp. S>gdp sApA `ps _pqsL$ iy L$pd R> ? _pd_p AN gM gep lsp.
rlvy$, Dvy$, `bu, AN cpjp_p sAp ZL$pf lsp. A_ bpgp cpjp sdZ bVy$L$f v$ `pk\u
iuMu lsu. QiMf ApTpv$ kp\_u dygpL$ps kde kmNsu rdZbu `f lp\ fpMu_ `psp_u v$Nu v$i
dpV$ Ly$fbp_ L$fhp_p kpN^ qg^p lsp.
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hj_u Jdf ^fphsp lsp. Ap OV$_p rhj sd_ dprlsu dmsp S> sd_u ipmp\u 12 dpBg vy$f Aphgp
lepL$pX$ \m `N`pmp Qpgu_ ep `lpQu Nep lsp. `|.Npû_p AklepN Apv$pg_dp cpN gu^p lsp
epf sd_u Jdf dp 13 hj_u lsu. dp 16 hj_u Jdf sAp "rlvy$sp_ kprieg qf`guL$' dp X$pep
lsp. sAp qL$ipfph\p\u S> $prsL$pfu rhQpfp ^fphsp lsp. kpBd_ L$rdi__u gplpf dygpL$ps kde
`prgk gpW$uQpS>_ L$pfZ "`b L$kfu'gpgp gS>`sfpe_y Ahkp_ \sp s_p dpV$ S>hpbv$pf `pguk
Ar^L$pfu S>.ù. kpX$k_ 17 qX$kbf 1928_p fpS> W$pf L$ep. A_ r_hv$_ Apey L$, "gpMp gpL$p_p
Apv$fZue _sp_y AL$ kpdpe `pguk Aprakf_p lp\ \egy My_ fp$_y A`dp_ lsy. s\u Ap L$gL$_ vy$f
L$fhp_u cpfs_p eyhp hN_u d|mc|s afS> lsu. Ap kpX$k_u lep\u Adp_ vy$:M \ey R> `fsy s Aepeu
A_ Sy>gdu ipk_ eh\p_p rsr_q^ lsp S>_p _pi Ar_hpe lsp. eqL$s_y gplu hlphhy A M|b S>
Aakpk S>_L$ R>. `fsy $prs dpV$ Aphy gplu hlphhy Ar_hpe R>. Ap_p `pR>m Adpfp lsy $prs dpV$ L$pe
L$fhp_p R> A_ AL$ d_ye pfp bu d_ye_y \sy ipjZ AV$L$phhp_p R>'
`qgL$ kaV$u bug
ApL$V$pbf 1930_p qv$hk sd_ apku_u k epepûi .ku.

rlV$_ pfp afdphpB lsu. s_p S>hpb h$` sdZ S>Zpey lsy L$,
7
"Ad_ ey^L$v$u kd_ apku _lu Npmu\u W$pf L$fp'
_p hpse_ $^sp `[gL$ kaV$u qbg_u QQp

kde qv$lu_p Agu`yf fpX$ `f_u sL$pgu_ Akbgu
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nL$ Ngfudp\u bpb aL$ep lsp. sd_p lsy L$pB_
B `lpQpX$hp_p _ lsp `fsy v$d_L$pfu rbg_p qhfp^
L$fhp_p lsp. bpb_ L$pfZ agpeg ^ydpX$p_p gpc
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AX$N Dcp fp A_ "BL$gpb qTv$pbpv$' s\p
"kpdpS>ehpv$ dyv$pbpv$'_p _pfp gNpep lsp A_
lhpdp `qL$pAp DR>pmu 8 Arg 1929_p fpS> Ap
OV$_p_ ATpd Apù_ `psp_u ^f`L$X$ \hp v$uû lsu.
2015
irlv$p_p dey_p kdpQpf gplpf_p v$r_L$

"qV$ey_' s\p e|epL$_p "X$Bgu hL$f'dp R>`pep lsp.
hj 1923dp `b rlv$u kprle
kdg__u r_b^ `^pdp sAp
rhS>eu \ep lsp. S>dp sdZ `b_u
kdep_y A_pMy rhgjZ L$ey lsy.
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
28
"Dl el ra$ l L$u _BsS>-A S>ap L$ep l ?

ld el ipM l v$M, rksd
L$u Bslp L$ep l ?
irlv$ cNstkO apkuA QX$sp `lgp gr___u _l] `fsy `qX$s fpdkpv$ rbqdg_u ApdL$\p hpQu
fp lsp. S> tk^ ps_p L$piL$ cS>_gpg _pd_p byL$kgf rk^ L$fu lsu. apku_p kde \sp s byL$_
R>s sfa DR>pmu_ L$y L$, apku `lgp $prsL$pfp (kyMv$h, fpS>Ny$) AL$bu_ dmu gBA.
irlv$ cNstkO, kyMv$h A_ fpS>Ny$_ apku Ap`hp kde kdN v$idp ANS> kfL$pf kpd bm
rhfp^ \sp, L$iy ASy>Nsy b_hp_u iL$esp ksp, shy b_ s `lgp 24 dpQ_p fpS> S> apku Ap`hp_u
lsu. s_ r_ed rh$^ S>g deyAg_ AhNZu_ 23 dpQ 1931_p fpS> gplpf_u kV$g S>gdp kyfS>
Ap\du
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3 dpQ 1931_p qv$hk cpB
k
L$
p
f
L$
fu _pep lsp.
Ly$gspftkO_ iugp ` gep lsp.
`pqL$sp_dp gplpf Mps QpL$_p _pd_y A_phfZ

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`pqL$sp__p gplpf ilf Mps L$fhpdp Aphg R>. Ap A S> S>ep R> S>ep hj 1931_p dpQ_u f3 spfuM sd_ apku Ap`hpdp Aphu lsu. A_
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kV$g S>g_p L$v$uAp_ apku Ap`hp dpV$ \sp lsp. hsdp_dp `pqL$sp__p hluhV$usA 29 kV$bf 2012_p fpS> irlv$ cNstkO_p _pd S>ep_y
A_phfZ L$ey lsy. S>dp AdyL$ rhfp^pcpk D`_ \sp Ap AN_u L$pehplu dpLya fpMhpdp Aphu lsu.
kV$bf 1928dp qv$lu Mps Apeps \eg

"L$rs qL$kp_ `pV$}'_u bW$L$dp iqlv$ cNstkO krQh
sfuL$_u S>hpbv$pfu hl_ L$fu lsu.
fpS>Ny$
kdp_r_e irlv$ r`yV$u
dp 6 hj_u Jdf r`sp_y R> Nydph_pf fpS>Ny$ _p_u

he kL$s iuMhp A_ Aepk L$fhp dpV$ hpfpZku
Apep A_ ep sdZ tlvy$ ^dN\p, hv$_y Aee_ L$ey
A_ "g^y rk^ps L$pdyv$u' S>hp L$guV$ N\ L$W$\ L$fu
qg^p. sAp L$kfs_p ipMu_ A_ R>`rs rihp_u
R>p`pdpf ey^ igu_p AR>p ikL$ lsp. sd_u NZ_p
M|b S> kpfp r_ip_bpS> sfuL$ \su. sAp QiMf
ApTpv$\u cprhs lsp. cNstkO A_ Qrsv$pk
sd_p Mpk kp\u rd lsp.
sAp "rlvy$sp_ kprieg rf`qgL$' kp\ X$pegp
lsp. S>dp sAp fOy_p\ _pd_p Ny _pd\u ApmMpsp lsp.
S>d_u ilpv$s_ ApS> `Z k`yZ cpfsdp Apv$f\u
hpdp Aph R>. shp "irlv$ ApTd' cNstkO, kyMv$h,
fpS>Ny$_p h__p dpV$p cpN_p rlkp AL$kp\
kL$mpegp R>.
kyMv$h
S>d : 15-05-1907 (gpeg`yf)
r`sp : u fpdgpg \p`f
(kyMv$h_p S>d `lgp Z dpk `|h r_^_ `pep lsp.)
dpsp : fphuv$hu
dpV$pcpB : AqQsfpd (sdZ kyMv$h_p DR>f L$ep)
Aepk : gplpf _i_g L$pgS> (cNstkO_p klpepeu)
Npû Bfhu_ kdSy>su `f Npû_ AN cpjpdp Mygp ` gMu_ s_p Ncuf p e ep_ v$pey.
cNstkO, kyMv$h, fpdQ A_ cNhsuQfZ bplfp pfp B.k.1926dp gplpf

Mps "_pS>hp_ cpfs kcp'_u fQ_p L$fhpdp Aphu.
L$pL$pfuL$pX$dp Qpf $prsL$pfuAp_ apku A_ 16_ L$pfphpk_u k \sp eq\s

\egp irlv$ cNstkO "_pS>hp_ cpfs kcp'_y hj 1924dp kQu kpepg
\pùs "rlvy$sp_ qf`qgL$ AkpkuAi_' dp rhqg_uL$fZ L$ey A_ s_y _hy
_pd "rlvy$sp_ kprieg qf`qgL$_ AkpkuAi_' L$ey. S>_p dyM QiMf
ApTpv$ lsp.
vy$Npcpcu
_pd : rihfpd lfu

S>d : 24-08-1908
S>d \m : MX$ (dlpfp$dp `y_p _L$ S> ApS>
fpS>Ny$ _Nf sfuL$ ApmMpe R>.)
irlv$ cNstkO_u rsdp NyS>fps

fpS>e_p hX$pv$fp ilf Mps R>.
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15 dpQ_p fpS> khpQ Av$pgs Agplpbpv$ lpBL$pV$_p QyL$pv$p_ epe
S>Zpep lsp L$, S>dp Ag.ApB.ku._p X$hg`dV$ Aprakf sfuL$ L$pe
L$f_pf_ ApprNL$ rhhpv$ Ar^r_ed, 1947_u ^pfp 2(Ak) AsNs L$pdv$pf
dp_u _ iL$pe. rhqv$s R> L$, Ap dpdgp hs_ kbr^s lsp.
ApprNL$ rhhpv$ Ar^r_ed, 1947_u ^pfp 2(Ak) rhjeL$

s L$pdv$pf_u `qfcpjp Ap` R>. S>dp L$pdv$pf_p A\ R>. L$pB`Z e[s
(riny krls) S> L$pB`Z DpNdp L$pe L$f R> A_ deyAg, ALy$im,
Ly$im, sL$_uL$u, kQpg_, èhnu _y L$pe L$fhp dS|>fu L$ `pqfrdL$ `f
fpMhpdp Aph.
2015
khpQ Av$pgs k_p_u

2009 dpi_ _urs r_fs
L$fhp_p ApX$ apk}k
qV$ey_g_p akgp `f fpL$ gNphu
cpfs_u khpQ Av$pgs_p epepûi eped|rs V$u.Ak. W$pLy$f_p Aen
`v$ sm epepûi eped|rs Apf. cp_ydrs A_ epepûi eped|rs
Ardspc fp e _u b_ g u ùW$ 26 dpQ _ p fp S > ApX $ ap k }k
qV$ey_g(A.Aa.V$u.)_p eyApfu 2009_u L$_g_u fL$ dpV$_u dpi_ _urs_
fv$ L$fhp_p QyL$pv$p `f fp$L$ gNphu R>. rhqv$s R> L$, k_p_u hj 2009_u dpi_
_urs L$dpX$ A[S>V$ dpX$g (ku.B.Ad.) `f Ap^pqfs R>.
Av$pgs_p pf\u
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
32
cpfsdp hr_ `vy$jZ : r_ed A_ r_Ze

dybB lpBL$pV$ pfp 13 dpQ dlpfp$ kfL$pf_ hr_ vy$jZ_ r_eqs L$fhp_p kv$c A`pegp r_v$ip Sy>v$u Sy>v$u
Av$pgs pfp A`pegp akgpAp_u Mgp A_ L$ kfL$pf pfp `kpf r_edpdp _hu_sd R>.
-cpfsue b^pfZ_p A_yR>v$ 21 AsNs _pNqfL$p_ ke hpsphfZdp flhp_p Ar^L$pf R>.
-iprs\u flhp_p Ar^L$pf R>.
-fp kyhp_p Ar^L$pf R>.
-cpfsue b^pfZ_p A_yR>v$ 21dp v$iphgu h__u Ar^L$pf NfV$u dpV$ S> ApheL$ sh R>, s_ dpV$ Ar^L$pf R>.
rhrh^ Av$pgspA AppD Ap`gp QyL$pv$pAp
Ae Av$pgs_p QyL$pv$pAp
khpQ Av$pgs_p QyL$pv$p-2005
-hr_ r_ed 1000_p ku^p cN_u bpbs khpQ Av$pgs 18 Sy>gpB 2005_p fpS>
hr_ vy$jZ `f ArslprkL$ akgp Apep.
-s kde cpfs_p dye epepûi Apf.ku. gplpV$u A_ S>[V$k AipL$ cpZ_u MX$ùW$
gpDX$ ùL$f, lp_ s\p Mp_Nu Aphpkpdp hr_ `f ep`L$ qv$ipr_v$i fu \ep lsp.
-qv$ip r_v$ipdp aV$pL$X$p, hpl__p lp_ krls D`_ \sp AhpT, gpDX$ ùL$f rhNf_
L$hf L$fhpdp Apep lsp.
-khpQ Av$pgs pfp Ap rhje `f rinZ_u S>$fueps `f cpf v$B_ `pW$e `ysL$dp
Ap bpbs kpdg L$fhp S>Zphpey lsy.
-lf \mp(Ap`psL$pm_u [\rs kuhpe) `f fp 10 \u khpf 6 _p kdeNpmp
v$frdep_ gpDX$ ùL$f_p DèpN `f rsb^ gNphpep.
-dNpap_ A_ lf kbp^_ ZpguAp_y X$rkbg sf 10 dB(A)rhspf dpV$
Apk`pk AhpT dp`v$X$ `f A\hp 75 dB(A) S> `Z ApRy> lpe s_p\u h^hy _ BA.
-khpQ Av$pgs hr_ vy$jZ kb^ Ap qv$ipr_v$i cpfsue krh^p__u L$gd 141
A_ 142 AsNs dmgu i[sAp_p Ap^pf fu L$ep R>.
-L$fm lpBL$pV$_p S>Zphhp A_ykpf ^prdL$ k\p_p pfp c[s Nusp_y

Npe_ r_edp A_ykpf L$fhy BA. khpf L$ kpS> Np^yrg kde L$
L$pB`Z kde c[s Nusp r_edp A_ykpf hNpX$hp S>pBA.
-dpk lpBL$pV$ pfp dqv$fpdp gpDX$ ùL$f_p DèpN `f rhQpfhpdp
Apey R>. S> A_ykpf kkv$ A_ fpe_u rh^p_kcp pfp Ar^r_erds
L$p_|__p r_ed L$pB`Z Ae L$fsp h^y dlh ^fph R> A_
Ar^L$pfuAp pfp s_y `pg_ Bdp_v$pfu\u \hy BA.
-L$gL$p lpBL$pV$ pfp hr_ vy$jZ dyv Apsjbp_p D`pv$__p
r_j^ dpe R> L$, _lu s dyv r_Ze ghp kde epreL$ kq$esp_p
rk^ps gpN| L$fpep.
epreL$ kq$esp Av$pgs_ kq$e flhp_u i[s v$p_ L$f R> A_
_p Ar^L$pfp, L$sep A_ af_u fnp_p lsy dpV$ r_[$e _
flhp_u hps S>Zph R>.
hr_ vy$jZ (rhr_de_ A_ r_eZ) r_ed,2000

-èphfZ(kfnZ) Ar^r_ed, 1986 AsNs dmgu i[s_p DèpN L$fu_
14/02/2000_p fpS> L$ kfL$pf pfp lf \mpdp Sy>v$p Sy>v$p ps pfp `v$p \sp hr_
vy$jZ_p hû flgp sf_ r_eus L$fhp hr_ vy$jZ (rhr_de_ A_ r_eZ) r_ed,
2000_ Ar^r_erds L$fhpdp Aphg.
-hr_ r_ed 5 gpDX$ ùL$fp/lf Dv$OpjZp Zpgu_p epN_ rsbr^s L$f R>. B.k.
2010dp r_ed 5 dp kip^_ L$fu_ sdp hr_ `v$p L$fsp D`L$fZp_p DèpN `f `Z rsb^
gNphpep. Ap v$fL$ dpdg Ap D`L$fZp_p DèpN L$fhp dpV$ grMs A_ydrs dmhhu S>$fu
b_phpB R>. Ap A_ydrs hr_ r_ed 200 AsNs rS>gp L$gL$V$f, `prgk L$rdi_f sf_p L$
s_p\u D`f_p sf_p Ar^L$pfu A_ydrs Apù iL$ R>.
-fpe kfL$pf `pk kpL$rsL$ L$ ^prdL$ Dkhp_p Ahkf kurds Ahr^ dpV$ (S> AL$ L$gX$f
hjdp 15 qv$hk L$fsp h^y _\u lpsu s dpV$) gpDX$ ùL$fp_p DèpN L$fhp dS|>fu Ap`hp_p
Ar^L$pf R>.
hr_ vy$jZ (rhr_de_ A_ r_eZ)

(kip^_) r_ed, 2010
-B.k. 2010dp hr_ r_ed, 2000_y kip^_ L$fhpdp Apey.
S>dp "aV$pL$X$p A_ hr_ vy$jZ agph_pf D`L$fZp' iv$ kpdg
L$fhpdp Apep. S>dp lf \mp_ `Z `qfcprjs L$fu_
S>Zphpey L$, Ahy L$pB`Z \p_ L$, S>_p DèpN S>_sp L$fsu lpe
A_ fp 10 \u khpf 6 _p kde v$frdep_ ep S>su lpe, s \m
lf \m L$lhpi.
-"kphS>r_L$ kbp^_ Zpgu' bpv$ "hr_ D`pv$_ L$fsp
D`L$fZ' rijL$_ X$hp dpV$ hr_ r_ed, 2000_p r_ed 5 dp
kip^_ L$fhpdp Apey.
AV$_} S>_fg dprlsu Ar^L$pf Ar^r_ed-2005

AsNs AL$ `[gL$ Ap\pqfV$u R> : qv$lu lpBL$pV$
`$c|rd
qX$kbf 2012dp L$[e dprlsu ApepN(ku.ApB.ku.) _u `|Z ùW$ pfp S>Zphpey lsy L$,
AV$_} S>_fg L$hg AL$ e[s R>. S>_ dprlsu Ar^L$pf Ar^r_ed sm Ap\pqfV$u dp_u iL$pe _lu.
Ap bpbs kpd Apf.V$u.ApB. L$peL$sp kycpjQ ANhpg A_ Apf.L$. S>_ sfa\u AgN
AgN Af qv$lu lpBL$pV$dp L$fhpdp Aphu lsu A_ AV$_} S>_fg L$pepge_ dprlsu Ar^L$pf
Ar^r_ed_p v$pefpdp gphhp Av$pgs_ fS|>Aps L$fu lsu.
qv$lu lpBL$pV$_p QyL$pv$p

qv$lu lpBL$pV$_p eped|rs rhc| bpM$_u MX$ùW$ pfp D`fps Af kv$c S>Zphpey lsy L$,
AV$_} S>_fg_y L$pepge AL$ `[gL$ Ap\pqfV$u R>. S> dprlsu Ar^L$pf L$p_|_ AsNs Aph R>.
AV$_} S>_fg dp kfL$pf_p AL$ hqL$g _\u. s AL$ b^pfZue Ap\pqfV$u R>.
2015
Ap^pf Ar_hpe _\u
khpQ Av$pgs_p S>[V$k S>. Qgpdf_u

Aensp ^fphsu Z S>_u b_gu ùW$ pfp
16 dpQ A`pegp QyL$pv$p A_ykpf kfL$pfu
Ar^L$pfuAp_ S>Zphpey lsy L$, sAp _pNqfL$p_
Ap^pf L$pX$_p DèpN dpV$ dS>byf _ L$f. khpQ
Av$pgs L$ kfL$pf_ `Z S>Zpey lsy L$, s v$fL$
fpep_u kfL$pf_ ` gMu_ khpQ Av$pgs_p
kV$bf 2013_p Apv$i_p `pg_ dpV$ S>Zph
L$, S>dp Ap^pf_ _pNqfL$p dpV$ Ar_hpe _lu
L$fhp_y S>Zphpey lsy.
Av$pgs_p pf\u
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
33
rlvy$ ^ddp hp`ku L$fhp bv$g dmu iL$ R> rv$lu lpBL$pV$ hprZrS>eL$ Av$pgs_u
A_yk|rQs rs_p v$f : khpQ Av$pgs \p`_p L$f_pf \d fpe
kyud L$pV$ pfp AL$ QyL$pv$pdp S>Zphpey lsy L$, L$pB e[s he `psp_
rlvy$^ddp $`psfZ L$f R>, sp s_ A_yk|rQs rs_p v$f dmu iL$ R>. `fsy
s dpV$ S>$fu R>, L$ s rs_p gpL$p s_ A`_phu g A_ kprbs L$fu Ap` L$,
bu ^d A`_phhp `lgp s_p `|hS> A_yk|rQs rs_p lsp. Ap QyL$pv$p
L$fm_p L$.ù. d_y_u Af `f Ap`hpdp Apep lsp. Ap QyL$pv$pdp khpQ
Av$pgs Z ifsp v$iphu lsu.
1. e[s Ahu rs_p lphp BA S>_p DgM A_yk|rQs rs Apv$i 1950dp
\ep lpe.
2.e[s_y buSy> ^dpsfZ AS> ^ddp \pe R>. S> ^d s_p dpsp-r`sp A_
`|h_p lpe.
3. e[s_p kdyv$pe s_p huL$pf L$ep R>, s_y `Z dpZ lphy BA.
`$c|rd
d_y_p S>d AL$ BkpB `qfhpfdp \ep lsp. `fsy s_p v$pv$pA rlvy$ ^d
R>pX$u_ BkpB ^d A`_pep lsp. d_y 24 hj_u he rlvy$ ^ddp `fs Apep
lsp A_ sd_ rlvy$ `yghp rs_y dpZ` A_pes \ey lsy.
krdnp krdrs pfp sd_ rlvy$ dp_hp\u BL$pf L$fpep lsp. L$pfZ L$, s_p
`|hS> BkpB lsp A_ sZ `ps `Z BkpB drlgp kp\ g L$ep lsp. fpe
kfL$pf pfp d_y_ khpdp\u bfMps L$fu_ s_ `Npf h$` QyL$hpegu 15
gpM_u fL$d hkyghp Apv$i \ep lsp.
kpBbf duAp Ap_v$p...

ApB.V$u. L$p_|_ ^pfp 66-A
khpQ Av$pgs _pbyv$ L$fu
hprZrS>eL$ Av$pgsp_u \p`_p L$fu_ dpdgpAp_u TX$ù `sphV$ dpV$ Ap

L$pf_u Av$pgs_u \p`_p L$f_pf qv$lu lpBL$pV$ 25 dpQ v$i_y \d epepge
b_u Ney R>.
ANe_y
-qv$lu lpBL$pV$_p dye epepûi . fpluZuA hprZrS>eL$ dpdg L$pe L$fhp
dpV$ Qpf S>V$gu ùW$_u fQ_p L$fu R>. S>dp\u b ùW$ bpr^L$ k`v$p, Ar^L$pfp,
de\sp, hudp, bqL$N, L$fp^p_, L$`_u rhjeL$ rhhpv$p_u `sphV$ L$fi.
-Ae b ùW$ B-epepge $` L$pe L$fi A_ L$pNm rhrl_ epepge $` L$pefs
\i.
-qv$lu lpBL$pV fp$ue fpS>^p_u n_p v$fL$ 11 rS>gp_u rkrhg Av$pgsp_ `Z
hprZrS>eL$ rhhpv$p_ r_`V$phhp dpV$ r_v$ip Apep R>.
-Aepf kyû B.k. 1990dp \`pegu rS>gp sf `f_u AL$dp suk lfu
Av$pgs hprZrS>eL$ Av$pgs $` L$pefs lsu.
`$c|rd
Ap L$pf_y L$v$d 20dp L$pev$p ApepN_u cgpdZ dyS>b rkrhg epreL$
Zpgu_ kfm b_phhp_u qv$ipdp DW$phpey R>.
khp r_hs epepûi A.ù. ipl_u Aenspdp 20dp L$pev$p ApepN
hprZrS>eL$ Aùgue qX$rhT_ A_ hprZrS>eL$ Av$pgs rhêL$ 2015 iujL$\u
fu qf`pV$dp lpBL$pV$dp hprZr_eL$ Av$pgsp_u \p`_p_u cgpdZ L$fu lsu.
S>\u kbr^s dpdgpAp_u ky_phZudp TX$` Aphu iL$. rhqv$s R> L$, ApepN
`psp_u qf`pV$ eyApfu 2015dp L$ kfL$pf_ kpù lsu.
Aepf kyû \egu ^f`L$X$
ApB.V$u. AV$_u ^pfp 66-A AsNs `pR>gp hjpdp v$i_p L$V$gpe fpepdp kpiueg
kpBV$p `f _spAp rh$^ V$u`Zu L$fhp bv$g L$ ^d_p _pd V$u`ZuAp L$fhp bv$g
khpQ Av$pgs_p epepûi S>[V$k S>. Qgdf A_ S>[V$k Ake gpL$p_u ^f`L$X$ \B QyL$u R>.
Apf.Aa. _qfd__u ùW$ `psp_p AL$ QyL$pv$pdp ApB.V$u. Ar^r_ed_u
^pfp 66-A _ gpL$p_u ZL$pfu A_ Arce[s_u hssp `f_p 1. kV$bf 2011dp rblpf rh^p_ `qfjv$_p L$dQpfu A_ gpL$re L$rh dykpauf bW$p_
Ar^L$pfp_ kpa fus cprhs L$fsu lpe, s_ Akh^pr_L$ S>Zphu_ fv$ akbyL$ `f kfL$pf_u L$pdNufu_u ApgpQ_p L$fhp bv$g k`X$ L$fpep lsp.
L$fhp S>Zpey lsy. Ap ^pfp lW$m `prgk_ Ahp Ar^L$pf lsp L$, L$pB`Z 2. Arg 2012dp `.bNpm_p dyedu ddsp b_f_y L$pV|$_ b_ph_pf p. ArbL$i
e[s_ Ap`rS>_L$ Ap_gpB_ L$V$V$ dpV$ ^f`L$X$ L$fu iL$. khpQ dlp`pp_u ^f`L$X$ \B lsu.
Av$pgs_p QyL$pv$p bpv$ s\pL$r\s V$u`Zu `f `prgk L$pB_u syfs ^f`L$X$ 3. kV$bf 2012dp A_p lTpf_p Apv$pg_ kp\ X$pegp L$pV|$r_V$ Akud qhv$u
L$fu iL$i _lu.
pfp akbyL$ `f kfL$pf_p L$pcpX$p_u rh$^ L$pV|$_ `pV$ L$fhpdp Aphsp s_u ^f`L$X$ \B
AL$ rhp$` kpBbf L$p_|_ kss rhL$rks \B fp R>. cpfsue lsu. sd_p `f v$ipl_p L$k _p^pep lsp.
kpBbf L$p_|_ A_ s_u bpfuL$uAp `f khpQ Av$pgs_p Ap spTp 4. _hbf 2012dp S>d| L$duf_p qL$shpX$ Mps qL$ipfu idp, bku gpg A_ qL$s}
QyL$pv$p epeip_u qv$ipdp AL$ L$v$d ApNm h^hp_u bpbs k|QL$ R>. idp_ akbyL$ `f Ap`rS>_L$ ^prdL$ huqX$ep V$N L$fhp bv$g sd_u ^f`L$X$ \B lsu.
^pfp 66-A Arce[s_u ApTpv$u `f A`$ r_edp_u rsL$ lsu. S> 5. _hbf 2012dp `|h _pZpdu ù. rQv$bfd_p `y L$prs rQv$bfd rh$^ V$huV$
Arce[s_ v$bphu v$su lsu. ^pfp 66-A fv$ L$fu_ khpQ Av$pgs L$fhp bv$g rbT_kd_ frh u r_hpk_u ^f`L$X$ \B lsu.
hs cpfsuep_u Arce[s_u ApTpv$u dpV$ AL$ dlh`|Z `Ngy cey 6. _hbf 2012dp dybB_p `pgOf rhspfdp flsu iprl_ Y$pX$pA akbyL$ `f rihk_p
R>. S>_ L$pfZ Ap NhpB_p S> d_phopr_L$ ce lsp, s lh Msd \ep kyrdp bpgp kplb W$pL$f_u Arsdepp `f dybB b^_u bpbs_ gB_ L$pdV$ L$fu lsu
R>. S>\u kpBbf n rhQpfp_p cedys$ Apv$p_ v$p__p AL$ _hp v$pf A_ s_u klgu fu_| u hpsh s_ gpBL$ L$fsp b__u ^f`L$X$ \B lsu. Ap dpdgpA
i$ \i.
dlpfp$ krls v$icfdp QQpAp S>Nphu lsu.
L$[e Ap.bu.ku. k|Qudp V$p_ kpdg

L$fhp_p r_Ze_ khpQ Av$pgs r_fs L$ep
cpfs_u khpQ Av$pgs 17 dpQ L$[e
Ap.bu.ku. k|Qudp V$p_ kpdg L$fhp_p L$
kfL$pf_p r_Ze_ r_fs L$ep lsp. rhqv$s R> L$,
V$p_ Ap.bu.ku. k|Qudp kpdg L$fhp 4 dpQ
AL$ Ar^kyQ_p fu \B lsu.
L$pfZ
-`R>pshN_p fp$ue ApepN(A_.ku.bu.ku.) 26 abyApfu 2014_p fpS> L$[e k|Qudp V$
kdyv$pe_ kpdg L$fhp_p L$ kfL$pf_p A_yfp^_ _L$pfhpdp Apep lsp. L$pfZ L$, V$ kpdprS>L$Apr\L$ $` `R>ps hN _\u.
-dX$g ApepN_u cgpdZ A_ykpf rs AL$ dyM L$pfL$ R>. `fsy Alu L$pB hN_p `R>ps`Z_ _$u
L$fhp_y AL$ dp L$pfL$ `Z _ lpB iL$.
-Ap.bu.ku. k|Qudp V$ S>hp fpS>_ursL$ $` kNqW$s hN_p kdphi Ae `R>ps hN dpV$ epe _\u.
-khpQ Av$pgs `psp_p QyL$pv$pdp S>Zpey R>, L$ L$_p r_Ze v$kL$pAp S|>_p ApL$X$pAp `f Ap^pqfs
R>. ApfnZ dpV$ `R>ps`Zp_p Ap^pf kpdprS>L$ lphp BA. _lu L$, Apr\L$, inrZL$. khpQ
Av$pgs Ahy `Z S>Zpey lsy L$, kfL$pf V$pk S>X$f S>hp _hp `R>ps kd|l_ Ap.bu.ku. sm gphhp
BA.
-khpQ Av$pgs_p Ap r_Ze Ap.bu.ku. ApfnZ fnp krdrs pfp \egu AL$ ù.ApB.Ag. _
L$pfZ \ep lsp. Ap krdrs `R>ps rsAp_u L$[e k|Qudp kpdg kdyv$pepA b_phgu R>.
2015
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
34
qf`pV$-khnZ
k|QL$pL
apk dNrT_ pfp vy$r_ep_p

kp\u ^r_L$ gpL$p_u k|Qu lf
V$pBk lpef AeyL$i_ pfp hj

2015_u hX$ feyV$i_ fqL$N fu
k|Qu rhjeL$
-apk dNrT_ pfp 3 dpQ rh_p kp\u ^r_L$ gpL$p_u k|Qu lf \B.
-k|Qudp dpB$kpV$_p rbg NV$k 79.2 rbrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf_u k`r kp\
\d \p_ fp. rhqv$s R> L$, sAp Ap k|Qudp Ly$g 16 hpf \d \p_ flu QyL$ep
R>.
-k|Qudp bu \p_ d[kL$p_p DpN`rs L$pgpk [gd lgy 77.1 rbrge_
AdqfL$u X$pgf_u k`r kp\ bu \p_ s\p l\ h HL$_p Aen hpf_ baV$
72.7 rbrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf_u k`r kp\ u \p_ fp lsp. epf Adp_
riep ApV$Np 64.5 rbrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf kp\ Qp\p s\p ApfL$g L$p`_p
Aen gfu Aguk_ 54.3 rbrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf_u k`r kp\ `pQdp \p_
fp lsp.
-rh_p kp\u ^r_L$ gpL$p_u k|Qudp keyL$s fpe AdqfL$p_p 536 Aduf e[s,
Qu__p 213 Aduf e[s, S>d_u_p 103 s\p cpfs_p 90 S>V$gp Aduf e[s
kpdg R>.
-akbyL$_p k\p`L$ dpL$ TyL$fbN 16dp \p_ fp.
-hpgdpV$ V$pk_p dprgL$ q$V$u hpV$_ 41 rbrge_ AdqfL$u X$pgf kp\ k|Qudp
8dp \p_ fp.
-bpL$V$bpg MgpX$u dpBL$g X$_ \dhpf k|Qudp kpdg \ep.
-_`QV$_p kl-k\p`L$ Bhp_ ùNg A_ bpbuda} b_ 105 rbrge_
AdqfL$u X$pgf_u k`r kp\ kp\u _p_u he ^fphsp AbT`rs R>.
-Ap k|Qudp hj 2014_u syg_pA drlgpAp_u k|Qudp 15 % _p h^pfp \ep R>.
hj 2014dp drlgpAp_u kep 172 lsu. S> hj 2015dp hû_ 197 \B NB R>.
-apk_u Ap hprjL$ k|Qudp 90 S>V$gp cpfsue kpdg R>. S>dp dyL$i AbpZu
39dp, qv$gu` kOhu 44dp s\p ATud d 48dp \p_ fp lsp.
"Arie_ X$hg`dV$ ApDV$gyL$ 2015' -rf`pV$ fu

AriepB rhL$pk bL$ pfp `psp_u hprjL$ qf`pV$ "Arie_ X$hg`dV$
ApDV$gyL$ 2015' 24 dpQ fu \B. S>dp v$iphhpdp Aphgp A_ydp_ A_ykpf
cpfs_u h[^v$f Qu__u h[^v$f L$fsp hû_ _pZp hj 2015/15 v$frdep_ 7.8
% A_ hj 2016/17 dp s 8.2 % \B S>i.
A.X$u.bu. _y A_ydp_ R> L$, cpfs ApNgp AdyL$ hjpdp Qu_ L$fsp h^y TX$ù
h[^ _p^phi. cpfs kfL$pf_p fpL$pZ A_yLy$g_ ^fphsp ArcNd, fpS>L$pjue
A_ Qpg| Mpspdp Mpdp ky^pfp A_ dpmMpL$ue dyL$guAp_ v|$f L$fhp dpV$
L$fhpdp Aphgu `lgp_ L$pfZ L$pfpbpfu dplpg ky^pfhpdp dv$v$ dmi. S>\u cpfs
Ofg| A_ rhv$iu Ad b_ L$pf_p fpL$pZL$pfp dpV$ ApL$jZ_y L$ bey R>.
Arie_ X$hg`dV$ ApDV$gyL$
hprjL$ Arie_ X$hg`dV$ ApDV$gyL$ `pR>gp AL$ hj_p Apr\L$ v$i__y AL$
ep`L$ rhgjZ v$p_ L$f R>. s\p Ariep A_ ips n_u 45
A\eh\pAp dpV$ ApNpdu b hj dpV$ `|hp_ydp_ v$p_ L$f R>. S> rhL$pkiug
Ariep_p rhL$pkdp epNv$p_ Ap` R>.
BV$f_V$ `f cphipmu 30
gpL$p_u k|Qudp _fcpB dpv$u
V$pBk lpef AeyL$i_ pfp 13 dpQ_p fpS> hj 2015_u hX$ feyV$i_

fqL$N fu L$fhpdp Aphu. S>dp e|.L$. _p 12 S>V$gp DQ rinZ k\p_ rh_u
100 V$pQ_u e|r_hrkV$uApdp \p_ b_phhpdp kam fp lsp. Ap fqL$Ndp
AdqfL$p_u lphX$ e|r_hrkV$u_y _pd \d R>.
-Ap k|Qudp AdqfL$p_u 43 e|r_hrkV$uAp kpdg R>. S>dp 8 S>V$gu V$pQ_u 10
e|r_hrkV$u kpdg R>.
-gX$_ L|$g Apa lpB_ AX$ V$pr`L$g dqX$rk__ hsdp_ hj k|Qudp kpdg
L$fpey _ lsy.
-L$rbS> e|r_hrkV$u A_ ApkapX$ e|r_hrkV$u b_A `psp_p b \p_p_p
ky^pfp L$fu_ $di buSy> A_ uSy> \p_ dmey lsy.
-k|Qudp 100 V$pQ_u e|r_hrkV$udp S>d_u_u 6 A_ pk_u 5 e|r_hrkV$u kpdg
R>.
-AriepB v$ipdp `p__u e|r_hrkV$u Apa V$pep \d \p_ R>. S> D`fps
k|Qudp 12dp \p_ R>.
hX$ feyV$i_ fqL$N 2015 rhj

s V$pQ_u 100 e|r_hrkV$u_p gpbg V$qX$N_ v$iph R>. Ap khnZ 15
cpjpdp D`g^ R>. hj 2015_u fqL$N _hbf 2014 A_ eyApfu 2015
hQ_p kdeNpmpdp 142 S>V$gp v$ip `pk\u dmgp khnZ `f Ap^pqfs R>.
2014 fL$ 2015 fL$
1
4
5
2
3
6
7
y 8
9
12
rh_p
k\p_
lphX$ e|r_hrkV$u(AdqfL$p)
L$rbS e|r_hrkV$u(rbV$_)
ApkapX$ e|r_hrkV$u(rbV$_)
dke|kV$k B[V$V$e|V$ Apa V$_pgp>(AdqfL$p)
V$_apX$ e|r_hrkV$u(AdqfL$p)
L$rgapr_ep e|r_hrkV$u, bL$g(AdqfL$p)
rkV$_ e|r_hrkV$u(AdqfL$p)
eg e|r_hrkV$u(AdqfL$p)
L$rgapr_ep V$_pgp k\p_(AdqfL$p)
L$pgrbep e|r_hrkV$u(AdqfL$p)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
dlp_sd _spAp_p
2015 fpV$f ape|_ pfp fu
-_fcpB dpv$u `pQdp \p_
50
ape|_ pfp 26 dpQ rh_p 50 S>V$gp dlp_ _spAp_p 2015 fpV$f_ fu

L$fhpdp Apey. k|Qudp \d \p_ A`g_p ku.B.Ap. qV$d Ly$L$, bu \p_
e|fpùe_ kV$g bL$_p Aen dpqfep pû, u \p_ Qu__p fp$`rs iu
rT_t`N, Qp\p \p_ `p` prkk A_ `pQdp \p_ cpfs_p hX$p^p_
_fcpB dpv$u fp R>. epf _pbg rhS>sp L$gpk kep\} 28dp \p_ s\p
gpBbqfepB _pNqfL$ A_ cpfsue d|m_p s\p gpV$ dpBg l\_p ku.B.Ap.
fpS> `bu 34dp \p_ fp lsp. rhqv$s R> L$, AdqfL$u fp$`rs bfpL$
Apbpdp_ kss bu hj Ap k|Qudp \p_ dey _\u.
kpig duqX$epdp apgpthN, hbkpBV$ `f kam A_ kdpQpfp_p kv$cdp AdqfL$p_p qs[$s "V$pBd' dNrT_ pfp BV$f_V$ `f kp\u h^y cphipmu 30
e[s_u k|Qu dpQ dpk_p \d kpldp fu \B lsu. S>dp AdqfL$u fpV$`rs bfpL$ Apbpdp, _fcpB dpv$u, qL$d L$fv$priep, S>[V$_ rbbf, h_\ `pV$p,
Qu__u Arc_u epAp Q_, NpreL$p iL$ufp, lfu `pV$f kuqfT_p grML$p S>.L$. fptgN A_ NpreL$p V$gf [haV$ s\p rbepk kpdg lsp.
rhqv$s R>, L$ _fcpB dpv$u gpL$p kp\ ku^p khpv$ L$fhp kpiueg duqX$ep_p DèpN L$f R>. V$huV$f s\p akbyL$ `f sd_p Apif 3.8 L$fpX$ apgpAk R>. S>
vy$r_epdp Apbpdp_ R>pX$u_ L$pB`Z fpS>_sp L$fsp h^y R>.
2015
qf`pV$-khnZ
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
35
S.I.P.R.I. pfp Trends in International

Arms Transfers 2014 Report fu \B
-cpfs vy$r_ep_y kp\u dpVy$ i ApepsL$pf
S.I.P.R.I.
B.k. 1966dp \`pegy V$pL$lpd BV$f_i_g ùk qfkQ B[V$V$e|V$(S.I.P.R.I.) AL$ Ahy hs Apsffp$ue k\p_ R>, S> kOj,
ey^, Apey^, lr\epf r_eZ A_ r_fuL$fZ_p n kip^__ kdr`s lpe. s Ap`_ kpk_p Ap^pf ApL$X$p rhgjZ A_
A_yikpAp _urs r_dpspAp, ip^L$spAp, duqX$ep A_ fk ^fphsp gpL$p_ D`g^ L$fph R>.
rf`pV$ rhjeL$
qf`pV$ fu \B
V$pL$lpd BV$f_i_g ùk qfkQ B[V$V$e|V$ pfp 16 dpQ
Apsffp$ue i \p_psfZ V$X$T qf`pV$ fu \B lsu.
qf`pV$ A_ykpf vy$r_epdp i A_ ke D`L$fZp_p kp\u dpV$p
ApepsL$pf v$i cpfs R>. h[L$ Apeps_p 15 % S>V$gp rlkp cpfs_p R>.
S>_u `|ssp L$f_pf kp\u dpV$p v$i friep R>.
lr\epfp_p kp\u dpV$p ApepsL$pf v$i cpfs

-B.k. 2010-14dp cpfs dye lr\epfp_y kp\u dpVy$ ApepsL$pf fy A_ Ly$g
h[L$ V$L$phpfu_p 15 % Apeps cpfsdp \B lsu.
-B.k. 2005-09 A_ 2010-14 hQ Apepsdp 140 % _p h^pfp
-B.k. 2010-14dp cpfs_u Apeps nue rs`^pAp Qu_ A_
`pqL$sp__u syg_pA Z NZu h^y lsu.
-B.k. 2005-09 v$frdep_ cpfs_u Apeps Qu__u syg_pA 23 % ApR>u lsu
A_ `pqL$sp_ L$fsp X$bg L$fsp \pX$u h^y lsu.
-cpfs l kyû hv$iu qX$TpB_ ^fphsp rs`^p lr\epfp_p r_dpZdp
Akam fy R>. s_u r_cfsp Apeps `f flgu R>.
friepA cpfs_u 70 % lr\epfp_u S>$fueps `|Z L$fu
Ap`_ Nh_dV$ HX$k-2015

hX$ S>[V$k pS>L$V$ pfp dpQ dpk_p As Ap`_ Nh_dV$ HX$L$k
fu \B lsu. S>dp kpdg 102 S>V$gp v$ipdp kfL$pf_p Mygp`Zp_p
dpdg huX$_ v$i _bf 1 `f fp lsp.
2015
HX$L$k dpV$ Qpf Apepdp_p DèpN

1. dprlsu_p Ar^L$pf
2. afuepv$u s
3. kfL$pfu L$pdL$pS>dp Mygp`Zp_p ApL$g_dp _pNqfL$p_u cpNuv$pfu
4. rhopr`s L$p_|_ A_ kfL$pfu ApL$X$p
sep
-k|Qudp kp\u ApNm huX$_ epfbpv$ $di e|TugX$, _ph, X$_dpL$,
_^fgX$, ra_gX$, L$_X$p, e|.L$,ApV$rgep A_ qf`[gL$ Apa L$pqfep
V$pQ_p 10 v$ipdp kdprh$ lsp.
cpfs_y \p_
HX$kdp cpfs_y \p_ 37dy fy lsy. D`fps Qpf Apepdp `L$u $di
(1) 66 du fL$ kp\ 0.50(2) 43 du fL$ kp\ 0.58 (3)29 du fL$ kp\ 0.65(4)
27 du fL$ kp\ 0.54 AL$ p L$ep lsp. v$rnZ AriepB v$ip hQ cpfs
\d lsy. epfbpv$ _`pm-40, u gL$p-52, bpgpv$i-73, `pqL$sp_-83
A_ AaOpr_sp_-89 fy lsy.
2015
-dye lr\epfp_p \p_psf_u dpp 2005-09_u syg_pA 2010-14dp 16 % h^y flu.

-B.k. 2010-14dp kp\u dpV$p r_L$pkL$pf flgp AdqfL$p, friep, Qu_, S>d_u, pk
S>hp `pQ v$ip_u keyL$s r_L$pk rlkv$pfu 74 % flu lsu. AdqfL$p A_ friepA
dmu_ Ly$g 58 % r_L$pk_u Ap`|rs L$fu.
-B.k. 2010-14dp Qu_ S>d_u_ `pR>m fpMu_ uSy> kp\u dpVy$ lr\epf r_L$pkL$pf
fp$ b_u Ney R>. rhqv$s R> L$, hj 2005-09dp Qu_ Ap bpbs _hdp \p_ lsy.
-e|fpùe kO_p v$fL$ v$ip_u cNp dmu_ Ly$g r_L$pk B.k. 2005-09_u syg_pA B.k.
2010-14dp 16 % S>V$gu ApR>u flu. S> hj 2005-09dp AdqfL$p L$ friep L$fsp `Z
h^y lsu.
-B.k. 2010-14dp kp\u dpV$p `pQ ApepsL$pf v$i lsp, cpfs, kpDv$u Afb, Qu_,
AdqfL$p, `pqL$sp_. Ap `pQ v$ipA dmu_ Ly$g lr\epf Apepsp_u 33 % pu L$fu
lsu.
-B.k. 2005-09 A_ 2010-14 hQ AprL$p_p v$ipdp lr\epfp_u Apepsdp 45 %,
Ariepdp 37 %, de`|hdp 25 % A_ AdqfL$pdp 7 % h^pfp \ep R>.
-B.k. 2010-14dp friepA cpfs_ lr\epf_u Ap`|rs 70 %, AdqfL$pA 12 % A_
BTfpeg 17 % L$fu R>.
-B.k. 2005-09 `lgp cpfs_ AdqfL$p `pk\u lr\epf dmhhpdp dyL$gu `X$su
lsu. L$, lh V$X$ bv$gpep R>. B.k. 2010-14dp Apeps ANpD L$fsp 15 % h^y flu
lsu. S>dp AV$u-kbdqf_ hpfaf Af$pV$ kpdg lsp. sdS> hj 2014_u kdS|>rs
A_ykpf 22 gX$pL|$ lrgL$pV$f `Z dmi.
drlgpAp `y$jp L$fsp h^y AphL$_p

rlkp Of dpL$g R> -Aee_
h[L$ fus ^_ hpl_p kQpg_dp drlgpAp_u c|rdL$pdp h^pfp \ep R>.
AL$ h[L$ rhgnZ pfp Zhpdp Apey R> L$, `y$jp_u syg_pA drlgpAp
`psp_u AphL$_p dpV$p cpN `psp_p Of dpL$g R>. lh kde Aphu Nep R> L$,
`psp_p `qfhpf_u Apr\L$ S>$fuepsp_ `yfu L$fhp drlgpAp pfp Apr\L$
rhL$pk_p h^pfpdp r_cphpB flgu c|rdL$p_ ApmM Ap`hpdp Aph.
hsdp_ hj Apsffp$ue dps qv$hk_ Ahkf d_u V$pkaf krhk hV$_
e|r_e_ Ap Aee_ L$fhp dpV$ AL$ khnZ L$ey lsy L$, _hp Ahkfp_u
sgpidp kudp `pf S>su Apsffp$ue hpku drlgpAp h[L$ A\eh\p
A_ `psp_p Ofp_u A\eh\pAp `f L$hp Apr\L$ cph `pX$ R> ?
Aee_dp Zhp dey lsy L, `y$j A_ drlgp b_ `psp_p _pZp_
drlgpAp_p _pd dpL$g R>. (b ssuepi pL$sp drlgpAp R>) S>\u Of_p
Apr\L$ b^__p d|mdp drlgpAp_p dlh_ bm dm R>. BV$f_i_g
ApN_pBTi_ Apa dpBNi_ A_ykpf Apsffp$ue drlgp hpku Ly$g
dmu_ `y$jp S>V$gy S> ^_ dpL$g R>. L$, s `y$jp_u syg_pA ApRy> L$dpe R>.
S>\u Of dpL$ghpdp Aphsu Ap fL$d syg_pdL$ $` sd_u AphL$_p dpV$p
rlkp lpe R>.
-21 % drlgpAp _pZp k\p_dp bQs L$f R>.
-13.4 % drlgp BgL$V$pr_L$ `dV$ sL$_uL$_p DèpN L$f R>.
-h[L$ sf 46.6 % drlgpAp_p Ar^L$s _pZp k\p_pdp Mpsp R>.
A\eh\p_u lgQg
akbyL$ ipt`N kQ A[S>_
"^ apHX$' _y Ar^NlZ L$ey
B.k. 2006dp cpfsue d|m ^fphsp rihLy$dpf A_ i[sL$ps MX$ghpg
\p`gu ipt`N kQ A[S>_ "^ apHX$' _y Ar^NlZ akbyL$ pfp 14
dpQ_p fpS> L$fhpdp Apey R>.
Ap Ar^NlZ kp\ akbyL$ B-L$pdk_p ndp hi L$ep R>. S>_p lsy
akbyL$_p rhop`_ ndp ky^pfp L$fhp_p R>.
L$p`pfV$ dpge hj 2014_p V$pQ_p

10 L$p`pfV$ ApL$X$p fu L$ep
L$p`pfV$ dpge pfp hj 2014_p V$pQ_p 10 L$p`pfV$_p ApL$X$pAp fu
\ep lsp. S>dp 8 kphS>r_L$ n_p s\p 2 Mp_Nu n_p D`$d kpdg lsp.
-Ap ApL$X$p 415,886 L$`_uAp_p ApL$X$p `f Ap^pqfs R>. S> L$`_uA hj
2013/14 dpV$ `psp_u bgk iuV$dp _hbf 2014 kyû fS|> L$fu lsu.
-415,886 L$`_uAp_u Ly$g AqL$s k`r 117.08 gpM L$fpX$ $rèp s\p
V$pQ_u 10 L$`_uAp_u if k`r_y Ly$g d|e $` dpQ 2014dp 15.3 % lsy.
V$pQ_p L$p`pfV$ A_ k`r_y d|e

1. qfgpek BX$V$uT rgrdV$X$(3.68 gpM L$fpX$)
2. ApB.Ap.ku.(2.52 gpM L$fpX$)
3. AQ.X$u.Aa.ku. (2.25 gpM L$fpX$)
4. A_.V$u.ù.ku. (1.80 gpM L$fpX$)
5. NpduZ rhysuL$fZ r_Nd (1.53 gpM L$fpX$)
6. `phf NuX$ L$p`pfi_ (1.40 gpM L$fpX$)
7. Ag.ApB.ku. lpDtkN apB_pk ( 95.777 L$fpX$)
8. V$ug Ap\pqfV$u Apa B[X$ep(91.962 L$fpX$)
9. cpfs kQpf r_Nd rgrdV$X$(89.333 L$fpX$)
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
36
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S>hplfgpg _l$ e|r_hrkV$u_p A\ip_p pakf s\p B.k. 2000\u 2005

v$frdep_ qv$lu e|r_hrkV$u_p Ly$g`rs flgp A\ipu p. v$u`L$ _pef pfp
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Akpfu_p ls \ey R>.
p. v$u`L$ _pef_u Ae `ysL$p

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2. dpB$p BL$p_prdk AX$ |d_ X$hg`dV$
3. rgbfgpBTi_ AX$ X$hg`dV$
4. V$X$ AX$ gpbgpBTi_
5. V$rbrgV$u rh\ Np\: dpB$p BL$p_prdk, rgbfgpBTi_ AX$ X$hg`dV$
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`pgp d V$fu qX$gp d ku -ùL$k
`k`[V$h' _y rhdpQ_ hsdp_ gpL$kcp
Aen kyrdp dlpS>__p ls 19 dpQ \ey.
Ap `ysL$_y L$pi_ gpL$kcp krQhpge
pfp \ey R>.
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kpdg L$ep R>. sdS> `ysL$dp rhv$i _urs_ ApNm h^pfhp A_ Apsffp$ue
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`ysL$ gpL$kcp Aen A_ cpfsue kkv$ue ri$dX$m_p _spAp_u rhv$i
eppAp v$frdep_ Apsffp$ue kdg_pdp A`pegp `kv$Nu_p cpjZp A_
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_y rhdpQ_ \B QyL$ey R>. gML$ Ap
hprZS>e A_ DpN dpge pfp 2 dpQ_p fpS> fu \egp ApL$X$pAp
A_ykpf L$pQy sg A_ Ly$v$fsu Nk_p D`pv$_dp OV$pX$p \sp byr_epv$u
DpNp_p h[^v$f eyApfu 2015dp OV$u_ 1.8 % fp R>. S> `pR>gp 13
dpkdp kp\u _uQgp sf R>. rhqv$s R> L$, eyApfu 2014dp s 3.7 % s\p
qX$kbf 2014dp 2.4 % lsp.
f`p fV$ v$fdp 0.25 % _p OV$pX$p

spL$prgL$ Adgdp Aph s fus cpfsue qfTh bL$ pfp f`p fV$dp 0.25
% _p OV$pX$p 4 dpQ_p fpS> L$fhpdp Apep R>. Ap OV$pX$p kp\. f`p fV$ lh 7.5 %
S>V$gp fli. rhqv$s R> L$, `pR>gp b dpk\u `Z ApR>p kdedp buhpf Ap
OV$pX$p L$fhpdp Apep R>.
f`p fV$_p OV$pX$p_p `Ng Aphpk, hpl_ A_ L$p`pfV$ gp_ ksu \hp_u
Apip R>.
2015
`ysL$_p dped\u hqV$L$__p 200 hj_p Brslpk A_ hqV$L$_ bL$ A_ L$\prgL$

QQ_u `|Z fus hs _pZp k\p \hp_p flede `n_ fSy> L$fhp_u L$prij
L$fu R>. sdS> fpS>_ursL$ L$php A_ L$\prgL$ QQ_u cusf_p L$pdL$pS> rhj dprlsu
Ap`hpdp Aphu R>. `ysL$ S>Zph R> L$, L$hu fus hqV$L$_ ^p_p L$\u kp
A_ ^__p L$dp `qfhrss \B Ney.
"ApsL$ L$ kpe d'

gML$/rad r_dpsp Nqfdp kS>e pfp gurMs `ysL$
"ApsL$ L$ kpe d' _y rhdpQ_ D`fp$`rs Ad. lrdv$
AkpfuA 31 dpQ L$ey lsy.
`ysL$dp vy$r_epcfdp agpegp ApsL$hpv$ A_ kdpS> `f
`X$sp s_p cphp `f_p rhQpfp v$iphhp kp\ S>Zphpey R> L$,
L$hu fus ApsL$hpv$_p cph AL$ e[s `f _lu, `fsy A
e[s_p `qfhpf kp\ ApMp kdpS> `f `X$ R>. kp\ kp\
`ysL$dp kdpS>dp eyhsuAp/bpmpAp e \sp ehlpf A_
v$lS> S>hp kpdprS>L$ vy$jZ `f `Z V$u`Zu L$fhpdp Aphu R>.
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rbV$__u iplu V$L$ipm `pR>gp 1100 S>V$gp hj\u v$i dpV$ rk$p_u
qX$TpB_ sepf L$f R>. iplu V$L$ipm_u Ap hr 13du kv$u\u de gX$_dp
i$ \B lsu. lh Ap iplu V$L$ipm pfp 2 dpQ 2015_p fpS> gX$_ _i_g
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`lfgp 88 hj}e dlpfpZu_y rQ AqL$s L$fhpdp Apey R>.
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iplu V$L$ipm kgplL$pf krdrs pfp rk$p_u qX$TpB_ sepf L$fhp dpV$
AL$ rseprNsp ApeprS>s L$fhpdp Aphu lsu. S>dp Qpkgf_u cgpdZ
A_ dlpfpZu_u Arsd dS|>fu bpv$ L$gpL$ pfp b_phpegu qX$TpB__ `kv$
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3. B.k. 2010dp dy$bpTu bv$g ` u `yfL$pf -32 hj_u he_p dfu L$pd Mgdp\u kepk bpv$ drZ`yf_p Bapg Mps b_u flgu sd_u dyL$L$bpTu_u AL$pv$du
kQprgs L$fi.
4. B.k. 2013dp ` cyjZ `yfL$pf
h_ X$ q$L$V$dp kp\u TX$ù kv$u ApV$rgep_u q$L$V$ V$ud_p L$p_

lprid AdgpA `|Z L$fu
rhL$`_u `|g bu dQ v$frdep_ L$_bfp_p d_yL$p Aphg Mps dpBL$g L$gpL$_u h_ X$ q$L$V$_ Agrhv$p
ApV$rge_ q$L$V$ V$ud_p L$p_ dpBL$g L$gpL$ rhL$`-2015_u apB_g dQ

e|TugX$ kpd fdu_ 74 f_ b_pep bpv$ `psp_u h_ X$ L$pfqL$v$}_p As gphhp_u
OpjZp L$fu lsu.
dpBL$g L$gpL$ ApV$rgep_ rhL$` rhS>sp b_ph_pf Qp\p L$p_ R>. Ap `lgp
Ag_ bpX$f(1987), V$uh hp(1999), qfL$u `pqV$N(2003, 2007) _p _sh sm
Apku V$ud rh Qrè_ b_u QyL$u R>.
rhqv$s R> L$, dpBL$g L$gpL$ 245 Apsffp$ue h_ X$ dQpdp 44.42 _u kffpi\u
7,981 f_ b_phu QyL$ep R>. S>dp 8 isL$ A_ 58 A^ isL$ kpdg R>. sdZ 73 h_ X$
u gL$p_u q$L$V$ V$ud_p `|h L$p_ A_ bV$kd_ Ly$dpf kNpL$pfpA dQdp L$p_ri` r_cphu R>. S>dp 49dp rhS>sp fp lsp. sdS> 108 V$V$ dQ fdu_
ApNpdu ApNV$ 2015dp cpfs rh$^_u Z V$V$ dQp_u kuqfT bpv$ 50.79 _u kffpi\u 8,432 f_ b_pep R>. S>dp 28 isL$ A_ 27 A^ isL$ kpdg R>.
V$V$ q$L$V$_ Agrhv$p L$fhp_u OpjZp 8 dpQ L$fu lsu. sdZ V$hV$u-20
q$L$V$dp\u hj 2014dp kepk gu^p lsp. rhL$` bpv$ h_ X$ dQpdp\u
`Z kepk gu^p R>.
-kNpL$pfp V$V$ q$L$V$dp `pQdp kp\u h^y f_ b_ph_pf MgpX$u R>. sdZ
58.66_u kffpi\u 130 V$V$ dQdp 12.203 f_ b_pep R>.
`\ Mps 4 dpQ_p fpS> ApV$rgep_u q$L$V$ V$ud AaOpr_sp_ rh$^_u dQdp
-h_ X$ q$L$V$dp 13,430 f_ b_phhp kp\ h_ X$ qL$V$dp u gL$p_p kp\u q$L$V$ rhL$`_p Brslpk_p kp\u dpV$p L$pf \d bV$]N L$fu_ 417 f_ b_pep lsp.
h^y f_ b_ph_pf q$L$V$f R>.
S>_p S>hpbdp AaOpr_sp__u V$ud 37.3 Aphfdp 142 f_ b_phu_ Apg ApDV$ \B
-hj 2015_p q$L$V$ rhL$`dp kss Qpf isL$ b_phhp kp\ Ap L$pf_u NB lsu. Ap dQ ApV$rgepA 275 f_\u su gsp rhL$` V|$_pdV$dp kp\u h^y f__p
rkû dmhu_ q$L$V$ Brslpkdp \d bV$kd_ b_u Nep R>.
Asf_u s sfuL$ _p^pB R>. Ap fL$pX$ `lgp cpfs_p _pd lsp. S>dp cpfs 19 dpQ
-B.k. 2011dp ApB.ku.ku. AhpX$ kdpfpldp h_ X$ q$L$V$f Apa ^ ef 2007_p fpS> hu_ `pL$ Aphg Mps bfd|X$p rh$^ 413 f_ b_pep lsp A_ 257 f__p
dpV$ _pdpL$_ `pep lsp s\p hj 2012dp rhX$_ q$L$V$f Apa ^ ef \u saphs\u rhS>sp \ey lsy.
kdpr_s \ep lsp.
ApefgX$ rh$^_u h_ X$ dQ v$frdep_ v$. AprL$p_p q$L$V$f lprid

AdgpA 3 dpQ_p fpS> 128 bpg fdu_ 159 f_ b_pep lsp. S>dp 9
Qp$p A_ 2 rkL$kf kpdg lsp.
Ap kv$u kp\ S> sAp rhfpV$ L$plgu_p 133 v$phdp \egp fL$pX$ spX$u_
`psp_u L$pfqL$v$}dp dp 108 v$ph fdu_ 20dy isL$ `yZ L$ey lsy.
Ly$dpf kNpL$pfp V$V$ q$L$V$_ Agrhv$p L$fi
ApV$rgepA q$L$V$ rhL$` Brslpk_p

kp\u dpV$p L$pf _p^pep
Ly$dpf kNpL$pfp A_ dlgp

S>eh^__u h_ X$ r$L$V$_ Agrhv$p
ApB.ku.ku. hX$
q$L$V$ V$ud Oprjs
u gL$p_p q$L$V$ MgpX$u Ly$dpf kNpL$pfp

A_ dlgp S>eh^_A Apsffp$ue h_ X$
q$L$V$dp\u 18 dpQ kepk gu^p R>. b_
MgpX$uApA q$L$V$ rhL$` `lgp S>
r_hr_u OpjZp L$fu lsu.
bX$_ V$gf_u Apsffp$ue q$L$V$_ Agrhv$p

qTbph_p q$L$V$f bX$_ V$gf 14 dpQ Apsffp$ue q$L$V$dp\u kepk
gu^p R>. q$L$V$ rhL$`dp N` bu dp cpfs kpd_u dQdp 5fpS>e \hp kp\ S>
sd_u L$pfqL$v$} `|Z \B lsu. sAp rhL$`dp kss b hpf isL$ b_ph_pf
qTbph_p \d MgpX$u lsp.
2015
q$L$V$ rhL$` 2015 kdp

\hp kp\ S> ApB.ku.ku. pfp
`psp_u 12 kvep_u hX$ q$L$V$
V$ud 29 dpQ Oprjs L$fhpdp
Aphu. Ap V$uddp A L $`Z
cpfsue MgpX$u_p kdphi \ep
_\u. Ap V$uddp vy $ r_ep_p
`kv$Nu_p MgpX$uAp_ S> \p_
Ap`hpdp Aph R>.
Vud k|Qu
1. bX$_ dLy$gd (e|TugX$)-L$p_
2. dpqV$_ Ny[g (e|TugX$)
3. Ly$dpf kNpL$pfp (u gL$p)
-rhL$V$ qL$`f
4. V$uh_ du\ (ApV$rgep)
5. A.bu. qX$rhrgek (v$.AprL$p)
6. g_ dkhg (ApV$rgep)
7. L$pfu AX$fk_ (e|TugX$)
8. X$r_eg rh$pfu (e|TugX$)
9. rdig V$pL$ (ApV$rgep)
10. V$V$ bpV$ (e|TugX$)
11. dp_} dpL$g (v$.AprL$p)
12. bX$_ V$gf (rTbph)
Mg S>Ns_u l
gQg
41
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ApB.ku.ku. r$L$V$ rhL$` 2015dp ApV$rgepA e|TugX$_ `fps L$ey

Ap.ku.ku. q$L$V$ rhL$` h_ X$ q$L$V$_u Apsffp$ue Qrè_iu` R>. S>_y ApepS>_
eL$ Qpf hj Apsffp$ue q$L$V$ `qfjv$(ApB.ku.ku.) pfp L$fhpdp Aph R>. Aepf kyûdp
11 S>V$gu rhL$` rseprNsp epB NB R>. 11du rhL$` Qrè_ri`_y ApepS>_ 14
abyApfu 2015\u 29 dpQ 2015 kyû ApV$rgep A_ e|rTgX$ Mps keys fus \ey lsy.
rhL$`dp Ly$g 14 V$udA cpN gu^p lsp. S>dp HgX$, u gL$p, ApV$rgep, e|TugX$,
bpgpv$i, AaOpr_sp_, L$pV$gX$, v$.AprL$p, cpfs, `pqL$sp_, hV$B[X$T, rTbph,
ApefgX$, ey.A.B. S>hu V$udpA rlkp gu^p lsp.
L$hpV$f apB_g_p `qfZpd

-L$hpV$f apB_g 1 : v$.AprL$pA u gL$p_ `fps L$ey.
-L$hpV$f apB_g 2 : cpfs bpgpv$i_ `fps L$ey.
-L$hpV$f apB_g 3 : eyTugX$ hV$B[X$T_ `fps L$ey.
-L$hpV$f apB_g 4 : ApV$rgepA `pqL$sp__ `fps L$ey.
kdu apB_g_p `qfZpd
q$L$V$ rhL$` rhS>spAp_u k|Qu

hj
kdu apB_g 1 : e|TugX$ v$.AprL$p_ `fps L$ey.

kdu apB_g 2 : ApV$$rgepA cpfs_ `fps L$ey.
rhS>sp
hV$ B[X$T
hV$ B[X$T
cpfs
ApV$rgep
`pqL$sp_
1996 u gL$p
1975
1979
1983
1987
1992
rhL$`_u apB_g dQ
ApV$rgep_p dgbp_ q$L$V$ NpDX$ Mps apB_g
dQdp ApV$rgepA e|TugX$_ `fps L$fu_ rhL$`
rhS>sp_p rMspb lpkg L$ep lsp. e|TugX$ \d bqV$N
L$fu_ 45 Aphfdp 183 f__p L$pf _p^phu_ Apg ApDV$
\B Ney lsy. S>hpbu$` ApV$rgepA 33.1 Aphf fdu_ 3
rhL$V$ Nydphhp kp\ 186 f_ b_phu_ rhS>e p L$ep lsp.
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17,50,000 AdqfL$u X$pgf v$p_ \ep lsp. V|$_pdV$dp
ApV$rgep_p rhS>e kp\ sAp Ap V$pau `pQduhpf p
L$fu QyL$ep R>. sdS> Ap s kp\ ApV$rgep rMspb
s_pf bu dS>bp_ v$i b_u Nep R>. Ap `lgp hj
2011dp cpfs \dhpf `psp_u dS>bp_udp rhL$`
rhS>sp \ey lsy.
apB_g dQdp "d_ Apa ^ dQ' S>k apL$_f s\p
"d_ Apa ^ kuqfT' rdig V$pL$ Oprjs \ep lsp.
D`rhS>sp
dS>bp_
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HgX$
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hV$ C[X$T
cpfs/u gL$p/ bpgpv$i
ApV$rgep/e|TugX$
1999
ApV$rgep
`pqL$sp_
2003
2007
2011
ApV$rgep
ApV$rgep
cpfs
ApV$rgep
cpfs
u gL$p
u gL$p
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2015
B.k. 1992dp \dhpf ApV$rgep A_ e|TugX$dp q$L$V$ rhL$`_y

ApepS>_ \ey lsy. S>dp `pqL$sp_ rhS>sp fy lsy.
kQu_ sXy$gL$f B.k. 2011_p rhL$` bpv$ buhpf ApB.ku.ku. pfp q$L$V$
rhL$` 2015_p bpX$ AbkX$f sfuL$ _prds \ep lsp.
rhL$`dp X$bg isL$ b_ph_pf

dpqV$_ Ny[g bu r$L$V$f bep
ApB.ku.ku. rhL$` 2015_u Qp\u L$hpV$f apB_g dQdp hV$B[X$T_u
rh$^_u dQdp htgNV$__p hV$ `L$ V$qX$eddp e|TugX$_p bV$kd_ dpqV$_
Ny[g _pV$ ApDV$ 237 f_ b_pep lsp. S> Ap rhL$`_p khpQ L$pf R>. Ly$g
163 bpgdp 24 Qp$p A_ 11 kuL$kf_u dv$v$\u b_phgp Ap f_dp `psp_y
X$bg isL$(200 f_) dp 152 bpgdp `|Z L$ey lsy.
Ap dQdp e|TugX$ hV$B[X$T kpd 394 f___y gepL$ fpey lsy. S>_p
S>hpbdp hV$B[X$T_u V$ud 30.3 Aphfdp 250 f_ ApgApDV$ \B NB lsu.
ANe_y
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Ny[g X$bg isL$ b_phsp sAp rhL$`dp X$bg isL$ b_ph_pf bu bV$kd_ b_u Nep R>.
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rh_p `pQdp MgpX$u bep R>.
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NBg X$bg isL$ b_phu QyL$ep R>.
2015
ApB.ku.ku. pfp
h_ X$ q$L$V fqL$N$
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fL$
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2
3
4
5
6
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116
112
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pfp hr_ D`_ \hp_u.......
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rbV$__p epL$ e|r_hrkV$u_p ip^L$spApA Ahu bpbsp_p epNp pfp kprbrsAp
dmhu lsu L$, rkspfp pfp hr_ D`_ \B iL$ R>.
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L$np `|Z L$f_pf X$p_ \d `k $pV$ b_u Ney R>.
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`k $paV$ rhipm ny Nlp_u dprlsu dmhu lsu. sdS> _hu Asf[$
D`g^ L$fphhp kp\ vy$r_ep\u v|$f_u lfp shufp D`g^ L$fphu lsu.
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`psp_u pL$rsL$ Ak$rds L$rs dpV$ Zusp R>. s `yfsu dppdp D`g^ _\u
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-ApB.V$u.bu.ù. dp \dhpf drlgp Ar^L$pfuAp_u cfsu L$fhp_p
r_Ze \ep R>.
-Apsffp$ue S>mdpN, bv$f, rit`N S>hp n ky^pfpAp dpV$
kpdpe S>_sp s\p cpfsue _p hl_ kp\ X$pegp rhijop
`pk\u A_pMp rhQpf A_ kyQ_p Apdqs L$fhp_p lsy\u L$[e
du _urs_ NX$L$fu pfp 3 dpQ_p fpS> "rit`N khpv$' hbkpBV$
gpQ L$fhpdp Aphu.
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dpQ_p fpS> dyedu dprZL$ kfL$pf pfp i$ L$fhpdp Apey.
-dev$i_p MX$hp rS>gp_p X$p[gep Npd Mps hX$p^p_
_fcpB dpv$uA 5 dpQ_p fpS> u tkNp rhys `qfepS>_p_p
AL$dp_y Dv$OpV$_ L$ey. Ap epS>_p fpe kfL$pf_u AV$g eprs
Arcep__ TX$` v$p_ L$fi. S>_p lsy fpe_ 24#7 rhS>mu
D`g^ L$fphhp_p R>.
-fnp Ar^NlZ `qfjv$(X$u.A.ku.) pfp [hV$TfgX$ `pk\u
1500 L$fpX$_u fL$d_p 38 `gV$k rinL$ rhdp_p Mfuv$hp_u
kdS|>rs_ dS|>fu Ap`hpdp Aphu R>.
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fpS> fv$ L$fu v$hpdp Aphu R>. rhqv$s R> L$, dy[gd A_pds kbû
Aepv$i L$p_|_dp $`psqfs _ \hp_ L$pfZ Ap kb^_p Aepv$i_u
Ahr^ 2 qX$kbf 2014_p fpS> kdp \B NB lsu.
-c|rd Ar^NlZ (kip^_) rhêL$, 2015 gpL$kcpdp 10 dpQ
hr_ ds\u `kpf \ey.
-gpL$kcpdp 3 dpQ_p fpS> dpV$f hpl_(kip^_) rhêL$ hr_ ds
pfp `kpf \ey. Ap rhêL$_p lsy B-funp A_ B-NpX$uAp_ L$p_|__p
v$pefpdp gphu_ dpV$f hpl_ Ar^r_ed 1988dp kip^_ L$fhp_p R>.
2015
-qv$lu kfL$pf pfp 11 dpQ_p fpS> V$pQ_p kfL$pfu L$dQpfuAp_

A`pegu _pZp MQ L$fhp_u i[sAp h^pfhp_p r_Ze \ep R>.
-L$[e h du kspjLy$dpf NNhpf Df `|h ndp ep V$kV$pBg
D`pv$_ dpV$ 430 L$fpX$ $rèp_u `qfepS>_p_u OpjZp 25 dpQ L$fu R>.
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r_eqs ^yhue luL$g 25 dpQ fp$_ kdr`s L$ey. S>_ hv$idp
rhL$rks qfdpV$ r_eqs ^yhue luL$g sfuL$ `Z ApmMu iL$pe R>. S>_p
rhL$pk AV$pL$qV$L$p Mps Ap`Zp hopr_L$pA rh`qfs dpkd ^fphsp
^yhue ndp L$ep. Ap kyrh^p_ L$pfZ v$i_u dpkd_u `|hp_ydp_
gNphhp_u ndspdp h^pfp \i.
-L$pgkp MpZ(rhij NhpB) rhêL$ 2015 gpL$kcpdp 4 dpQ_p
fpS> `kpf \ey.
-ù.X$u.Ak. vy$L$p_pdp \B flgu Ar_erdssp A_ Ah^ gpcp\}Ap
pfp _L$gu fi_ L$pX$_p dped\u DW$phpB flgp gpcp_ AV$L$phhp dpV$
dlpfp$ kfL$pf pfp Ap^pf kp\ X$pegp fi_ L$pX$ fu L$fhp_p
sph_ 3 dpQ_p fpS> dS|>fu v$p_ \B R>.
-Akd fpe rh^p_kcpdp fpe_p rhij v$f bfL$fpf fpMhp_p
sph khkdr\u 4 dpQ_p fpS> `kpf \ep R>. sph_p dped\u
L$ kfL$pf_ fpe_p rhij v$fSp mhu fpMhp r_hv$_ L$fhpdp
Aphg R>.
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L$fphpsu L$bg V$u.hu. khpAp `f gpN| d_psp khp NyZhp_p dp`v$X$
r_ed_ Ar^k|rQs L$ep R>.
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^pfp 328 A_ykpf dpdgp _p^hp_u lfps L$fu R>.
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Akk v|$OV$_p Ns \sp 30 S>V$gp gpL$p_p dey A_ 150 S>V$gp gpL$p
Opeg \ep lsp.
-h dpge_p L$[e L$pig rhL$pk A_ Ddiugsp rhcpN AL$ _hp
k\p_ lsri` Ah L$pgu_ n L$pig `qfjv$ _u fQ_p L$fu R>. Ap
fQ_p hX$p^p_ _fcpB dpv$u pfp L$pig rhL$pk_ bm v$p_ L$fhp
\B R>.
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h^pfhp Z _ursNs `lg_p sph fpep R>. (1) L$[e ùqX$s
hmsf L$pj (2) Bh[V$h e|r_V$k Ap_ $pBd ANBV$ hyd_(3)
Agug Ap_gpB_ kpdNu_u v$MfM L$fhp dpV$_u `lg.
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`pV$gef Mps ipAg b kep 8 `f QybL$ue hîpmp_y Dv$OpV$_ L$ey.
S> c|L$ùe NrsrhrÂp `f _Tf fpMi.
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B-$prs fp$ue B-Nh_k gp_ (A_.B..ù.) 2.0 _p [$L$pZ
A_ dye OV$L$p_ dS|>fu Apù.$Ap L$pe$d qX$qTV$g cpfs L$pe$d_p AL$
dlh`|Z sc R>.
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
44
MgS>Ns
Apsffp$ue
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ds _lu dmhu iL$hp_ L$pfZ fp_pdy Apey.
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A_|chu fpS>_preL$ X$rhX$ lg_ _prds L$fhpdp Apep R>.
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v$idp L$b L$fhp_u bpbs ed_ Mps rhpluAp kpd 25 dpQ\u ke
Arcep_ i$ L$ey R>. kpDv$u Afb_p _sh sm Ap Arcep_dp X$_,
k|v$p_, rd, dpfp$p, `pqL$sp_, blfu_, Ly$hs, L$sf A_ keyL$s
Apfb Ardfps X$pep R>.
-Dfu AaOpr_sp__u `S>iuf OpV$udp 1 dpQ_p fpS> cyMg_ \ey
lsy. S>_ L$pfZ ceL$f sbplu \B R>. S> `pR>gp 30 hjdp Ap n_u
kp\u dpV$u pL$rsL$ Ap`r dp_hpdp Aphu flu R>.
-rd_u AL$ Av$pgs `gV$pB_ kNW$_ ldpk_ ApsL$hpv$u kNW$_p_u
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ku_pB u`dp rhpluAp_y kd\_ L$fhp_p Apfp` R>. Ap r_Ze
rddp _hp ApsL$hpv$ rh$^ L$p_|_ bpv$ \ep R>.
-u gL$_ k_p_p c|s`|h dyM kfs ap_kL$p_ v$i_p khpQ ke `v$
raX$ dpig \u 22 dpQ fp$`rs dur\qf`pgp u k_pA ApsL$hpv$ `f
rhS>e dmhhp bv$g kdpr_s L$ep. Ap `v$\u kdpr_s \_pf \d
u gL$pB k_p Ar^L$pfu bep R>. sd_p _sh sm 26 hj kyû Qpggy
_pNqfL$ ey^ 2009dp Msd \ey. S>dp Ag.V$u.V$u.B. _p rhpluAp_ u
gL$_ k_pA lpf Apù lsu.
-e|epL e|r_hrkV$u pfp AL$ _hu `lg_u i$Aps L$fu_ ey.Ak.dp
S>gdp L$v$uAp_ rirns L$fhp rS>_ AeyL$i_ pNpd_u i$Aps \B
R>. Ap pNpd_p Aen cpfsue/AdqfL$u p. r_rMg`pgtkl R>.
-AdqfL$u fp$`rs bfpL$ Apbpdp pfp hj 2015_p As kyûdp
AaOpr_sp_dp\u k_p hp`ku_u q$ep ûdu L$fu_ 9800 S>V$gp
kr_L$p_ fpMhp dpV$ OpjZp \B R>.
-vy$jZdp OV$pX$p L$fhp_p lsy\u Qu_ 24 dpQ 845 dNphpV$_y `psp_y
Arsd L$pgkp Ap^pqfs rhS>mu ke hj 2016 kyûdp b^ L$fhp_p
r_Ze L$ep R>. S> bBrS>Ndp Aphgy R>.
-cpfs A_ Qu_ hQ rhij rsr_rÂp pfp 24 dpQ kudp bpbs
_hu qv$lu Mps 18dp v$pf_u QQp epB NB.
r_^_
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13du, 14du, gpL$kcp s\p 15du gpL$kcpdp L$plp`yf bW$L$ `f\u kpkv$
flgp A_.ku.ù. _sp kv$prih fph v$pv$pbp dpX$rgL$ 10 dpQ 83 hj_u he
r_^_ `pep.
-DpN`rs qv$`L$ Msp_ 9 dpQ L$pgL$p Mps r_^_ `pep.
-B.k. 2011dp L$fm rh^p_kcp_p Aen b_gp s\p Ly$g 6 hpf L$fm
fpe_u rh^p_kcpdp QyV$php kp\ b V$d kyû du `v$ flgp L$fm
rh^p_kcp Aen . L$prsL$e_ 7 dpQ_p fpS> r_^_ `pep.
-fNdQ L$d} s\p B[X$e_ ù`k r\AV$f AkpkuAi__p fp$ue
dlpkrQh flgp s fOyhiu 7 dpQ_p fpS> rv$lu kav$fS>N lp[`V$g Mps
hpB_ agy \hp_ L$pfZ r_^_ `pep.
-21 Arg 1979 \u 17 abyApfu 1981_p kde v$frdep_ rblpf_p
dyedu s\p hj 1991,2009dp lp`yf kkv$ bW$L$ `f\u kpkv$ flgp
rblpf_u kp^pfu S>_spv$m(e|_pBV$X$)_ _sp fpdkyv$f v$pk `V$Zp Mps 6
dpQ_p fpS> r_^_ `pep.
-X$p. d_dpl_tkO_y _sh ^fphsu ey.ù.A.-1 kfL$pfdp `|hpf n_p
rhL$pk du s\p S>_rs dpdgp_p du flgp L$pNk _sp qf`g qL$qv$ep_y
r_^_ \ey. sAp dOpge_u fpS>_urs_p AL$ dyM e[s lsp.
-rdTpfd_p `|h dyedu rbNX$uef \_ayNp kgp_y 27 dpQ ApBTpg Mps
r_^_ \ey. k_pdp\u khpr_h \ep bpv$ sdZ B.k. 1975dp rdTpfd
ù`k L$pafk_u \p`_p L$fu_ hj 1977_u QyV$Zudp kamsp dmhu lsu.
-ApV$rgep_p `|h hX$p^p_ A_ rgbfg `pV$}_p _sp dgL$pd S>f 20 dpQ
r_^_ `pep. sAp ApV$rgep_p 22dp hX$p^p_ lsp A_ B.k. 1975\u
1983 kyû `v$pû_ fp lsp.
2015
-e|TugX$_p TX$ù bpgf L$pBg rdk pfp Apsffp$ue q$L$V$_p v$fL$

p$`dp\u kepk ghp_u OpjZp 31 dpQ \B.
-lpL$u B[X$ep pfp Z hMs_p Apgr`L$ kyhZ `v$L$ rhS>sp V$ud kv$e
flgp bgbuftkl kur_ef_ dS>f ep_Qv$ gpBaV$pBd AQuhdV$
-krbep_p V$r_k MgpX$u _phpL$ L$prhQ [hV$TfgX$_p fpS>f aX$ff_
lfphu_ B[X$e_ hk V$r_k V|$_pdV$-2015dp `y$j tkNgdp rhS>sp
\ep. epf drlgp hNdp fpdpr_ep_p drlgp V$r_k MgpX$u rkdp_p lpg`
eg_p L$prhQ_ `fps L$ep lsp.
-cpfs_p kpr_ep rdTp A_ [hV$TfgX$_p dpqV$_p tlrNk_u X$uA
bu.A_.bu. `qfbpk B[X$e_ hk Ap`_ V$r_k V|$_pdV$ 2015dp drlgp
eyNg_p rMspbdp friep_u Ag_p hk_u_p A_ AL$psqf_p dpL$pfphp_u
X$u_ kss b kV$dp `fps L$ep lsp.
-`pqL$sp__p q$L$V$ MgpX$u rdkbpl Dg lL$ A_ iprlv$ Apafuv$uA AL$
qv$hkue Apsffp$ue q$L$V$dp\u r_hr guû R>.
-Bfp_u V$pau q$L$V$ V|$_pdV$ 2015dp L$ZpV$L$ pfp ij cpfs_ 246 f_ lpf
Apù_ kss buhpf A_ Ly$g R>W$uhpf Bfp_u L$` q$L$V$ V|$_pdV$dp rhS>e
dmhhpdp Apep R>.
-e|TugX$_ rhL$`dp apB_g dQ kyû `lpQpX$hpdp dlh_y epNv$p_
Ap`_pf [`_ bpgf X$r_eg rhV$pfuA Apsffp$ue q$L$V$_p v$fL$
p$`dp\u kepk gu^p R>.
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2015_p \d kdu apB_gdp Qu__p MgpX$u ky_ e| _ lfphu_ Ap
V|$_pdV$dp apB_gdp `lpQ_pf \d cpfsue drlgp MgpX$u b_u Nep R>.
L$, `__p drlgp bX$tdV$_ MgpX$u L$fprg_p dpqf_ kpe_p _lhpg_
bd}^d Mps 8 dpQ apB_g dQdp lfphu_ rMspb p L$ep lsp.
-D$h _p V$pBL$f qX$ANp apfgp_ 12 dpQ_p fpS> Apsffp$ue
ayV$bpgdp\u kepk ghp_u lfps L$fu R>. sdZ Z rhL$`dp D$h_y
rsr_r^h L$ey lsy.
A\eh\p
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ky^pfhp _i_g e|r_hrkV$u Apa tkNp`yf kp\ kdS|>rs \B R>. S>_p lsy
cpfsdp h`pf_u kfmsp h^pfhp_p A_ rh bL$ A_ykpf cpfs_
hsdp_ 142dp \p_ `f\u V$pQ_p 50 v$ipdp gphhp_p R>.
-L$ kfL$pf 25 dpQ 2857.83 L$fpX$ $rèp_p 10 en rhv$iu
fpL$pZ(Aa.X$u.$ApB.) sphp_ dS|>fu Apù R>. Ap dS|>fu rhv$iu fpL$pZ
kh^_ bpX$ pfp 27 abyApfuA epegu bW$L$_u cgpdZp_p Ap^pf
Ap`hpdp Aphu R>.
rhrh^
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bv$g kyhZ `v$L$ p \ep. Ap `yfL$pf cpfsue NpduZ rh`Z_ kO pfp
ApeprS>s \ep lsp.
-cpfs_u hv$iu sL$_uL$_p Ap^pf rhL$rks A_ lhp\u lhpdp hpf L$fsu
rdkpBg A _y ApqX$kp_p Qpv$u`yf Mps\u kyMpB 30 gX$pL|$ rhdp_ pfp
18 dpQ kam `funZ \ey.
-cpfsue _p k_p pfp Immediate Support Vessels ApB.Ak.hu. T38,T-39, A_ T-40 _y rhipMp`$_d Mps _p k_p X$pL$epX$ `f 24 dpQ
S>gphsfZ \ey. Ap hkg `L$u b_y fpX$d` `_ A_ AL$_y Aby^pbu ri`
rbX$k (keys Apfb Ardfps) pfp r_dpZ \ey R>.
-fp$ue lqfs epepûfZ_p dyM eped|rs hsLy$dpf_u Aensp
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S>Zphu_ fgh_u k`r `f fgh gpB__u ApSy>bpSy> flsp gpL$p pfp
aL$hpdp Aphsp L$Qfp bpbs shp gpL$p `f 5,000 $rèp_p v$X$ L$fhp
S>Zpey lsy A_ h^ydp S>ppey lsy L$, fgh Ar^L$pfuAp fgh V$i_ A_
fgh gpB_ `f hR>sp A_ hR> èphfZ fpMhp L$se r_cph.
45
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
L$fV$ Aak_p _pf_y dlh`|Z kL$g_
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1. `pR>gp L$pL$qfep L$pr_hgdp L$pL$qfep_u `pm L$ep
v$i_u _epN_pAp_u _eL$gp hp dmu ?
-Qu_
2. `pR>gp L$pL$qfep L$pr_hg_u \ud L$B lsu ?
-_pfu hlpgdp hk_pfu
3. Apsffp$ue drlgp qv$hk r_rd NyS>fps_p
dyedu Ap_v$ub_ `V$g drlgp qv$hk A_ drlgp
dyedu sfuL$ `psp_p hrlhV$u L$pep dpV$ vy$fv$i_dp
kpqfs \sp L$ep kpprlL$ pNpddp BV$fey Apey ?
-sS>[h_u
4. AV$pL$qV$L$ dlpkpNfdp 1.4 dpBg sfu_ spS>sfdp rh
fL$pX$ b_ph_pf ?
-c[s idp
5. krQ_ sXy$gL$f `f Ap^pqfs hrQ ?
-200 _pV$ ApDV$
6. fp$ue bp[kN Qrè_ri`dp kyhZ QL$ rhS>sp ?
-ksujLy$dpf, kydrs kpNhp_
7. dlpdp dqv$f Mps v$pX$u Ly$V$uf kNlpge_y Dv$OpV$_ L$ep
qv$hk_u DS>hZu v$frdep_ \ey ?
-13dp hpku cpfsue qv$hk
8. spS>sfdp Ariep_p kp\u dpV$p kdylg_ L$ep epep ?
-MpX$g^pd
9. eyApfu 2015dp epeg hpBbV$ NyS>fps riMf
kdg_ L$V$gpdy lsy ?
-kpsdy
10. B-Nh_k `f_p fp$ue kdg_ L$ S>_y Dv$OpV$_
Ap_v$ub_ `V$g L$ey lsy, s_p rhje L$ep lsp ?
-"qX$qTV$g Nh_k-e| V$uef'
11. L$ey fpe v$i_y \d Ap`_ V$pBgV$ dys fpe b_i ?
-NyS>fps
12. drZ`yf fpedp ApX$ apk}k èg AV$_p
rhfp^dp _hbf 2000\u L$ep dp_hpr^L$pf L$peL$sp A_i_
L$fu fp R> ?
-Bfpd id}gp
13. B.k. 1880 bpv$ `hu `f_y kp\u h^y Nfd hj L$ey ?
COMPETITIVE INDIA
-2014
14. rhdp gpMX$ D`pv$_ n cpfs_y \p_ L$V$gpdy ?
-Qp\y
15. fp$ue bprgL$p qv$hk L$ep R> ?
-24 eyApfu
fpeL$np_p hssp `h(B.k. 2014) _u DS>hZu
L$ep \B ?
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16.
26. rdk e|r_hk 2014 sfuL$ L$p_u `kv$Nu \B ?
-`prg_p hNp(L$pgrbep)
27. rdk hX$ 2014 sfuL$ L$p_u `kv$Nu \B ?
-fpg_ V$pk(v$.AprL$p)
v$i_u \d ku.A_.. X$dy V$_ L$ep V$i_ hQ i$
\B ?
-fhpX$u/fplsL$
29. L$ kfL$pf pfp fS|> \egu A_ drlgpAp_ kyfnp
Apù rlds v$p_ L$fsu AL$uL$s dpbpBg A` L$B R> ?
-tlds
30. cpfs kfL$pf_y L$gX$f-2015 L$ep rhje kp\ fu \ey
?
-gu_ B[X$ep Nu_ B[X$ep
31. kyfs_ dpV$ rkV$u b_phhp L$p_u kp\ cpNuv$pfu \B ?
-dpB$pkpV$
32. V$pBk `k_ Apa ^ ef-2014 L$pZ lf \ey ?
-Bbpgp apBV$k
28.
33. TpfMX$_p dyedu L$pZ R> ?
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34. rhdp kp\u h^y eyhp hksu ^fphsp v$i ?
17. kpL$ `h kN fpS>^p_u qv$ludp `fX$dp rlkp

g_pf hpeyk_p_p drlgp Ar^L$pfuAp_y _sh L$f_pf
NyS>fpsu eyhsu ?
_lp iMphs
kpL$ `h (hj 2014)kN v$i_p dye Arsr\

L$pZ lsp ?
-tiTp Ab
19. spS>sfdp `pQdp fp$ue dsv$psp qv$hk L$epf DS>hpep
lsp ?
-25 eyApfu
20. L$pVy$r_$ Apf. L$. gdZ_p L$pV|$_ L$fL$V$f_y _pd ?
-L$pd_d_
21. Bkfp_p _hp Aen ?
-A.Ak. qL$fZLy$dpf
22. bpbp fpdv$h_ L$ep fpe_p bpX$ AbkX$f b_phpep ?
-lrfepZp
23."bV$u bQphp-bV$u cZphp' Arcep__p bpX$ AbkX$f
L$pZ ?
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24. hsdp_ hj NZs qv$hk_u DS>hZu kN dye
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NpX$ Apa Ap_f' _y r_qfnZ L$ey lsy. s_y _sh L$f_pf \d
drlgp Ar^L$pfu L$pZ R> ?
-thN L$dpX$f `| W$pLy$f
25. NyS>fpsu rad S>Nsdp "Arc_e kdpV$' sfuL$ L$pZ
Zusy R> ?
-D` qhvu$
18.
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35. dpDV$ AhfV$ kf L$f_pf \d cpfsue rhL$gpN
A$rZdptklp_p `ysL$ "bp_ ANB_ Ap_ ^ dpDV$_' _y
rhdpQ_ L$p_p ls \ey ?
-_fcpB dpv$u
2015
L$`V$uV$uh BrX$ep
36. "^ X$pdqV$L$ qX$L$X$ : ^ B[v$fp Npû ek'
`ysL$_p gML$ ?
-Zh dyMf
37. "NprS>ek Apa ^ L$pBS>' 3X$u dpbpBg Af
L$pbV$ Nd L$pZ i$ L$fu R> ?
-cpfsue hpeyk_p
38. rh NyS>fpsu kdpS>_p kfv$pf hgccpB
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s bpbs_u kp\L$sp kp\ bV$u bQphp Arcep__
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kNd-2015' _p Ahkf hX$p^p_ _fcpB
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R>.
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