Tips Tanaman Fertigasi Dan Natural Farming

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]
dan Pisang dapat meningkatkan mutu dan kualiti tanaman tanpa
PLANT BOOSTER
penggunaan bahan kimia.

alternatif kepada penggunaan bahan kimia (idris bald)
En. Wan Muhammad Zukarnain bin Baharudin seorang Pegawai
Pertanian yang berpengalaman dalam tanaman Fertigasi dan Organic
Farming yang berpusat di Bahagian Pembangunan Komoditi Serdang
Dalam negara menuju ke arah pengeluaran bahan makanan dan
telah menjalankan penyelidikan terhadap tanaman di atas dengan
produk pertanian yang lebih bermutu dan selamat dimakan, banyak
hasil yang sangat ketara dari segi pertumbuhan dan juga hasilnya.
kaedah penjagaan tanaman telah dijalankan seperti penggunaan

bahan organic dan Efektic MicroOrganisma (EM) telah digunakan.
Penyediaan EM
(Plant
Booster) mudah disediakan dengan
penggunaan bahan yang boleh didapati dengan perbelanjaan yang

Cara ini dapat mengurangkan penggunaan bahan kimia seterusnya
kecil seperti berikut:
mengurangkan kos pengeluaran serta memastikan pengeluaran bahan

makanan bebas dari bahan kimia.
EM ialah sekumpulan mikroorganisma yang hidup berkelompok di
Bahan-bahan penghasilan plant booster
sesuatu tempat. Ianya hidup berharmoni di dalam tanah bersama

tumbuhan
dengan
membekalkan
makanan
dan
memberi
perlindungan kepada serangga dan binatang kecil yang lain. EM

tempatan boleh dikumpul dan dibiak untuk memperbaiki dan
\Gula merah (1kg),
memulihkan tanah.
belacan(0.5kg),
Jabtan Pertanian telah berjaya membuktikan penggunaan EM (Plant
nanas (1kg),
Booster) ke atas beberapa tanaman seperti Rock Melon, Tomato, Cili

telur(10 biji),
1

dedak (0.5kg),
4: Buah labu yang dipotong dengan ketebalan 2mm, panjang 5-6cm

dan lebar 2-3 cm diletakkan dipermukaan media bahan yang telah
air (20L),
susu segar atau susu tepung (2L@kg),
pisang (1kg),
dicampur dan akhir sekali ragi yang telah dipecahkan ditabur ke atas
permukaan labu atau media. Langkah
5: Bekas tersebut ditutup secara separa anaerobik dan peram selama
seminggu. Produk ini dianggap matang apabila terdapat miselium
betik (1kg),
putih tumbuh di atas permukaan media dan berbau masam manis.
labu (1kg),
6: Setelah matang, plant booster dikacau dan ditapis sebelum

digunakan pada tanaman.
kangkong (1kg) dan

ragi (5 biji)
Aplikasi pada tanaman
Kaedah pembuatan Langkah
Plant Booster pekat perlu dicairkan terlebih dahulu sebelum
1: Bahan-bahan seperti belacan, nanas, pisang, betik dan kangkong
digunakan dilapangan dan kecairan mengikut sukatan seperti
perlu dikisar halus. Langkah
dibawah;
2: Bahan-bahan yang dikisar dicampur dengan telur, susu segar atau
i. Melon; Minggu (M) 1-2 (15ml/1Liter air), M 3-5 (20ml/L) dan M
susu tepung, dedak, gula merah dan air. Langkah
6-10 (30ml/L)
3: Kesemua bahan-bahan tersebut di masukkan ke dalam satu bekas
ii. Tomato; Minggu (M) 1-2 ( 10ml/1Liter air), M 3-5 (15ml/L), M 6-
kemudian dikacau. Langkah
8(20ml/L) dan M 9 keatas (25ml/L)

iii. Cili; Minggu (M) 1-2 ( 10ml/1Liter air), M 3-5 (20ml/L), M 6-
Pada masa yang sama, garam nitrat dan karbonat terbentuk. Kedua-
8(30ml/L) dan M 9 keatas (40ml/L). iv. Pisang; Minggu (M) 2
dua elemen ini dapat membantu menyuburkan tanah dan menjadi
( 10ml/1 liter air), M 4 (15ml/L), M 8 (20ml/L), M 10 (25ml/L), M
hormon serta nutrien semula jadi kepada tumbuhan.
12 ke atas hingga matang (30ml/L) setiap bulan.

Semua kaedah pembajaan dan kawalan perosak adalah mengikut
syor Jabatan Pertanian.
Dengan menggunakan
bahan buangan ini mudah ditemui di
dapur, anda mampu membawa keajaiban. Kulit buah, lebihan sayur

Anda boleh mencuba sendiri.......
dan bahan yang anda gunakan untuk memasak atau makan, adalah
kuncinya. Tukarkan ia kepada enzim dan anda dapat merawat dunia,
Bagi anda yang ingin keterangan lanjut, sila hubungi Bahagian
ujar seorang pengamal perubatan alternatif homeopati, Dr. Joean
Pembangunan Komoditi Jabatan Pertanian Serdang Tel: 03-8948
Oon.
6302 Fax: 03-8942 6616
Ilmu yang dipelajari daripada seorang pensyarah dan doktor dalam
Enzim Sampah
perubatan alternatif di Thailand, Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong, ini

mula mendapat perhatian dan kini memperoleh permintaan sehingga
Enzim pula secara amnya diketahui dapat menggalakkan atau

mempercepatkan proses kimia. Jadi penggunaannya dalam sungai
ke beberapa negara di rantau Asia Tenggara termasuk Singapura,

Thailand, Indonesia dan Brunei.
yang dicemari minyak atau bahan kimia didapati berjaya

merungkaikan ikatan kompleks bahan kimia tersebut dan seterusnya
menjernihkan airnya.
Testimonial:

Pokok naga di sebuah ladang di Seremban yang disembur enzim
Fish Amino Acid ( FAA ) adalah cecair dari proses pereputan ikan
sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan dapat mengeluarkan sehingga 40 biji
yang menghasilkan asid amino, iaitu komponen penting dari proten.
buah dari sebatang pokok, sedangkan pokok naga pekebun lain
FAA merupakan penghasilan yang baik untuk kehidupan dan
hanya dapat mengeluarkan maksimum 10 biji. Perbezaannya ialah
pertumbuhan
empat kali ganda.
mengandungi pelbagai nutrient dan berbagai jenis asid amino dan
microbes
dan
juga
pokok
tumbuhan,
kerana
component protein lain untuk kebaikan pokok.
Seorang wanita yang mempunyai 60 pasu pokok bunga orkid

pernah merungut pokok yang ditanam sukar untuk berbunga, tetapi
selepas
menyembur
enzim
yang
dihasilkan
sendiri,
bunga
berkembang sehingga 60 peratus lebih banyak tanpa bantuan baja

herbisid, kongsi Joean tentang kebaikan enzim kepada bidang agro.
1. CARA MEMBUAT FAA (
versi
lain
sedikit
dari
kebiasaan )
Alatan:
Balang kaca atau plastic atau balang tanah liat ( clay pot)
Kain jarang, ( kain lampin, kain kasa, )
Talia tau getah pengikat
Bahan:
Tidak melibatkan kos yang besar, enzim yang dihasilkan hanya
Ikan segar dari jenis belakang hitam, tulang2 ikan segar
memerlukan apa yang ada di dapur anda. Perapkan bersama gula
( buangan dari pembuatan kropok),
perang, sisa makanan dan air pada nisbah 1: 3: 10 dalam bekas
Udang atau kulit udang
tertutup dan tunggu selepas tiga bulan.
Isi siput gondang emas ( mudah di dapati)

Gula merah ( brown sugar), IMO4, (kalu tak ada IMO4
buleh guna IMO2 dan air beras yang di fermented 3 hari ),
FAA
OHN ( bawang putih, kumcui, tungkui, kayu manis, halia) di

campur sekali 5 jenis tu.
(bahan di atas spt udang, siput buleh campur jika ada)

Jenis ikan :
Terbaiknya jenis belakang hitam spt sardine, cincaru,
2. Ikan cincang di gaul dengan jumlah gula merah, dan di

masukkan dalam balang, dengan 2/3 isi padu balang.
kembung, tongkol (aya), tamban

selar, tuna, ikan bilis ( fresh), ikan mata besar ( lolong ) ikian
3. Gaulkan gula merah tadi dengan IMO4 dan taburkan
pelata dan ikan2 seangkatan.
dalam balang diatas bahan ikan cincang itu untuk
Ikan belakang hitam ini mengandungi proten yang tinggi dan
memudahkan pengoposan isi ikan dan juga minyak ikan ,
baik, asid amino dan juga asid lemak ( fatty asid).
(jika menggunakan IMO2, campur sekali air basuhan beras
Mengandungi EPA dan DHA yang banyak dan asid lemak
yang sudah di fermented 3 hari ), masukkan juga sedikit
yang tak tepu yang terbaik untuk kesihatan.
OHN ( campuran berbagai ) yang di cairkan 1:5 , gunakan
Kedua2 bahan DHA dan EPA bertindak menurunkan tahap
100ml untuk 1kg bahan ikan, kandungan gula merah dan
kolestrol dan dan menghalang penyakit darah tinggi dan
bahan ikan sama berat 1:1
berkaitan dengan penyakit jantung dan strok.

Mencerdaskan minda kanak2, dengan memberi oksigen pada
otak, mengurangkan penyakit pelupa pada orang tua,
4. Tutup balang dengan kain dan ikat denagn sempurna dan

pastikan 1/3 ruang di atas bahan ikan.
mengandungi pelbagai vitamins untuk kebaikan kesihatan
5. Dalam masa 3-4 hari, bahan ikan mula mencair di sebabkan
dan mengurangkan terjadinya penyakit ketuaan dan kaitan
tekanan osmotic oleh gula merah, dan terjadinya proses
kekurangan vitamis, bahan2 terkandung dalam ikan itu juga
fermentasi.
amat baik dan di perlukan oleh pokok untuk kebaikan dan

kesuburan
6. Dalam masa sebualan jus dari fermentasi buleh di gunakan

jika perlu walaupun tak semau ikan hancur. Kebiasaannya
Kaedah Membuat
ikan akan hancur denag sempurna dalam masa 5-6 bulan,

dan amat bagus kulitinya berbanding fermentation 1 bulan.
1. Basuh ikan menggunakan air tanpa klorin, cincang kecil2

sebesar ibu jari termasuk kepala, tulang dan perut.

FAA yang sudah matang berbau masam manis dan tidak membusuk,
production, tetapi amat baik jika di gunakan sebagai booster
tapis dan boleh di simpan tempat teduh dan sejuk.
untuk aktikan balik pertumbuhan jika masa production

pokok lambat berkembang cabang Ybuleh di lakukan
Bagaimana menggunakan FAA
hanya 3 -4 minggu sekali.
1. Fish Amino Acid (FAA) buleh di gunakan selepas di cairkan

dengan air bersih tanpa klorin dengan kadar 1:500-1000.
6. Sesetengah FAA yang mengandungi minyak ikan hasil

fermentasi akan mengeluarkan bau yang agak ketara, dan ini
merupakan sebagai repellent terhadap sesetengah serangga
2. FAA kaya dengan nitrogen N merupakan baja yang bagus
spt lalat putih dan lain2.
untuk siraman atau semburan foliar untuk mempertingkatkan

pertumbuhan semasa fasa vegetative bila di gabungkan
7. FAA dari ikan sardine dan tongkol amat baik untuk
dengan pembajaan lain spt menggunakan MOL2 lain dalam
menghalau hamama dan juga lalat putih bila larutan di spray
kaedah NF.
pada daun atas permukaan atas dan bawah.
3. Jika kita membuat IMO untuk di gunakan pada proses
8. Jika terdapat tulang2 ikan yang tidak hancur selepas di tapis,
pengoposan bahan organic, campuran FAA yang di cairkan
masukan kedalam brown rice vinegar atau cuka nipah akan
1:500 akan mempertingkatkan activity microbes dan
mengoposkan tulang dan menghasilkan calcium phosphate
perceoatkan proses pengoposan.
yang berkualiti dan sedia terlarut.
4. Untuk sayuran berdaun, menggunakan FAA 1:1000 secara

berterusan akan meningkatkan hasil dan memberi rasa yang
Fungsi-fungsi Fish Amino Acid ( FAA )
enak dan ber aroma .
Oleh Mohammad Abdul Rahman
5. Disebabkan FAA kaya dengan unsur N , tidak di galakan

menggunakan
semasa
production
stage
kerana
akan
meningkatkan pertumbuhan vegetative dan mengurangkan
1. Mengatasi stress
Stress seperti suhu tinggi, kelembapan rendah atau
kekeringan,
serangan
hamama
atau
serangga,
hujan
6

berlebihan ( lembab), banjir dan kekurangan nutrients
udara. Pembukaan dan penutupan stomata dikendalikan oleh
memberi efek negatif pada metabolisme tanaman dan akan
dua faktor external (cahaya, kelembaban, suhu dan
membantutkan kualiti dan penghasilan tanaman. Penggunaan
konsentrasi garam) dan faktor internal (konsentrasi amino
amino asid semasa penanaman secara berterusan akan
asid, abscisic acid dan lain2). Stomata akan menutup ketika
mengubah fisiologi tanaman denagn pengawalan dan
cahaya dan kelembaban rendah atau kering dan juga jika
penghindaran stress menjadikan pokok sentiuasa dalam
keadaan suhu dan konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, ketika
keadaan baik dan subur dan berupaya menentang penyakit.
stomata tertutup proses fotosintesis dan transpirasi atau

perpeluhan berkurang dan berlaku penyerapan yang rendah
1. Pengaruh Fotosintesis
pada unsur baja makro dan mikro dan respirasi meningkat
Untuk kesuburan pokok, karbohidrat di sintesiskan oleh
yang memerlukan tenaga dari kabohidrat. Dalam hal ini
prosess fotosintesis, pada peringkat fotosintesis yang rendah
keseimbangan
mengakibatkan pertumbuhan yang lambat dan menyebabkan
Catabolism ( penguraian protein dan kabohidrat) lebih tinggi
kebantutan dan kematian tanaman, klorofil adalah molekul
dari anabolisme. Ini berarti metabolisme lambat dan
yang bertanggung jawab untuk penyerapan tenaga cahaya.
menghentikan pertumbuhan tanaman. Asid L-glutamat
Glumate acid dan glisine merupakan enzime untuk proses
bertindak sebagai agen osmotic citoplasm dari sel pengawal.
sintesis dan pembentukan klorofil pada daun. Asid amino ini
Penggunaan amino acid akan memudahkan pembukaan
membantu untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi klorofil dan
stomata dengan pengawalan dari keseimbangan catabolism.
metabolisme
tanaman
adalah
negatif.
memantapkan proses fotosintesis lebih tinggi. Hal ini

membuat tanaman menghijau dan subur bila proses sintesis
berlaku secara maksima.
2. Chelating Effect Amino Acid

Amino acid merupakan agen chelating atau pengurai untuk
micronutrients. Penggunaan bersama atau sebagai siraman
1. Tindakan pada Stomata
atau campuran dalam tangki baja memudahkan, penyerapan
Stomata adalah struktur selular yang mengontrol atau
dan transportation zat2 micro nutrients oleh akar dan pokok.
mengawal keseimbangan hydro atau air dalam tanaman,
Effect ini disebabkan tindakan asid dapat mengawal serapan
penyerapan unsur makro dan mikro nutrients dan penyerapan
dan permiability cell membrane dengan pertolongan dari

7

acid L - Glycine dan L - glutamate yang terkenal sebagai
untuk menguraikan bahan organik dan juga structure tanah
chelating agen yang sangat effective.
untuk melepaskan unsur baja pada pokok dalam bentuk yang

mudah di serap. L-metionine salah satu komponen dari AA
3. Amino Acid dan & phytohormones
adalah faktor pertumbuhan precussor yang menstabilkan
Amino acid merupakan precussor atau aktivator dari
dinding sel microbes dalam proses penguraian.
phytohormones dan zat pertumbuhan. L - Metionine

merupakan precussor dari ethylene dan faktor pertumbuhan
seperti Espermine dan Espermidine, yang di synsthesized
6. Sehubungan dengan itu, penggunaan FAA atau amino acid
dari 5 - Adenosyl Metionine. L - Triptophane ( sebahagian
amat baik untuk menentukan kesuburan pokok yang
dari
Auksin.
meksima dan ketahan dari penyakit, serta untuk penghasilan
Triptophane tersedia hanya jika hidrolisis protein dilakukan
buah yang berkualiti dan meningkatkan production. Cara
oleh enzim.
untuk membuat FAA bulehlah di rujuk pada artikel dalam
AA)
adalah
precussor
untuk
sintesis
Files yang sedia ada pada Group ini.

4. Pendebungaan dan Pembentukan Buah.
Pendebungaan adalah perpindahan debunga ke bunga putik
buah, sehingga terjadinya pembentukan buah . L Proline
( komponen AA) membantu dalam kesuburan pollen. L Lysine, L - Metionine, L - glutamate adalah komponen
amino asid yang esential untuk pendebungaan. Amino asid
meningkatkan kadar pembentukan debunga dan pembesaran
perbandingan kandungan FFJ pisang dan FAA ikan :

FFJ PISANG
N : 2% P2O5 : 0.2% K2O : 1.2% CaO : 0.2% MgO : 0.2% Fe :
55ppm Cu : 1ppm Zn : 9ppm Mn : 6ppm B : 2ppm
kantung polen.
5. Keseimbangan Microbes Tanah
Keseimbangan microbe tanah pertanian merupakan asas
FAA IKAN
yang baik untuk penguraian dan peroses mineralisation

8

N :14.2% P2O5 : 1% K2O : 0.7% CaO : 0.8% MgO : 0.1% Fe :
Cu 8 g
61ppm Cu : 2ppm Zn : 10ppm Mn : 3ppm B : 2ppm

Fe EDTA 200G
BAJA FERTIGASI
SET A
Kalsium nitrat 19kg
potasium nitrat 2.5KG
Zn EDTA 60G
Mn EDTA 65G
BORON 175G
Amm Molibdate 4G
Urea 550g
Jadual Semburan Produk SRI untuk tanaman

Timun 747
SET B
potasium nitrat 10KG
Magnesium sulfat 10kg
By Norhisam Ramlan on Tuesday, 23 July 2013 at 10:20

Minggu 1 Hari Isnin :
50ml ( SRI ANAK ) + 50ml ( Mol Ikan ) + 50 ml ( Mol Kangkong )
mkp 4kg
+ 20 ml ( OHN ) /25 liter air @ 2 pam

Hari Khamis :
TE
50ml (SRI ANAK) + 50ml (Mol Ikan ) + 50 ml( Mol Kangkong )+

20 ml ( OHN ) / 25 liter air @ 2 pam
9

150ml (SRI BUNGA ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol
Minggu 2
Kangkong )+ 60 ml ( OHN )/25 liter air@6 pam
Hari Isnin :
Hari Khamis :
150ml (SRI BUNGA ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol
100ml (SRI ANAK ) + 100ml (Mol Ikan ) +100 ml (Mol Kangkong )
+20 ml (OHN )/25 liter air@4 pam

Minggu 5
Hari Khamis :
100ml (SRI ANAK ) + 100ml (Mol Ikan ) + 100 ml (Mol
Hari Isnin :
Kangkong )+ 20 ml (OHN )/25 liter air@4 pam
150ml (SRI BUAH ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol Pisang )+

60 ml ( OHN )/25 liter air@6 pam
Minggu 3
Hari Khamis :
Hari Isnin :

Minggu 6
Hari Khamis :
Hari Isnin :
150ml (SRI ANAK ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol Pisang )+

Minggu 4
Hari Khamis :
Hari Isnin :
10

150ml (SRI BUNGA ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol Pisang )+
Kangkong 1 kg
Gula Merah 1 kg
Minggu 7
Pisau
Papan pemotong
Hari Isnin :
bekas
Kain
pen marker
Hari Khamis :
Cara2
150ml (SRI ANAK ) + 150ml (Mol Ikan ) + 150 ml (Mol Pisang )+

Ambil kangkong liar yang berada dalam parit ( free, x payah beli ),
seelok2nya ambil awal pagi kerana masih terdapat hormon / enzim
Penyediaan Baja Natural Farming ( produk SRI )

By Nurwahidah Hambali on Friday, 24 February 2012 at 22:43
yang amat baik pada masa itu. Potong kecil2 ( jangan basuh ),
masukkan dalam bekas dan campurkan dengan gula merah pada
kadar 1:1. selepas itu tutup bekas dengan kertas mahjung dan ikat
As salam pada semua kawan2, di kelapangan ini saya ingin
dengan dengan getah serta labelkan tarikh buat. ditapis pada hari ke -
berkongsi pengalaman yang amat sedikit ini untuk perkongsian kita
7. cecair yer disimpan dalam botol, jangan rapatkan tutupnya. sisa
bersama agar kita dapat berjimat dalam bidang pertanian yang amat
kangkong tadi boleh dibuat kompos atau diletak di bawah pokok
berisiko ini. ini pembelanjaran yang pertama ini saya akan tunjukkan
buah2an,bunga ( jangan letak banyak2), cukup sekadar kelilimg
resepi salah satu bahan dalam baja SRI iaitu penyediaan FPJ
pokok...mudah bukan.belajar buat MOL kangkong ini dulu.
( Fermented Plant Juice )
berjumpa lagi di lain kali dengan resepi yang lain pula....respon jika
sudah belajar buat.terima kasih.
BAHAN-BAHAN
11
TEKNOLOGI
PENANAMAN
SECARA
FERTIGASI
By on Sunday, 9 March 2014 at 22:58
Fuad Fertigasi
TEKNOLOGI PENANAMAN SECARA FERTIGASI Fertigasi
berasal dari perkataan fertigation iaitu fertilizer & irrigation.
Fertigasi dapat ditakrifkan sebagai satu kaedah penanaman di mana
baja (dalam bentuk larutan/nutrient) diagihkan kepada zon akar
tanaman melalui sistem pengairan. Umumnya beberapa jenis sayursayuran dari jenis buah sahaja yang sesuai ditanam menggunakan
sistem ini seperti cili merah, timun, tomato, terung, capsicum,
strawberi dan melon.
Penanaman secara fertigasi bertujuan mengelakkan tanaman
daripada dijangkiti penyakit akar bawaan tanah.
Penggunaan Struktur Pelindung Hujan (SPH) adalah digalakkan
dalam penanaman secara fertigasi, walaubagaimana pun amalan
penanaman tanpa SPH masih boleh dijalankan. Fertigasi tanpa SPH
akan menyebabkan pengurusan air yang tidak terkawal akibat hujan.
Percikan hujan juga akan menyebabkan jangkitan penyakit daun dan
buah merebak dengan mudah.
Polibeg putih adalah disyorkan kerana ia dapat mengurangkan kadar

penyerapan haba dan mengelakkan kejadian pengumpulan akar padat
di bahagian tepi. Lain-lain bekas seperti polibeg hitam, pasu plastic
dan pasu tanah boleh juga digunakan. Setiap jenis mempunyai
kelebihan dan kelemahan yang tersendiri. Bekas tanaman hendaklah
boleh memuatkan sekurang-kurang 10 12 liter.
Media terbaik yang disyorkan untuk diisi ke dalam bekas tanaman
adalah coconut coir dust atau coco peat. Penggunaan coco peat
adalah murah dan mudah dibeli jika dibandingkan dengan
penggunaan media komersil seperti perlite atau vermiculite.
Pembekalan larutan baja dilakukan mengikut masa yang ditetapkan
dengan bantuan alat pengatur masa. Kekerapan dan tempoh masa
setiap penitisan bergantung kepada jenis tanaman dan peringkat
umur tanaman.
Untuk mendapatkan pengeluaran konsisten dengan kualiti hasil yang
tinggi pada tahap optima serta menguntungkan dalam penanaman
secara fertigasi, beberapa aspek perlu diberi tumpuan. Diantaranya
adalah penyediaan media, semaian, menggubah ke ladang, kawalan
perosak dan penyakit, kawalan terhadap sistem pengairan dan
saliran, kebersihan ladang, diagnosis masalah tanaman, pensterilan,
pengagihan nutrient serta perkara berkaitan fisiologi tanaman.
12

Antara keperluan asas untuk menjalankan kaedah penanaman
fertigasi ialah:
1: tujuan kita buat fertigasi adalah untuk mendekatkan pertanian kita
1. Sumber air bersih
kepada precision farming. Kita bagi cukup cukup baja dan air yang
2. Sistem pengairan
diperlukan pokok untuk optimum output. Untuk dapat lebih kawalan
3. Rumah semaian
pada nutrient uptake plantation kita. Ini sukar untuk dikawal dengan
4. Baja (nutrient)
baja NPK. Contoh: Nitrogen dalam baja NPK adalah dalam bentuk
5. Media tanaman
ammonium atau urea base. Ada juga yang ada campur dalam bentuk
6. Bekas tanaman di ladang dan semaian (polibeg dan dulang
Nitrate (biasa ni lagi mahal). Pokok kita ambil nitrogen dalam bentuk
semaian)
Nitrate dan ammonium. Pengambilan dari bentuk ammonium adalah
7. Biji benih terpilih
perlahan disebabkan ia tidak mobile berbanding nitrate. Jadi akar
8. Struktur Pelindung Hujan (SPH)
perlu cari baja ni, berbanding nitrate yang sendiri mobile kearah
9. Alat pengukur pH dan EC meter
akar. Bila ammonia tidak diambil, ia juga akan transform ke bentuk

nitrate (penjelasan dibawah) Dari ammonia, nutrient perlu lalui
Teknologi penanaman tanaman terpilih menggunakan kaedah
process nitrification yang mana dalam process ini, nitrous oxide dan
fertigasi
nitric oxide dilepaskan ke udara, hilang nutrien kita disitu. Yang
menjanjikan
pulangan
modal
pelaburan
sekiranya
dilaksanakan dengan betul dalam masa yang singka
paling merisaukan adalah, process nitrification ni ambil masa dari

beberapa hari, ke beberapa minggu. Bila sebenarnya pokok kita
dapat baja yang kita letak ni? Ruang legar nutrient ni kecil (16x18
KESAN MENGGUNAKAN BAJA COMPOUND
dan sebagainya) kalau terlebih? terkurang? pengubahsuaian almost
NPK PADA FERTIGASI
impossible. Symptom kurang nitrogen dah mula kelihatan. Kita
By on Tuesday, 4 March 2014 at 09:25
tambah baja, minggu depan jadi nirogen toxicity pulak.. Process ini
juga kebanyakannya dilakukan oleh soil bacteria, pada cocopeat, not
Kenapa tak guna baja NPK biasa untuk fertigasi. Jauh lagi murah,
very much. Perlu juga ambil kira leaching, pokok belum sempat
lagi senang urus. Ok biar saya jelaskan disini.
ambil baja, hujan, baja keluar dari polybag.
13

2: point 2 ni yang paling merisaukan, Urea Based NPK fertilizers
Baja
(paling murah). Untuk baja jenis ini, process nak ke nitrate lagi
Mohammad Abdul Rahman
panjang.
Urea-hydrolysis-nitrification-plant
uptake
(nitrate)
Kehilangan nutrient disini adalah jauh lebih tinggi. % nitrogen yang

sampai ke pokok sangat rendah. Lagi teruk ialah fact yang process
hydrolysis ini mengalkalikan tanah dalam short term, tetapi selepas
itu mengasidkan tanah. Application mengalkalikan tanah, pelepasan
carbon-dioxide dari process hydrolysis mengasidkan tanah. Dah PH
medium tak stable. Ni Antara sebab air dan tanah dikawasan ladang
sawit sangat acidic. Banyak urea application. Kalau ini diamalkan ke
cocopeat, boleh hampir pasti selepas satu musim, tuan puan dah kene
tukar medium tanaman sebab terlalu berasid. Yang dah cuba
mungkin dah rasa. Cost tukar media tanaman, rasa kita semua pun
well aware.
2 points sahaja saya letak sini harini. Jadi kepada yang terfikir nak
cuba, ini Antara yang perlu anda ambil kira. Mencelah sikit, tengah
bulan ni saya ada buat penghantaran baja fertigasi Yara ke tanjung
malim. Kepada sesiapa di kawasan perak nak order baja dan jimat
cost penghantaran, sila order secepat mungkin. Ada ruang untuk 20
sets lagi. Call/sms/whatsapp Adam (012 771 7863) email:
montmelony@gmail.com
Fertigasi
Cili
Untuk
Pertumbuhan
By on Sunday, 14 August 2011 at 21:24

salam dan selamat menjalankan ibadah puasa pada keluarga BJ
semua, di sebabkan banyak posting berkaitan pengiraan untuk
membuat baja fertigasi dah hilang kena godam, saya cuba copy &
paste apa yang saya postkan kat " 1 MALAYSIA FERTGASI" group
dalam facebook, untuk rujukan semua sila copy &paste kat dokumen
sendiri supaya tidak hilang dan jadikan sebagai rujukan:
pengiraan untuk baja cili peringkat pertumbuhan: pada masa ni
pokok perlukan : 240ppm N, 50ppm P, 280ppm K, 50ppm Mg,
170ppm Ca, 6ppm Fe, Mn 2ppm, Cu o.07ppm, Zn 0.25ppm , B
0.7ppm, Mo 0.05ppm
dari nilai keperluan ppm , kita akan kira berat bahan satu persatu
untuk dapatkan ppm Ca, kita gunakan calcium nitrate bergred Ca
19% dan N 15.5%:
ppm Ca 170ppm, jadi berat bahan baja CaNO3 = 170/0.19
=894.736mg, tapi stok kita 100lit dan kadar bancuhan 1:100, jadi
berat CaNO3 =( 894.736 x 100 x 100)/(1000 x 1000)
=8.947kg>>1000 x 1000 tu adalah conversion dari mg ke gm ke kg
14

ok sekarang kita sudah dapat berat bahan CaNO3 untuk dapatkan
Berat bahan PN = 5.85kg; dalam bahan ni ada K, jadi kita kira nilai
170ppm Ca, dari berat bahan tersebut, kita kira pula berapa ppm N
ppm K : ppm K = 584.8375mg/lit x 38.6% =226ppm K,
yang terkandung: berat CaNO3 = 8.947kg = 8,947,000mg, bahagi
tapi kita perlukan 280ppm K, jadi kita masih kena cari lagi ( 280-
balik dengan stok dan mix ratio = 8,947,000/(100 x 100) =
226) = 54ppm K...........nanti kita gunakan MKP ( monopotassium
894.700mg/lit, jadi nilai ppm N terkandung = 894.700 x 15.5% =
phosphate) untuk dapatkan 54ppm K ni
139mg/lit = 139ppm, kita masih kekurangan ( 240-139) = 101ppm

N....nanti kita guna bahan lain untuk dapatkan nilai N yang tak cukup
dari MKP kita akan dapat ppm P dan K, dari jadual kehendak kita
ni
perlukan 50ppm P:
dalam MKP ada 22.78% P dan 28.73% K
supaya N dan K balance semasa pengiraan kita kena andaikan N
brat bahan MKP untukl dapatkan 50ppm P = 50ppm/22.78% =
=220ppm, jadi N sebenar tak mencukupi = 220-139=81ppm.
219.491mg; berat untuk stok 100 lit dan mix 100 = 2,194,91omg =
nilai ppm N yang tak di kira ( 240-220) = 20ppm
2.19kg MKP
note: sebenarnya masa pertumbuhan awal kita buleh naikan N

260ppm untuk kesuburan awal, tuan2 buleh setkan N 250ppm, jadi N
sebenarnya kita buleh setkan keperluan baja mengikut bulan atau
yang tak termasuk pengiraan ni = 250-220ppm = 30ppm, untuk
minggu, contohnya kalu minggu pertama, kita perlukan ppm spt
dapatkan N ni kita guna bahan baja yang ada N sja spt Ammnium
diatas, tapi bila pokok besar sikit kita perlukan Mg dan P tinggi
nitrate AN...yang ni kita kira trakhir sekali
sikit, katakan P 55ppm dan Mg55ppm dan K 300ppm, jadi kalu kita
__________________
gunakan excell, dan masukan variable tersebut, secara automatik di
sekarang kita kira ppm bahan untuk dapatkan N 81ppm
kira berat bahan, jadi baja kita tak static, contohnya jika bancuhan
kita gunakan Potassium nitrate PN, dalam PN ada 13.85%N dan
batch pertama dah habis dalam seminggu, kita buleh bancuh batch
38.6%K
kedua denagn nilai ppm berlainan, jadi pokok akan merasa lebih sikit
kita kira berat PN untuk dapatkan 81ppm N
keperluan bila masuk minggu kedua dan sterusnya
berat PN = 81ppm/13.85% = 584.8375mg/lit, untuk stokk 100lit dan

mix 1:100, berat PN = 584.8375 x 100 x 100 = 5,848,375mg =
untuk menaikan ppm element memang kita buleh naikan ec atau
5.85kg
TDS, tapi cara ni akan menaikan semua element baja, sedangkan kita
15

nak sesetengah element saja tinggi, dan mengekal sukatan element
nilai 285 ppm dikira baik untuk pertumbuhan, jadi tak perlu lagi di
lain, atau nak turunkan element lain dan nak naikkan element lain
tambah K2SO4.
jadi nilai ppm N di dapati dari CN dan PN= 139-76 =
back to kuliah>>>> kita sudah dapat berat MKP = 2.19 kg, sekarang
215ppm.....nilai ni
kita kira berapa ppm K terkandung;
jadi kita tertinggal lagi 35ppm N .....nanti kita kira ambil dari AN
percent K dalam MKP = 28.73%
K dari PN + MKP = 212 + 63 = 275 ppm. Bukan 285 ppm.
nilai ppm K = 219.40mg x 28.73% = 63ppm
Pembetulan!
sekarang kita dah berlebihan (63-54) = 9ppm K

ppm K terlebih sikit tak mengapa, tapi jangan melebih tinggi sangat,
dari pengiraan diatas, kita dapat berat bahan spt berikut :
jadi kalau mau tepat kita kena kurangkan ppm N untuk pengiraan
CaNO3..... 8.95kg
dari 220 ke 210 atau 200 ppm, bila kita kurangkan ke 215ppm , K
KNO3........5.48 kg
dari PN akan berkurang:
MKP .........2.19 kg
sekarang nilai N yang di perlukan menjadi ( 215-139)=76 ppm

139 adalah nilai ppm N dari CN
sekarang kita kira pula berat MgSO4 yang memberi kita 50ppm Mg
jadi berat baru PN = 76ppm/13.85% = 548.736mg/lit
percentage Mg terkandung dalam MgSO4 adalah 9.80%
berat bahan PN pada 100lit stok dan 1:100 mix ratio
jadi berat MgsO4 = 50ppm / 9.80% = 510mg/lit
=(548.736 x 100 x 100)/1000 x 1000 = 5.48 kg
berat untuk 100lit stok dan mix ratio 1:100 = (510 x 100 x100)/(1000
Nilai ppm K dari 5.48 kg PN = 548.736 x 38.6% = 212 ppm
x 1000) = 5.10 kg
Berat Magnesium sulfate adala 5.10kg
sekaran kita kurang ( 280-212)= 58 ppm
__________________
tapi K yang didapati dari MKP = 63ppm
pengiraan ppm N yang tak mencukupi sebanyak (250-215) = 35ppm,
jadi kelebihan 63-58 = 5ppm..........
kita andaikan bahawa ppm N adalah 250 ppm untuk pertumbuhan
jadi jumlah K semua dari PN dan MKP = 212 + 63ppm = 285 ppm
vegetative yang cepat

kita gunakan ammonium nitrate AN, dalam bahan ni terdapat 34% N
16

berat AN untuk dapatkan 35ppm N = 35ppm/34% = 102.9411mg/lit
baik bila banyak akar menyedut nutrients. DAP pun buleh letak juga
untuk stok 100lit dan mix ratio 1:100,
kat stok C 25 lit.
Berat AN = (102.9411 x 100 x100)/(1000 x 1000) = 1.03kg (1.0 kg)
perlu di ingat, DAP amat alkali, jadi bancuhan baja kita akan tinggi
dimanakah harus AN di masukan , stok A atau Stok B ???, untuk
pH sampai 7 lebih, untuk itu, kita kena pakai nitrik asid atau
kebaikan bancuhan kelak, di sarankan stok berasing stok C, untuk
phosphoric atau sulfuric asid untuk menurunkan pH.
stok C ni tak perlulah guna tong 100 lit, memadai guna bekas 25 lit
Dan jika kita bancuh baja untuk peroduction, biasanya pH akan turun
sahaja, untuk 1kg AN, ianya mudah terlarut walaupun dalam air
sampai 5, jadi menambah sedikit sedikit DAP akan menaikan pH
sedikit 25 lit.
yang di perlukan, kita tak perlu KOH..........juga amat baik sebab

masa production kita tambah P yang amat di perlukan di sanping K
bila menggunakan stok begini, setiap lit stok A dan B, kita perlu 1/4
dari K2SO4, masa ni P 70-80ppm
lit stok C sahaja untuk di masukkan dalam tangki baja.

selesai pengiraan macro:
selain menggunakan AN, kita buleh gunakan diammonium
CaNO3..... 8.95kg
phosphate DAP, DAP mempunyai grad NPK 18:46:0, 46 % tu adalah
KNO3........5.48 kg
phosphate, jadi percent element P = 46 x 0.43 = 19.78 % P
MKP .........2.19 kg
jadi berat DAP untuk dapatkan 35ppm N = 35ppm/18% =
MgSO4.......5.10 kg
194.444mg/lit
AN..........1.00 kg
untuk stok 100 lit dan mix 1:100, berat DAP = (194.444 x 100 x
DAP......1.90 kg ( optional)
100)/(1000 x 1000) = 1.94 kg

dalam DAP ni ada 19.8% P, jadi ppm P = 194.44 x 19.8% = 38ppm
kita
masuk
pula
bahagia
pengiraan
micro
element:
jadi kalu kita guna DAP, total ppm P = 50 (dari MAP) = 38 (dari
Fe,Cu,ZN,Mn,B,Mo
DAP) = 88ppm
nota:
saya menggunakan DAP masa pertumbuhan walaupun total ppm P
:apa baja yg dibolehkan tuk baja A dan Baja B,Cthnya baja A
tinggi, pada waktu awal pertumbuhan P tinggi amat baik untuk
selalunya mengandungi CaNO3 dan Fe EDTA atau boleh
pembentukan akar yang banya dengan cepat, dan kesuburan amat

17

ditambahkan Ammoniuum nitrat? dan baja B setengah kata PN
kita perlukan Fe 6ppm, jadi berat edta = 6ppm/13% = 46.153
dalam baja B,atau boleh masuk Dalam A dan B untuk PN?
untuk 100 lit stok dan mix ratio 1:100, beart Fe-Edta = (46.153 x 100
x 100)/(1000 ) = 461gm
kalu ikutkan kajian kimia secara sceintific " never mix nitrates dan
Berat Fe-Edta adalah 460gm (ok)
phospahate atu sulfate" jadi kita taklehlah bih 1/2 PN kat stok B..tapi
mardi atau JP dia boh kat B...sebab tu baja jadi keladak hasil
pengiraan berat micro B dari boric acid, dalam boric terkandung
tindakbalas kimia
17.5% boron...( tuan2 cek balik mungkin boric asid tuan lain nilai
percentnya..sebab bergantung pada hydrous atau unhydrous) saya
kenapa sestengah formula orang yang jual baja dan juga mardi dan
guna kandunagn 17.5%.....kita perlukan 0.7ppm B
JP boh 1/2 PN dalam B....saya rasa untuk balancekan berat guni A
Berat boric acid = 0.7ppm/17.5% = 4.0000mg, berat untuk stok
dan B
100lit dan mix ratio 1:100 ;
dar formula atas berat stok A 14.84 kg dan berat sto B
(4.00 x 100 x 100)/(1000) = 40gm
8.70kg...paking begini susah bagi mereka untuk transport, jadi kena
Berat boric acid ( 17.5% B) = 40gm.
seimbanglah berat A dan B,

kalau guna hibor, berat = 0.7 ppm/60% = 1.1667mg
buleh tambah urae dalam tangki baja, tapi tak buleh boh dalam stok.
Berat HIBOR di gunakan = 11.67gm ...(12gm ok)
kita kiralah berap ppm N kita mau, contoh kita mau tambah 20ppm
N, jadi berat urea = 20ppm/46% = 43.47mg/lit, kalu tanki baja kita
pengiraan micro Mn dari Mn-Edta...terkandung 13% Mn
muat 2,000 lit sekali bancuh, berat urea = 43.47 x 2000 = 86956mg =
keperluan Mn 2ppm; berat edta = 2ppm/13% = 15.38mg
87 gm sahaja......elok buat begini, nak pakai baru boh dalam tangki
untuk stok 100lit dan mix ratio 1:100
__________________
Berat Edta = 15.38 x 100 x 100/1000 = 154 gm
kita bincang pengiraan untuk micro Fe, untuk dapatkan Fe buleh

guna FeSO4 atau Fe-Edta.......biasanya kita gunakan edta sebab
pengiraan berat Zn-Edta ,percent Zn terkandung 14%, ppm Zn di
senang dapat di pasaran: dalam Fe-Edta ada 13% Fe ( kalu lain
perlukan 0.25ppm
percent buleh ejas ikut cara kira )
berat Edta = 0.25ppm/14% =1.785mg

18

berat untuk stok 100 lit dan mix ratio 1:100 ; 1.785 x 100 x 100/1000
= 17.85gm ( 18gm ok)
Stok B
Berat Zn-EDta ialah 18 gm
MKP .........2.19 kg
MgSO4.......5.10 kg
Pengiraan berat Cu-Edta untuk dapatkan 0.07ppm Cu, percent Cu
AN..........1.00 kg
terkandung dalam Edta adalah 14%.
DAP......1.90 kg ( optional)
berat edta di perlukan = 0.07ppm/14% = 0.50mg/lit
Mn-Edta .....154gm
berat untuk stok 100 lit dan mix ratio 1:100 = 0.5 x 100 x 100/1000 =
Cu-Edta........5.0 gm
5.0 gm
Zn-Edta........ 18.0 gm
Berat Cu-Edta yang patut di gunakan adalah 5.00 gm
Boric asid.......40 gm atau

Hibor............12.0 gm
Pengiraan berat sodium molybdate, 39% Mo ( cek kandungan
Sodium molybdate ... 1.0 gm
percent yang tuan2 guna), keperluan Mo 0.05ppm.

berat sodium molibdate = 0.05ppm/39% = 0.128mg/lit
Formula ini di gunakan untuk pertumbuhan awal, bila sudah nampak
berat untuk stok 100 lit dan mix ratio 1:100 = 0.128 x 100x100/1000
bunga, tukarlah formula untk pembajaan production
= 1.28gm ( 1gm ok)
pada taha vegetative, keperluan NPK amat tinggi, untuk itu,

penggunaan EC bermula 1.2 selepas pindah dan di naikan perlahan
berat sodium molibdate adalah 1.0 gm
sampai ec 2.3 sampai nampak bunga....kenikan EC buleh di laras

setiap 3 hari sekali, pH tahap ni tinggikan sikit kepada 6.2 untuk
Ringkasan:
mengoptimumkan serapan NPK untuk pertumbuhan awal, pH di
Formula cili untuk pertumbuhan awal ( vegetative phase)
turunkan
stok A
6.2....bergantung juga jenis media di gunakan, kalu 100% sabut
CaNO3..... 8.95kg
maintain 6.2 amat baik, sebab dalam media sabut baja akan men jadi
KNO3........5.48 kg
pH 6 atau kurang, kalu campuran dengan sekam padi buleh kekalkan
Fe-Edta......460 gm
pH 6, sekam buleh bertindak sebagai pH buffer
bila
pokok
mencapai
fasa
production
pH
5.8-
19

People choose do-it-yourself projects for many reasons. Some like
guna dari stok C 1/4 lit saja untuk setiap lit stok A dan B...masuk
the satisfaction of completing a task on their own, while others like
dalam tangki baja
the idea of having absolute control over their materials, methods and
finished product. Another reason people choose do-it-yourself
projects is price. Generally speaking, providing your own labor will
--------------- NOTA ----------------
produce a product for a much low price than hiring out the work
would.
CaNO3>>calcium nitrate
Building your own organic potting soil is no different than any other
KNO3 >> potassium ( kalium) nitrate
do-it-yourself project. It allows the gardener to save money while
MgSO4 >>Magnesium sulfate
maintaining control over every aspect of the soil building process.
MKP >>> monopotassium phosphate
Some might also argue that it produces a superior product.
K2SO4 >>>potassium sulfate
However, before we dive into soil recipes, lets first examine some of
DAP >>diammonium phosphate
the more common ingredients used in potting soils. There is no
AN >>ammonium nitrate
shortage of organic soil amendments to choose from. Once an

understanding of the physical properties and nutrient value of each
ingredient is reached it then becomes possible to customize soil
mixtures not only for particular crops, but also for specific periods in
a plants life cycle (blooming or flowering periods).
RESEPI
MEDIA
POLIBAG
ATAU
BATAS
Base ingredients
TANAH - Mohammad Abdul Rahman
The base ingredients of a soil are the substances that make up the
By on Wednesday, 30 January 2013 at 11:43
bulk of the soil itself. These are the ingredients that are most
Recipes for Success: Building Your Own Organic Potting Soil
responsible for the soils physical properties and texture. Some of

these also make up the backbone of the nutrient content.
January 2013
20

Sphagnum peat moss
coco coir, its role as a base ingredient is just as crucial. Not only does
Sphagnum peat moss has been a popular soil additive since the
compost have significant nutrient value, but it also provides an
inception of potting soils. The physical properties of peat moss allow
abundance of microbial life to the soil mixture. These beneficial
for high moisture retention, as well as high oxygen content. This
microorganisms are the foundation for nutrient uptake and the
combination of water and oxygen retention makes a great
stimulation of root development.
environment for developing roots and is the main reason peat moss is
the most popular ingredient in premade potting soils. It is not
Worm castings
uncommon for peat moss to make up 30 to 60% of a premade soil
Like compost, worm castingsor, vermicompostare a significant
mixture.
source of nutrient value and beneficial microorganisms. Revered by

many organic growers as the best soil additive available, worm
Coco coir
castings are known to enrich soils and improve disease resistance in
Many soil companies are incorporating coco coir (coconut husks) as
crops. If you choose to use worm castings as an ingredient in your
either the base or secondary ingredient in their potting soil mixes.
potting soil, be sure to purchase pure worm castings. There are many
Coco coir is a by-product of the coconut industry and is more
products on the market that are labeled as worm castings but only
environmentally friendly than sphagnum peat moss. It is able to hold
contain a small percentage of actual worm castings in their
moisture and oxygen like peat moss; in fact, it actually has slightly
composition.
higher oxygen retention. This fact alone has made coco coirs
popularity increase among indoor gardeners and greenhouse
Aeration additives
horticulturalists.
Perlite
Perlite is expanded volcanic glass and adds air pockets to soils. Soils
Compost
with added perlite will dry out quickly between each watering, which
Compost is a general term referring to aged and broken down
gives a grower more control over a feeding regiment. Perlite is light
organic matter. It can be made from a number of different sources,
weight and relatively inexpensive, which makes it the most popular
but its usually derived from plant material or manure. Although
choice among commercial potting soil manufacturers.
compost usually isnt used in as high of a volume as peat moss or
Pumice
21

Pumice is a type of volcanic rock that is naturally porous. Like
Soybean meal
perlite, pumice has the ability to add air pockets in a soil, which
This slow-releasing nitrogen source is not quite as slow as feather
results in higher oxygen content around the plants roots. Pumice is
meal. Its a great additive for plants that require adequate nitrogen
less commonly used by commercial manufacturers, however, simply
for two to three months and that need a little phosphorus boost to
because it is heavy and, therefore, expensive to ship.
help promote fruiting or flowering.

Bat guano (high nitrogen)
Individual organic ingredients
There are many compositions of bat guano on the market, including
By using individual organic ingredients along with the base, a
high-nitrogen bat guano. High-nitrogen bat guano is rich in
grower can tailor their soil to meet the needs of any crop. Most of the
micronutrients, beneficial microbes and, of course, nitrogen. This
following ingredients can be obtained at your local hydroponic
beneficial diversity combined with fast-releasing nitrogen makes
retailer or local garden supply store.
high-nitrogen bat guano the fertilizer of choice for many organic

growers.
Common nitrogen (N) ingredients:

Blood meal
Common phosphorus (P) ingredients:
This is an extremely rich, fast-releasing nitrogen source. Blood meal
Bat guano (high phosphorus)
is a great additive for plants that require high amounts of nitrogen.
High-phosphorus bat guano is an excellent source of phosphorus that
Fish meal
is known to not only increase flower and fruit sets, but also their size,
Fish meal is another fast-releasing nitrogen source. Its a great
aroma and flavor. Many brands of high-phosphorus bat guano are
nitrogen additive that enhances microbial life in the soil. Fish meal
also a great source of calcium.
also contains a significant amount of phosphorus, which helps trigger
Bone meal
root development.
This excellent source of phosphorous is revered for its ability to
Feather meal
promote strong root development. Bone meal is also a great source
Feather meal is a slow-releasing nitrogen source best used on plants
of calcium.
that require high amounts of nitrogen over a three to four month
Fish bone meal
period.
22

Fish bone meal is basically the same thing as bone meal except it is
Greensand is a slow-releasing potassium source. Generally speaking,
derived from fish. It is a great source of phosphorus and calcium.
greensand is used to improve soils condition rather than boost
Seabird guano
potassium content.
Seabird guano, like bat guano, is known to increase the amount and
Langbeinite
size of flower and fruit sets. It is also an excellent source of
Langbeinite is a natural occurring mineral which is water soluble. It
phosphorus and micronutrients.
is a good source of potassium, sulfur and magnesium.
Rock phosphate
Rock phosphate is a slow-releasing phosphorus source that is
Secondary and trace elements:
commonly extracted into a liquid form to increase availability. It is
Oyster shell
best used for plants that need a slow and constant release of
This is an excellent source of calcium that will accelerate root
phosphorus.
development and, in turn, improve nutrient uptake. Oyster shell also

works as a pH buffer, helping to keep the soil from becoming too
Common potassium (K) ingredients:
acidic.
Hardwood ash
Dolomite lime (sweet lime)
This is the original source of potash fertilizers. Hardwood ash can be
Dolomite lime is a great pH buffer for any soil composition and
used as a direct soil additive to increase potassium levels; however,
like oyster shellit ensures the soils pH doesnt turn too acidic. It
most of the time, it has already been added to the compost for that
also a rich source of calcium and magnesium.
same purpose.
Glacier Rock Dust
Kelp meal
This soil amendment revitalizes trace elements and provides a
Kelp meal is a source of readily available potassium and a variety of
foundation of minerals for healthy plant growth.
micronutrients and plant hormones. This great soil additive can
Alfalfa meal
increase overall plant health and vigor.
Alfalfa meal is rich in trace elements, but its the abundance of
Greensand
natural growth stimulators in this product that has gained recognition

among organic horticulturalists. Alfalfa meal will accelerate growth
rates while promoting abundant fruit or flowers.
23

Basic potting soil recipe
Beneficial microorganisms
This basic recipe creates a soil with a high air-to-water ratio and can
Although many common soil ingredients already contain a good
be used for almost any variety of plant. This is a great soil recipe for
amount of beneficial microorganisms, it has become second nature
growers wishing to complement their homemade soils with liquid
for
additional
teas or fertilizers. This is also a great starting recipe to use as the
microorganisms into their soil. Three beneficial microorganisms are
foundation for custom, plant-specific soils, which can be created by
commonly used by horticulturalists are trichoderma, mycorrhiza and
with addition of other individual ingredients.
bacteria.
1/2 cu. ft. (60 cups) compost
many
organic
gardeners
to
supplement
1/2 cu. ft. (60 cups) sphagnum peat moss

Soil recipes
1/2 cu. ft. (60 cups) coco coir
As written, the recipes below will produce around 2 cu. ft. of soil
20 cups perlite
or, roughly the amount you would find in a single large bag of
5 cups worm castings
potting soil. Of course, the ingredients can be proportionally
1/2 cup oyster shell
increased or decreased to produce the desired amount of potting soil.
2 tbsp. langbeinite
Also, feel free to add your favorite beneficial microorganism
1 tbsp. glacier rock dust
supplement to increase the beneficial microbial population. Indeed,

do not take these recipes as though they were written in stone. Use
Enhanced vegetative potting soil recipe
them as a reference or as a way to inspire some thought into the
This nitrogen-rich soil mixture is great for the vegetative stage of
nutrient content of your own potting soil and how this coincides with
fast-growing annual plants that will later be transplanted, or for green
the life cycle of your plants.
leafy crops that spend their whole life cycle in a perpetual vegetative
To make each mix, simply combine all of the ingredients by hand,
stage. This mix is very well-aerated and will promote strong root
rake or shovel in a kiddie pool, tarp, large wash bin or plastic storage
growth and vigorous vegetative growth.
container. Just make sure to mix the ingredients thoroughly to ensure
a uniform soil mixture.

24

1/4 cu. ft. (30 cups) perlite
1 cup oyster shell
1/2 cup seabird guano
10 cups pumice
1/4 cup alfalfa meal
2 cups fish meal
1/4 cup fish meal
1 cup oyster shell
2 tbsp. langbeinite
1/2 cup alfalfa meal
1/2 cup soybean meal

1/4 cup kelp meal
1/4 cup fish bone meal
2 tbsp. langbeinite
Entire life cycle soil recipe (for heavy feeders)
This soil mixture is designed to meet the demands of heavy feeding,

fast-growing annual plants throughout their entire life cycle. This soil
Enhanced fruit/flower potting soil recipe
is powerful and should only be used on plant varieties that are known
This soil recipe is designed for plants that are ready to fruit or flower.
to be heavy feeders. The organic fertilizers in this soil mixture will
In particular, this recipe works great for ornamentals that are already
sustain a heavy-feeding crop for about three months. The soil is
in bloom and for fast-growing annuals that are entering their fruiting
designed to break down in a manner that first delivers readily
or flowering stage.
available nitrogen for a vigorous vegetative stage (for about a month)
then, as the soils composition changes, it will start to release more
elements specific to fruiting/flowering.
10 cups pumice
3 cups bat guano (high phosphorus)
20 cups pumice
1 cup fish bone meal

25

2 cups blood meal
2 cups fish meal
2 cups bat guano (high phosphorus)
PENYAKIT CILI- ANTRAKNOS DAN LAIN2:
1 cup oyster shell
By on Friday, 11 October 2013 at 22:39
1 cup dolomite lime

1 cup soybean meal
1 cup bat guano (high nitrogen)
Antracnose
Antracnose dikenal juga dengan istilah pathek adalah
1 cup bone meal
penyakit yang hingga saat ini masih menjadi momok bagi petani
1 cup fish bone meal
cabai. Buah yang menunggu panen dalam beberapa waktu berubah
1 cup rock phosphate
menjadi busuk oleh penyakit ini. Gejala awal dari serangan penyakit
3 tbsp. langbeinite
ini adalah bercak yang agak mengkilap, sedikit terbenam dan berair,
1.5 tbsp. glacier rock dust
buah akan berubah menjadi coklat kehitaman dan membusuk.
Although the process of building your own organic potting soil can
Ledakan penyakit ini sangat cepat pada musim hujan. Penyebab
be somewhat labor intensive (especially on a large scale), it is a
penyakit
relatively easy process overall that can be extremely rewarding. Not
adalah
jamur
carnifora
capsici.Pengendalian
membersikan tanaman yang terserang agar tidak menyebar, saat
only is there a sense of accomplishment when you complete a
pemilihan benih harus kita lakukan secara selektif, menanam benih
homemade potting soil, but it is also a stride forward in creating the
cabai yang memiliki ketahanan terhadap penyakit pathek. Secara
ultimate diet for your plants. Growers who build soils specific to
kimia, disemprot dengan fungisida sistemik berbahan aktif
their crops ideal nutritional intake will not only see heightened
triadianefon dicampur dengan fungisida kontak berbahan aktif
garden performance, but less nutrient deficiencies, diseases, insect
tembaga hidroksida seperti Kocide 54WDG, atau yang berbahan
infestations and any other problems associated with an incomplete
aktif Mankozeb seperti Victory 80WP.
diet. Through your own experiments, you can find the perfect blend
of ingredients required by your plants to enhance their performance
ini
and achieve optimal results.
Layu Bakteri
26

Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh Pseudomonas solanacearum.
/pergiliran tanaman, pemanfaatan tanaman border seperti tagetes atau
Gejalanya tanaman yang sehat tiba-tiba saja layu yang dalam waktu
jagung, pemasangan perangkap kuning sekaligus mengendalikan
tidak sampai 3 hari tanaman mati. Bakteri ini ditularkan melalui
kutu kebul, serta eradikasi tanaman sakit yaitu tanaman yang
tanah, benih, bibit, sisa tanaman, pengairan,nematoda atau alat-alat
menunjukkan gejala dicabut dan dibakar.
pertanian.Pengendalian membuang tanaman yang terserang, tetap

menjaga bedengan tanaman selalu dalam kondisi kering, rotasi
Antraknos menjadi penyakit yang muncul ke 2, setelah
tanaman. Secara kimiawi, semprot dengan larutan Kocide 77WP
diawali dengan adanya sunscall. Sunscall biasanya akan dimulai dari
konsentrasi 5 - 10 gr/liter pada lubang tanam sebanyak 200
buah yang berada pada sisi timur.Sunscall bukan penyakit tetapi bisa
ml/tanaman interval 10 - 14 hari dan dimulai saat tanaman mulai
merupakan penyebap/pemicu, munculnya penyakit seperti antraknos.
berbunga.
Virus Kuning (gemini virus)
Vektor virus kuning adalah whitefly atau kutu kebul

(Bemisia tabaci). Telur diletakkan di bawah daun, fase telur hanya 7
hari. Nimpa bertungkai yang berfungsi untuk merangkak lama hidup
2-6 hari. Pupa berbentuk oval, agak pipih berwarna hijau keputihputihan
sampai
kekuning-kuningan
pupa
terdapat
dibawah
permukaan daun, lama hidup 6 hari. Serangga dewasa berukuran
Cuka Kayu by Azrin Hashim

By Imran Faizal on Friday, 4 October 2013 at 16:09
Banyak manfaat boleh didapati dari Cuka kayu dalam sektor
Pertanian.
kecil, berwarna putih dan mudah diamati karena dibawah permukaan

daun yang bertepung, lama hidup 20-38 hari. Tanaman yang
terserang
penyakit
virus
kuning
menimbulkan
gejala
daun
1. Dapat menghalang pembiakan virus dan penyakit dalam tanah.
mengeriting dan ukuran lebih kecil.Pengendalian dilakukan dengan
2. Dapat menghalang virus dan menghalau serangga perosak
menanam varietas yang agak tahan (contoh cabai keriting
untuk memperbaiki keadaan tanah.
Bukittinggi), menggunakan bibit yang sehat, melakukan rotasi

27

3. Dapat mengurangkan kerosakan oleh penyakit tumbuh-
1.Untuk kawalan makhluk perosak dan mikroorganisma pada
tumbuhan dan serangga berbahaya walaupun penanaman
lubang tanaman, cairkan pada nisbah 1:50 (cuka kayu : air) 10
berulang kali
hari sebelum menanam, siramkan pada lubang tanaman.
4. Dapat mengurangkan 50% racun perosak pertanian komersial,
2.Untuk mengelakkan hama dalam proses pembenihan, cairkan
racun kulat, racun herba dan baja kimia.
pada nisbah 1:800, semburkan pada benih di tapak semaian
5. Merangsang pertumbuhan pokok dan sayuran.

6. Menguatkan akar dan daun.
setiap 10 hari.
3.Untuk mengawal makhluk perosak dan membunuh kulat
merbahaya, cairkan pada nisbah 1:200, semburkan pada pucuk
7. Menyuburkan tanah.
dan daun seminggu sekali.
8. Menambah kuantiti mikrob yang berguna.
4.Untuk membasmikuman dan meneutralkan pH tanah, cairkan

pada nisbah 1:300, siramkan pada akar pokok.
9. Mengelakkan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteria.

5.Untuk mengurangkan buah gugur dan menambah kualiti buah,
10. Menambah baik kualiti buah dan menambah kandungan gula
cairkan pada nisbah 1:500, semburkan pada putik buah.
dalam buah.
6.Untuk kawalan serangga, gunakan pada kecairan 1:1000 dan
11. Sebagai pemangkin tumbesaran biji benih.
campurkan dengan 50% kepekatan racun serangga dari biasa.
12. Sebagai bahan tambahan kepada baja kompos.
7.Untuk kawalan rumpai/lumut, nisbah 1:5, semburkan terus
13. Membantu haiwan ternakan lebih sihat dan melindungi dari
pada rumpai/lumut.
penyakit. Menjadikan daging haiwan dan susu lebih berkualiti.
CILI MERAH - INFO HYBRID-Mohammad

Aplikasi & Penggunaan Pertanian
Abdul Rahman
28

By on Monday, 29 July 2013 at 13:31
-Tinggi pkk 4 kaki -buah kurang pedas -sambil berbuah sambil
Info hibrid cili merah
berpucuk @ berbunga..
MC 11 -Tinggi pokok 80-110 cm,
-Pasaran tiada masalah langsung.
-panjang buah 8-10 cm, 7-10g/biji

MC 12 -Tinggi pokok 60-80 cm,
Perbandingan Kulai Tempatan, Kulai 568, F1 469
-panjang buah 10-13 cm, 12 14 g/biji,
- Kulai Tempatan pokoknya terlalu besar, 568 kecik, 469 sangat
hybrid F1 469 -180 biji sepokok
kecik
-ketinggian pokok 35 cm
- Kulai Tempatan bunga sangat mudah gugur, 568 gugur sikit, 469
hybrid 833
sangat sukar gugur
-ketinggian pokok 2- 6 kaki
- Kulai Tempatan buahnya ringan, 568 dan 469 lebih berat 1.5 kali
-55 biji berat utk 1 kg buah bagi sepokok
ganda kerana lebih besar dan lebih tebal
s469
- Kulai Tempatan sangat amat pedas, 568 tak pedas, 469 pedas.
- amat pedas, bukan plastik, besar mencecah 20cm.
- Kulai Tempatan pemborong terima, 568 sangat diterima, 469 sukar
-amat besar, maka ia kurang sesuai untuk tanaman secara komersial
diterima (bergantung kepada tempat)
- kurang digemari pengguna.
- Kulai Tempatan ada 60 biji pada bulan pertama, 568 80-120 biji,
-1gm (140-150biji)
469 80 biji. - Kulai Tempatan sangat mudah kena kerinting, 568
568
mudah, 469 sukar sikit, kalau kena pun kerinting peringkat pertama
- kurang pedas, bukan plastik, rupa dan saiz = Kulai.
sahaja.
Kulai tempatan
- Kulai Tempatan langsung tak ada lalat buah kerana amat pedas, 568
-amat sesuai untuk tanaman secara komersial
dan 469 ada sedikit bergantung kepada tempat.
-lebih pedas dan mudah dihancurkan tidak liat mudah dibuat sos
hybrid 568
* Oleh kerana Kulai Tempatan sangat besar maka ia tak dapat
-Buah pertama 40-90 biji (40-45 biji/kg)
ditanam rapat-rapat maka hasil kurang, di samping itu air dan racun
-setiap pkk leh menghasilkan 2-2.5 kg.
harus banyak sebab pokok besar, pancang pun kena kuat.
29

* 469 amat sesuai bagi penanam baru nak belajar/'penanam amatur
6.nipple 1000 =RM100.00
kerana ia amat mudah berbuah lebat dan besar (pada bulan pertama),
7.media cocopeat 70 bag =RM315.00
bagaimanapun buahnya amat sukar diterima pasaran (bergantung
8.media sekam bakar 70 bag =RM175.00
kepada tempat) dan harganya juga lebih murah.
9.polybag 15 x 15 x 40kg. =RM300.00

10.tong baja a/b x 2 =RM70.00
* 568 sederhana mudah untuk dijaga, pokok yang kecil tapi buah
11.tubing 4 mm 9 roll x 80m =RM198.00
yang lebat dan berat memungkinkan hasil yang tinggi di samping ia
12.silver shine 0.035mm x 250m=RM70.00
amat mudah diterima pasaran walaupun tak pedas.
13.fitting lump sum =RM200.00
Kos operasi/kos bulanan/kos tidak tetap yang meliputi :
14.timer digital 1 minit cutoff =RM60.00

15.tray semai anak benih 10kpg.=RM30.00
1)benih
16.benih 10 gm. =RM30.00
2)peatmoss
17.baja a/b 1 set 50kg. =RM240.00
3)baja AB
18.disk filter 1 =RM55.00
4)racun+baja foliar
JUMLAH DI ATAS SEMUA = + RM2813.00
5)bil air
6)bil elektrik
Kos luar jangka dan operation cost spt. racun, baja ulangan dll.
7)tali rafia
Musuh tanaman cili
Anggaran kos tanaman cili dengan fertigasi keperluan asas
-ulat ratus -kutu daun/afid -kutu trip -hama merah -hama kuning
fertigasi bagi 1000pk cili
-lelompat daun -pelombong daun -lalat putih -ulat pengorek buah
1.polytank 400 gallon =RM400.00
-lalat buah -ulat pangkas
2.pam 0.75hp =RM250.00
Tips untuk mengawal serangan lalat buah:
3.main pipe poly 32mmx100m =RM120.00

4.poly tubing 13 mmx300m =RM120.00
lalat buah ni serang buah cili yang masak dan muda.
5.dripper(putih)1000 =RM80.00
30
kerosakan boleh mencapai 60-80%
-campur methyl eugenol dengan air kedalam botol tu dan

gantung di kawasan pokok cili. lalat buah akan masuk dalam
tanda kerosakan buah ialah buah menjadi berair

lembik,busuk dan gugur.
jika koyak =-larva (ulat) dalam buah yang berwarna

kuning. luar buah ada tanda bintik kena cucuk.
rupa lalat buah ni warna kuning belang hitam. sayap dia

lut sinar.
serangan boleh di kesan 3 minggu selepas putik keluar.
botol dan hisap cecair lalu mati. atau: -botol warna kuning
terang (attract serangga). -sembur dengan NEOPACE (gam)
pada permukaan botol kuning tu -gantung pada kawasan pokok
cili. -lalat buah akan melekat pada permukaan botol tu sebab
NEOPACE tu ada gam.
Jangka hayat pokok cili
-semai benih hingga mula tuai 2.5-3 bulan
-petik hasil maksimum 6 bulan.
-jangka hayat 8 bulan dari mula semai (max. yield)
cara kawalan
-Jangka Hayat cili sehingga 12 bulan dimana bulan ke-4

memberikan hasil.
-kutip semua buah yang kena serang dan masukkan

dalam plastik. -guna sebatian methyl eugenol untuk menarik dan
sehari bagi 100 pokok (purata)
memerangkap lalat jantan. cara ini akan kurangkan kadar
-jangka hayat pokok berbuah utk 6 bulan = 30 kali tuai
pensenyawaan.
-anggaran sebiji cili 7 gram 5 bijiX7gram = 35 gram
-Buahnya sederhana besar. Hasilnya mencapai sehingga 10kg
ANTI SERANGGA
cara buat perangkap
By on Tuesday, 24 September 2013 at 23:34

ANTI SERANGGA .olahan Agropolitan Fertilizer Sub-dc Kulim
-ambil botol air mineral dan potong buat tingkap (W 2

inci dan H 1 inci).
31

Saya menggunakan kaedah semburan daun petai belalang dan ubi
Common Name: Ladybirds, Ladybird Beetles,
gadong pada daun pokok..tapi pokok anak sawit la..alhamdulillah
Lady Beetles, Ladybugs [Of Florida]
tiada binatang ataupun serangga yang usik daun pokok..
Scientific Name: (Insecta: Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

.dlm pemerhatian sy tidak ada apa apa kesan sampingan setakat hari
ini..dah 2 tahun lebih dah cuba kaedah ini..kosnya rajin ja..x
melibatkan RM..
penggunaannya hanya sebulan sekali semburan..untuk pokok yang
baru berbunga, elakkan menyembur pada bunga..nanti kumbang
pendebungaan tak singgah lak..langsung tidak berbuah..
(a) Pest Species - Feeding on Plants

Adults and larvae of the subfamily Epilachninae feed on plants. In
Florida,
cara buat semburan daun petai belalang

cara
mudah
ja..ambil
daun
petai
this
subfamily
is
represented
only
by Epilachna
borealis (Fabricius) and E. varivestis Mulsant. Epilachna borealis,

belalang,blandersampai
the squash beetle, feeds on members of the squash family
hancur..ambil air pati ja utk campuran utk spray..pati daun boleh
(Cucurbitaceae), and in Florida is restricted to the north, with a wide
dgunakan beberapa kali utk canpuran semburan..nisbah campuran
distribution in other states of the eastern USA.Epilachna varivestis,
125ml(pati) = 16 liter air(tanpa klorin)
the Mexican bean beetle, feeds on members of the bean family

(Leguminosae), and rarely has been found south of northern Florida.
bebas dari kesan sampingan..fully organik..boleh juga dicampur
It is native to southern Mexico, but it is an immigrant to the USA,
dengan baja foliar utk semburan...daun petai ini sifatnya hanyalah
first detected in the west in 1849, and in northern Florida in 1930.
pahit..daun yang kena semburanakan menjadi pahit,insyaAllah
Now, its distribution is from Costa Rica north through Mexico to the
serangga tak ganggu..pantangnya jgn guna air berklorin ja..guna air
Rocky Mountain states of the USA, and with a separated eastern
sungai,telaga,parit,air hujan dll..
population (which extends southward to northern Florida). In Florida

it can be controlled efficiently by releases of the parasitoid
32

wasp Pediobius foveolatus (Crawford) (Eulophidae) (Nong and
Bennett 1994), which have to be made annually in the northeastern
USA (Stevens et al. 1975) because of the more severe climate. It was
(d) Predatory Species - Feeding on Whiteflies Four of Florida's
discussed by Sanchez-Arroyo (2009).
ladybirds appear to be more-or-less specialized predators of

whiteflies.
They
are Delphastus
catalinae (Horn), D.
pallidus (LeConte), and D. pusillus (LeConte) (tribe Serangiini),

and Nephaspis oculatus(Blatchley) (Tribe Scymnini). The first seems
(b) Innocuous Species - Feeding on Mildews
Ladybirds of the tribe Halyziini (of the subfamily Coccinellinae)
feed on fungal growths (mildews) on the leaves of plants. In Florida,
this tribe is represented only by the West Indian Psyllobora
nana Mulsant which has invaded the extreme south of Florida, and
by the
widespread Psyllobora parvinotata Casey which also
occupies coastal areas as far west as Louisiana.
to be an immigrant species from the Neotropical region, with first

Florida record in 1974 (Hoelmer and Pickett 2003). Deliberate
attempts to introduce that species from California in 1916-1917 to
Manatee County, Florida, seem to have had no success (Frank and
McCoy 1993, Hoelmer and Pickett 2003). The next two (D.
pallidus and D. pusillus) are considered to be native. The fourth (N.
oculatus) may be an immigrant from Central America. After "D.
pusillus" was found to be a a very useful biological control agent
against sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hoelmer
et al. 1993) including the "form" that later was named silverleaf
(c) Predatory Species - Feeding on Mites
whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring), "it" was

exported to California and made available commercially and used in
Adults and larvae of the tribe Stethorini (of the subfamily

Scymninae) feed on tetranychid mites. In Florida, this tribe is
represented only by Stethorus utilis (Horn), a tiny ladybird which is
also distributed in the coastal plains of the southeastern states from
North Carolina through Texas.
other parts of the USA. Unfortunately, the ladybird beetle that was
called D. pusillus by Hoelmer et al. (1993) seems to have been a
mixture of D. catalinae andD. pusillus (Hoelmer and Pickett 2003).
Somehow this resulted in commercial biological control companies
selling D. catalinae under the name D. pusillus (Hoelmer and Pickett
2003).
33

predator
of
mealybugs
in
Florida
is Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri Mulsant, a species native to Australia, introduced into

(e) Predatory Species - Feeding on Cottonycushion Scale
California first in 1891, and some time later from California into
Cottonycushion scale (Icerya purchasi Maskell), native to Australia,

belongs to the homopterous family Margarodidae (commonly called
"ground pearls", although this name hardly fits this species) in the
superfamily Coccoidea (scale insects). It is a major pest of citrus, and
an
important
pest
of
several
other
trees
and
shrubs
including Acacia, Casuarina, and Pittosporum. After its arrival in

California, presumably as a contaminant of imported plants, it
threatened to ruin California's citrus industry in the late 1800s. It was
controlled by importation, release, and establishment (as classical
biological control agents) of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) and a
parasitoid
fly, Cryptochetum
iceryae (Williston).
When
cottonycushion scale became a problem in Florida, the same two

biological control agents were imported from California into
Florida. R. cardinalis is a highly effective control agent for
Florida. It has been marketed commercially as a control agent for

mealybugs and is often effective, but has one unfortunate
characteristic: its larvae produce waxy filaments making them look
to the uninitiated like their mealybug prey. Many owners of plants
have sprayed the larvae with chemicals in the mistaken belief that
they are pests. This misidentification must be overcome by
education. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri does not confine its attentions
to mealybugs, and also eats soft scales (Coccidae) and armored
scales (Diaspididae). Such a catholic diet is normal for a long list of
Florida ladybirds, so that their diet cannot neatly be pigeonholed as
armored scales or soft scales or mealybugs -- they may eat some prey
in all of these families, and a few of the larger ones may even eat an
aphid from time to time. For that reason, many genera and species
are placed below under (h) - Feeding on Scale Insects.
cottonycushion scale.
(g) Predatory Species - Feeding on Armored Scale Insects
(f) Predatory Species - Feeding on Mealybugs
Mealybugs are the homopterous family Pseudococcidae, which
includes some notable pests of plants. The most notable ladybird
Eight species in four genera seem to feed largely or entirely on

armored scale insects (Diaspididae). They include Microweisea
coccidivora (Ashmead), M.
misella (LeConte),
andM.
34

ovalis (LeConte) of the tribe Microweiseini, Zilus horni Gordon, Z.
and Hyperaspis (16)
eleutherae Casey, Z.
Hyperaspini), Axion(1), Chilocorus (3), Curinus (1),
subtropicus (Casey)
and
perhaps Zagloba
(all
in
tribe
bicolor (Casey) (its diet is a guess) of the tribe Scymnillini,
and Exochomus (2) (all in tribe Chilocorini), Rhyzobius (1) (tribe
and Cryptognatha nodiceps Marshall of the tribe Cryptognathini.
Coccidulini), and Azya (1) (tribe Azyini) (see Table 1). It is not yet
One of these,Cryptognatha nodiceps, is not native, having been
clear how, or whether, they divide up the scale insects between them,
imported in the 1930s, released, and established as a classical
because reliable prey records are too incomplete. However, there is
biological
at least some level of prey specialization in these (and groups (e), (f),
control
agent
for
coconut
scale
(Aspidiotus
destructorSignoret) (Frank and McCoy 1993).
and (g) above) that feed on scale insects, which seems not to be the
case for the next-discussed trophic group (those that feed on
aphids). Brachiacantha has a curious life history in that its larvae so
far as is known feed on scale insects within ant nests.
(h) Predatory Species - Feeding on Scale Insects

Thirteen genera containing 66 species are placed here into this large
trophic group that has scale insects as its prey, meaning members of
the superfamily Coccoidea (the scale insects). This superfamily
includes various related families, notably Coccidae (soft scales),
Diaspididae
(armored
scales),
Pseudococcidae
(mealybugs),
Dactylopiidae (cochineal scales), Kermesidae (gall-like scales),

Eriococcidae (felt scales), Cerococcidae (ornate pit scales), and
Asterolecaniidae (pit scales). The ladybird genera are named below,
each followed by a number in parentheses, representing the number
of
species
known
from
Florida: Decadomius (1), Diomus (9), Nephus (3), and Scymnus (16)
(all
in
tribe
Scymnini),Brachiacantha (7), Hyperaspidius (5),
Rhyzobius lophanthae was introduced to California from Australia in

1892 to control scale insects, and somehow later made its way to
Florida (there is no record of an early introduction into
Florida). Chilocorus circumdatus (Schoenherr) [other writers give
the author name as Gyllenhal] was released in Florida in 1996, from
Australia (although it is native to southeastern Asia and is adventive
in Australia) against citrus snow scale, Unaspis citri, and is
established (H. W. Browning, personal communication, M. C.
Thomas, personal communication). Azya orbigera Mulsant was first
detected in Florida in 1975, and seems to be an immigrant from the
Neotropical region (Woodruff and Sailer 1977). Decadomius
bahamicus (Casey) was first detected in Florida in 1991, and is an
immigrant from the Caribbean or the Bahamas or Bermuda (Bennett
35

and Gordon 1991). Diomus roseicollisMulsant is another immigrant,
built large populations and its adults, in their search for
from Cuba (Gordon 1976). These and other insects that immigrated
overwintering sites, sometimes are able to enter loosely constructed
to Florida are listed and discussed by Frank and McCoy (1992).
houses; there they die of desiccation, or they are evicted or destroyed

by the householders who accuse them of being pests.
Two of these genera, Coleomegilla and Mulsantina, include adelgids
(i) Predatory Species - Feeding on Aphids
(Adelgidae), which are closely related to aphids, in their diet.
Adults and larvae of 12 of the remaining 13 Florida species (the tribe

Coccinellini)
probably
feed
include Coccinella
C. septempunctataL., Coelophora
maculata DeGeer, Cycloneda
sanguinea (L.), Harmonia
primarily
on
aphids.
They
Further, Coleomegilla also includes pollen whereasMulsantina also

includes scale insects in the broad sense.
novemnotata Herbst,
inaequalis (F.), Coleomegilla
munda (Say),Cycloneda
Alternative Food (Back to Top)
axyridis Pallas, Harmonia

convergens Gurin-
Ladybird larvae and adults may supplement their normal prey in
picta (Randall), Naemia
times of scarcity with other types of food. They consume flower
seriata(Melsheimer), Neoharmonia venusta (Melsheimer). Although
nectar, water and honeydew -- the sugary excretion of piercing-
the 13th species (Olla v-nigrumCasey) feeds on some aphid species,
sucking insects such as aphids and whiteflies. Many plant species
it has been shown to be an important predator of psyllids (Michaud
also contain organelles in locations on the plant other than the flower
2001).
-- termed extrafloral nectaries -- that produce a nutrient-laden
dimidiata (Fabricius),Hippodamia
Mneville, Mulsantina
secretion. While it was first thought that extrafloral nectaries were

Four of these, C. septempunctata (from Europe), C. inaequalis (from
used by the plant for excretion, it is well substantiated (Bentley 1977,
Australia), H. dimidiata(from China), and H. axyridis (from Japan)
Pemberton and Lee 1996) that most plants actually use the
are not native. The first three were introduced into Florida (Frank
extrafloral nectaries to attract predators and parasites for protection
and McCoy 1993). The last was introduced by the USDA into
from their herbivores. Over 2000 species of plants in 64 families
Georgia and made its own way to Florida. In some habitats it has
36

have extrafloral nectaries. Plants commonly found in Florida
APAKAH MIKROORGANISMA.
landscapes with extrafloral nectaries are the fruit trees, Prunus spp.
Benda hidup yang sangat seni sehinggakan tidak kelihatan
(most
dengan mata kasar.
of
the
431
species
worldwide
have
them),
passionflower, Passiflora spp.; Ipomoea spp.,

morningglory; Hibiscus spp.,
hibiscus;Gossypium
hirsutum,
KUMPULAN MIKROORGANISMA.
cotton; Impatiens sp., impatiens; and Vicia spp., vetch. Extrafloral
Virus
nectaries may be located on leaf laminae, petioles, rachids, bracts,
Bakteria
stipules, pedicels, fruit, etc. Ladybirds often use the secretions from
Kulat
extrafloral nectaries in their diet (Pemberton and Vandenberg 1993)
Protozoa
and are just some of the many beneficial insects that use extrafloral
Algae
APA
nectary secretions.
ITU
MIKROORGANISMA
TEMPATAN
BERFAEDAH?
Merupakan kumpulan mikroorganisma yang diperolehi secara
semulajadi di kawasan setempat atau berdekatan melalui prosesproses tertentu yang memiliki kerjasama antara satu sama lain
PLANT BOOSTER-Sedutan dari Hasri Hj Hassan
bagi membantu organisma lain mendapat faedah hasil daripada

kerjasama tersebut .
SeriFertigasi
By on Thursday, 25 July 2013 at 15:53
CONTOH
SUMBER
PEMERAKAPAN
MIKROORGANISMA TEMPATAN BERFAEDAH(BIM).

MARI KITA BELAJAR MEMBUAT PLANT BOOSTER
1.
APLIKASI
MIKROORGANISMA
BERFAEDAH KEATAS TANAMAN.
TEMPATAN
a.Susu dan air beras (Lactobacillus spp)

b.Kawasan hutan (IMO ATAU BIM)
c.Pokok buluh IMO ATAU BIM
d.Pokok Rhizibium- Bakteria pengikat nitrogen
37

e.Pemeraman sayuran dan buah-buahan
f.PEMERAMAN SUSU BERSAMA SAYURAN DAN BUAH-
c.Yis.
BUAHAN ( DOA-PLANT BOOSTER).
Menghasilkan antibiotik, hormon, enzim dan probiotik
Menyediakan substrat untuk laktik asid bakteria dan
CONTOH
YANG
KUMPULAN
BIASA
MIKROB
TERDAPAT
SEMULAJADI
HASIL
actinomycetes
DARIPADA
PEMERANGKAPAN SECARA SEMULAJADI.
APAKAH KEPENTINGANYA PADA TANAMAN????
a.Lactobacillus spp Bacteria.
SECARA UMUM
b.Yeast count.
Untuk meningkatkan kualiti dan hasil tanaman yang sihat
c.photosynthetic bacteria.
Untuk meningkatkan ketahanan penyakit
d.Actinomycetes bacteria
Mempercepatkan proses pereputan dan penguraian-
Nutrien mineralization
a.Laktik asid bacteria.
lain-simbiosis
Mempercepatkan penguraian bahan organik, selulosa dan
lignin
Menghalang
serangan
mikrooganisma
berbahaya
Meningkatkan populasi mikroorganisma berguna yang

Mengurangkan
kadar
kehilangan
nutrien
dan
meningkatkan kecekapan pengambilan nutrient.
Fusarium sp
Merencatkan
pertumbuhan
patogen
sebagai agen
APAKAH
sterilizer
MIKROB?
Sebagai agen mineralization
YANG
MEMPENGARUHI
KEAKTIFAN
Suhu - kurang aktif pd suhu rendah

kebanyakan aktif pada suhu 35C-40C
b.Fotosintetik bacteria.
pH
- bergantung kepada jenis
mengurai bahan organik, selulosa dan lignin
Keamatan cahaya membiak dengan aktif dalam
Menukarkan gas toksik kepada gas tak berbau
Mengikat nitrogen diudara.
keadaan gelap
38
Kehadiran nutrien semua mikrob memerlukan nutrien

kecuali virus.
o Campurkan semua bahan tersebut kecuali labu dan ragi yang

paling akhir campuran.
o Peram secara partially anaerobik selama seminggu.
2.APLIKASI DOA-ORGANIK PLANT BOOSTER KEATAS
o Dianggap matang apabila terdapat miselium putih dipermukaan
TANAMAN.
larutan.
o Tapis dan simpan di tempat yang gelap.
IDEA TEKNOLOGI.
Hasil inovasi gabungan teknologi organik farming Korea,Jepun dan
o Ketahanan produk dianggar selama 6 bulan.
India yang menggabungkan unsur tanaman buah-buahan dan sayur-
o Perlu dilarutkan sebelum di gunakan.
sayuran yang mempunyai nilai nutrien dan hormon semulajadi yang

tinggi bersama mikroorganisma berfaedah.
-
PROSES PEMERAMAN.
BAHAN-BAHAN.
o Susu tepung/segar
5kg/5L
Terdapat miselium putih tumbuh pada permukaan tanah yang
o Ragi
5 ketul
di apply bokashi.
o Pisang
5kg
o Labu
5kg
3. APLIKASI
o Betik
5kg
o Kangkong
3kg
jenis dan umur tanaman
o belacan@udang geragau
3kg
o telur
10biji
o Gula merah
3kg
o Air
50liter
Boleh digunakan dalam pembuatan kompos ataupun
bokashi.
3.1 CONTOH APLIKASI.
Boleh digunakan terus pada tanaman sukatan mengikut
KAEDAH PEMBUATAN.
Sawi, bayam dan kailan

5ml/LITER AIR(M1) 10ml/L(M2) -15ml/L(M3)
Cili
39

5ml/LITER AIR(M1) 10ml/L(M3) -15ml/L(M5) 20ml/L(M7)-
Dapat meningkatkan 20-30% hasil tanaman
penggunaan 20ml kekal sehingga 2minggu seterusnya.
Dapat menjimatkan baja
Melon (rock melon glomour dan golden langkawi)
Mempercepatkan tempoh masa pembunggaan
5ml/LITER AIR(M1) 15ml/L(M3) -20ml/L(M5)
Memanjangkan tempoh hayat tanaman
25ml/L(M7)
Meningkatkan ketahanan penyakit
3.2 FORMULA KOMPOS.
KELEMAHAN.
Pokok akan menunjukkan kesan kekurangan nutrien
5 bhg tinja ayam+ 1 bhg sekam padi@cocopeat terpakai
sesuai untuk tanaman sayuran
yang ketara apabila tiada atau baja yang sedikit
5 bhg tinja ayam + 3 bhg tinja kambing + 1 sekam
padi@cocopeat terpakai sesuai untuk tanaman sayur buah
5 bhg tinja kambing + 1 bhg tinja ayam + 1sekam padi @
cocopeat terpakai
Setiap bahan perlu campur 5% dedak.
LALAT BUAH
o KAEDAH PEMBUATAN KOMPOS
By Mmd Apis Ahmad on Tuesday, 3 September 2013 at 14:41
Kesemua bahan organan dicampur
Nama biasa: Lalat Buah
Lembapkan dengan air bercampur 5ml/L air sehingga
kelembapan mencapai 40-50%
Diperam secara partially anaerobik selama 7 hari
Selepas itu gaul dan boleh guna terus pada pokok
mengikut kadar yang disyorkan .
Nama saintifik: Bactrocera carambolae.
Kitaran hidup lalat buah:

Telur : 1-2 hari
KEBAIKAN PLANT BOOSTER
Mempercepatkan pertumbuhan pokok
Larva: 8-10 hari

40
Kepompong : 10 hari.
Dewasa : 5-7 hari.
Kawalan Secara Kimia

1. Lebaycid 550 (Bayer cropscience) dengan bahan aktif
fenthion (paling
## Kepompong terbentuk di dalam tanah.
mujarab)
2. racun kimia dengan bahan aktif cypermethrin

3. Prevathon + Imida untuk matikan ulat dalam buah
Aktif pada waktu pagi antara 8-10 am dan petang antara pukul 5-7
pm..
4. Dimethoate + bawang putih ( Dimethoate dengan cara

kerja sistemik, akan
meresap pada daun dan buah, ulat yang
makan isi buah sebelum jadi pupa akan

Lalat buah menyerang dengan menyegat/menyuntik telur pada
buah. Kemudiaan larva yang menetas akan memakan tisu buah dari
dalam, antara tanda tanda serangan adalah buah kelihatan lebam,
mati sebab makanan
beracun, jadi populasi lalat berkurang. bawang putih

menghasilkan aroma yang tidak di sukai serangga
5.racun DIMEXION >>baun nya tidak di sukai serangga..
lembik dan berair dan jika di amati pada fizikal luar buah akan
terdapat kesan seperti tusukan jarum pada bahagian luar buah. Jika
Perangkap Lalat Buah
anda teliti pada bahagian dalam buah pula, akan terdapat ulat yang di
panggil larva. Lalat buah jika tidak di kawal boleh menyebabkan
lebih 50% hasil kebun anda akan musnah
Memasang perangkap lalat buah dengan menggunakan feromon

methyl euganol. Methyl euganol akan menghasilkan bau yang akan
menarik lalat jantan masuk ke dalam perangkap yang telah di isi air
Antara punca yang menyebabkan lalat buah datang adalah
atau racun, bila lalat jantan berkurangan maka kurang berlaku
disebabkan oleh buah yang terkena antraknos. Jadi kawal lah kebun
persenyawaan dan populasi lalat buah akan berkurangan dengan
supaya jangan terkena fungus antraknos. sembur racun kulat secara
mendadak, perangkap ini haruslah sentiasa di selia (buang lalat yang
rutin..
mati,dan titiskan pemikat yang baru jika bau feromon sudah mula
berkurang) dan pastikan perangkap di pasang pada bahagian luar/tepi
Berikut adalah antara Kaedah untuk Mengatasi lalat buah..
kebun bukan bahagian dalam kebun

41

B. ....tips perangkap lalat buah dari ladang belimbing dan jambu
Selain itu perangkap lalat buah boleh di buat sendiri dengan cara
batu......air kencing lembu campur dgn perahan airlimau nipis atau
berikut :-
kasturi....
Kaedah ini ( A dan B ) dikatakan lebih efisyen kerana ia dapat
Selamat Mencuba
memerangkap lalat buah jantan dan betina >>

A. Perangkap lalat buah yang ekonomik. Apa yang kita perlukan
Nasihat daripada GM Peladang
ialah:
200 ml air 50 gram gula perang
1. Musnahkan punca vektor. Spt kita tebang pkok jenis palma
1 gram yis ( yis ibu roti, boleh dibeli di pasar raya )
supaya white fly x dtg serang pokok tomato.
dan 1 botol plastik 2-liter.

2. Jika memakai perangkap serangga, letak di luar kebun dan
Bagaimana caranya:
selanggara dgn cara tanam ia tiap sehari/2 kali sehari. Jgn biar penuh
1. Potong botol plastik (jenis PET) pada separuh. Simpan bahagian
di dlm botol atau di pelekat.
leher
2. Campurkan gula perang dengan air panas. Biarkan sejuk. Apabila
3. Jika serangan teruk meracun lah secara selang seli hari
sejuk, tuangkan
selama 5 hari dengann racun serangga. Kemudian kawal
di separuh bahagian bawah botol.
3. Tambah yis. Tidak perlu untuk bergaul. Ia akan menghasilkan

karbon dioksida.
seminggu sekali.
(betina dan jantan tertarik dengan karbon
dioksida)
4. Letakkan bahagian corong, terbalik, ke dalam separuh botol tadi.
actinomycetes
5. letakkan di sekeliling/luar kebun anda pada ketinggian 2-3 meter..
By Mohamad Amiruddin Md Nor on Monday, 2 September 2013 at
6. ulang buat jika populasi lalat masih kelihatan..
17:12
42

These are the organisms with characteristics common to both
present in compost and manures are thermophilic growing at 55-65
bacteria and fungi but yet possessing distinctive features to delimit
c temperature (eg. Thermoatinomycetes, Streptomyces).
them into a distinct category. In the strict taxonomic sense,
Actinomycetes belonging to the order of Actinomycetales are
actinomycetes are clubbed with bacteria the same class of
grouped under four families viz Mycobacteriaceae,
Schizomycetes and confined to the order Actinomycetales.
Actinomycetaceae, Streptomycetaceae and Actinoplanaceae.

Actinomycetous genera which are agriculturally and industrially
They are unicellular like bacteria, but produce a mycelium which is
important are present in only two families of Actinomycetaceae and
non-septate (coenocytic) and more slender, tike true bacteria they do
Strepotmycetaceae.
not have distinct cell-wall and their cell wall is without chitin and
cellulose (commonly found in the cell wall of fungi). On culture
In the order of abundance in soils, the common genera of
media unlike slimy distinct colonies of true bacteria which grow
actinomycetes are Streptomyces (nearly 70%), Nocardia and
quickly, actinomycetes colonies grow slowly, show powdery
Micromonospora although Actinomycetes, Actinoplanes,
consistency and stick firmly to agar surface. They produce hyphae
Micromonospora and Streptosporangium are also generally
and conidia / sporangia like fungi. Certain actinomycetes whose
encountered.
hyphae
undergo
morphologically
segmentation
and
resemble
bacteria,
both
physiologically.
Functions / Role of actinomycetes:
Actinomycetes are numerous and widely distributed in soil and are
1. Degrade/decompose all sorts of organic substances like cellulose,
next to bacteria in abundance. They are widely distributed in the soil,
polysaccharides, protein fats, organic-acids etc.
compost etc. Plate count estimates give values ranging from 10^4 to
10^8 per gram of soil. They are sensitive to acidity / low PH
2. Organic residues / substances added soil are first attacked by
(optimum PH range 6.5 to 8.0) and waterlogged soil conditions. The
bacteria and fungi and later by actinomycetes, because they are slow
population of actinomycetes increases with depth of soil even up to
in activity and growth than bacteria and fungi.
horizon C of a soil profiler They are heterotrophic, aerobic and

mesophilic (25-30 ^c) organisms and some species are commonly
3. They decompose / degrade the more resistant and indecomposable

43

organic substance/matter and produce a number of dark black to
ialah 45 cm (18 in). Gaulkan tahiayam reput ke dalam tanah
brown pigments which contribute to the dark colour of soil humus.
sebanyak 50 kg bagi 50 meter persegi ( 500 kaki persegi).
4. They are also responsible for subsequent further decomposition of
Dalam Pasu atau BekasGunakan tanah campuran mengandungi 3
humus (resistant material) in soil.
bahagian tanah, 1 bahagian tahi ayam reput atau kompos dan 1

bahagianpasir. Isikan tanah campuran tersebut ke dalam pasu
5. They are responsible for earthy / musty odor / smell of freshly
sehingga 5 cm (2 in) dari permukaan pasu.
ploughed soils.
6. Many genera species and strains (eg. Streptomyces if
MENYEDIA ANAK BENIHBagi tanaman di ladang, sediakan
actinomycetes produce/synthesize number of antibiotics like
kotak semaian berukuran 45 cm ( 18 in) panjang, 22 cm (9 in) lebar
Streptomycin, Terramycin, Aureomycin etc.
dan 10 cm (4 in) tinggi. Isikan kotak semaian dengan tanah

campuran yang mengandungi 3 bahagian tanah, 1 bahagian tahi
7. One of the species of actinomycetes Streptomyces scabies causes
ayam reput atau compos dan 1 bahagian pasir. Semai 3 g biji benih
disease "Potato scab" in potato.
kedalam kotak semaian secara barisan dan tutup benih dengan
_______________________________________________________
PANDUAN MENANAM TERUNG
lapisan nipis tanah. Jarak antara barisan biji benih ialah 5 cm (2 in)
dan 2 cm (1 in) antara benih. Siram denganpenyiram yang
mempunyai semburan halus dua kali sehari. Kotak semaian mesti
dilindungi cahaya matahari dan air hujan yang berlebihan. Ubah
PENANAMAN Di Ladang
anak benih ke ladang 3 hingga 4 minggu selepas disemai. Sebelum

diubah ke ladang,dedah anak benih kepada cahaya matahari yang
Bajak dan gemburkan tanah sedalam 15 hingga 22 cm (6-9 in).
penuh selama 3 hingga 4 hari untuk mengeraskannya.
Sediakan batas berukuran 1.2 m ( 48 in) lebar dan 22-30 cm (9-12 in)
tinggi. Panjang batas mengikut keadaan kawasan. Jarak antara batas
44

MENANAM
Di LadangGunakan kepingan plastik atau rumput-rumput kering

atau pelepah kelapa sebagai sungkupan.
Di LadangAnak benih yang berumur 3 hingga 4 minggu boleh di

ubah terus ke batas. Sebelum mencabut, basahkan kotak semaian
Dalam Pasu atau BekasGunakan rumput-rumput kerung atau sabut
supaya anak benih senang di gali. Kemudian, gali anak benih dengan
kelapa.
segumpal tanah dan tanam terus kebatas. Jarak tanaman ialah 90 cm

(36 in) antara pokok dan 60 cm antara baris.Dalam Pasu atau Bekas
Tanam terus 3 atau 4 biji benih ke dalam pasu sedalam 2-5 cm ( 1
MerumputBersihkan batas-batas daripada rumput rumpai dengan
in). Tinggalkan sepokok sepasu 2 minggu selepas menanam.
menggunakan tangan, cangkul atau tajak.
PENJAGAANMenyiramSiram tanaman pada awal pagi dan lewat
Menyedia Sokongan
petang setiap hari kecuali hari hujan.

Membaja
Di LadangSatu kayu sokongan sepanjang lebih kurang 1 meter ( 5

kaki) dipacak berdekatan tiap-tiap pokok. Dahan-dahan pokok diikat
dengan tali rafia supaya buah terung tidak terkena permukaan tanah.
Di LadangTabur baja NPK 12:12:17:2 di keliling pokok dengan

kadar 1 sudu besar atau 10 g sepokok setiap dua minggu.
Dalam Pasu atau BekasTabur 1 sudu teh atu 5 g baja NPK
12:12:17:2 sepasu di keliling pokok setiap minggu.
Dalam Pasu atau Bekas

Cara sokongan yang di amalkan adalah sama dengan sokongan yang
dibuat di ladang tetapi kayu yang digunakan berukuran 1.2 m ( 4
kaki ) panjang.
Sungkupan
45
KAWALAN SERANGGA DAN PENYAKIT

Sembur racum serangga carbaryl (Sevin pada kadar 1 sudu besar
KOS
PENGELUARAN
BAGI
TANAMAN
TIMUN BAGI MUSIM 1 VARIETI : DOUBLE

BONUS 1199 LUAS 0.4 HA TAHUN 2010
atau 10 g segelen air ) untuk mengawal ulat lipas daun, kumbang

daun dan pengorek buah.Gunakan racun kulat maneb ( seperti
BIL
PERKARA
KUANTITI
HARGA/ JUMLAH
UNIT
Megamaneb pada kadar 1 sudu besar atau 10 g segelen air) untuk

mengawal penyakit reput buah dan racun kulat benomyl ( seperti
Benlate pada kadar 1 sudu teh atau 3 g segelen air) untuk mengawal
1. Benih 5
37.00
185.00
2. Tali rambut
15
6.00
90.00
3. Tali hijau
30
6.30
189.00
4. Furadan
bintik daun.
MEMUNGUT HASILDi LadangMulalah memetik buah 6 minggu

selepas mengubah. Pungutan hasil dibuat setiap 4 hari. Anggaran
hasil ialah sebanyak 75 125 kg bagi 50 meter persegi. Denagn
harga purata 60 sen sekilo, pendapatan kasar adalah RM 45 RM 75
.Dalam Pasu atau BekasMulalah memetik buah 10 minggu selepas
menanam. Anggaran hasil adalah 1 kg/pokok.
5. Racun siput
6. Baja(i) En Cal
16:16:16
13:10:21:TE
22.00
44.00
3.00
1
2.5
4.5
9.00
95.00
95.00(ii)
110.00
275.00(iii)
120.00
540.00
7. Racun Seranggai. Armada 680 0.08

Kos Pengeluaran Timun Konvensional- oleh Nurwahidah
54.40ii. Cypermetrin 1080 0.02
Hambali
21.60iii. Mospilan 70 0.06
4.20
By Nurwahidah Hambali on Thursday, 25 July 2013 at 08:38

46

8. Racun kulati. Dithane 45 1030 0.03
20. Sewa
26.78ii. Daconil 820 0.02
100.00
19.68
9. Biogreen 9400 0.03
282.00
TOTAL
10. Racun rumputi. Basta 15
RM 8,089.86
156.00
156.00
11. Kapur GML
40
12. Baja Organiki. Tahi ayam
10.00
1
400.00
300.00
Kos Pengeluaran, Pendapatan kasar dan bersih

Tanaman Timun
By Norhisam Ramlan on Tuesday, 23 July 2013 at 10:00
Update Timun 747 100% Kawalan SRI ORGANIK- MUSIM 1
300.00
13. Upah pekerja
3620.00
14. Gaji pengurus
1150.00
15. Susut nilai
100.00
Bilangan Pokok : 3200 pokok

Tanam : 29hb April 2013
Tuai : 2hb June 2013
Habis : 10hb Julai 2013
Jumlah hari menuai : 38 hari
16. Petrol
219.20
17. Diesel
129.00
PENDAPATAN
18. Suratkhabar
100
19. Penyelenggaraan mesin
0.50
50.00
30.00
Jumlah kutipan hasil :25 MT ( Gred A - RM 1.00 )

2 MT ( Gred B - RM 0.20 )
Jumlah Pendapatan Kasar : RM 25,400.00
PERBELANJAAN
47

Pendapatan Bersih : RM25,400 - RM 9987.00 = RM 15,413.00
Benih 2 tin @ RM 175.00 = RM350
Plastik silvershine : 15 gulung @ RM 65.00 = RM 975
Tali : 15 gulung @ RM 10.00 = RM 150.00
ORGANIC FURADAN DARI BUAH JERING -
Tali jurai : 25 ikat @ RM 6.00 = RM 150.00
sedutan dari Wizan Zaini
Baja Yara Liva 1 beg @ RM 85.00 = RM 85.00
By on Saturday, 20 July 2013 at 05:33
Baja Yara 16 : 16 : 16 2 beg @ RM 130.00 = RM 260.00

Baja Yara 13: 11: 21 3 beg @ RM 130.00 = RM 390.00
Tiga bahan utama, iaitu buah jering, belerang, dan pasir.Cara
SRI ANAK : 6 liter @ RM 20.00 = RM 120.00 (harga buat sendiri)
pembuatannya mudah:ambil 10 biji buah jering (diambil isi jering)
SRI BUNGA : 4.8 liter @ RM 20.00 = RM96.00
dikisar, diparut atau ditumbuk halusmasukkan jering yang telah
SRI BUAH : 5.6 liter @ RM 20.00 = RM112.00
dikisar,
Mol Ikan : 10 liter @ RM15.00 = RM150.00
besen tambahkan 4 camca/ sudu teh belerang/sulfurtambahkan 6
Mol Kangkong : 4.8 liter @ RM 10.00 = RM 48.00
cawan pasir halusgaulkan bahan tersebut hingga sebatitutup
Mol Pisang : 5.6 liter @ RM 10.00 = RM 56.00
bekas/besen dengan pembalut plastik/ wrapper dan simpan di tempat
OHN : 3 liter @ RM 25.00 = RM 75.00
kering selama 1 minggufuradan organik boleh digunakan dengan
IMO 2 : 2 set @ RM 50.00 = RM 100
mencampurkan dengan tanah untuk tujuan pemasuan, semaian biji
Dedak 2 beg @ RM 35.00 = RM 70.00
benih atau tabur rata di keliling tanaman anda.
Petrol = RM 200
Kawalan Tikus Dari Jering
Diesel = RM 600
Cara yang biasa dibuat petani di Selangor sebelum musim baru
Jumlah Kos Bahan : RM 3987.00
bermula adalah dengan mengumpan tikus dengan padi yang
Jumlah kos pekerja : 2 orang @ RM 1000 @ 3 bulan = RM
digaulkan racun tikus. Cara ini agak berkesan kerana tikus agak
6000.00
terkawal walau pun akhir-akhir ini ada kedengaran kerosakan
Jumlah besar : RM 9987.00
disebabkan oleh tikus berlaku disana-sini. Tapi bagaimana kalau saya
diparut
atau
ditumbuk
halus
ke
dalam
bekas/
48

katakan kita boleh jauhkan tikus dari sawah kita dengan
By Wizan Zaini on Wednesday, 17 July 2013 at 23:14
menggunakan jering?.
Jom Bela Kumbang dalam Kebun!
Pak Tam pernah memberikan cara membuat pencegah tikus

menggunakan jering dalam salah satu kursus yang dikendalinya.
Apa yang ladybugs makan? Biasanya deme makan serangga kecil
Rupa-rupanya
mencuba
yang lain.. biasanya serangga yang kita tak suka (perosak)!
disawahnya. Dengar apa kata saudara Mohd Nor semasa kami
Contohnya aphids! Sebenarnya, larva si kumbang ni pun makan
melawat sawahnya tempoh hari. Sawah disebelahnya jelas nampak
aphids jugak. Kalau nak ladybugs hidup di kebun kita, jangan la
diganggu tikus, tetapi tidak disawahnya.
banyak meracun (kimia).
saudara
Mohd
Nor
Saarani
terus
Cara membuat air jering untuk mencegah tikus

Bahan:1 kg jering yang matang (semai hingga berakar)2 liter air
Selain itu, kumbang ini juga makan serangga lain yang berkulit
Cara:1. Hiriskan jering dan masukkan ke dalam bekas plastik.2.
lembut seperti kutu (mites) dan termasuklah lalat putih (whiteflies).
Masukkan 2 liter air dan rendam jering tadi selama 2 hari.3. Tapis
dan ambil air rendaman jering tadi. (Nota: bau air jering sangat
Ada
juga
jenis
ladybugs
yang
makan
busuk)4. Untuk disembur ke sempadan sawah, ambil satu liter air
daun, TETAPI kebanyakkannya makan serangga (Coccinellidae
jering untuk satu tong penyembur. Sembur dibatas sekeliling sawah
family)!
seolah membuat pagar jering. Cebisan jering bolehlah ditaburkan ke

dalam sawah jika mahu, atau tabur dikeliling rumah.
Macam mana nak panggil ladybugs datang kebun kita? Tanam bunga
Cubalah di sawah anda atau kebun anda. Jika berjaya menangani
dalam kebun.. buat pagar atau letak di celah-celah pokok di kebun.
masalah tikus, tolong beritahu Mak Tam. Boleh kita panjangkan
Biasanya kalau ada bunga adalah kumbangnya. Sayang.. ekosistem
untuk pengetahuan rakan tani yang lain.
kita sudah rosak!

Antara pokok yang menarik ladybugs datang ialah:
Ladybugs | Kumbang Pemangsa (Coccinellidae

family)
1. Ketumbar - Coriander (Coriandrum sativum).
49

2. Kucai - Garlic Chives (Allium tuberosum) - Aphids tak suka
kucai!
In the time plants have evolved on Earth, they have adapted to utilise
five major resources in order to grow. These are
3. Fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare

4. Butterfly Weed (Asclepias Tuberosa)
5. Golden Chamomile (Anthemis tinctoria)
Light, Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and mineral elements. From

these, plants can synthesise a wide range of
organic molecules required for life. Of these five factors, it is the
mineral element requirements of plants which we aim
to provide through the use of hydroponic or soilless culture, and
6. Prairie sunflower (Helianthus maximilianii)
under optimum conditions of light and temperature the

productivity of crops is largely dictated by the mineral composition
7. Rocky Mountain Penstemon

8. Yarrow (Achillia sp.)
in the root zone.

As hydroponic growers and suppliers, it is therefore worth taking a
look at what elements are actually required for
plant growth, what their purpose is inside the plant, and what levels
and ratios are most appropriate for optimising
plant growth in a range of conditions.
Hydroponic Elements - Why we need them ...
The elements required for plant growth include the following.
Nitrogen
Secrets to Hydroponic/fertigation Nutrients.

By Mmd Apis Ahmad on Sunday, 16 June 2013 at 12:43
Secrets to Hydroponic Nutrients.
Nitrogen is a component of all amino acids in proteins and enzymes

used in plant tissue, as well as flavour
compounds and lignin, and as a result the entire plant metabolism
depends on nitrogen supply.
50

Example of Amino Acid containing NITROGEN :HOOC-(CH)n-
Potassium is a key activator of many enzymes, especially those
NH2
involved with carbohydrate metabolism. Potassium is
Without nitrogen, plant growth ceases, and deficiency symptoms
also responsible for the control of ion movement through membranes
rapidly appear. Most obvious deficiency symptoms
and water status of stomatal apertures.
are yellowing or purple colouration of the older leaves, thin stems,
Potassium therefore has a role in controlling plant transpiration and
and low vegetative vigour. Nitrogen is readily
turgor. It is generally associated with plant 'quality'
mobilised within the plant, so deficiencies first appear as symptoms
and is necessary for successful initiation of flower buds and fruit set.
on the older foliage. Excess nitrogen, or specifi-cally
As a result the levels of potassium in nutrient
a high nitrogen to carbon ratio within the plant, predisposes the plant
solutions are increased as plants enter a 'reproductive' phase, and as
to lush soft growth, usually undesirable for
crops grow into lower light levels, in order to
commercial crops and can retard fruitset, promote flower abscission,
maintain nutrient balance in solution. Symptoms of potassium
and induce calcium deficiency disorders as fruit
deficiency are typically, scorched spots towards the
develop.
margins of older leaves, along with generally low vigour and
Nitrogen is supplied as nitrate in the hydroponic nutrient solution,
susceptibility to fungal disease. Crops such as tomatoes
usually from sources calcium nitrate, and potassium
can almost double their uptake of potassium during fruiting. An ideal
nitrate (Saltpetre). Occasionally, for example under low light
source of potassium for hydroponics is
conditions, a small amount of nitrogen is supplied in the
monopotassium phosphate, along with potassium nitrate. Potassium
ammonium form from compounds such as ammonium nitrate or
sulphate can be used as an additive to boost
ammonium phosphate, but this should be limited to
potassium levels without affecting nitrogen or phosphorous.
less than 10% of the total nitrogen content of the nutrient solution to
Potassium chloride should be used sparingly if at all, to
maintain balanced vegetative growth and avoid
avoid excessive chloride levels in solution.
physiological disorders relating to ammonia toxicity. Urea should
Phosphorous
never be used in hydroponics.

Potassium
The energy utilisation process within plants relies on bonds between

phosphate molecules - energy is stored and
51

released by the compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
of phosphorous are also supplied by the use of phosphoric acid for
ATP ---------> ADP + Pi + energy
pH control.
Phosphorous is an integral part of the sugar-phosphate molecules
Magnesium
used in respiration and photosynthesis, and is a

major component of all cell membranes formed using phospholipids.
Magnesium is the central ion of the chlorophyll molecule, and
NUTRON2000 TM is a registered Trademark of Casper Publications
therefore has a primary role in the light collecting
Pty Ltd and Suntec (NZ) Ltd.
mechanism of the plant and the production of plant sugars through

photosynthesis. Magnesium is also a co-factor in
The phospholipid Lechitin, a component of every living cell.
the energy utilisation process of respiration in the plant.
CH3-(CH2)16-COO-CH2
Magnesium deficiency first appears as yellowing of the leaves
between veins on the older parts of the plant, although
CH3-(CH2)7-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COO-CH2
under worse deficiency the symptoms can spread towards the newer
growth. Magnesium deficiency can also occur
CH2-OPO3-CH2N(CH3)3
during periods of low light intensity or heavy crop loading and when
Phosphorus is involved in the bonding structure of nucleic acids
excessive levels of potassium are provided in the
DNA and RNA. Deficiency of phosphate appears as a
nutrient solution. The main, probably universal source of magnesium
dull green colouration of the older leaves followed by purple and
for hydroponics is magnesium sulphate (Epsom
brown colours as the foliage dies. Root development
salts). Although limited use is sometimes made of magnesium nitrate
becomes restricted as phosphorous deficiency occurs, due to sugar
it is rarely an economical option. Soil fertiliser
production and translocation being impeded. The
salts magnesium phosphate or magnesium ammonium phosphate are
main source of phosphate in hydroponics is monopotassium
not suitable.
phosphate, although limited amounts of ammonium
Calcium
phosphate can sometimes be added. Compounds such as calcium

superphosphate should be avoided. Small amounts
Calcium is deposited in plant cell walls during their formation. It is

also required for the stability and functioning of cell
52

membranes. Calcium deficiency is common in hydroponic crops, and
for the element are reasonably flexible within quite a wide range.
is apparent as tipburn in lettuce, and blossom
Where it occurs, sulfur deficiency shows up as
end rot in tomatoes. Calcium is almost totally immobile in the plant,
a general yellowing of the entire foliage, especially on the new
as once deposited in cell walls it can not be
growth.
moved. Therefore the deficiency occurs in the newest growth.
Iron
Calcium transport is dependent on active transpiration,

and so calcium deficiency occurs most often under conditions where
Iron is a component of proteins contained in plant chloroplasts, as
transpiration is restricted, ie warm overcast or
well as electron transfer proteins in the photosyn-thetic
humid conditions are often referred to as "calcium stress" periods.
and respiration chains. Deficiency occurs on the newest leaves, and
Increasing calcium content in solution is unlikely to
appears first as a yellowing of the leaves
improve uptake, and in fact, reducing CF is one way to improve
between veins, and eventually the whole leaf becomes pale yellow,
calcium uptake in most species by enhancing the
even white, ultimately with necrotic (dead) spots
uptake of water. Calcium is supplied by default in most formulations
and distorted leaf margins. Iron must be supplied as chelated Iron
through the use of Calcium nitrate. Extra calcium
EDTA, EDDHA or EPTA in hydroponics, rather than
can be provided by calcium chloride.
sulphate. Iron is the element most susceptible to precipitation at high
Sulfur
(>7) pH, so pH control to below pH6.5 is

necessary to maintain Iron in solution in hydroponics.
Sulfur is used mainly in sulfur-containing proteins using the amino
Manganese
acids cysteine and methionine. The vitamins

thiamine and biotin, as well as the cofactor Coenzyme A, all use
Manganese
catalyses
the
splitting
of
water
molecules
in
sulfur, and so this element also plays a key role in
photosynthesis, with the release of oxygen. It is a co-factor in
plant metabolism. Sulfur deficiency in hydroponics is rare, usually
the formation of chlorophyll and the respiration and photosynthetic
because sulfur is present in adequate quantities
systems. Manganese deficiency appears as a dull
through the use of sulfate salts of the other major elements
grey appearance followed by yellowing of the newest leaves between
particularly magnesium and potassium, and plant require-ments
the veins which usually remain green. Spots of

53

dead tissue become apparent on affected leaves. Manganese is
Copper is required in small amounts as a component in several
supplied by manganese sulfate, or manganese EDTA
important enzymes . Toxicity is more common than
in hydroponics. The content of manganese in these fertilisers can
deficiency of copper in hydroponics. Copper sulfate is most often
vary widely between different sources, due to such
used, although copper EDTA can also be used in
factors as different 'water of crystallisation' (MnSO4.nH2O), and
nutrient solutions.
different chelating agents and raw ingredients as well
Silica
as manufacturing processes. Manganese, like iron, is less available to

plants at high pH.
Recently silicates have been reported to improve the growth and
Zinc
development of some crops. When readily available,

silica is incorporated into the root system, and appears to enhance
Zinc contributes to the formation of chlorophyll, and the production
nutrient uptake, improving the potential of crops to
of the plant hormone auxin. It is an integral part of
produce higher yields. Silicates have also been implicated in
many plant enzymes. Zinc deficiency appears as distortion and
enhancing pollination, as well as providing increased
interveinal chlorosis of older leaves of the crop, and
structural strength of stems and some resistance to foliar diseases.
retarded stem development. Zinc is provided by zinc sulfate, or zinc
It should be noted, that among the 110 or so known elements, many
EDTA in hydroponics.
more are likely to be implicated in plant growth.
Boron
Nickel, cobalt, chromium, titanium, iodine, selenium, lithium and

numerous others have been reported to have some
Boron is required mostly for cell division in plants, and deficiencies
function in some species of plants.
appear similar to calcium deficiencies, with stem
Hydroponic Nutrient Basics
cracking and death of the shoot apex being the most significant
symptoms. Boron is supplied as either borax (sodium
There are several important factors to decide when purchasing salts
borate) or boric acid in hydroponic production.
for hydroponic nutrient formulae:
Copper
1. The salt must be completely soluble in water, that is the salt must
not contain additives or insoluble fillers, or
54

components (such as insoluble sulphates and phosphates) which
Potassium Nitrate (13% N): Also supplies 36.5% Potassium
while useful for soil fertiliser are unacceptable in
Ammonium Nitrate (33% N): Nitrogen form is split between
hydroponics.
ammonium-N and Nitrate-N, the total ammonium-N % of a
2. Contents of sodium, chloride, ammonium and organic nitrogen, or
formula should be kept below 15% in most conditions.
elements not required for plant growth should be
Other sources:
minimised under normal use. These elements if not used by plants

tend to accumulate in recirculating hydroponic
Ammonium Phosphate (10%N): Supplies N and is soluble, but all N
nutrients to the extent that the measured CF includes a high
is in the ammonium form, which limits its appli-cation
proportion of unusable salts.
in hydroponics.
3. The salt must not react with other components in the same mix to
Ammonium Sulfate (21%N): As above, redundant if using
produce insoluble salts, and it should not radically
conventional salts. Urea (46%N): Can cause problems with
alter the pH of the nutrient solution.
ammonia toxicity, and has no CF charge so difficult to measure.
4. For commercial use, the fertiliser source must be economical.
Nitric Acid: Used often for pH control, but should not be considered
There is no point using expensive fertiliser salts when
a nitrogen source, especially not mixed with salts
a cheaper source is perfectly adequate.
in stock solutions.
What Salts to Use
Phosphorus
Recommended Sources
Macro Elements
MonoPotassium Phosphate (21% P): Also provides 25% Potassium.
Nitrogen
Other sources:
Recommended sources
Ammonium Phosphate (22% P): Not used as the main phosphate
Calcium Nitrate (15.5% N): Commercial calcium nitrate also forms
source as too much ammonium would be produced.
1% Ammonium-N in solution, and supplies 20%
Phosphoric Acid: As for Nitric acid above. Older formulations used it
Calcium
as a P source in 'Topping-up" mixtures but this

55

approach is no longer valid.
Fertiliser sources of magnesium used in agriculture (Dolomite,
Calcium Superphosphate (10% P): Phosphate is highly soluble (as
Causmag etc) are generally very insoluble, and can not
phosphoric acid), but produces an insoluble
be used for hydroponics.
calcium sulfate / calcium phosphate residue in hydroponics.
Calcium
Potassium
Recommended sources
Recommended Sources
Calcium Nitrate (20% Ca): Calcium is supplied almost entirely by
Potassium Nitrate (37% K)
this salt in most nutrient formulations
MonoPotassium Phosphate (25% K)
Calcium Chloride (36% Ca): Useful to add extra calcium without
Potassium Sulfate (40% K): Also adds sulfur (17%). Useful as an
altering other elements. Limited use due to its
additive to existing formulae to boost potassium
chloride content, so only used as an 'additive'
levels.
Other sources:
Other sources:
Calcium chelates: Expensive and unnecessary
Potassium Chloride (49% K): Can be added in small amounts,
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate: Not recommended due to ammonia
although preferably omitted due to its chloride content.
content
Magnesium
Calcium cyanamide: Release amine - N into solution which produces
Recommended sources
free ammonia.
Calcium carbonate: Insoluble, and inherent pH problems
Magnesium Sulfate (10% Mg): Also adds sulfur. Is highly soluble
Calcium Sulfate: Highly insoluble.
and universal Mg source
Sulfur
Other sources:
Recommended sources
Magnesium Nitrate Expensive, and unnecessary
Magnesium sulfate (13% S): Potassium sulfate (18% S)
Dolomite (Magnesium carbonate) Insoluble residues
Other sources:
56

Iron EDTA, the manganese becomes partly chelated.
Ammonium sulfate
Manganese Chelate (*%): As for Fe EDTA * the content of Mn can
Sulfuric acid
vary between sources.
Trace Elements
Boron
Recommended sources
Iron
Recommended sources
Boric Acid (18% B), Sodium borate (Borax) 11 - 14% B

Zinc
Iron EDTA (6 - 14% Fe): Readily soluble, and stable form of Iron for
Recommended sources
nutrient solutions. Ensure the element (Fe)

content of the chelate is known before making formulations.
Zinc Sulfate (23% Zn), Zinc EDTA (*%)
Iron EPTA: Using different chelating agents the iron can be protected
Copper
in solution at higher pH levels.
Recommended sources
Iron EDDHA " " "

Other sources:
Copper Sulfate (25% Cu), Copper EDTA (*%)

Molybdenum
Iron Sulfate (20% Fe): No longer widely used in hydroponics due to
Recommended sources
its instability in solution. In nutrient solutions iron

sulfate tends to form iron hydroxides which are insoluble.
Ammonium molybdate (48% Mo), Sodium Molybdate (39% Mo)
Iron Chloride: As above
Ratios and Content of Elements in Nutrient Solutions
Manganese
Recommended sources
Once we have the source of elements (fertiliser salts) for a nutrient

formula, the next stage is to combine these into
Manganese Sulfate (24%): Different sources may vary in Mn% due
ratios which give the acceptable element contents in solution. Plants
to being hydrated or anhydrous. In solution with
will take up nutrient elements roughly according

57

to their needs, this is especially true for the major elements, so
Cu 0.05 - 0.1
adding elements to solution when they are not required
Mo 0.02 - 0.07
results in the formula becoming unbalanced for plant growth. Adding
Even within these ranges, nutrient elements can become very
excessive quantities of some of the trace
unbalanced if the ratios are incorrect. Leaf analysis of
elements can in fact lead to toxicities, while adding insufficient
crops is a good indicator for acceptable ratios for a formulation
amounts of any element will eventually lead to
within the above range. The ratios for a hydroponic
deficiency and poor crop growth. As hydroponic growers it is
nutrient for any new crop can be estimated from leaf analysis of a
essential to have an understanding of acceptable ratios
well grown plant, as if a plant appears to be thriving
for all the elements used in hydroponic formulations to ensure the
and producing well, then we can assume its nutrient mineral content
nutrient solution is supplying the plant's needs and
is optimum, hence tissue analysis will give the
is neither toxic or deficient. Generally the range of acceptable
nutrient ratios optimum for the root zone solution. This basic formula
element concentrations is wider for the major nutrients,
can then be fine tuned during different crop
than for the trace elements as can be seen from the table below.
growth stages and seasons. Some indications for acceptable ratios of
Element Range in PPM for Nutrient Solution
major nutrient elements are given below.

Element Ratio Ratio
N 100 - 450
P 10 - 100
N: P 3 - 8
K 100 - 650
N:K 0.25 - 1.5
Mg 10 - 95
Ca:N 0.8 - 1.2
Ca 70 - 300
Mg:N 0.1 - 0.4
S 20 - 250
P:S 0.6 - 1
Fe 0.5 - 6
CF and EC PPM.
Mn 0.3 - 4
B 0.1 - 0.8
'CF' or 'EC' is a commonly used measure to determine the strength of
Zn 0.1 - 0.5
a hydroponic nutrient solution. As salts disso-ciate

58

into ions in solution, they carry a positive or negative charge (eg
recirculating through a growing crop for a few weeks, the element
KNO3 --> K+ + NO3-,) which can transmit
content changes - the CF may well stay the same.
electricity. Pure water will not transmit electricity, but as soon as
Conductivity of Some Common Hydroponic Nutrients at 2000 PPM
salts are added, the ability of the solution to conduct

electricity increases. This conductance increases with increasing
SALT mg/l CF EC
solution strength. CF (Conductivity Factor) and EC
Calcium Nitrate 2000 20 2
(Electrical Conductivity) are a measure of this characteristic of
Potassium Nitrate 2000 25 2.5
nutrient salt solutions.
Magnesium Sulfate 2000 12 1.2
While CF seems to be a very convenient measure, there are problems
The CF of a nutrient formulation is a combination of the CF
associated with relying only on CF to control
contributed by all the dissociated nutrient salts from the A
hydroponic nutrient formulae.
and B stock solutions as well as impurities from the water supply,
I) The CF will be roughly the same regardless of the element content
and is not really any indication of the quality of the
of the solution. A nutrient solution with CF 20 can
formula, just an estimate of its strength. In hydroponics the only way
not be distinguished from a sodium chloride solution with CF 20.
to determine the nutrient makeup of a formula is
ii) Different nutrient salts show different capacities to conduct
either to have a complete mineral analysis done, use a range of
electricity when in solution, so that depending on the nutrient
specific ion meters or to calculate the nutrients in
ratios and the individual salts used, the CF may give a very different
advance and use these in drain to waste systems. Any solution in
indication of the true ionic strength of the solution. A
recirculating hydroponics will change over time.
solution of potassium nitrate at CF20 will be approximately half the
Outside of hydroponics CF may not even be a measure of the
strength (in ppm) of a solution of magnesium sulfate at
strength of a formula, as a range of nutrients (eg Urea)
CF20. This is because potassium nitrate conducts nearly twice as
and compounds (eg fungicides) are added to water in fertigation or
much electricity at the same ionic strength.
spraying which do not conduct electricity.

PPM
iii) Even if the nutrient element content of the formula was known
accurately at the start, once the solution has been
59

The other common indicator for hydroponic nutrient strength is
PPM, or parts per million. 1 part per million is equiv-alent
If we assume that in hydroponics, the CF is a measure of the strength
to 1 mg per litre, or 1 g per m
of a nutrient solution, this has a significant
affect on the growth of plants, regardless of the mineral content of
. In theory, this is a measure of the actual strength of the nutrient
the solution.
elements in
Osmosis describes the behaviour of ions in solution when separated
solution, and would seem to be an ideal measurement for
by a semi-permeable membrane, as for example
hydroponics. However, measuring this in practice is very
at the interface of root cells and nutrient solution. The concentration
difficult for a grower in hydroponics.
of ions on either side of the membrane deter-mines
Why Not TDS Meters?
the net flow of ions through the membrane, as if ions are more
concentrated in solution than in root cells and
An alternative to solve the problems with CF as a measurement may
the membrane permits the transmission of ions, then ions will tend to
seem to be to use 'TDS' or total dissolved solids
flow into the roots. This process is known as
as a measure of nutrient solution strength, and if 'TDS Meters' in fact
'passive' transport or diffusion, and is assisted by the flow of water in
did this, it would solve the problems. However a
the transpiration stream of the plant. In fact, root
'TDS' meter is simply a 'CF' meter with different calibration and
cells tend to maintain quite high 'osmotic potentials' but low
display - it still only measures electrical conductivity,
concentrations of ions which attract water and ions into the
and in fact is less accurate because of the assumptions made
roots. Some ions, Ca
regarding the salt makeup of the solution - many
2+
assume sodium chloride and have a fixed conversion factor (eg
and K+, NO
70ppm per CF unit) which can not be adjusted for
3-
different solution formulations. TDS meters which can be calibrated
, for example, are able to be transported into root cells, even against
for different formulations are a better alternative,
a concen-tration
but still are only measuring CF in reality.
gradient by the energy requiring process of active transport. Once
CF Effects on Plant Growth
water and ions are inside the roots they

60

diffuse through into the xylem vessels and flow with the
higher in the rootzone than in the 'feed' solution. The ratio of CF in
transpiration stream up into the stem. A natural reaction of
the feed to rootzone and leachate solutions
some plants to increasing solution strength, is to accumulate
needs to be well regulated in drain-to waste systems, and CF 'in'
assimilates in the leaves and fruit to equalise the osmotic
(feed) and CF 'out' (drainage) are standard
potential with the root zone.
daily measurements.
This explanation may seem complicated, but it is the basis for the
pH
effects noticed by increasing or decreasing CF in

hydroponics. CF influences the 'osmotic potential' of the solution in
The pH of a nutrient formula is the measure of acidity below pH 7 or
the root zone, which influences the plant's rate of
alkaline above pH 7. It is defined as the "inverse
water and nutrient uptake, and the adjustments made to osmotic
log of the hydrogen ion concentration". The practical implication of
potential inside the plant. Increasing CF will reduce
this definition is that each pH reduction of 1 unit
water uptake by the crop, and cause many crops to concentrate
actually means the formula becomes 10 X more acidic, a solution
organic compounds in fruit and foliage. Increasing CF
with a pH of 4 is 10 x more acidic than pH 5, and
tends to slow vegetative growth, and 'harden' plants. Conversely,
100 x more acidic than pH 6.
lowering CF will increase water uptake, and produce
pH and Formulations
lush soft growth. Consequently, the CF of solutions is normally

increased during winter and for fruiting crops, while
The strength (CF) of the formula does not affect the pH, but it does
summer growing and leafy crops are normally run at a low CF to
affect the 'buffering capacity' at any pH. This is
maintain optimum quality.
demonstrated by the amount of acid/alkali needed to change pH by 1
CF can be maintained at higher levels in solution culture than in
unit at different CF - as CF increases, more pH
media or drain to waste systems. In solution
adjuster is needed to alter pH by the same amount.
culture there is a constant supply of water and the CF does not
Different formulations will have different starting pH values,
fluctuate in the root zone, whereas in media
because different salts become more or less acidic when
systems evaporation from the surface of the media and plant water
dissolved into water. Salts such as monopotassium phosphate lower
uptake can result in the CF becoming much
the pH more than salts such as calcium nitrate.

61

Most formulations will result in an initial pH of around 5.5 - 6.0,
hydroxide and hydrogen ions which produces a mild acidifying
which is ideal for the growth of most crops. This pH
effect when in solution.
results from only the commonly used salts being dissolved into stock
pH and Hydroponic Crop Growth
solutions, and so addition of acid or alkali to

stock solutions is usually unnecessary. However, these pH levels
Consideration of pH is important for hydroponic growers, because
assume neutral water supplies, if the water supply
the pH of the solution affects the solubility of
has a high pH, along with high 'alkalinity' then the pH of the stock
elements, and their availability to plants. Most problems occur where
solutions when diluted into water will be quite
pH becomes too high, above 7, resulting in
different. 'Alkalinity' refers to the strength of the high pH, as a water
firstly iron then manganese and calcium forming insoluble salts
supply with high alkalinity will require more,
which precipitate out of solution. As the pH
stronger acid, to reduce the pH by the same amount as a water supply
increases above 7, plant uptake of some ions becomes less efficient,
with low alkalinity. This inherent buffering ability
so plants become deficient even if the ion
will carry on into the nutrient formulation. It is best to correct the pH
is present in solution.
of unsuitable water before making up the stock
As plants remove some ions from solution, the solution pH drifts,
solutions
upwards or downwards. If left uncontrolled,
In hydroponics, some salts can be used to influence the pH control of
typically the pH will drift downwards (to approx 4.5) for several
the nutrient solution, reducing the requirement
days after planting a new crop, after which the pH
for acids during growth development phases of the crop. Ammonium
will steadily increase (to approx 7 or above). This feature is due to
nitrate is one salt used for this purpose, and the
the differential uptake of ions from solution,
optimum amount seems to be that which provides 15% of the total
with the release of hydrogen (H+) or hydroxyl (OH-) ions from the
nitrogen of the formula in the ammonium form.
root system. As positive ions, cations (Ca
Ammonium in nutrient solution tends to be acidifying, as firstly
2+
unlike nitrate it is a positive ion, and when taken up by
, K+,
plants is replaced by hydrogen ions reducing pH in the root zone, and
Mg
secondly ammonium forms ammonium
2+
62

etc) are removed from solution, hydrogen ions are released from the
eg when calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate are added to water in
plant root system to equalise the ratio
strong solutions the salts dissociate
of anions to cations in the root zone. This lowers the pH of the
producing magnesium nitrate along with calcium and sulfate ions
solution. As the crop commences active growth
which then combine to form calcium sulfate or
anions (NO 3 etc) are taken up which increases pH through the
gypsum which 'precipitates'. This occurs because compounds such as
release of hydroxyl ions into solution.
calcium sulfate have very low 'saturation'
Hydroponic Nutrient Formulation Basics
values (see later)and can not exist as concentrated solutions.

Generally it is necessary to keep the calcium
The range of hydroponic nutrient formulations available seems very
separate from the sulfate and phosphate salts. Therefore the calcium
diverse, and yet if we look closely at their content
nitrate and calcium chloride is kept
there are several underlying principles involved in formulating
separate from the magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate, sulfates of
hydroponic nutrient solutions. The following are some
trace elements, and monopotassium
standard features of hydroponic formulations:
phosphate, all other salts can be mixed in either A or B. There are
Reason for 2-Part 'A' and 'B' mix.
certain brands of nutrient which seem to

combine all elements into a single mix, but the manufacture of these
In order to combine all the elements commonly needed for plant
products is beyond the reach of most
growth into a concentrated form, the salts need
growers.
to be mixed into 2 separate solutions. The reason for this is that,
Grow vs Bloom, Summer vs Winter, Drain-to-Waste vs NFT
while in dilute solution all ions become soluble,

in concentrated solution certain ions react together to form insoluble
Plants in nutrient solution culture will remove different ions faster
salts. If an ion is in an insoluble salt, it is no
from solution at different stages of growth or
longer available for plant growth. Once 'precipitated' it can only very
development, as well as during different light and temperature
slowly dissolve back into solution when
conditions, and if left unchecked this quickly
diluted again. Precipitation is simply the result of two ions
results in formulations being unbalanced. Note that unbalanced does
combining in solution to form a salt which is insoluble,
not necessarily mean 'precipitated', or

63

'toxic'.
CF. Therefore a 'Winter' formula may be similar to a 'Bloom' and
While there are for example, 'Grow' and 'Bloom' formulae available,
summer formula can be similar to 'grow'. The CF for
it is important to note that using eg a
warm, high light conditions is usually lower to allow for increased
"Bloom" formula will not suddenly force vegetative plants to
transpiration and water uptake.
commence flowering and fruiting, any more than
The differences between the two sets of formulae becomes more
using a "Summer" formula produces fine weather. The differences
extreme the further the grower is from the equator,
between the formulae is simply to allow the
and obviously depends on the crop being grown. For example a
nutrient solution to remain balanced for longer periods, while
Norwegian tomato grower is likely to make bigger
estimating the likely rate of removal of certain ions
changes to their nutrient solution during the year, than a lettuce
from solution under different conditions.
grower in Singapore.
In general, as plants grow from being vegetative to flowering and
The difference between growing in media and drain to waste,
fruiting, the uptake of potassium and phosphorus
compared to recirculating solution as in NFT, is mainly
increases in proportion to nitrogen. Therefore a 'Bloom' formula will
due to the CF and the fact that nutrients do not become unbalanced in
typically have more potassium or a higher K:N
media systems to the extent that they can in
ratio than the equivalent 'Grow' formula. Other changes can result
NFT. Generally solutions used for media and drain to waste are run
from the increased K:N ratio, the pH of the formu-lation
at lower CF than if the same solution was running
can become slightly lower, the working CF may become higher, and
in a recirculating solution culture system. For example a capsicum
the amount of magnesium supplied can
grower using rockwool may apply nutrient solution
also increase to avoid potassium induced magnesium deficiency,
at a CF 16, whereas in NFT the same solution would be used at CF
common for example on tomatoes with heavy fruit
25. This difference is due to the solution applied
loads. Conversely a 'Grow' formula will provide a higher N:K ratio,
being at a different CF to the 'root zone', and the drainage solution in
slightly lower CF at the same dilution, and less
media systems. Some media are reported to
extreme variation between the ratios.
influence the retention or chemical nature of the applied nutrient
Plants growing under low light conditions and cold temperatures
solution especially the pH, but this is often only a
usually take up extra potassium, and tolerate a higher

64

minor problem when using new material, and in the case of pH
Under certain conditions, for example if alternating between 'A' and
alteration is easily managed. In reality, there should be
'B' stock solutions in drain to waste, it is useful if
no difference between nutrient solutions used for different growing
both stock solutions each have the same CF when diluted for use. In
systems other than the working CF, and the
this situation the ratio of potassium nitrate in A to
frequency of replacement.
B is adjusted until the CF are the same. Normally, this is not
Strength and Dilution
important, and the CF of 'B' is usually about 1.5 or 2

times the CF of 'A' if potassium nitrate is not divided between A and
There is a physical and chemical limit to the amount of salts which
B. When both are diluted equally the correct CF
can be dissolved into nutrient stock solution. This
will result.
limit, the saturation value, is different for each salt, and restricts most
Buying Pre-Made or Make Your Own
formulations to a maximum dilution rate of 500 -1000

times. This value varies depending on how the formula is split
It was commonly suggested by nutrient manufacturers that it was
between A and B, and the predominant salts used,
false economy if not disastrous for mere growers to
for example, much more calcium nitrate can be dissolved into 1 litre
attempt to make their own nutrient formulations. Often these
of water than potassium nitrate. Above the
suggestions were prompted by commercial interests, and
saturation value for a particular salt, the salt remains in crystal form
the few failures that occurred in growers making their own nutrients
and does not dissociate in solution. A useful
were capitalised on and used as examples of why
practice to overcome this limitation is to split the potassium nitrate
growers should only trust 'reputable' nutrient manufacturers.
requirement of the formula equally between the A
However, there are significant cost benefits to making your own
and B solutions - as potassium nitrate has the lowest saturation value
nutrient formulations, there is great flexibility, and if
of the major salts, this increases the potential
done correctly growers are likely to end up with a better formula.
concentration of the formula above what could be achieved if all the
There are of course advantages and disadvantages to both situations.
potassium nitrate was in part A or B.
Buy Pre-Made If . . .
Solution Balancing
65

You can not obtain all the correct nutrient salts at an economical
You can handle the calculations and you have the correct
price or acceptable quality.
information.
You do not have weighing equipment capable of weighing down to
You want to maintain flexibility.
about 5g (small amounts for trace elements are
You get nutrient analysis done every so often and you are
weighed out in large amounts and the stock solutions diluted into A
confident you know what to do.
or B)
You do not have the time to weigh out salts and dissolve them.
Good brands are available which you have used successfully, and
Memahami
the price difference to change isn't warranted.
( Decoding Nutrient Solutions )- Mohammad
You do not see the need to change your formula during growth.
Abdul Rahman
You don't have the information or understand the calculations
Kandungan
Unsur
dalam
Baja
By on Wednesday, 5 June 2013 at 12:00
involved in making your own nutrient formula.

You don't trust your own ability to make a correct decision.
You like to have someone else to blame if things go wrong.
Make Your Own If . . .
Plants require nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), along
with other elements known as macro- and micronutrients, to grow
well. In the wild, plants send out roots and try to find usable sources
of these elements. In a garden, these nutrients are usually supplied
You can spare the time.

You want to save money, where salts are available and cheap
with good quality.
You want to optimise your nutrient solution so you are not
dumping so frequently - save money again.
You have the equipment to weigh and measure salts.
You would like to customise your solution to crop growth and
environment to get better results.
(one way or another) by the gardener via fertilizers. With fertilizers,

the gardener adds material that contains the desired elements in
forms that are either immediately available to the plant, such as is the
case with many nutrient salts, or will break down gradually over time
to become available to the plant, as organic materials tend to do. In
either case it is in the best interest of the gardener to have some idea
of the nutritional value of the fertilizer being added, both to make
sure that they dont overfeed or insufficiently feed their plants, and to
66

make sure that they arent adding several sources of one element and
oxide is 83% elemental K, so a final N-P-K value of 14 would
not enough of another.
indicate a fertilizer that is 11.62% K (0.83 x 14 = 11.62).
Nutrient solutions are generally based on true solutions, although the
While knowing that the composition of our solute is 10% N, 2.18% P
math works out the same even if they are mixtures instead.
and 11.62% K tells us some useful information about the proportions
A solution is made of at least two substances. The majority of the
of what we are putting into the water to make our solution,
solution will be the solvent (in aqueous solutions, like those used in
concentration is another critical factor. As this is a pretty potent
gardening, the solvent used is water). The substance dissolved into
nutrient, the difference between mixing 1 mg per liter and 1 tsp (5
the water is known as the solute. The amount of solute in a solution
mg) per liter makes for a very different experience for the plants (this
determines the solutions concentration. To put is simply, the more
is why I recommend at least reading the recommended feeding rates
nutrient added to the water, the stronger the solution becomes.
even if you dont follow them exactly). Just how big of a difference
Knowing what elements (nutrients) a solute (the fertilizer) has, and at
can be shown with a little more math and the numbers we already
what strength they are in, is important to calculating the final nutrient
have.
solution given to the plants. To help with this, fertilizers are marked
1 liter of water weighs 1,000 g. If we add 1 g of solute, the total
with an N-P-K listing values to help gardeners get an idea of how
weight becomes 1,001 g. Since our solute is 1 g of 10% elemental N,
much N, P and K is in the bottle or bag.
we can calculate the weight of the element: 10% of 1 g = 0.1 g.
Parts per hundred is a pretty common way to relate two things,
Since fertilizers are added to in small amounts, and the amount of the
although it is more commonly referred to as percent. For example, a
desired elements are only a fraction of those small amounts, it is
fertilizer with an N-P-K rating of 10-5-14, is made of 10 parts N per
common to use parts per million (ppm) to express how much of each
100 parts of fertilizer. Another way to express that is to say it is 10%
element is in the nutrient solution. Parts per million is used for
N. In the case of N, the N-P-K value listed and the amount of
concentrations smaller than can be easily expressed in parts per
elemental N are the same. For P and K, their N-P-K values are for
hundred (percent), but larger than those commonly expressed in parts
the oxide forms. Phosphorus oxide is 43.6 parts per 100 elemental P,
per billion. To calculate ppm, simply divide the weight of element in
sousing the N-P-K value abovemultiplying 5 by 0.436 will give
solute by the total weight of solution and multiply that total by one
the elemental P value of 2.18 parts per hundred, or 2.18%. Potassium
million. So, using the data from our example for N:

(0.1 g N / 1,001 g) x 1,000,000 = 100 ppm elemental N.
67

We can also calculate the value of P and K using this same formula.
Also note that the equation can be reversed to estimate a dose from a
(0.0218 g P / 1,001 g) x 1,000,000 = 22 ppm elemental P
desired ppm. If a concentration of 150 ppm of N is the goal (and
(0.1162 g K / 1,001mg) x 1,000,000 = 116 ppm elemental K
were using our sample solute of 10% N), then:
So, if 1 g of this nutrient is added per liter, the nutrient solution will
150 ppm = 10% x 1,000,000 x amount to add / 1,000 g (ish).
have 100 ppm N, 22 ppm P and 116 ppm Kwhich is in the ballpark
This reduces to:
for many plants that arent actively fruiting. Since plants can survive
150 ppm = 0.1 x 1,000 mg x amount to add.
twice those values, going as high as 2 gm per liter would be
Leading to the answer of:
reasonable to work up to.
1.5 g = amount to add.
Note: if gallons are easier for you to work/mix in, simply multiply
One of the most important statistics to consider in formulating a
the 1 g by 3.78541 to get the amount to add per gallon (in this case,
feeding schedule is the ppm of each element of the final solution. By
3.78541 g).
running the numbers on paper, schedules can be evaluated (even if
Back to our example, if you were to use 1 tsp per liter (or a heaping
they use several different components in concert). Also, not only can
tablespoon per gallon) instead of 1 g, calculating ppm shows how
current feeding schedules be analyzed, but they can be adjusted to
dramatic a difference that makes for your plants. Here is the math:
produce specific ppm solutions for different stages of plant growth.
1 tsp = 5 g.
For those that follow the manufacturers recommended application
Weight of N in solute = 0.5 g (10% of 5 g)
schedule, these types of calculations should already have been into
Weight of P is solute = 0.109 g (2.18% of 5 g)
account. However, for those gardeners who like to experiment while
Weight of K in solute = 0.581 g (11.62% of 5 g)
trying to perfect their own feeding regimen concentrations, these
Total weight of solution = 1,005 g (1,000 g water + 5 g solute)
types of calculations can be critical.
So,
Oh, and if math isnt your strong suit, or you would just prefer not to
(0.5 g / 1,005 g) x 1,000,000 = 498 ppm of elemental N
do the calculations yourself, dont despair! There are free nutrient
(0.109 g / 1,005 g) x 1,000,000 = 108 ppm of elemental P
calculators online that can be used to compute the ppm values with a
(0.581 g / 1,005 g) x 1,000,000 = 578 ppm of elemental K
minimal effort on your part.
This will almost certainly cause overfeeding problems.
68

humic substances. In order to isolate fulvic acid, it must undergo an
additional extraction process using either acid or cold purified water
to separate it from humic acid. (For best results in the garden, use
only high-grade, non-chemical, cold-water extracted fulvic acid.)
Humic substancessuch as fulvic and humic acidcommonly used
PULVIC/HUMIC
ACID-
Mohammad
Abdul
Rahman
in hydroponic and horticultural applications are sourced from areas

rich with deposits known as humates. These humates include
materials like peat moss, lignite, Leonardite and humic shale, and
they are found in areas rich with mineraloid deposits, such as aquatic
ecosystems, bogs, marshes and dry lakebeds. The quality of the
A Golden Opportunity: Fulvic Acid/humic acid

Fulvic acid is one of the most well-balanced and vital minerals on
Earth. Dubbed the miracle molecule due to the sheer number of
functions it performs, fulvic acid is a truly unparalleled compound.
The plant and animal kingdoms rely on its benefits to support all life
on the planet.
Originating from the word fulvus (Latin for yellow), fulvic acid is
named for its natural golden honey color. Fulvic acid is a natural
acidic organic polymer. This means that it is not a single molecule,
but rather a combination of many different molecules with similar
chemical properties. Fulvic acids, along with humic acids, are
compounds found in humus organic material that was metabolized
by fungi and microorganisms over millions of yearsand are some
of the most biologically rich substances available. Thanks to its
molecular structure, fulvic acid has specific advantages over other
products is directly related to the source of the humates from which

they were derived. Fulvic acids extracted from Leonardite prove to
be the best quality products on the market due to their high
percentage of fulvic content.
While fulvic acid is often recognized as an ingredient in several
horticultural products, many people might not realize what specific
features and benefits this powerful supplement has to offer. The
simple incorporation of fulvic acid into an existing nutrient schedule
promotes a noticeable difference in the health, vitality and overall
productivity of indoor and outdoor gardens.
One of the most important features that fulvic acid offers the
horticulture industry is its natural ability to chelate nutrients. The
word chelate is derived from the Greek word chele, which literally
means claw. Fulvic acid acts like a claw to bond with macro- and
micronutrients that might otherwise be inaccessible to the plant.
69

Without the help of the fulvic acid, many of the larger molecules that
trace elements and minerals become readily available to the plant.
are unable to permeate cell walls would not make it into the plant
When used as a root drench in soil gardens, fulvic acid helps
and get washed away in runoff water. However, once minerals fuse
improve soil structure by delivering macro- and micronutrients
with the fulvic acid, they become bioactive and chemically available
directly to the root zone, encouraging healthy growth. If used as a
to the plant where they are needed most. This is because fulvic acid
foliar spray, fulvic acid will increase the amount of internodes or bud
due to its low molecular weightcan easily penetrate the cell
sites on a flowering plant. It also promotes sturdy stalks and stems
walls of plant tissue, allowing the larger nutrient molecules to
while correcting minor deficiencies that might be present within the
piggyback their way into the plant. Once the chelated minerals are
plant.
inside the plant, the fulvic acid acts as a delivery system to transport
Another benefit of fulvic acid is that it increases drought tolerance in
the nutrients to the parts of the plant where they will serve the best
plants. By increasing the permeability of the cell walls in plant
functions.
matter, fulvic acid allows for plants to intake more water. With the
The increased uptake of nutrients with the help of fulvic acid
heightened capacity to retain water, plants stay quenched for longer
maximizes the efficiency of the nutrients in any synthetic or organic
periods of time. This drought tolerance and water retention aid in
fertilizer (amazingly, one fulvic acid molecule has the capacity to
monetary, as well as resource, savings. Also, hydrated plants are
transport dozens upon dozen of minerals into the cells of a plant). It
happy plants.
naturally increases the plants metabolism and increases enzymatic
As if that is not enough, the list of functions that fulvic acid performs
activity, making food more available to satiate the plants growing
goes on. It acts as a highly effective natural immunity booster for
appetite. Furthermore, it helps the plant retain and fully utilize
plants. By infusing plants with an abundance of minerals and trace
nutrients. This heightened efficiency results in fewer nutrients
elements, fulvic acid helps to boost their resistance to a host of
needed over time, which saves money for gardeners!
environmental problems, such as disease, mold, fungi and insect
Fulvic acid can be used indoor or outdoor in soil or hydroponic
infestation.
systems, and is completely safe for organic gardeners. It can be
Fulvic acid also works as a natural detoxifier and protective agent. It
added to a nutrient solution and watered in as a root drench, or it can
removes toxicity from poisonous herbicides and pesticides from the
be applied as a foliar feed. Fulvic acid also contains over 70
plants system. It acts as a natural antioxidant that neutralizes free
nourishing trace minerals and when mixed with water, these vital
70

radicals by scavenging for unpaired positive or negative electrons
supplementing a normal nutrient regimen with fulvic acid, farmers
and supplying them with an opposite charge.
can increase the fertility of their crops and encourage bountiful
Fulvic acid is also an excellent pH buffer that will slightly lower pH,
harvests that yield fruits and veggies rich with nutritional sustenance.
help to stabilize drastic fluctuations and retain a steady pH balance.
For yields that are worth their weight in gold, try fulvic acida
This is important because plants rely on a specific pH range to make
golden opportunity for your garden.
use of vital nutrients. If the pH solution of a nutrient mix is too low,

or acidic, certain macro- and micronutrients are rendered useless to a
plant and it might become deficient in those minerals. If the pH level
Root Growth Stimulation and Microorganisms
of the feed solution is too high, or alkaline, the mixture could
-Mohammad Abdul Rahman
potentially burn plants. An ideal pH range for most plants lies within
the range of 5.5 to 6.5.

Simple, yet complex, the myriad functions of fulvic acid is
There is no questioning the importance a healthy root system plays in
astounding. In prehistoric times on Earth, the planet was rich with
creating vibrant plants. After all, the root mass is the main channel
humic substances and fulvic acid was abundant in the natural
for nutrient absorption, the foundation for structural integrity and the
environment. Dinosaurs roamed the land and lush verdant plants
area where the largest population of beneficial microorganisms can
grew to gargantuan sizes. Environmental conditions were prime for
be found. The more we learn about the physiology of the plants
oversized life forms. Through evolution, these legendary giant
roots, the more we realize how vital these beneficial microorganisms
species of plants and animals have gone extinct, but they left their
arethere would be virtually no plant life on the planet without their
biologically rich remains locked within geological burial grounds.
valuable symbiotic relationship with our plants. Throughout the
Over the millennia, they have become the raw materials of the fulvic
years, indoor horticulturalists have developed many products and
acid we rely on and utilize in our modern gardens. Although plants
techniques to promote and enhance the root growth in their gardens.
no longer grow to the mammoth proportions that they reached 65
Every one of these products or techniques is based on the same
million years ago, growers, gardeners and green thumbs worldwide
philosophy:
can mimic what Mother Nature perfected in ancient times. By
microorganisms found in the rhizosphere (the narrow region of soil
attempting
to
mimic,
enhance
or
supplement
71

affected by root secretions). By using certain additives, a grower can
microorganisms use the carbohydrates for energy, which allows them
maximize the size of their plants root mass and provide a larger
to function and reproduce. This is why carbohydrate supplements are
surface area for moisture and nutrient absorption.
so popular in the indoor gardening industry. By directly
Additives that mimic
supplementing carbohydrates to the root zone, a grower can
One of the many things plants gain from their symbiotic partnership
accelerate the reproductive rate of beneficial microorganisms while
with microorganisms is accelerated nutrient uptake. This is a result
allowing the plant to retain a good portion of the carbohydrates
of by-product enzymes produced by the microorganisms. Enzymes
normally secreted through its roots. The carbohydrates that remain in
are catalysts that accelerate the rate at which chemical reactions
the plant can be used for other purposes like creating terpenes and
occur. In this case, the chemical reaction is the uptake of nutrients by
terpenoids, which are imperative for promoting flavor, smell and
the plants roots. Your favorite enzyme formula designed for root
essential oils. However, growers that supplement carbohydrates
enhancement is most likely a concentration of specific enzymes
should always be on the look out for any sign of a pathogenic
secreted by beneficial microorganisms. Hydroponic horticulturalists
microorganism infection, as these microorganisms
gain the largest benefit from these enzyme formulations, especially if
carbohydrates as well. Supplementing carbohydrates to pathogens
they use hydroponic systems that have no medium that would
will accelerate their reproduction and can be devastating, so growers
naturally harbor beneficial microbes. Growers who supplement
should immediately stop supplementing carbohydrates at the first
enzyme formulas are essentially bypassing the microbes themselves
sign of a potential pathogenic infection.
and directly placing specific enzymes in the root zone.
Supplying additional microorganisms
Additives that enhance
The most logical way to promote additional microorganisms into the
Both parties must benefit for a relationship to be symbiotic. We
growing medium is to directly supplement them. Almost every
know that beneficial microbes colonize on the root zone, thus
nutrient manufacturer has designed some sort of beneficial
preventing infections from pathogenic fungus, and produce enzymes
microorganism supplement, and the most common strains of
that speed nutrient absorption. But how do the microorganisms
beneficial microorganisms used can be broken down into three
benefit from the relationship? The answer is sugarsmore
categories: trichoderma, mycorrhiza and beneficial bacteria. All three
specifically, carbohydrates that are translocated from the plant
types of supplements come as a liquid, a powder or in enclosed
(usually from the leaves) to the roots for the microbes to feed on. The
packets that resemble tea bags. Liquid microorganism supplements
feed on
72

are usually designed, in both their composition and pH value,
the soil. Secondly, trichodermas production of cellulase allows the
specifically
form
fungus to penetrate the cells in a plants roots. When the plant senses
microorganism supplements have a longer shelf life than their liquid
this, it turns on its natural defenses, which help boost the plants
counterparts, and they are more compatible with soil or coco coir.
immune system. Since trichoderma cause the plant no real harm,
The packets are suitable for both hydroponic and soil applications,
both parties benefittrichoderma gets sugars from the roots and the
and have about the same shelf life as the powder formulas. No matter
plant gets a heightened resistance to unwanted pests.
which form you decide to use, always make sure to check the
Mycorrhiza
expiration date. As with food expiration dates, this date is not an
Mycorrhiza literally means fungus-root, and it is this fungus strain
absolute (not every one of the strains of beneficial microorganisms
that is the true definition of a symbiotic relationship (over 90% of
will die on that date); however, the formula will be less effective if it
plant species in nature form a symbiotic relationship with these
is way past its prime.
amazing creatures). These specialized fungi are essentially
Trichoderma
extensions of the root system, stretching far into the depths of the
Trichoderma is a genus of fungi found in all soils. Members feed on
soil. In fact, mycorrhizal fungi can increase the absorbing surface
other fungi and cellulose by releasing chitinase enzymes, which
area of a plants roots by 100 to 1000 times, which greatly improves
break down chitin (the main component of fungal cell walls), and
access to soil resources.
cellulase enzymes, which break down cellulose. Trichodermas
As with trichoderma, it is the enzymes mycorrhizae produce that
symbiotic relationship with plants is directly related to those two
make them so invaluable to their plant partners. Mycorrhizae release
enzymes. In environments where there is an abundance of
enzymes that dissolve otherwise hard to capture nutrients, such as
pathogenic microbes, which could cause disease in plants,
organic nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. The intricate web of
trichoderma will produce more chitinase enzymes and rely on the
mycorrhizal fungus captures and assimilates nutrients for the plant,
pathogens as their main food source. This is why many growers add
and in return, the plants roots secrete sugars or carbon for the fungi
trichoderma to their medium as a precautionary measure against any
to feed on. Mycorrhizae can be broken down further into
pathogens in or around the plants roots. The other enzyme, cellulase,
subcategories; of these, two are commonly used in indoor
can be beneficial in two ways. First, it makes certain nutrients
horticulture: endomycorrhiza and ectomycorrhiza.
available to the plant for uptake as it breaks down organic material in
Endomycorrhiza
for
hydroponic
systems.
The
powder
73

Endomycorrhizae are mycorrhizae whose hyphae (the branching
manufacturers have jumped on the beneficial bacteria bandwagon as
filamentous structures of a fungus) penetrate the plant cells. The
well, since certain bacteria (bacillus subtilis, for example) will
hyphae do not penetrate the interior of the cell, but essentially turn
consume pathogenic fungus on the surface of a plants leaves as well
the cell membrane inside out. This increases the contact surface area
as in the soil. Many insects also refuse to feed or lay their eggs on
between the hyphae and the cytoplasm, helping facilitate the transfer
plants that have been sprayed with beneficial bacteria formulas.
of nutrients between them.
Just as every garden is different, every gardeners methods and
Ectomycorrhiza
techniques will differ greatly. However, regardless of the technique
Ectomycorrhizae are fungi that bear a hyphal sheath that surrounds
or method used, it is crucial for every indoor horticulturist to
the root tip. Ectomycorrhiza also have a Hartig net, which is
stimulate the growth going on below the surface. Current innovative
basically an extended hypha that surrounds the outer layer of the root
horticultural products allow growers to mimic, enhance or
mass. It is the Hartig net that allows the transfer of nutrients, carbon
supplement microorganisms, orbetter yetcombine all three
and sugars, and completes the symbiotic relationship. An interesting
approaches to supercharge the complex microscopic ecosystem that
fact about ectomycorrhiza is that plants sharing the same soil can
is the foundation for plant health and vitality.
actually transfer nutrients to one another through the ectomycorrhizal

mycelium network.
Beneficial bacteria
SENARAI BENIH / JENAMA / KOD / BERAT /
Beneficial bacteria have made a strong impression in the indoor
HARGA
horticultural industry because they can be used as a foliar treatment,
By Wizan Zaini on Monday, 4 March 2013 at 23:48
as well as a soil or medium additive. When added to the soil or

medium, beneficial bacteria quickly colonize and feed off organic
matter or pathogenic microorganisms. As they break down organic
CILI
matter, they turn it into soluble compounds that are more easily
absorbed
by
plants.
The
consumption
of
the
pathogenic
microorganisms is beneficial because pathogens that are eaten cant
Kulai 568 : 10gm (1600biji) : RM20/paket

Kulai 568 : 80gm : RM130-RM180/tin
adversely affect the plant. Organic fungicide and pesticide

74

Hup Nong : Cili 151:RM48
Known-You Seed : Cili S469 (1500biji) : 10gm:RM90
Leckat Seed : Kailan 11 : RM23/paket
(3000biji) :20gm:RM180
Leckat Seeds : f1 Abang Pedas 9000 :10gm:RM70
Tips ringkas penanaman terung fertigasi

BENDI
By Izam Ijam on Friday, 12 April 2013 at 20:54
Leckat Seed : 989 Jackpot (200gm) : RM95/tin
semai biji benih dalam dulang semaian lebihkan 50% dari yang kita
nak tanam kerana kadar percambahan benih terung biasanya sangat
kurang.
atau semai terus di dalam polibeg sebaris dari baris2 yang kita mahu
BENIH TIMUN
tanam.
Leckat Seed : Symphony 747 (100gm) : RM180/tin
setelah 25 -28 hari semaian.pindahkan anak benih tersebut.kalau
Hup Nong : Timun 108 : RM
yang semai dalam polibeg pisahkan anak benih tersebut,ambil yang
Hup Nong : Timun 115 : RM
elok sahaja pembesaranya.
Known-You-Seeds:Timun S252 New Swallow 20gm:RM50(700-
dripkan baja AB pada kadar 2.0 sehingga agak lembab media
800biji)
tersebut,siram 2 kali sehari pagi dan petang 2 minggu pertama

selama 5 minit sekali siraman.
ganti anak pokok yang rosak atau mati jika ada.
ROCKMELON
apabila masuk minggu ketiga tambah siraman ke 3 kali sehari dan

Sakata : Glamour: 100 biji : RM18-25
turunkan ec kepada 1.8..seterusnya jika pokok sudah mencapai
Known-You-Seeds:Golden Langkawi 20gm:RM240(700-800biji)
ketinggian 2 kaki,buang tunas air atau tunas ketiak sehingga cabang
Chiap Hup Seeds : Melon Appollo
Y..
20gm:RM190(700-800biji)
setelah buang semua tunas,tambahkan siraman kepada 4 kali sehari

KAILAN
selama 5 minit pada kadar ec 2.5.

75

apabila bunga telah kelihatan,buang semua daun bawah,
ulat buah..suka korek buah.
dan apabila putik telah keluar perhatikan buah yang pada tangkai
burung..kalau kebun banyak ulat burung makan ulat sambil jamah
yang pertama sahaja di ambil..yang lain buang.
buah.
1 tangkai bunga maksimum 2 biji sahaja di ambil kerana buah yang
_________________________________________________________
lain agak kecil.seeloknya hanya 1 buah sahaja setiap putik..

tambahkan siraman mengikut keperluan pokok dan cuaca..
ec maksimum 3.5 ec..
apabila buah peringkat ketiga selepas 2 peringkat di petik,
masukkan mg dalam tangki siraman pada kadar 500g=600g air..
buat 2 minggu sekali bertujuan untuk mencantikkan warna buah
terung.
setelah usia pokok mencecah 6 bulan selepas tanam,kalau nak bela
lagi pun boleh.
cantas pokok dan kurangkan cabang2 nya..masukkan ammonium
nitrat atau urea pada kadar 1 kg= 600g sekali sahaja.
pokok terung akan tunas dan buah semula.akan tetapi buah pada gred
c lah...
serangga pula.
white fly..biasa bawah daun akan jadi jelaga hitam kalau banyak
sangat.
hamama merah..daun akan berkeruping keperangan
thrips..paling jahat.buah jadi karat dan daun rosak.
ulat daun..paling kuat makan daun..
ulat batang..batang akan mati lembik dan kemudian kering,patah
Nasihat berguna untuk petani cili fertigasi.

By Mohd Zaki Bin Yahya on Saturday, 18 February 2012 at 11:34
Dari Artikel Asal: http://mohdashraf.com
Tahukah anda, bahawa tanaman cili adalah tanaman yang sukar
untuk ditanam?Sebab tu harga cili mahal.
Jika cili mudah di tanam, maka harga cili mesti murah dari dulu lagi.
Tanaman cili fertigasi bukan boleh dibuat sebagai main-main. Anda
perlu sedar yang anda perlukan masa untuk belajar tanam cili ni.
Modal yang diperlukan juga agak tinggi. Ada yang sanggup
keluarkan wang simpanan, tapi tiada wang untuk modal pusingan.
Kena buat perancangan yang teliti. Jangan hanya budget untuk
modal setup sistem fertigasi sahaja.
Tiada yang mudah. Walaupon meracun 3 hari sekali, tetapi tetap ada
yang kena serangan penyakit. Semua terserah kepadaNya. Kita dah
berusaha sebaik mungkin untuk jaga pokok tersebut.
Saya tanak ada yang sanggup melabur beribu-ribu ringgit hanya
kerana tertarik dengan hasil jualan yang akan diperolehi kelak.
Tidak semestinya anda dapat jual hasil dengan harga yang tinggi.
76

Harga cili pernah jatuh hingga RM0.80 / kg. Apa yang anda perlu
waktu itu, racun cukup, kawasan bersih, setiap langkah penjagaan
buat jika harga serendah itu? Bagi saya, cili ni bagaikan pasaran
dah buat, sekarang ni semuanya bergantung kepadaNya.
saham yang turun naik harganya. InsyaAllah jika anda bersabar, akan
Kalau dah rezeki kita, insyaAllah dapat la hasil yang tinggi.
tiba masanya pokok anda akan mengeluarkan hasil yang tinggi dan
Dalam masa yang sama, pencarian ilmu tu yang paling penting. Ilmu
harga pada masa tu juga tinggi. Itu semua ketentuan pasaran dan
yang kita tau ni, umpama setitik air di lautan. Banyak lagi ilmu yang
tuhan saja yang dapat berikah hasil yang tinggi atau rezeki yang
kita kena pelajari.
banyak kepada anda. Terserah kepadaNya.
Bagi saya, tiada perkataan gagal, yang ada cuma belum berjaya.
Doa yang paling penting.
Kalau dah berputus asa, masa tu la dikatakan gagal.
Saya tahu post saya kali ini akan sedikit menutup periuk nasik saya,
Thomas Edison pon kena buat 100 ribu percubaan baru dia berjaya
tapi, saya lebih gembira jika ramai yang tangguhkan dulu untuk
cipta lampu. Ada 99, 999 percubaan dia yang belum berjaya. Kalau
ceburi bidang pertanian kerana sedar tentang jenit perih untuk
dia berputus asa, mesti kita tadak lampu sekarang ni.
memulakan sesuatu projek.

Jika anda tidak mampu bahagikan masa di ladang, atau tiada
pembantu yang dapat membantu anda, tangguhkan dulu projek cili
PANDUAN SEMAIAN BIJI BENIH - oleh Icham
fertigasi anda. Seeloknya, simpan dulu wang anda di dalam saham
Rizqqah
amanah.
By on Wednesday, 3 April 2013 at 16:27
Bila tiba masa yang sesuai, baru anda mulakan projek. Ada
dikalangan rakan-rakan saya yang gagal dalam pusingan yang
pertama saja kerana terpedaya dengan cerita penanam cili yang dah
Panduan semaian:
berjaya (mesti ada cerita dia tak berjaya, tetapi hanya diceritakan
Benih direndam dalam Chitosan selama 4 jam...lepas tu toskan...air
tentang kisah kejayaan saja).
chitosan tu dilarutkan lagi dan semburkan atas peatmoss...lepas tu
Sedikit tips dari saya, jika anda kurang berjaya dalam tanaman cili
bubuh benih cili di dalam lubang tray dan ditimbus setakat
terutamanya dan projek agro khasnya,
3mm...sembur lagi air chitosan supaya lembap sikit...dan tutup dalam
Bila kita dah buat sesuatu projek, dalam masa pengetahuan kita yang
silvershine selama 4 hari...letak dulang di tempat yg redup...lepas 4
ada pada waktu itu, baja kita dah bagi cukup ikut pengetahuan pada
77

hari buka ss...mula dari dua daun kasi siraman baja anak SRI separuh
atas tanah, alas denagn guni, isi kotak tu denagn tanah yang 2 guni tu
dose dua kali seminggu...setiap 10-12 hari sembur dgn Plantbac
di gaul sebati, campur pasir guni setinggi 5 inci atau lebih. Buat
campur chitosan...AACTdicampur air tahi cacing sembur seminggu
peneduh macam rph, korek parit sikit keliling peneduh supaya air
sekali....pencahayaan buat ikut peringkat pertumbuhan...last 3 hari
hujan tak masuk kat kotak.
sebelum pindah baru buat pelasakkan full

Pokok yang nak di tanam kat kotak tu, ambil pokok rumput biasa,
sebaiknya sebelum di rendam , benih di rawat dulu jika tidak pakai
biji gandum atau padi burung, biji kacang hijau, tabor jarang2 biji
chitosan, rawatan buleh gunakan racun fungus spt provicur atau
tadi berselang nagn rumput sikit2.siram pagi petang, biarkan
mancozeb...rendan ikut dose 4 kali untuk spray rendan sekadar 20
gandum dan kacang serta rumput tumbuh sendiri, boh baja sikit2 biar
minit. atau buleh gunakan clorox dengan kadar 3 chlorox, 2 sukatan
naik subur sikit, baja organic. Biarkan pokok tu matang dan pupus
air....selama 20 minit juga...bilas dan rendam chitosan ..atau buleh
sendiri3-4 bulan, dh nak matang jangan siram lagi, biar kering
rendam multivitamin baby 5-6 jam bersama air bersih denagn kadar
sendiri, dah pupus, potong batang yang tertinggal separas tanah akar,
4-6 titik untuk 1/2 lit air rendaman....benih cepat tumbuh dan sehat
rumput pun potong atas jer biar semua akar2 dalam tanah.ambil
semua tanah berakar dan hancurkan, akar2 yang panjang cincang
MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS-Mohammad Abdul

Rahman
By on Wednesday, 7 September 2011 at 23:46
biar halus, tanah hancur bersama akar tu di jemur biar kering sikit
supaya senang nak di hancurkan lagi, ayak dengan jarring dawai
nyamuk hijau.ambil yang pass jarring tu..yang kasar atas
jarring buang, kalu ada akr tas jarring, gumpal2 biar hancur sikit
serbuk yang kita dapat tu mengandungi banyak spores mycorrhizal,
Cara2 penghasilan fungus Mycorrhizal
simpan dalam bekas tempat kering, tutup bekas.
bahan:
Bila nak guna tabor dalam lubang media yang kita buat untuk masuk
dua guni tanah dari akar pokok akasia dan juga dari pohon buluh
anak dari tray, tabor juga keliling sebelum tutup lubangatau
sediakan tapak tempat penghasilan
lembabkan sikit media akar , golek2 akar anah benih pada serbuk
kawasan lapang di kebun, buat lah kotak kayu dinding saja empat
mycorrhizal ( boh dalam pinggan atau dulang senang nak golek)
segi 3 x 3 x 4 -6 inci tinggi,atau besar terpulanglah, letak kotak tu
..beres
78

They inoculated seedlings before transplanting them into field plots.
kita guna tanah dari pada akar akasia dan buluh sebab mycorrhizal
One treatment group contained only the AM fungus, Glomus
selalunya banyak simbiosis pada akar pokok tu..jadi kita ambil
intraradices; another treatment comprised a mixture of three other
benihlah sebagai starter untuk di biakan dengan tanaman tadi.
types of AM fungi; and a third, uninoculated group served as the

control. Plants were transferred into high-phosphorus-soil field plots
receiving either composted dairy cow manure or conventional
Beneficial Fungi Boost Pepper Growth
chemical fertilizer.
By Jim Core
Results showed that inoculating peppers with AM fungi boosted fruit
January 16, 2003
yield. The best results were with the fungus mixture, which increased
Beneficial fungi that live on plant roots increased green bell pepper
yields each year by 14 to 23 percent in plots with added compost,
yields by as much as one-third in studies by Agricultural Research
and up to 34 percent one year in plots with chemical fertilizers.
Service scientists.
Proper selection of an AM inoculum is essential, according to Douds,
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi colonize the roots of most crop
and a mixture of fungi increases the chance of having the right
plants and help plants take in phosphorus and other nutrients from
fungus present for a given plant.
the soil. AM fungi have been diminished by modern agricultural
Past studies have shown that AM fungi benefit plants grown in low-
practices such as tillage, but in many instances can still make
phosphorus soil, and that high-phosphorus soils make it harder for
important contributions to productivity, particularly in organic
the fungi to grow on plant roots. However, this studys results
farming and other systems where little if any chemical fertilizers and
suggest that using AM fungi in high-phosphorus soils is a
pesticides are used.
management option that shouldnt be ignored.
David D. Douds, a microbiologist at the ARS Eastern Regional

Research Center in Wyndmoor, Pa., studied four different types of
AM fungi in three plantings from 1997 to 1999. He collaborated with
Carolyn Reider, a horticulturist at the Rodale Institute Experimental
Farm in Kutztown, Pa., to measure the fungis effects on pepper
yield.
BOOSTER SEMASA BERBUNGA/BERBUAH Mohammad Abdul Rahman

Boost When
79

the Time is Right:
been much advancement in the harvesting and extraction methods
Stage-specific Amendments
used by guano suppliers that help preserve the powerful elements

that were lost due to outdated methods. One extraction method is
To get the most out of their plants, gardeners use nutrient additives,
guano tea, a liquid guano formula that is chock full of the beneficial
soil amendments and foliar treatments
nutrients and micro-organisms found in the guano. Liquid guano
specifically designed for particular stages in a plants life cycle. Of
extracts like this one are more easily absorbed by the plants and give
course there are plenty of choices available, but this author wants
growers the option to foliar or root feed. Unlike guano directly
you to know about the high-performance organic options
amended to the soil or medium, liquid guano also gives gardeners

more control over dosage.
In order to increase production and optimise efficiency within their

indoor gardens, horticulturists use various stage-specific nutrient
Kelp extracts
amendments. The most common example of these is blooming and
As with guano, kelp suppliers have made much advancement in
ripening additives designed specifically to boost a plants fruiting or
extracting and preserving the beneficial elements and hormones
flowering stage. Organic growers have also become more in tune
found in kelp. Although kelp was once rarely used as a bloom
with the benefits of stage-specific feeding programs. As our
booster, some of the kelp formulations available today are
knowledge of organic supplements expands (along with our
specifically designed to do just that. Kelp extracts specific to bloom
technologies used to extract the vital compounds), more stage-
stimulation encourage rapid cell division during flowering and
specific organic supplements are becoming available for the high-
increase the production of specialised sugars found in fruit or
performance organic grower.
flowers. It is important to select a kelp formula that is designed

specifically for blooming, or you could end up promoting vigorous
Guano
growth during your plants ripening stage. Kelp extract, if harvested
Bat and seabird guano have been used to boost fruiting and flowering
at the correct time or in a particular manner, can also contain a
since the beginning of indoor horticulture.
variety of hormones that help trigger flowering and ripening.
High-phosphorous guano helps trigger flowering hormones within

the plant and contributes to an increase in flower sets. There have
Alfalfa extracts
80

One of the newer organic extracts to hit the indoor horticulture
methods, allow organic growers to achieve harvests once only
market is alfalfa extracts. Alfalfa has a great
obtained by conventional methods. As more is learned about the
nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, contains a variety of trace elements and has
intricate aspects of plant physiology, new products, methods and
been shown to promote larger flowers. Alfalfa contains triacontanol,
technologies will be created, allowing organic bloom boosters to
a growth hormone that is thought to speed up the rate of
even further evolve.
photosynthesis by increasing the amount of CO2 that a plant can

process. Many studies have shown an increase in flower-site
production and overall yield with the use of alfalfa extract.
MASALAH DAN PENYELESAIAN DALAM

SISTEM
HYDROPONIC
FERTIGATION-
Protein hydrolysate ( FAA)
Mohammad Abdulrhman
Protein hydrolysate is a recent advancement in organic stimulators.
Protein hydrolysate is essentially organic matter (usually soy protein)

broken down into the essential L-animo acids. Amino acids are the
From time to time, we all strike problems with our hydroponic
building blocks for the proteins and enzymes that directly influence
systems and plants. If we are lucky, its an easily resolved issue that
the structure and metabolism of plants. Supplementing a protein
doesnt cause too much stress. However, some things can baffle even
hydrolysate during a blooming period will enhance the utilisation of
the most experienced grower and thats when a step-by-step
other nutrients, boost the plants immune
approach to troubleshooting is required
system, increase plant respiration and reduce stress. Protein
Most common problems experienced in hydroponic gardens are
hydrolysate is a multifaceted additive that increases fruit and flower
caused by one of four main things: nutrition, the plants growing
production in many different ways. If you are going to try one
environment, pests and pathogens andless frequently encountered
organic stimulator, I recommend a protein
genetic problems. Even though complete, balanced and well-
hydrolysate formula. Whether growing conventionally or organically,
formulated nutrient solutions are used in hydroponics, nutrition can
bloom boosters play an important role in enhancing yields. New and
still be a main area of troubleshooting and one that confuses many
innovative products, teamed with advancements in extraction
inexperienced growers.
Nutrient troubleshooting
81

Hydroponic systems are reliant on the composition and formulation
Iron deficiency is common under cool growing conditions, where the
of the nutrient solution to supply all the essential elements required
root system might have become saturated or damaged, or where the
for optimal plant growth and yields. However, nutrient solutions are
pH is running high.
complex and their composition changes as mineral ions are extracted
Magnesium
when they flow through the root system. Deficiencies in hydroponic
Magnesium deficiency on crops like tomatoes can be induced by
production are more common than toxicities, as plant uptake of many
high levels of potassium uptake.
elements has the potential to strip out nutrients at a rapid rate,
Calcium
particularly from recirculating solutions. The most common
Calcium deficiency, which shows as tip burn on lettuce and blossom
deficiency problems in hydroponic crops are potassium in fruiting
end rot on tomatoes and peppers, is a calcium transport problem
plants like tomatoes; iron under certain environmental conditions;
within the plant rather than a lack of calcium in the solution. It is
nitrogen in some readily growing, highly vegetative crops; and
induced by environmental conditions like high humidity, which
calcium in many species, such as lettuce, tomatoes and peppers.
restricts transpiration and calcium distribution.
To complicate hydroponic plant nutrition further, deficiencies (as
Salt buildup and EC problems
they occur on different crops) might or might not be the result of an
Salt buildup appears as white or off-white crystalline crusts or
actual deficiency in the nutrient solution. Potassium can certainly be
residues on the surface of growing media and sometimes on the base
stripped from a nutrient solution rapidly as fruit develops and
of plant stems, where it can cause salt burn damage. Certain types of
expands, and because luxury uptake occurs in many crops. However,
media are more prone to this nutrient problem than othersfor
iron, calcium and magnesium deficiencies on leaves and fruit occur
example, those with porous structures and high rates of water loss
even when there is more than a sufficient amount of these elements
are more prone to salt crusting than others. Expanded clay granules
in a solution. These induced deficiencies often fool growers into
and similar media often develop a whitish coating on the surface
thinking there is a problem with the formulation of their nutrient
after a few months use, and this can be common in ebb-and-flow
when the cause is often more complex.
systems. Media beds covered with plastic filmas in the case of
Iron
rockwool slabsrarely develop these salt deposits on the surface, as

the film prevents excessive moisture loss from the media.
82

Salt buildup occurs when a media, which has been thoroughly wetted
Some growers prefer to leach excess salts from growing media using
with nutrient solution containing dissolved salts, loses moisture to
plain water; however, this can have negative effects when an actively
evaporation faster than the minerals are taken up by the plants root
growing crop is present, as the sudden drop in osmotic pressure in
system. In this case, the moisture is lost to the atmosphere and the
the root zone triggers a large influx of moisture into the root cells,
minerals stay behind, thus increasing the EC in the media and around
which can result in fruit splitting and soft, weak vegetative growth.
the roots. This salt buildup in the root zone can cause damage both
Flushing growing media with either a specifically designed flushing
through direct contact with the salt crystals around the delicate plant
solution or a nutrient one-third its regular strength is recommended
stem, particularly in seedlings, and by increasing the osmotic
to remove excess salts from the root zone. Carrying this process out
pressure around the plant roots. Luckily, salt buildup is easily dealt
every few weeks might be required in certain hydroponic systems,
with once growers recognize the symptoms: white crusting is the
such as shallow flood-and-drain or tray systems in warm climates
first sign, as is plant growth becoming stunted, dark, hard and
with high evapotranspiration rates, and often between crops if media
unusually slow. As salt accumulation becomes more severe, the stem
is to be reused
area at the base of the plant and roots can be burnt and die back,
Algae
resulting in wilting during the warmer times of day and, later, disease
Most hydroponic growers come across algae sooner or later. It can
attack in these areas.
appear as a green, brown, reddish or black, slimy growth that clings
Regular monitoring of the EC of the nutrient solution draining from
to channels, gullies and pumps or spreads over the surface of damp
the media helps prevent and diagnose salt accumulation problems.
media. Long strings of algae are common in nutrient tanks and return
Ideally the EC of the feed solution should not increase as it flows
channels, and the speed at which this form of plant life can grow and
through the root system. If the EC is increasing as its flows through
multiply is often impressive. Algae usually have earthy or moldy
the root system and out the base of the growing container, then salt
smells, and large volumes of decomposing algae in the nutrient can
buildup is likely to occur. However, even plants fed a low EC
be responsible for unpleasant odors. Algae is a nuisance to any
solution can develop salt accumulation where the atmosphere is dry
grower as it not only looks unsightly, but has the ability to block
and high rates of water loss from a porous media occur. In this case,
drippers, emitter, pumps, return channels and filters. Heavy growth
the media will benefit from some leaching from time to time and a
can even seal off the surface of growing substrates, robbing the roots
thorough clean between crops (or even replacement in severe cases).
of oxygen.
83

The problem with algaeapart from the appearance and smell
The major causes of root death in hydroponics are suffocation,
problems it can createis not so much that it competes with plant
starvation, pathogens, chemical damage, temperature and EC/pH
roots for nutrients, but that it sucks up dissolved oxygen from the
problems. In hydroponics, suffocation is probably the leading cause
system it blooms, dies and decomposes. This increases the biological
of root death and reduced growth rates. Often, any pathogens present
oxygen demand (BOD) on the system and causes root suffocation
wont attack a healthy root system until it is damaged or weakened
from a lack of oxygen. Decomposing algae might also release toxins
by adverse conditions (such as stagnation or suffocation in the root
as it breaks down and provides a food source for plant pathogenic
zone). A lack of oxygen can be caused by flooding or ponding of the
fungi, which might then multiply to high levels in the system. Algae
nutrient solution, decomposing organic matter in the solution, slow
directly attached to plant root systems can suffocate the roots,
flow rates and too many plants robbing oxygen from the root zone,
making the plants prone to attack by opportunist pathogens like
which is accelerated as conditions become warmer. A lack of oxygen
pythium.
reduces the permeability of roots to water, and toxins will
Control of algae, once established in a hydroponic system, can be
accumulate as the root cells die. Some plants, such as tomatoes, will
difficult. Still, most growers tolerate small amounts of algae in their
attempt to adapt to the lack of oxygen by producing adventitious
systems, provided it does not become excessive. A regular scrub
roots on the lower stem and swelling at the stem base.
between crops will often remove stubborn algae and is often the only
Starvation
control used by commercial growers. Some growers do add
A lack of nutrients will affect the root system, just as it does the top
algaecide products into the nutrient to kill off algae and there are a
of the plant; however, the symptoms are more difficult to observe. A
number of these products on the market. However, since any product
phosphate deficiency will cause the roots to become brown with a
that kills algae (a form of plant life) can also damage young or
reduced number of lateral branches. A lack of calcium will induce a
sensitive root systems, care must be taken with the dose. Also, algae
thin, poorly developed brown root system. Manganese deficiency
will regrow very quickly after applications of most algaecide
will cause a small root system thats much shorter and finer than
products, thus requiring regular applications to maintain good
usual, with some browning of the root tips. Copper deficiency results
control.
in severe underdevelopment of the root zone. Boron deficiency
Root death
causes the root tips to become jelly-like in appearance.

EC and pH
84

An electrical conductivity (EC) level that is too high for the crop
olpidium, plasmopara, didymella and verticillium. Others have also
being grown will result in severe stunting of the root system. If the
been reported to cause crop losses; in fact, about 20 fungal, four viral
EC reaches extreme levels, water will be lost from the root cells back
and two bacterial pathogens exist that are commonly associated with
into the nutrient solution to the point where root death will occur.
root diseases in hydroponic vegetable crops. Root pathogens can
This is more common in crops that prefer a lower EC level, such as
infect hydroponic crops from a number of sources, including air,
lettuce.
water, media, insects, infected plant material, seeds and dust.
Likewise, pH levels that are too high or low can induce root damage
Airborne root pathogens are rare, but have been known to occur. A
and nutrient uptake problems. (Still, the pH range that plants can
more common source of infection is soil, which hosts a huge number
tolerate without any negative effects is fairly large.) It has been
of inoculum. Soil can enter a hydroponics system on shoes, as dust in
found that the appearance of the root system differs in hydroponic
the air, in media, on equipment or in water (particularly from
plants that have been grown at different pH levels. Plants grown at a
exposed sources, such as reservoirs, rivers and streams). Insects,
pH of 7.5 and above have a shorter, coarser root system than those
such as shore flies and fungus gnats, can also carry pathogens.
grown at a pH of 5.5. Higher pH levels reduce the availability of
Since many root problems and odd symptoms are caused by
certain elements in solution, mostly iron and manganese, and could
pathogens, and such attacks are often induced by stressed plants,
induce deficiency symptoms.
cultivating a healthy crop is always a growers first line of defense.
Root problems
Ensuring adequate oxygen is present in the root zone throughout the
Root diseases are a major concern for hydroponic growers. This is
hydroponic system is essential. Sometimes environmental or cultural
particularly true of growers who use NFT and other recirculating
problems exist that stress the plants without the growers knowledge.
systems that could quickly transport pathogens to a large number of
Therefore, observing the root zone on a regular basis is vitally
plants. Some pathogens that can attack roots in hydroponic systems
important. In media-based systems, a grower who notices a plant
have symptoms that make them easy to identify (with some practice).
showing signs of wilt or discoloration should pull it out and examine
However, others might not have any symptoms at all. One aspect
the root system. Once any plant has been identified as potentially
these pathogens all have in common is their ability to reduce plant
having a root disease, it should be removed from the cropping area
growth and yield. The most common pathogens that effect roots in
and destroyed. Proper sanitation and hygiene in hydroponic systems
hydroponic production are pythium, phytophthora, fusarium,
is also important for pathogen control. Root pathogens can carry over
85

from one crop to the next, so many media or substrate that contained
mineral deficiencies, such as low levels of nitrogen or phosphorus in
an infected plant should be discarded. In areas where there are high
the nutrient solution, can slow flower and fruit development and
populations of root disease pathogens, commercial growers need to
cause drop. Flower drop can also be caused by water stress (either a
consider some form of control, such as treating the water supply with
lack of irrigation or high EC levels).
UV light, H2O2 or ozone.

Fruiting and flowering problems
With the development of high-yielding cultivars, another major
Fruiting crop problems in hydroponics can range from a simple lack
cause of flower and fruitlet drop has become heavy fruit load or
of fruit development to more complex physiological disorders like
excessive vegetative growth. Young, newly developed leaves
blossom end rot. Many growers have experienced fruit with skin
compete for assimilates with the flowers and fruitlets already on the
disorders, such as uneven coloration, blotching, crazing, streaking,
plant. If assimilates are transported to these new leaves at the
silvering and other unidentified spots. Fruit splitting can be common
expense of the flowers, drop can occur. This is more common in
in crops like tomatoes. Bell peppers and cucumber can become
situations where assimilate production is limited due to low light or
grossly misshapen. These disorders are largely physiological,
other reasons. Lowering plant density and using CO2 and suitable
environmental and cultural.
cultivars less prone to drop both assist growers in preventing these
Flower and fruitlet drop
types of problems (which often occur in winter). The presence of a
Most common hydroponic crops will flower when they have reached
heavy fruit load developing on the plant has the same effect; new
their appropriate point in development. One frequent problem is
flowers and fruitlets can be sacrificed in favor of the rapidly
flower drop. There are many potential causes of flower and fruitlet
developing, larger fruit already present. In certain crops, a lack of
drop in hydroponic crops; some are internal and caused by plant
pollination could be the cause of flower and, more commonly,
stress, and some are environmental. In many crops, flower drop in
fruitlet drop.
induced by high air temperatures. However the point at which this

thermal stress occurs varies for each crop and cultivar. Low light
levels that limit the growth of the whole plant can also induce drop,
particularly where low light is combined with high temperatures.
Although not as common in hydroponic crops as those grown in soil,
TIPS2 PERTANIAN....adaptasi dari Fuad fertgasi

oleh Mohammad abdul Rahman
By on Saturday, 5 January 2013 at 06:55
86

bunga betina yag keluar. Waktunya 7.30 - 11.00 pagi je.. 7. Umur 38
tip untk penanam melon... rugi x baca..
- 45 H buat pemilihan buah yang sama besar sahaja. Tinggalkan 2 - 4

biji sepokok. Buah yang lain buang. Jumlah buah yang dikekalkan
Nah !.. satu lagi maklumat untuk peminat MELON fertigasi.. Saya
bergantung kepada bilangan daun subur & sihat. 20 helai utk 1 biji,
sarankan " Penanam melon fertigasi... jangan tanam melon untuk
40 helai utk 2 biji, 60 helai untuk 3 biji dst.. 8. Nak besarkan buah...
keluarkan sebiji sepokok lagi.. ok!..) Bukannya apa.. nak tambah
boleh celup dengan GA (giberillic acid). 9. Kawin awal, buah ada
keuntungan.. Sebiji besar berat > 2.0 kg dan cantik masih tak dapat
peluang untuk membesar lebih lama (30 - 60H) 10. Ingat !.. daun
juala macam harga di Jepun. Orang jepun menilai dari sudut
subur, sihat .. adalah kilang untuk buat makanan pokok tersebut.
berlainan sebab itu sangat pentingkan kualiti dan sanggup bayar
Lebih banyak daun, mampu besarkan buah dan tampung keperluan
sehingga ratusan ringgit sebiji.. Mereka hargai kecantikan bentuk dan
pembesaran buah. 11. 7- 10 H sebelum pungut hasil pekatkan baja
netting (deria lihat), mereka hargai keharuman dari aroma yang
lebih 3.0 mS/cm dengan Hi-K untuk tambah kemanisan CUBA
dikeluarkan (deria bau), mereka hargai keenakan rasanya (deria
ELAKKAN POTONG PUCUK UTAMA KECUALI 10 HARI
rasa). Pasaran di Malaysia tak sampai tahap tu... cukup berat, manis,
TERAKHIR... Pucuk sulur patut buang. Jika pucuk utama dibuang,
bentuk ok, netting lebih kurang ok.. dah!.. HABIT POKOK MELON
pokok kurang daya serapan baja/air.
FERTIGASI - Jangka hayat sekitar 70 - 85 hari di ladang. Mula

berbunga 25 - 30 hari di ladang. Bunga jantan keluar dulu... bunga
TIP TAMBAH BERAT BUAH (CILI & TERUNG) - 1 - 2 jam
betina 2 - 3 hari lewat. TIP PANDUAN: 1. Kepekatan baja sentiasa
sebelum petik hasil cili atau terung, lakukan siraman terlebih
bertambah setiap minggu dari 1.5 hingga lebih 3.0 mS/cm. 2. Umur
dahulu. Kalau kaedah fertigasi - titiskan air baja lebih kurang
seminggu, getu pucuk utama - galakkan cabang dan banyak daun. 3.
10 - 15 minit pada 7.30 pagi. Petik buah jam 9.00 pagi.
Umur 20 - 25 H di ladang kepekatan lebih 2.0 mS/cm. Lebih baik
InsyaAllah berat buah bertambah ( kadang capai 20 - 30%)
tambah Ca. 4. Umur 20 - 25 H sapu pangkal batang dengan racun
berbanding tidak berbuat demikian. terung pun begitu juga...
kulat cth: antracol dll - elak gummy stem 5. Umur 20 - 25 H boleh
INI
juga cucuk pangkal batang dengan lidi atau pencungkil gigi... 6.
BERAT..Cubalah !...
BUKAN
TIPU
BERAT
TAPI
TAMBAH
Kawin bunga seawal mungkin sebaik sahaja bunga betina keluar ( 26

- 30 H) diladang. Lakukan berturut-turut dan buat kepada semua
87

TIP CILI BERTERUSAN KELUAR PUCUK BARU - Habit
Compost tea tiada sama dengan komersil BM dari segi kandungan
pokok cili berbunga dan berbuah di cabang. Cabang akan
bacteria dan fungus, dimana Activated Aerated Compost Tea
terbentuk bila ada pucuk baru keluar. Setelah beberapa bulan
( AACT) mengandungi pelbagai bacteria dan fungus yang terhasil
pertumbuhan kadangkala pokok cili seolah-olah berhenti
dari pengoposan dan juga dari tahi cacing yang mengandungi
membesar (tak de pucuk baru). Ini boleh diatasi dengan
pelbagai enzymes dan hormones
memberikan air dan nitrogen yang banyak daripada kebiasaan

yang diterima. Oleh itu penanam boleh memberi tambahan baja
Antara kebaikan AACT adalah :
N (seperti Urea atau SA atau Amm nitrat) setiap 7 - 10 hari
meningkatkan pertumbuhan pokok hasil dari tambahan baja daun
kepada pokok yang telah berbuah atau berumur lebih 3 bulan di
dan akar dan pengawalan microbes terhadap microorganism perosak
ladang. Bagi pengamal fertigasi tambah Urea atau Amm. nirat
yang menyebabkan penyakit pokok.
0.5 - 1.0 kg dalam tangki 600G dan titiskan 10 - 15 minit sebelah
Perkembangn pokok meningkat bila serapan dengan activity
pagi ok... Cubalah...
microbes pada akar memudahkan serapan dari baja kompleks ke baja

yng mudah di serap, dan ini menjimatkan penggunaan baja, baja juga
COMPOST TEA ( AACT ) By Mohammad Abdul

Rahman
By on Saturday, 20 August 2011 at 13:20
tidak mudak tersejat atau leaching kalau hujan atau siraman berlebih
Menurunkan kadar kerosakan tanah/media hasil penggunaan racun
dan baja kimia, serta menstabilkan pH dan mengurangkan stress
bilamana keadaan amat kering.
Meningkatkan kadar serapan nutrients dengan meninggikan serapan
Compost tea di gunakan untuk mewujudkan hidupan microbes pada

daun dan zone akar dalam media, dan memebri nutrients yang terlaru
pada daun dan akar.
Compost tea adalah cairan yang di keluarkan dari bahan ccompost
yang mengandungi bacteria, fungus, protoazoa dan nematodes dan
pada daun kerana dengan adanya microbes, stomata akan membuka

lebihlama berbanding ketiadaan microbes dan mengawal peruapan
air dari daun.
Mengurangkan kehilangan air dari media dan mengekalkan
kelembapan media , jadi kehilangan air di minimisekan.
element baja untuk penyuburan dan ketahan penyakit pokok.

Cara2 Membuat Compost Tea ( AACT) untuk 20 lit
88

a) Bacteria Dominant AACT
memang dah ada humic. AACT ni amat sesuai untuk semburan
lit baja compost ( compost buat sendiri atau buleh beli kat kedai)
foiliar untuk melawan penyakit daun
lit tahi tanah tahi cacing dari tempat tak tercemar spt hutan atau
belukar
b) 50:50 bacteria fungi AACT
1 cawan molasses atau gula merah dicair pekat
untuk ini kita banyakna sikit source untuk fungi terutama
cawan baja ikan atau fishmeal atau serbuk ikan
trichoderma fungus amat baik untuk melawan penyakit akar.
cawan habuk kuari ( buleh ayak dari quarry dust, buleh bubuh
buleh gunakan sedikit tanah dari pokok buluh, atau kulapuk putih
juga serbuk kulit kerang atau kulit telur)
yang terhasil dari bungkah cendawan.

BUleh gunakan juga dedak halus atau dedak ayam halus di basah
sediakan karung di buat dari kain jarang spt kain langsir atau panty
lembab dengan air dan di biarkan sehingga Nampak kulapuk, campur
hose wanita bersaiz untuk muat 1.5 lit bahan. Isi karung dengan
dalam bahan compost atau air sebanyak cawan. AACT ni amat
bahan compost, habuk kuari dan baja ikan.
sesuai untuk siraman pada akar denagn kadar 1: 30, buleh campur
gantung karung 6-8 inci dari dasar tong 20 lit, isi air bersih tanpa
bahan lain juga spt AACT dia atas
klorin ( kalu guna air paip, bagi bubble dulu dalam sehari atau biar
terdedah dua hari supaya klorin meruapa), air telah atau hujan amat
baik
masukan gula merah dan kacau kejap. Pasang kan 2 biji batu angin
akuarium pam angin, biar batu didasar tong.jalankan pam
SOP
PENGGUNAAN
PLANTBAC
DAN
CHITOSAN
By Faridwajdi Sakimin on Friday, 7 October 2011 at 15:04
selama 24-36 jam..siap

Bila di gunakan ( dalam masa 3 jam selepas pam di matikan ) gunkan
kadar 1:20 untuk foliar spray dan 1:30 untuk siraman media. Semasa
menggunakan buleh campur bahan lain spt FAA, FPJ , FFJ dengan
PROGRAM MENGHASILKAN TANAMAN SAYURAN YANG

SIHAT DAN MENINGKATKAN HASIL PENGELUARAN
TANAMAN
kadar dari AACT, buleh juga bubuh botol yakult dan juga air
peraman basuh beras. kalu ada humic asid buleh tambah 1 sudu
(Plantbac dan Chitosan)
makan, kalu tak ada humic tak mengapa sebab dalam kompos
89

Rawatan biji benih:
-Bagi biji benih yang ditanam di dalam tray semaian,langkah
rawatan seperti dibawah:
Rawatan anak benih:

a)Semburan air kosong perlu dilakukan setiap hari daripada hari ke 3
a)Setelah biji benih di letakkan di atas tanah peatmoss ,lakukan

semburan larutan
chitosan keatas biji benih tersebut(5ml chitosan/ 1 liter air).
b)Kemudian isikan peatmoss menutupi biji benih tadi sehingga
memenuhi lubang tray
semaian tersebut
c)Kemudian lakukan semburan sekali lagi dengan larutan chitosan(5
ml chitosan/1 liter
air) ke atas peatmoss sehingga keseluruhan peatmoss di dalam tray
lembab
Contohnya biji benih cili,bendi,terung,timun dsbnya)
hingga ke 10 ditray
semaian
b)Pada hari ke 11,lakukan semburan cecair chitosan (5ml
chitosan/1liter air) ke atas anak
benih dan peatmoss di tray semaian
c)Pada hari ke 12 hingga hari ke 19 ,lakukan semburan air kosong
sahaja ke atas anak
benih dan peatmoss
d) Pada hari ke 20,lakukan lagi semburan cecair chitosan (5ml
chitosan/1liter air) ke atas
anak benih dan peatmoss di tray semaian
d)Hari kedua selepas tanam biji benih,lakukan semburan cecair
e)Pada hari ke 21 hingga hari ke 25 ,lakukan semburan air kosong
Plantbac(10gm
sahaja ke atas anak
Plantbac/1 liter air) ke atas peatmoss sehingga keseluruhan
benih dan peatmoss
peatmoss lembab.
f)Pada hari ke 26,pindahkan anak benih ke polibeg(Sebelum
e)Hari berikutnya lakukan semburan dgn air kosong sahaja bagi
pindahkan anak benih
tujuan mengekalkan
kelembapan peatmoss
Sekiranya biji benih direndam dlm ceair chitosan dgn dosage
tersebut ke polibeg,lakukan sekali lagi semburan cecair

chitosan(5ml chitosan/1 liter
air) ke atas anak benih dan peatmoss di dalam tray
5ml/1liter air selama 20~30minit sebelum menanam biji benih ke

dalam tray semaian adalah digalakkan sebelum langkah (a)
90

***Untuk rawatan yang lagi baik,campurkan 5gm Plantbac dan
a)Apabila
chitosan(5-10ml/liter air)semasa rawatan biji benih dan semasa
media,penyemburan cecair chitosan
peringkat semaian tu.
anak
pkk
sudah
di
tanam
di
tanah
atau
perlulah dilakukan pada hari ke 4 anak pokok selepas ditanam

b)Penyemburan cecair chitosan perlulah dilakukan sekali setiap
Rawatan tanah atau media di dalam polibeg:

a)Dalam tempoh 4 atau 5 hari sebelum proses tanam anak benih ke
tanah atau media
polibeg,tanah atau media tersebut mestilah dirawat dgn cecair
Plantbac(3gm Plantbac/1
liter air pencairan)
b)Siraman cecair Plantbac tadi boleh dilakukan secara drip atau
semburan ataupun
manual tuang ke atas tanah iaitu tempat dimana anak benih akan
minggu ,utk memberikan

tahap pencegahan penyakit dan penghasilan hasil yang
tinggi(pencairan 5~10ml
chitosan/1 liter air).Kalau guna 10ml/liter atau 20ml/liter lagi baik
c)Cecair chitosan dgn dosage 5ml/1liter air boleh didripkan atau
disiram pada tanah atau media
untuk menggalakkan lagi pembentukan cabang2 baru pkk
tersebut.Dgn penggunaan Plantbac
utk tanah atau media akan mepercepatkan uptake nutrient melalui
ditanam
akar pokok
c)Lakukan semula ,penggunaan cecair Plantbac ke atas tanah atau
###PENGGUNAAN
media semasa anak
CHITOSAN SECARA SEMBURAN KE POKOK DAN DRIP
pkk berumur 2 minggu di tanah atau media
CAMPURAN
PLANTBAC
DAN
GTR
ATAU SIRAMAN KE TANAH ATAU MEDIA ADALAH

MEMBERIKAN KESAN PENCEGAHAN YANG LEBIH BAIK
d)Penggunaan seterusnya bergantung kpd pengusaha tanaman
Kebaikan rawatan di atas:
tersebut,nak lagi baik
Plantbac:
surelah kena guna lebih lagi,ikut budget masing2
a)Memberikan perlindungan kpd zon akar tanaman daripada

penyakit yang berpunca
daripada bakteria jahat dan kulat merbahaya
Rawatan anak pokok dalam pembesaran dan penghasilan hasil:
b)Jika disiram di tanah,akan menguraikan kandungan zat mineral

dalam tanah dimana
91

akan menambahkan uptake zat tanah melalui akar tanaman
by Mohammad Abdul Rahman
c)Memperbaiki sistem pengudaraan tanah dan menambahkan
27 Jan 2012 - PNSB
kesuburan tanah melalui
Kita sebagai pekebun berkonsepkan fertigasi menganggap bahawa
tindakan bakteria baik yg terkandung dalam Plantbac
air baja yang sesuai dan seimbang dengan kadar bahan2 nutrients
akan menganggap bahawa pokok kita tumbuh subur tanpa
Chitosan:
menunjukan sebarang kekurangan nutrients, amat baik sekali jika
a)Mempercepatkan pencambahan biji benih
andaian kita itu benar, tapi sesetengah unsur akan menunjukan
b)Menambahkan sistem imuniti tanaman
kekurangan juga walaupun pokok di beri pembajaan yang
c)Bertindak sebagai pertahanan daripada serangan serangga perosak
mencukupi. Salah satu bahan unsur yang menjadi penyebab utama
d)Meningkatkan tumbesaran tanaman dan menyihatkan tanaman
ketidaksuburan pokok dan menjejaskan kualiti buah adalah Kalsium
e)Meningkatkan pegeluaran hasil tanaman dan kualiti hasil tanaman
( calcium), berlakunya tip burnt dan rapuh pada pucuk, BER pada
buah dan juga rasa pahit terutama timun.
Kesimpulan:
Kebanyakan kita tidak dapat memahami atau menilai keadaan pucuk
Dengan perawatan Plantbac,akan mengekalkan kesuburan tanaman
merapuh atau dieback atau terbakar berwarna perang emas
dan mencegah daripada penyakit yg berpunca daripada tanah
berpunca dari kekurangan calcium kerana biasanya air baja kita
Dengan penyemburan chitosan,dapat menambahkan imuniti tanaman
sudah ada calcium yang berlebih. Kadang2 kita menganggap bahawa
dan meningkatkan hasil tanaman
berlakunya keadaan pada pucuk adalah akibat serangga, panas

melampau atau pun keadaan sekitar amat kering.
Calcium: Masalah Pembajaan dan Pengagihan

By on Friday, 27 January 2012 at 19:54
Calcium: Masalah Pembajaan dan Pengagihan
Kebakaran atau tip burnt berlaku pada pucuk muda yang baharu
membentuk daun, tisu pucuk yang akan menampakan lecur berair
berwarna perang emas dan menjadi kehitaman dan mereput jika amat
serius. Keadaan lecur di sebabkan kebocoran pada sel daun dan
mengeluarkan cecair sap dan mengundang penyakit pathogen untuk
92

berkembang. Kadang2 kita juga terkeliru denagn kekurangan boron,
Calcium
memainkan
peranan
untuk
mengaktifkan
enzimes,
yang mana kelihatan agak sama.
mengimbangi aliran air dalam sel dan amat perlu untuk

perkembangan dan pembentukan sel baru dan tisu pembesaran.
Blossom end rot atau BER yang kerap berlaku pada buah cili dan
Bertindak sebagai penampan atau buffer bila berlakunya kelebihan
tomato yang seakan penyakit antraknos berpunca kurangnya calcium
unsur nutrient lain pada zone akar dan menjadikan salah satu
dalam pokok serta buah, sel buah pecah dan mengeluarkan cecair di
komponen dalam akar sebagai penyaring bahan berlebihan lain.
sebabkan kekuatan dan ketahanan sel amat kurang, buah melecur

mulanya dan lekuk kedalam berwarna hitam dan kering , tangkai
Simtom Tip burnt atau BER berpunca dari masalah pengagihan
buah tetap hijau, selalunya terjadi pada bahagian tengah ke hujung
pengangkutan calcium dalam pokok. Dalam pokok terdapat 2 jenis
buah. Manakala antraknos buah lecur lembik berair dan tangkai serta
tisu pengangkut, xylem dan phloem bertindak sebagai sistem
kelopak kekuningan, di sebabkan oleh fungus bacterial.
sirkulasi
membekalkan
mineral,
carbohidrat,
protein
pada
keseluruhan pokok untuk pertumbuhan pembesaran.

Calcium terbentuk dan di gunakan oleh sel daun untuk perteguhkan
dan menstabilkan lapisan sel dan bertindak sebagai agen semen atau
Saluran xylem mengangkut air dan garam nutrient terlarut dari akar
gam untuk menghubungkan antara sel2 daun di kenali sebagai
ke atas dan di agihkan pada daun2. Kehilangan air dari daun semasa
calcium pectate, kekurangan calcium menjadikan penghubung gam
proses perspiration atau perkumuhan akan membentuk hisapan dan
lemah dan tidak stabil dan sel berkecai...terjadilah BER atau tip
air dari saluran2 xylem yang mengandungi unsur nutrient termasuk
burnt.
calcium akan di bawa kedaun untuk proses fotosintesis.
Calcium adalah immobile atau tidak dapat di pindahkan dari satu
Apa2 faktor yang membuatkan kehilangan air dari daun ( aliran
bahagian ke bahagian yang di perlukan seperti pucuk baru, dan perlu
angkutan xylem) akan mempengaruhi edaran calcium dalam pokok
di beri pembajaan Ca berterusan untuk pertumbuhan. Konsentarasi
bila mana air pembawa ion calcium mengalir ke daun untuk
calcium pada daun tua adalah tinggi berbanding pucuk muda, jadi
menggantikan air yang hilang. Calcium merupakan immobile akan
simtom amat ketara pada pucuk dahulu.
mengalir secara perlahan jika transpiration amat kurang berlaku pada

buah dan juga pucuk baru yang kecil berbanding dengan daun besar
93

yang tua. Hal sedemikian akan menampakan dengan mudah simtom
dari
potssium
(kalium),
magnesium
atau
ammonium
yang
kekurangan Ca yang senang berlaku pada buah dan pucuk. Dalam
terkandung dalam air baja. Oleh kerana calcium bergerak dalam tisu
keadaan berangin dan penyejukan serta kelembapan di bawah 90%,
xylem, serapanya juga terhalang oleh kepanasan atau kesejukan
daun amat aktif transpiration dan xylem menarik air dan ion calcium
melampau dari zone akar dan juga bila keadaan media yang di
denagn baik untuk di bawa pada daun dan di simpan.
pengaruhi oleh konsentrasi garam yang tinggi, ( salt built up dan ec

baja tinggi) dan juga di sebabkan keadaan sekitaran yang amat
Untuk mengelakan buah dari terjadi BER, pembajaan Calcium amat
lembab terutama musim hujan.
di titik beratkan semasa pembentukan buah yang masih hijau sebagai

langkah pertama pengawalan, kejadian BER dapat di hindarkan
Menggunakan air baja yang EC nya tinggi akan mengurangkan
dengan menggunakan foliar pada buah hijau dan daun sekeliling
serapan air dan Ca oleh akar pokok, berbeza dengan N dan K dimana
serta pucuk yang menampakan simtom kekurangan menggunakan
konsentarsinya pada daun akan tinggi jika EC tinggi. Merendahkan
larutan baja CaNO3 dengan kadar 0.2% atau 2.0gm/lit air. Memberi
sedikit EC air baja akan meningkatkan serapan air baja oleh akar dan
foliar pada daun saja dan tidak pada buah tak memberi kesan pada
secara tak langsung bahan nutrient lain termasuk Ca akan di serap
rawatan BER kerana Ca tak buleh berpindah kepada buah dari daun,
dengan banyak dan baik untuk di agihkan pada tisu2 pembesaran
jadi direct spray pada buah amat perlu.
pokok.
Dalam sistem hidroponik fertigasi, unsur baja calcium di dapati dari
Pemberian air baja pada ec rendah pada waktu malam meningkatkan
calcium nitrate (CaNO3) dan kuantitinya amat mencukupi mengikut
serapan Ca kerana xylem sap dapat membawa Ca kepada tisu2 yang
kehendak pokok. Jika terjadi kekurangan calcium pada pokok ianya
kurang aktif transpiration nya seperti kucupan pucuk dan juga buah
bukan di sebabkan kurangnay Ca dalam baja, tapi di pengaruhi oleh
dan putik buah baru. Kajian umum mendapati kebanyakan calcium
faktor lain yang menghalang atau menyekat pengambilan Ca oleh
di bekalkan pada daun dan buahan amat banyak pada waktu malam
akar dan juga penghantaran dalam pokok.
berbanding siang hari. Jadi amat berkesan jika di beri injeksi air baja
sekali atau dua pada waktu malam sekitar 9.00-10.00 pm. atau 2.00-
Pengambilan atau serapan Ca oleh pokok berkurangan di sebabkan
3.00am.
berlakunya persaingan serapan oleh konsentrasi cations yang tinggi

94

Untuk menghindarkan berlakunya tip burnt dan juga BER,
unsur baja seperti phosphate, potash, sulfer, Fe dan juga Cu. PGPR
pembajaan Ca hendaklah di beri secukupnya dan berterusan,
juga boleh menjanakan hormon tanaman, menambahkan microbes
melaraskan EC (2.4-2.5) dan pH ( 5.8-6.2) dengan betul dan tidak
spt bacteria dan fungus yang baik dan mengawal pathogen dan
tinggi , memberi baja waktu malam, mengurangkan kelembapan
penyakit tumbuhan.
melampau ( sistem RPH elak hujan) dan mengurangkan pokok dari

stress air ( maintain kelembapan 30-40% min). Pembajaan dengan
Cara membuat PGPR :-
biofertilizer yang mengandungi amino acid atau FAA amat
BAHAN:
membantu membuka calcium ion channel dalam akar dan

meninggikan serapan calcium beribu kali ganda berbanding dengan
cara osmosis biasa.
1. 100 gm akar buloh

2. 200 gm gula pasir,
PLANT GROW PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA ( PGPR ) -
3. 200gm gula merah
Mohamad Abdul Rahman

By on Tuesday, 4 December 2012 at 10:11
MEMBUAT
PGPR
(PLANT
GROW
PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA)
4. 200 gm belacan
5. 1 kg dedak halus ( boleh guna dedak ayam serbuk juga jika
tak ada dedak padi )
PGPR atau Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobakteri adalah sejenis

bacteria yang hidup di sekitar zone akar tanaman. Bacteria ini
6. 10 lit air
hidupnya secara berkoloni menyelaputi akar tanaman dan memberi

kebaikan dari microbes. Bacteria atau microbes ini memberi
7.
1 sudu makan bahan perisa ajinomoto/MSG, kandungan
kebaikan untuk proses fisiologi tanaman dan pertumbuhannya.
monosodium
Fungsi PGPR bagi tanaman mampu mempercepatkan pertumbuhan
pertumbuhan dan mempercepat kan penghasilan giberellin.
glutamate
sebagai
hormon
perangsang
dan fisiologi akar serta mampu mengurangi penyakit atau kerosakan

oleh serangga. Selain itu PGPR juga meningkatkan daya serapan
CARA MEMBUAT:
95

1. Rendam akar buloh dalam air bersih 1 lit tanpa klorin 2-4
Bahan yang tertinggal dalam tapisan masih boleh di recycle
hari
denagn menambahkan air dan sedikit gula merah untuk

kegunaan kedua kalinya.
2. Rebus bahan no2 no 6 sampai mendidih selama 20 minit

dalam air 10 lit
Semoga tuan2 mendapat manafaat dan penghasilan tanaman yang

baik
3. Setelah sejuk masukkan semua bahan kedalam tong bertutup

( tong air 20 lit) dan tutup rapat
4. Buka dan goncang2 sehari sekali
UNSUR BAJA FOLIAR- Mohammad abdul rahman

By on Wednesday, 28 November 2012 at 23:59
Foliar Nutrition
5. Satelah 15 hari PGPR siap digunakan
Foliar Nutrition of Plants

It has been known for many years that plants are able to absorb
CARA MENGGUNAKAN:
1. Tapis PGPR
2. Campurkan ( 1:15 ) 1 lit PGPR ke dalam air 15 lit ( 1 tong
racun )
3. Spray atau siram pada batas tanah atau media polybag 1-3
hari sebelum pindah tanam anak pokok.
essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place

through the stomata of the leaves and also through the epidermis.
Movement of elements is usually faster through the stomata, but the
total absorption may be as great through the epidermis. Plants are
also able to absorb nutrients through their bark.
The following elements have been successfully use to supply
nutrients for plant growth by apply them as foliar sprays to the
leaves:
4. Ulangi spray atau siram hujan setiap 15-20 hari sekali

Primary Nutrients : Nitrogen ,Phosphorus, Potassium
Secondary Nutrients : Magnesium, Calcium, Sulfur
96

Micronutrients : Iron, Zinc, Boron, Copper, Molybdenum ,
commonly mixed and applied with the regular spray materials at
Manganese, Chlorine
weekly intervals early in the growing season.
One difficulty in using foliar sprays to supply essential elements to

crops is that translocation of the applied element may not be rapid
The application of urea fertilizer to leaves of plants has given
enough for increasing crop yields. With some plants this problem is
response approximately equal to that of fertilizer applied to the soil.
more difficult than with others. For example, the relative mobility of
The uptake of urea is faster when it is sprayed on the leaves, but it is
essential nutrients in bean plants when applied as a foliar spray in
cheaper to apply it to the soil.
order of decreasing mobility, was as follows:
Phosphorus is capable of being utilized by the plant when it is

sprayed on the leaves. Although the practice is not common, there
Mobile : Potassium, Phosphorus, Chlorine, Nitrogen

Partially
Mobile:
Zinc,
Copper,
Manganese,
are many good reasons for predicting that there may be an increase
Molybdenum,
in the foliar application of phosphorus.
Magnesium
Immobile : Boron, Calcium, Sulfur, Iron
One reason is that in most soils only a small percentage of

phosphorus fertilizers is recovered by the plant (averaging about 20
Nitrogen fertilizer compounds have been used for several years as
percent for the first year); whereas, when phosphorus is sprayed on
foliar sprays. Sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate,
the leaves, nearly all of it is absorbed.
and urea have all been used experimentally, but only urea gives
approximately three pounds of P2O5 sprayed on tomato leaves gave
satisfactory results. The other fertilizers cause the burning of leaves,
a greater early growth than did 135 pounds of P2O5 applied to the
due partly to the high osmotic concentration of the spray solution.
soil. The yield of tomatoes, however, was 12 percent greater when
Urea has been successfully sprayed on apple trees, tomatoes,
In one experiment,
the 135 pounds of P2O5 was sprayed on the leaves.
celery, lima beans, potatoes, cantaloupes, cucumbers, and sugar
Potassium applications as foliar sprays have been made, using
cane. Amounts up to 15 pounds of urea per acre at one spraying
potassium sulfate fertilizer. Some leaf injury resulted, and the
have been used with beneficial results on apple trees. Higher
conclusion was reached that soil applications are far more
concentrations burn the leaves. The usual concentration for apple
satisfactory.
trees is five pounds of urea per 100 gallons of water. This is

97

Magnesium is now commonly applied to plant foliage as solutions
this practice is the fact that, even though the iron moves readily into
of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts). One reason for the popularity
the leaves, it is translocated very slowly. As a result, after spraying
of the practice is that soil applications of magnesium commonly take
with ferrous sulfate, chlorotic spots may still be in evidence in places
three years to correct magnesium-deficiency symptoms of such
which did not receive some of the iron spray. Iron chelates have also
perennials as apple trees, whereas foliar sprays are effective within a
been successfully used as a spray.
few days after application.

On alkaline soils where iron chlorosis is common, applications of
A foliar application of a two per cent solution of MgSO4 to
iron compounds to the soil have not been very successful because the
tomatoes, oranges, and apples has relieved magnesium deficiency
iron is soon rendered insoluble.
and has increased crop yields.

Calcium is seldom applied as a foliar spray because it can be
The leaves of chlorotic grain sorghum on calcareous soil in Tulare
efficiently applied to the soil. If CaCO3 is too slow in reaction, then
County, California, were sprayed with 40 gallons per acre of three
CaO or Ca(OH)2 can be applied to the soil. CaCl2 is primary method
percent ferrous sulfate solution about one week before heading, at a
of applying Ca to foliage.
cost for materials of 50 cents per acre. The yield of grain sorghum
Sulfur sprayed on leaves is readily absorbed by the plants. This

fact was demonstrated, however, in connection with the study of the
was increased from 540 pounds of grain on the untreated plot to

1,774 pounds on the treated plot, an increase of 222 percent.
influence of certain sulfur sprays when used as a fungicide.

Although there have been no reports of a sulfur deficiency being
Applications on the soil of more than 3,000 pounds per acre of
relieved by sulfur sprays, the practice may become established
ferrous sulfate were required to accomplish similar increases in
because it is physiologically sound.
yields.
Iron has been sprayed on foliage since about 1916 to relieve
Manganese. While soil manganese becomes less available in
chlorosis. The first of such research work was carried out with
alkaline soils, many states in more humid regions of the country
chlorotic pineapples growing on highly alkaline soils in Hawaii.
often report manganese deficiencies in peat and muck soils and in
Periodic sprays of five percent ferrous sulfate are now common
local areas of alkaline soils. Manganese deficiencies are frequently
practice on Hawaiian pineapple plantations. The biggest obstacle to
corrected by spray applications of manganese sulfate, usually five to

98

10 pounds per acre. Manganese sulfate is also applied to the soil at
Molybdenum, as sodium molybdate, 1 ounce in 100 gallons of
rates of from 20 to 150 pounds per acre. Manganous oxide is also
water, has eliminated deficiency symptoms in citrus trees.
used to correct manganese deficiencies. In alkaline soils an acid-
Somewhat like iron, however, molybdenum does not seem to be
forming material, usually fertilizer, is applied to prevent fixation of
readily translocated within the plant. Spraying only the lower half of
the applied manganese. NH4+ applied H+ released.
a citrus tree that showed molybdenum deficiency did not cure the
Zinc is often sprayed on the leaves of apple and pear trees to

relieve
"leaf
rosetting,"
symptom
of
zinc
deficiency symptoms on the upper half of the tree.
deficiency.
Approximately 25 pounds of zinc sulfate in 100 gallons of water
In highly acid soils, molybdenum is sometimes fixed in an
(roughly a three per cent solution) applied to apple trees just before
unavailable form, thus causing deficiencies, particularly for
the buds open has corrected zinc deficiency. Zinc sulfide, zinc
legumes. The amount of molybdenum in soils and the amount
oxide, and zinc carbonate have all been successfully used as sprays.
required by plants is very small. In addition to sodium molybdate
Driving galvanized (zinc-coated) nails in trees also relieves zinc
soil application of 0.5 to two pounds per acre, a commercial seed-
deficiency.
coating preparation (Molygro) for some legumes, applied at about
Boron, as boric acid or borax (sodium tetraborate), used as a foliar
two ounces per acre, is used to correct deficiencies. Broadcast
spray has proved to be a successful method of application. Internal
applications are best mixed with limestone on very acid soils to
cork of apples has been controlled by spraying the foliage with eight
prevent fixation.
pounds of borax in 100 gallons of water. As little as two pounds of

borax per 100 gallons of water has checked "cracked stem" of
RACUN SERANGGA BUAT SENDIRI...AMAT MUDAH DAN
celery. Boron has been satisfactorily applied to the soil, either alone
BERKESAN:
or in mixed fertilizers.
:http://www.abc.net.au/gardening/stories/s2281115.htm
Copper deficiency has been controlled by spraying the leaves with
detai
kat
sini
-Mohmmad abdul Rahman
a mixture of eight pounds of CuSO4 plus eight pounds of Ca(OH)2,
By on Tuesday, 27 November 2012 at 16:15
in 100 gallons of water. Without the calcium hydroxide, the copper
(VERSI BAHASA MELAYU KAT BAWAH ARTIKEL BI )
sulfate injures the foliage. Copper oxide has also been used
successfully as a spray.
99

Horticultural oils are among the safest and most effective ways of
Label it and store this in a cool, dry place and it should last about
controlling a range of sap sucking and chewing pests in the garden.
three months. Remember to also label it with the dilution rate - two
These days there are two options - traditional white oil, which is
dessert spoons per litre of water.( bersamaan 20ml/lit)
based on a vegetable oil, and modern horticultural oils, which are

thinner and based on petroleum oil.
Gardeners have been using oils for about 200 years so its been
thoroughly road tested. Use these oils on broad leaved trees and
The lighter coloured, modern oils spread faster than the old
shrubs. Dont use them on hairy or soft leaved plants like lettuce,
fashioned vegetable oil. This is important because it means that the
because it will burn the leaves. The best spraying action is to cover
modern, less viscous, oil doesnt clog leaf pores when the
both sides of the leaves and the bark and its best to spray in the cool
temperature is over 30 degrees. So in hot weather the newer oil
of the morning.
wont damage your plants.

Horticultural oils will control aphids, scale, mealy bug and citrus leaf
The other difference is that the modern horticultural oils are based on
miner as well as caterpillars. It works by blocking their breathing
petroleum and are expensive to buy. White oil is cheap and better
pores and this suffocates the pest. There is no way that pests will
still, you can make it yourself.
ever become resistant to white oil so its good forever.

Information contained in this fact sheet is a summary of material
White oil recipe:
included in the program. If further information is required, please

contact your local nursery or garden centre.
Use two cups of vegetable oil (Im an organic gardener, so I use
Copyright Restrictions: This fact sheet is for private and domestic
sunflower oil because theres no chance that it could be genetically
information purposes only. It may not be copied, reproduced, sold or
modified) and half a cup of washing up liquid.
used for any other purpose without the express permission of the
ABC.Alihbahasa oleh MAR :
Put those into a jar. Put the lid on and give it a good shake and
Minyak Hortikultur adalah antara cara yang paling selamat dan
youve got concentrated white oil.
paling berkesan untuk mengawal pelbagai serangga penghisap sap

dan pemakan daun dan perosak tanaman di ladang. Disini terdapat
100

dua pilihan - minyak putih tradisional, yang berasaskan minyak
Tindakan semburan terbaik adalah untuk meratakan kedua-dua belah
sayur-sayuran, dan minyak moden hortikultur, yang cair ,nipis yang
daun dan batang , yang terbaik semburan waktu pagi.
berasaskan minyak petroleum yang lebih ringan dan merata dengan
Minyak Hortikultur baik untuk kawalan scales, aphids, mealy bug
lebih cepat berbanding minyak sayuran tradisional. Ini adalah
(pepijat bertepung )dan ulat pelombong daun serta beluncas. Ia
penting kerana ia , kurang likat, minyak tidak menyumbat liang daun
berfungsi dengan menyekat liang pernafasan mereka dan dan
atau stomata apabila suhu melebihi 30 darjah C. Jadi, dalam cuaca
melemaskan serangga itu . Menggunakan minyak putih ini tidaka
panas minyak yang baru tidak akan merosakkan tumbuh-tumbuhan
akan menjadikan kekebalan pada serangga , jadi ianya boleh di
anda.
gunakan berterusan selama-lamanya.
Perbezaan lain adalah bahawa minyak hortikultur yang bersaskan

petroleum agak mahal untuk membeli. Sementara minyak putih
FORMULA UNTUK SALAD, KAILAN, SAWI- Mohammad
adalah murah dan lebih baik lagi, anda boleh membuatnya sendiri.
Abdul Rahman
Minyak resipi Putih
By on Thursday, 22 November 2012 at 22:40
Gunakan dua cawan minyak sayuran , minyak jagung atau minyak
LETTUCE
bunga matahari atau seangkatan dan cawan sabun basuh pinggan
The formula below is a standard hydroponic lettuce formula using
( palmolive, sunlight atau setara)
standard hydroponic fertilizer salts. Some of these, such as iron
Masukan dalam balang. Tutup tudung dan goncanglah supaya
chelate and monopotassium phosphate, may need to be imported or
membentuk emulsi minyak putih pekat. Botol mineral 1 lit pun
sourced from fertilizer suppliers. However, they prevent the growth
buleh di gunakan untuk menggoncang.
problems that could develop from the use of ammonium phosphate
Label dan simpan di tempat yang sejuk, kering dan ia di gunakan
and avoid the use of expensive magnesium nitrate.
dalam masa kira-kira tiga bulan. Tandakan label dengan kadar
Lettuce Hydroponic Nutrient Formulation (Grams of Fertilizer Salts
pencairan - dua sudu pencuci mulut seliter air (bersamaan 20ml/lit).
To Be Dissolved Into Two 100-Liter Stock Solution Tanks; When
Para petani sudah menggunakan cara ini sejak kira-kira 200 tahun
Diluted 1:100, This Will Give an EC of 1.2, a TDS of 840, and a pH
dahulu . Di gunakan minyak ini sebagai foliar semburan pada pokok
of 5.9, Water Supply Permitting)
rene pokok renek berdaun. Jangan gunakan pada tumbuhan berbulu

atau berdaun lembut seperti salad, kerana ia akan membakar daun.
101

Note: This formula is for good quality, low mineral water sources
Monopotassium phosphate 1,198 g
and does not take into account any minerals that may already be
Magnesium sulfate 2,571 g
present in the source water.
Copper sulfate 2 g
Manganese sulfate 41.7 g
Part A
Zinc sulfate 2.6 g
Calcium nitrate 7,505.4
Boric acid 25 g
Potassium nitrate 1751
Ammonium molybdate 1.02 g
Iron chelate 500
When diluted 1:100, this formula gives a CF of 12 (EC 1.2 mS/cm)

and results in parts per million (ppm) levels of N=140.9, K=96.4,
Part B
P=25.2, Ca=151, Mg=25.3, S=33.3, Fe=2.5, Mn=1, Zn=0.06,
Monopotassium phosphate 1,191.3
B=0.45, Cu=0.05, Mo=0.05.
Magnesium sulfate 2,552.8
More potassium should be provided during summer for red lettuce
Manganese sulfate 80
varieties.
Zinc sulfate 11.01

Boric acid 39
FORMULA BAJA FERTIGASI STRAWBERRY- Mohammad
Copper sulfate 3.02
Abdul Rahman
Ammonium molybdate 1
By on Thursday, 22 November 2012 at 20:07

Formula untuk strawberry.
The Editor replies:
Nutrient Solution Formula untuk Hydroponic Strawberries (berat
Here is the general lettuce nutrient formulation I have (to be added to
bahan untuk di larutkan dalam 50 lit stock , dan kadar bancuhan
100 liters of stock solution):
untuk dipakai 1:100, dan memberi EC 1.7 dan pH 5.80
Part A Calcium nitrate 7,549 grams (g)

Iron EDTA 260 g
Part A
Part B
Calcium nitrate 2.94 kg
Potassium nitrate 1,703 g

102

Potassium nitrate 2.10 kg
Diammonium phosphate 1.8 kg
Iron EDTA 240gm

Chelated Iron ( 13% Fe ) 462 gm
Part B
Boric acid ( H3BO3 ) 40.0 gm
Monopotassium phosphate 1.60 kg
Manganese Sulfate ( MnSO4 ) 55.0 gm atau
Magnesium sulfate 2.40 kg
Manganous Chloride ( MnCl2 4H2O ) 58.0 gm
Manganese sulfate 38gm
Zinc Sulfate ( ZnSo4 7H2O ) 7.66 gm
Zinc sulfate 5gm
Cupric Chloride ( CuCl2 2H2O ) 1.86 gm
Boric acid 18gm
Molybdenum Trioxide ( Mo O3 ) 0.75 gm atau
Copper sulfate 2gm
ammonium molibdate 1.00 gm
Ammonium molybdate 0.5gm

Jika mau gunakan stok 100 lit, gandakan berat bahan tu
Untuk Perkembangan pembungaan dan production )

EC 2.4 - 2.6 ) pH 5.8-6.0
FORMULA BAJA UNTUK TIMUN...Oleh Mohammad Abdul
CaNO3 ( Calcium Nitrate ) 10.25 kg
Rahman
KNO3 ( Potassium Nitrate 3.50 kg
By on Sunday, 14 October 2012 at 21:00
KH2PO4 ( Monopotassium Phosphate ) 3.40 kg

K2SO4 ( Potassium Sulfate ) 3.30 kg
1. Untuk Pertumbuhan awal vegetative ) EC 1.2-2.4 pH 6.0-6.2

CaNO3 ( Calcium Nitrate ) 8.80 kg
KNO3 ( Potassium Nitrate 5.80 kg
KH2PO4 ( Monopotassium Phosphate ) 1.00 kg
K2SO4 ( Potassium Sulfate ) 0.50 kg
Mg SO4*7H2O : %Mg 9.80 or0.098 5.10 kg
% S 12.9 or 0.129
Mg SO4*7H2O : % Mg 9.80 or 0.098 8.10 kg

% S 12.9 or 0.129
NH4NO3 nil
Chelated Iron ( 13% Fe ) 462 gm
Boric acid ( H3BO3 ) 40.0 gm
Manganese Sulfate ( MnSO4 ) 55.0 gm atau
Manganous Chloride ( MnCl2 4H2O ) 58.0 gm
103

Zinc Sulfate ( ZnSo4 7H2O ) 7.66 gm
Boil to dehydrate
Cupric Chloride ( CuCl2 2H2O ) 1.86 gm
Mix continuously until totally dry and dehydrated with wooden
Molybdenum Trioxide ( MoO3 ) 0.75 gm atau
ladle.
ammonium molibdate 1.00 gm
Place the dehydrated brown sugar (moscovado) in clean dry
Jika menggunakan bahan lain spt EDTA untuk micro, kira baliklah
containers.
berat di perlukanberdasarkan kandungan % bahan.
Ready for storage and use.

Uses:
NATURAL FARMING With ORGANIC & BIOLOGICAL
May be used for food, food preparation and processing
TECHNOLOGY - PART 2
Feed additive for poultry and livestock
By Haris Versi Baru on Thursday, 11 October 2012 at 10:33
For bioorganic preparations and additive.
NATURAL FARMING With ORGANIC & BIOLOGICAL
HOW TO MAKE VIRGINE COCONUT OIL

Processing virgin coconut oil right in your own home and kitchen
TECHNOLOGY - PART 2
is
HOW TO MAKE YOUR OWN SUGAR
very easy and simple.

Grit the meat of freshly opened mature coconut.
Materials:
Pour a little water and mush the greeted coconut meat.
Sugar cane juice or fresh coconut juice (tuba)
Press to extract the coconut milk.
Big cooking stainless steel basin
Let the milk stay overnight or for 10 to 12 hours.
Wooden mixing ladle
The water will settle down the container and the oil will float.
Stove and fuel
Drain out the water.
Procedure:
Heat the oil in stainless steel kettle in 45 to 70 degrees
Press fresh sugarcane to extract juice - 08.0% sucrose content
temperature for 15 to 30 minutes to remove and evaporate remaining
Or gather fresh coconut juice (tuba)
water in the oil. Better heat oil in double kettle where the first has
Place in the cooking basin
- 16.8% sucrose content
water in direct contact with fire and the other with oil inside the
casserole with heated water.
104

Place the virgin coconut oil in bottle and seal.
priority for soil restoration through carbon sequestration or storing
Store in room temperature away from sunlight.
carbon in the soil securely so that it is not easily re-emitted through
Another way of preserving virgin oil is by freezing instead of

heating.
soil conservation and incorporation of organic fertilizers.

Composts are natural fertilizers that supply soils with vital plant
Virgin coconut oil is used for various purposes. It is used for
nutrients helping to retain water and air. It restores soil structure, soil
medication, beauty and body skin ointment, cooking oil, lubricant,
carbon anti-biotic activity. Compost or organic fertilizers improves
fuel, etc. It does not get rancid when the right procedure is done.
soil texture, helps to control weeds, pest and diseases.

The prices of commercial chemical fertilizers price are
skyrocketing, beyond the purchasing power of the marginal farmers.
Attention is now focused on teaching and encouraging farmers and
TAKING CARE OF YOUR SOIL THE NATURAL WAYS
entrepreneurs to invest on the production of organic fertilizers.
Several researches have found that declining crop yield is related
Organic fertilizers can easily be made by farmers from readily
to the loss of soil quality. Soils are threatened by water and wind
available materials such as plant leaves and residues, animal waste
erosion, salinisation, and nutrient depletion, chemical interference
and other biodegradable substances. They do not have to buy or get
that kills microbiological soil born organisms and other things.
credit to make their own fertilizer and soil conditioners. Soil fertility
Soil depletion is causing sever impact on agriculture like what is
and health can also be restored with resting the soil for a year or two,
now happening in the Philippines. We are just now waking up to the
green manure, incorporating crop residue with soil during land
growing magnitude of soil depletion in most agricultural lands using
preparation or cultivation, and planting of trees along farm boarders
conventional farming, heavily dependent on chemical fertilization,
and banks of waterways.
herbal, pest and disease control. The Ecological Society of the
The Philippines is among the 17 most bio-diverse countries in the
Philippines headed by its president Antonio M. Claparols is very
world. Part of the Philippines treasure are the large forest trees which
much concerned on the deteriorating soil condition of the country.
are rapidly vanishing. Trees are contributing to the ecological
Global warming makes things worse. As the ground heat up,

organic matter decompose more rapidly, reducing soil fertility,
balance as they help clean the air and conserve water. One hectare of
forest is needed to supply the fresh nitrogen needed by 40 persons.
releasing carbon dioxide which increase the warming effects. High

105

Trees and wild vegetation are not only needed in the countryside
The new practice is chopping or hammer-milling the organic
and farming areas, but more so in communities and urban areas
materials then spraying pro-biotic to the mass, keep it moist and
where population density is high. Urban gardens and soils can be
cover with plastic sheet to avoid dehydration. Mix the mass at least
improved by growing trees and using organic compost fertilizers.
once a week. With sufficient digester (microorganism or pro-biotic)

it will take less than a month to convert organic materials into ready
to use fertilizer.
Mixing a combination of different organic materials both plant and
animal source will insure a more complete nutrient content of the
USE OF ORGANIC COMPOST FERTILIZER
organic fertilizer. Pro-biotic spray or inoculation of the compost will
AND BIO MICRO INOCULANTS
present destructive and undesirable microorganisms to grow. The
Organic compost fertilizer is the closest we can return to natural
odor becomes pleasant.
farming. The emerging farming system is towards the use of organic
COMPOST
fertilizer in combination with chemical fertilizer.
Composting, essentially a rapid self heating process by which
There are now available in the market several Pro-biotic like BYM
organic material is decomposed and stabilized, was practiced by
and Tricograma that helps hasten the breakdown and decomposition
ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans and is even mentioned in
of organic cellulous materials to convert them into organic fertilizer.
religious texts. During the past 20 years, this time honored practice
Simple way of preparing organic compost:
has developed into a robust waste-management technology that
The old practice is the sandwich type where different organic
generates valuable organic soil amendments.
materials or waste are pilled layer after layer like plant residue +
Biological treatment technologies may be either aerobic or
animal waste + soil and repeat the process until reaching a meter
anaerobic. Aerobic systems use oxygen, but anaerobic ones dont.
high. Keep it moist and insert a bamboo with ventilated holes to
Both may use heat to fuel the reactions that break down organic
aerate until the material decomposes. Then mix the material and keep
matter in manure. In composting, heat is generated by microbes that
it moist until totally decomposed. Aerate and expose to sunlight
digest organic matter. After decomposition, it will be good to sanitize
before applying as fertilizer.
the organic compound by drying or exposing it to sunlight for a day

or
106

two.
also acts as storage for nutrients, increases cat ion exchange capacity
and acts as a regulator for nutrients, so they are not all releases at one
time.
Nutrient stabilization in composted manure allows soil microbes

and plants to use the nutrients in a slow-release and beneficial
manner. Compost may even help reduce demand for nitrogen in
HOW TO PREPARE YOUR OWN LACTO BASILLAI
certain crops. Says Patricia Miller of the Environmental Microbial
LACTO BASILLAI is one of the beneficial microorganisms called
Safety Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland
pro-biotic. It helps in the breaking down of cellulose fibers and
Composting is one of several technologies used to treat animal
converts organic materials into humus and fertilizer. Producing your
manure, sewage sludge, and other organic residuals, which may
own stock of lacto bacilli can easily by done using the following
contain pathogens or parasites of public health concern. In any
procedure:
manure slurry system, solid can be composted. Liquids can be

further processed to stabilize nitrogen and phosphorus in soluble
forms compatible with current nutrient-management requirements.
Soil structure is easy to improve with compost. Organic matter is
the most important source of plant nutrients contributing to the
fertility of the soil. Compost material sustains healthy plant growth
by providing food for both living microorganisms, speeding up their
multiplication and absorption of the roots. Organic matter ha also
1. Use rice wash or finely grounded grain preferably brown rice

mix in water.
2. Place in a wide plastic basin and cover loosely to allow
ventilation.
3. Allow it to ferment for 7 days. Bacteria including lacto
bacilli in air will infect solution.
dual role that helps water move through the soil and at the same time
improve the soils water holding capacity. Unlike depleted soils of
4. Strain liquid and place in bigger plastic container.
organic matter, soils rich in humus retain a good surface and do not
crust or clod after heavy rains. Aeration is good in humus rich soils
and this important factor means root growth is good. Organic matter
107

5. Add 10 parts milk (skim, powdered, condensed or fresh)
Milk is best feed for lacto bacilli will multiply rapidly and
HOW TO MAKE COMPOST
overgrow other bacteria in solution. .

6. Cover loosely to allow ventilation and ferment for another
The sandwich method:
one week.
1.
7. The flotsam consisting of fats, carbohydrate and protein
and topsoil are placed in layers one on top of the other until
contain lacto bacilli.

8. Scoop the flotsam and mix with food or feed materials. A
Organic materials such as animal waste, plant waste

they reach a high of 3 feet.
2.
The material is watered moist and covered with
yellow colored liquid will form containing a great
coconut leaves or plastic sheet in order that moisture will be
concentration of lacto bacilli.
retained.
9. Store in refrigeration or room temperature.
3.
Mix the compost pill after two weeks, moist and

cover again.
10. Mix liquid in equal quantity of rough brown sugar,

moscovado or molasses.
4.
Repeat mixing once a week, until the compost

materials are totally decompose with the appearance of soil.
11. Mix stock solution in 20 parts water. Use to is with compost

materials.
5.
Dry in direct sunlight to kill or eliminate unwanted

microorganisms such as fungus and bacteria.
12. Dosage: Use 2-4 tbs. per gallon water and spray to plants.
6.
The material is now ready for use or placed in sacks

for storage or shipment.
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Biological fast composting:
Field composting:
1.
1.
1. Gather the organic material, chop or hammer mill
and mix thoroughly.
1. After harvest and just before plowing and land

preparation, gather the organic materials, chop or
2. Water them moist with pro-biotic microorganism
hammer mill.
(lactobacilli or trichoderma) mixed in the water.

2. Spread the materials evenly in the field. In case the
1.
plant waste residues are in the field, then step a. will

1. Cover the compost pile with plastic sheet.
2. Mix the material every week.
3. It will usually take only 4 weeks to totally
decompose the material with the aid of the
microorganisms that help digest the cellulose
materials.
4. Sundry the decomposed organic material (fertilizer)
to kill unwanted microorganisms.
5. The material is now ready for use or bagging for
storage or shipment.
not be necessary.
3. Spray the organic material in the field with probiotic microorganism.
4. Plow and disk-harrow the field to mix the organic
material with the soil.
5. If possible do the above operation just before an
expected rain or irrigate the field after the plowing
of cultivation. This will allow the microorganism to
work fast, and multiply. In the process, digesting the
organic material into organic fertilizer or soil
amendment.
109

7. Cover pile with leaves, sack or plastic sheet to minimize
Note that the pro-biotic organisms will continue working in the
evaporation.
soil, as long as favorable conditions like adequate soil moisture and

presence of organic materials.
8. Check the moisture every 2 days, and wet in case compost

dry up.
Steps in composting with wild sunflower:

1. Look for a suitable area, partly or fully shaded.
2. Gather compost materials such as rice straw, animal manure,
and other farm waste.
3. Collect wild sunflower and chop the young stem and leaves
9. Check also the temperature.
If
it is warm,
then
decomposition is taking place.

10. After 3 to 4 weeks, check the compose pile and if it has turn
into soil humus physical form it is most likely ripe.
11. In case the compose will not immediately be used, air dry
before placing into sacks or in a shady dry place.
into small pieces.

4. Stick a bamboo with holes to serve as ventilator of the
compost pile.
Farmers are encouraged to implement simple and inexpensive ways

of producing organic fertilizers through the use of indigenous
technology. They may adopt other methods of composting by using
5. Pile crops residue and farm waste in the following sequence:
other materials and plant waste available in their respective farms.
rice straw, sunflower, manure, soil and repeat the layering.
VEMICOMPOSTING
Proportion: 2-3 parts fresh sunflower, 1 part rice straw, 2
VERMICOMPOSTING is composting plant materials with worms.
parts manure and 1 part soil.
The advantage of vermi-composting to that of the usual conventional

compost pile is that the process is faster and the resulting organic soil
6. Water the pile until thoroughly wet.
is richer in certain nutrients provided by the earthworms themselves.

It is rich in Humic acid, which is a growth promoting.
110

African Night Crawler (Eudrilis eugeniae) earthworm are
4. Use a shredder or hammer mill to crush the organic
incredible eaters and will eat and expel their own weight every day
materials into small particles easy to decompose and
when conditions are right. It takes 60 days or less for fresh organic
eaten by the earthworms. Good food: They need
waste to be converted into compost fertilizer. Our native earthworm
25% nitrogen from legumes like madre de cacao and
may also be employed.
ipil-ipil leaves, chicken droppings and cattle dung,
Steps in Vermi-composting:
etc. and 75% carbon source like grasses, rice and

corn stalks, cogon and sugarcane tops.
1.
5. Mixing old animal manure and chicken droppings (2
1. Have a shed for the composting site to protect the
months old) with shredded vegetable waste will
worms from direct sunlight and from torrential rains
improve the nutrient content of the finish product.
to be able to do their work undisturbed. The worms
Do not use fresh manure for the ammonia produced
need a good living condition, dimly lit area to live in
will give discomfort to the worms.
with enough moisture.

6. Water the bed from time to time to keep them moist
2. Construct a storage area for digested compost before
but not flooded so as not to drown the worms.
it is screened and bagged.

7. Fence off or screen in the beds to keep out chickens,
3. Construct the compost bed for worms to digest with
concrete hollow blocks three blocks high with a
birds, rodents and other pest that will eat or bother

the worms in the wormery.
depth of 30-45 cm., 1 meter wide by 2 meters long

or longer. Be sure that the soil bed is well drained
8. Mix a little ordinary soil to the fresh shredded
under the composting bed. The worms will not
vegetable materials before introducing the worms.
escape into the soil if there is available food to

digest.
9. Place one kilogram of worms per square meter for

fast composting. 10-20 pieces may do to start with
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but it will take longer time to compost while the
your own farm, there is no need of screening. (Note:
worms breed to increase their number. A kilo of
Commercial imported chemical fertilizer today
worms are sold for P500 and they breed fast in two
prices have gone over P600 per 50 kilo bag)
months.
10. Inoculating and spraying the compost materials with
The worms feces are called vermin-casting or humus. Compost
pro-biotic bacteria will help fast tract decomposition
takes 2-3 months to decompose, while shredded materials fed to
and the worms to digest the compost in much shorter
worms takes only 15-21 days.
time.
Advantages of Vermicomposting:
11. When the compost is digested, the worms become
1. Environment friendly. The use of organic fertilizer, vermin-
less active. It is time to herd them to another
casting of humus is one, revives the soil fertility level and
compartment with fresh food materials. As they
brings back life to soil environment, improves soil texture
leave, the digested compost is ready for harvest and
and improves water holding capacity.
transferred to the stocking or holding area for

2. Economical. Investment on vermicomposting is only about
screening, drying and packing.
P2.00 per kilo while commercial chemical fertilizer cost P812. Harvesting will be easier by allowing the bed with
15 per kilo.
completely digested compost material to dry up so

the worms will move to the next compartment with
moisture
and
fresh
shredded
vegetable
food
materials.
3. Higher Crop Yield. Humus have shown its potency in

inducing higher crop yield for a longer period. Vermi-casting
humus is found to be more effective compared to ordinary
compost and chemical fertilizers.
13. Screen the material with inch mesh before

weighing and bagging for sale. A 50 kilo bag humus
4. Market Potential is Very Big. Organically grown food crops
is sold for P150 to P300 to gardeners. If you use it in
are increasing in market demand. Organic fertilizer has

112

likewise increase in use as imported commercial fertilizer
have been increasing its prices.
MAGGOT COMPOSTING
Instead of using earthworm, a simple natural process has been
5. No imported inputs required. Farmers can make their own
discovered in fast composting. A mixture of sawdust and chicken or
organic fertilizer from farm waste materials. This means no
quail droppings are placed in a compost pile covered with shed. The
dependence on imports and oil price fluctuations.
maggots eat up the cellulose in a few weeks instead of several
6. Healthful. Organic farming is considered as healthful way of

growing food crops.
7. Lesser risk. Producing your own fertilizer will make you
unaffected by exchange rates and fluctuation changes in the
prices of other commodities. There is less or no risk at all
months. To prevent the maggots to complete its cycle to adult flies,

chickens are allowed to scratch and peak the growing maggots, a
source of animal protein. Spraying or drenching the compost pile
with pro-biotic microorganisms (beneficial bacteria and fungi) will
help hasten decomposition and prevent foul odor.
SLUDGE FERTILIZER
producing your own fertilizer and even selling excess

requirement of your own farm.
Liquid sewage sludge being disposed as communal waste contain

essential elements needed by crops, making it a potential organic
8. Undemanding laborers. The worms themselves them selves

are the workers converting farm waste materials into organic
plant food nutrients.
fertilizer and soil conditioner for sugarcane farms, corn fields, rice
lands and even fruit orchards and vegetable gardens.
In a research conducted by Luzon Agricultural Research and
Extension Center (LAREC) of the Sugar Regulatory Administration
9. Big savings. Producing your own fertilizer is a big savings

and cost cutting for the farmers.
10. Income-earner. This technology can help farmers earn more
from their farm waste
(SRA) in cooperation with Manila Water Company, Inc., the use of

liquid sewage sludge for agricultural purposes was assessed to
determine its effects on the growth and yield of sugarcane. The study
was conducted at LAREC R&D Farm at Floridablanca, Pampanga.
It was confirmed the application of liquid sewage sludge in the
barren sandy lahar deposits of Floridablanca, Pampanga the soil
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became richer and sustain healthy and productive sugar cane,
composting of crop residue help retain and improve soil fertility, at
compared with untreated field.
the start reduces the use of chemical fertilizer to the time that no
more synthetic fertilizer is needed.
Coconut trees and other fruit trees have lots of leaves, bracts,
twigs, flowers and fruits that fall to the grown. When these materials
are allowed to decompose beneath the trees, they turn into humus
and fertilizer to the trees. Unfortunately, because of clean culture,
they are removed and burned. Teaching the farmers to return the crop
residue to the soil from where they came from will both enrich the
soil and sustain productivity of the trees without relying solely on
chemical or synthetic fertilizers.
COMPOSTING CROP RESIDUE IN THE FIELD

Rice and corn are among the traditional crops grown by Filipino
farmers. As the usual practice is removing the debris and burn them
to clear the land and cultivate for next planting. Tones of organic
materials are wasted and lost.
GREEN MANURING
Green manuring is the is the planting of seasonal crops usually
legumes like beans and plowing them under at their tender age
Organic farmers spread rice straw and corn cubs back to the field
during flowering and early fruiting when they are rich in nutrients.
immediately after harvest. They are sprayed with beneficial
Plowing under weeds and grasses, allowing them to decompose is
microorganisms or pro-biotic or bacteria and plowed under. In 4
also green manuring. Spraying them with pro-biotic will hasten their
weeks, they are decomposed and the field is ready for land
decomposition. These practices have long been done by farmers
preparation for new planting.
century back, until commercial chemical fertilizers have been
This practice is also being started with big pineapple and banana
introduced to the market.
plantations in Mindanao. Some sugarcane planters found the benefit

of composting cane residue in the field instead of the usual practice
of burning after harvest then cultivating and fertilizing. Field
COVER CROPPING
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Cover cropping is the growing of low crawling plants usually
hull charcoal is mixed in 1:4 ratios with other potting materials. It is
leguminous vines like centrocema pubisence and kudsu to protect the
good for seedling trays, potted plants, vegetable pots and herbs in
soil surface from water erosion, prevent the growth of noxious weeds
pots.
and help increase soil fertility. These are grown beneath fruit trees
and taller crops.
Washed coco peat comes from the husk of coconut.

The coconut hush is shredded and soaked in water for several days
and washed with fresh clean water. It has a good water holding
capacity. It is mixed with other materials at 1:1 ratio. Very good for
seedling trays, vegetable plots, potted plants and fruit bearing trees.
INDIGENOUS POTTING MATERIALS

Garden soils have been the usual potting materials for gardeners.
However there are different Potting mix and indigenous materials
Bagasse is sugarcane pulp. Decomposed bagasse is rich in humates
that gardeners and nursery operators may use. Here are some of the
providing plants with essential trace elements. It is suitable for fast
suggestions offered to readers by Anthony Gaw of Aim Trading
growing vegetables like peachy, mustard and lettuce.
Corporation, Calihan, San Pedro City, Laguna with Telex (049) 8001572:
compacting of the medium due to strong watering. They are good for
seedling trays, potted flowering plants, and orchid community pots.
A mixture of fertile garden or topsoil decomposed

organic materials and fine river sand at 1:1:1 ratio.
Pumice Stones are small volcanic rocks with other

materials at 1:5 ratios. Pumice stones prevent panning or the
Fermented Bagasse and garden soil at 1:4 ratios
Granulated charcoal comes from coconut shell. It is
Rice hull charcoal is half burned rice hull. It
a good material for drainage that prevents excessive moisture that
contains a high level of carbon needed by plants for normal growth.
damaged the roots. It is a source of carbon a plant nutrient needed in
It makes the mixed medium looses and easier for root development.
maturing. A layer or two is placed at the bottom of the pot before
It helps retain fertilizer and releases to plants in a longer time. Rice
potting materials are place into the pot.
115

Powdered charcoal. The coconut shell or wooden
There are many kinds of soil conditioners, depending on the
charcoal is pulverized into powder. It helps absorb foul odor of
different soil conditions and deficiencies. Progressive farmers should
decomposing organic materials. It helps beneficial bacteria hasten
know them and how to use them properly to make their soil rich and
decomposing process. Spread at leas an inch thick on compost pills
highly productive as the years go by. Among them are:
or decomposing materials.
Short coconut fiber from coconut husk is separated
through decortications. It is a good mulching material for sensitive
Agricultural lime, to correct very acid soils and
plants. 1 to 2 layers is place on top of soil or partly mixed with soil to
brings the pH level to near pH-7, which is neutral and suitable to
prevent erosion.
most plant growth and availability of plant nutrients for root

absorption.
Granulated Zeolite are chipped from boulders and

used as absorbent material. Fertilizers and plant nutrients absorbed
and increase its fertility.
by seolite are released to the plant roots slowly and continually for a
longer period of time. It controls the growth of molds and fungus,
especially in nitrogen rich medium.
holding capacity and ideal for aerial plants tike anthuriums,

bromeliads, dendrobiums, and other high value aerial plants.
Chemical
fertilizers,
to
supply
the
nutrient
deficiency of the soil and meet the nutrient requirement of the crops
grown.
Cubed coconut husk The husks are sterilized and

then chopped to produce uniform sized cubes, It has a good water
Organic fertilizers, to both improve the soil texture
Organic
composts are
decomposed
or
partly
decompose or plain organic materials place or incorporated into the

soil to improve its texture and later through the action of
microorganisms are fully digested and converted into soil nutrients
SOIL CONDITIONERS
that are readily absorbed by the plant roots.
116

Probiotics or Microbes are beneficial bacteria and
microorganisms that helps digest and decompose organic materials
grass that can convert the nitrogen from the air into ammonia. It can
substitute 30-50% of the nitrogen requirement of rice and corn.
and convert them into soil nutrients made available to root
Bio-N increases the yield of rice and corn by as much as 35%
absorption. There are now a lot of available preparations of these
compared with unfertilized treatments, maintains the natural soil
microorganisms sold in the market. They are usually mixed in water
properties and fertility, and makes plants healthy and green even in
and sprayed into the soil or organic compost to help hasten
drought and in the presence of pests.
decomposition and fight the bad or undesirable microorganisms in
Nitro Plus is legume inoculants, which can substitute for nitrogen
the soil. Probiotics can help reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and
chemical fertilizer at a much cheaper cost. This is a bacterium
help improve the texture of the soil.
called rhizobia, which are specific for legumes such as soybeans,

peanut, mungbeans, cowpea and pole sitao.
The bacteria reside inside the nodules of leguminous plants
MICROORGANISMS ENHANCES CROP PRODUCTIVITY
where they can fix nitrogen directly from the air. Nitro Plus can
(As reported by Bengie P. Gibe, S&T Media Service)
replace 30-50% of the nitrogen requirement of the crop.
Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are microscopic
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between the roots of plant
organisms like bacteria, protozoa, algae, fungus and virus. They are
and fungus. The association provides many benefits to plants. It
found in soil, water and atmosphere, and inextricably intermingled in
increases the absorption of nutrients like phosphorous and water,
the environment. There are bad and good organisms. Some of them
serves as a biological control agent against infection, improves soil
can enhance crop productivity.
properties, increase the tolerance of the crop to environmental
The National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology

(BIOTECH) of the University of the Philippines Los Banos (UPLB)
produced two, Biological Nitrogen Fixers (BNF): Bio-N and Nitro
Plus.
stresses (drought, diseases, mineral imbalances).

BIOTECH
has
come
up
with
two Mycorrhiza products:
Micogroe and Mycovam.

Mycogroe is a soil based bio-fertilizers tablet form that promotes
Bio-N is solid inoculants in powdered form that contains any of
survival and growth of forest species like eucalyptus, pines, agoho
the two important strains of bacteria isolated from the roots of talahib
and dipterocarps. The tablet is inoculated into tree seedlings during
117

their nursery stage. Some 60-80% of the fertilizer requirements of
MULCHING
the trees in the fields are replaced by using this microb inoculant.
Mulching is the covering of the soil surface to slow down soil
Mycovam on the other hand, is in powdered form, soil inoculant
moisture evaporation or conserve soil moisture, prevent growth of
effective for agricultural crops like rice, corn potatoes, eggplant, fruit
weeds and keep the soil soft and friable. In the process, beneficial
trees and forest trees.
microorganisms digesting cellulose are protected from the sun and
It is also added during the nursery phase of seedling or
continue their work of converting organic materials in the soil into
inoculating seeds just immediately before planting. It can replace
organic fertilizer.
fertilizer requirement by as much as 60 to 80% nitrogen.
There are different methods of mulching:
Bioorganic microorganisms can decompose agricultural residues

and convert into bioorganic fertilizer, which enhances the growth of
plants.
BIOTECH has likewise produced an organic fertilizer technology
sawdust, rice hull or other vegetative materials that eventually
that uses two microorganisms:
decomposes and mix with the soil to add to its humus or organic
Trichoderma harzianum or compost fungus activator (CFA),
content.
brand BIO-QUICK.
The other is Azotobacter sp., free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria,
Covering soil with cut grasses, weeds, straw,
brand BIO-FIX.
Covering soil surface with plastic sheet, usually

black with silver surface.
BIO-QUICK enhances the process of decomposition by reducing

the composting period from 5-6 months to only 3-4 weeks, after
which the resulting compost is inoculated with BIO-FIX. Inoculation
Cultivating or breaking soil surface before summer

to break moisture evaporation.
of one week produces nitrogen-enriched compost that can be applied

to field crops, vegetables and fruit trees.
New technology of mulching is the use of
These materials are available at BIOTECH, UP, Los Banos,
greenhouses or covering the plants with nets to both reduce sunlight
Laguna at very reasonable price. Reservations and orders have to be
intensity and break the force of raindrops. This is coupled with the
made at least one month before pickup or need.
use of ultra violet ray plastic transparent roofing. These practices are
118

the emerging conventional technologies that help farmers grow high
value commercial crops in compact and limited areas.
ISSUES AND FACTS ON ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
The higher the organic content of the soil particles, the more
ISSUES
moisture holding capacity it has. There are jells from seaweed when
FACTS
incorporated with the soil improves its water holding capacity and
Organic materials after undergoing decomposition, especially when
releases moisture slowly to the roots. This is one advantage in using
applied in large quantities, could cause groundwater pollution.
humus and decomposed organic fertilizers.
Inorganic chemical fertilizers are more pollutants to groundwater

even in smaller quantity than organic materials.
Plant do not use directly the nutrient found in organic materials since
this has to first undergo mineralization.
This is true to all types of fertilizers and plant food nutrients. Plants
absorb them in the simplest mineral ion forms.
The amount of essential plant nutrients in organic materials are very
low compared with synthetic chemical fertilizers.
This is true, that is why bigger volume of organic materials is applied
to the soil. However organic fertilizers carrying the 17 nutrients
needed by plants while chemical fertilizer may only carry 2 to 5
nutrient elements.
Organic fertilizer releases the plant food nutrients within a few days
slowly and last at a longer stretch of time that takes years
Chemical fertilizers on the other hand may have immediate and fast
release of nutrients and is dissipated in only 3to 4 months.
119

Organic materials are claimed to improve physical properties of soil
but this could only be true in aerobic soil condition,
FARMERSS
This claim is not entirely true as irrigated lands where organic
PRACTICES WORTH SHARING AND EMULATING
fertilizers have been incorporated during land preparation show
EXPERIENCES,
OBSERVATIONS
AND
In the September 2003 issue of Agriculture Magazine, we read
outstandingly better crop growth and yield.
the experience of a mango grower who turned to natural organic
Soil organic matter will not increase significantly in just one or two
farming after experiencing big losses due to the high cost of
years of applying organic materials.
chemical pesticides. He is Col. Virgilio Ecarma of Batangas with
This may be true if the quantity of organic fertilizer applied is
5,000 bearing trees.
minimal, however, periodic application will be improving soil
Here is what Col. Ecarma did. On his 2000 trees he stopped
capacity of sustaining increasing crop productivity as the years go
using chemical pesticides and replaced them with his own
by.
concoction of organic preparations. His organic concoction did not
Organic fertilizer is not the sole factor in improving the quality of the
only control pest and diseases, but also invigorated the trees. The
food product such as increased anti-oxidant content.
materials he used are neem tree leaves, garlic, vinegar, coconut
Yes there are mineral soil conditioners that will help enhance your
water, gin (alcohol), molasses, trash fish, rice brand and effective
soil with organic fertilizer to improve food crop quality.
microorganism (Pro-biotic).
Using purely organic fertilizers/materials will not make your crop
He prepared his concoction in three 100 litters plastic drums. In
productive as when chemical fertilizers are used solely.
the first drum he filled it 1/3 with neem leaves, added 5 kilos of
This is not true. Organically grown fruits and vegetables without
molasses, 10 kilos of crushed garlic, 24 bottles of gin (alcohol), 1
chemical fertilizers have been producing commercially well.
gallon of vinegar and filled the drum with water, then covered.
Organic fertilizers/materials incorporated in the soil improves the
Allowed it to ferment for 15 days, opening the cover to relish
soil texture, nutrient content and feeds microorganisms and keep the
methane gas accumulating.
soil alive.
The second drum was filled half with trash fish, 20 kilos of
This is one big benefit in using organic materials. The heavy use of
molasses and filled the drum with water. Cover and allowed to
chemical fertilizer have the tendency to make the soil acidic and kills
ferment for 15 days.
microorganisms and life forms in the soil making it barren.

120

The third drum was filled wit 20 kilos of molasses and 2 litters of
When insect pest come into the greenhouse, they spray the plants
pro-biotic (Effective Microorganism), 5 kilos of rice brand and
with concoction of pepper. Overall, they grow disease free and insect
coconut water to fill the drum. Cover and allowed to stay for 15
free healthy vegetables.
days.
After 15 days, litter of liquid was taken from each drum and
mixed to 100 litters of water and sprayed on the mango trees on a
weekly interval.
They follow a system of crop rotation. They have classified their

vegetables into the Cabbage group, Foliage group, Fruit Vegetable
group, Root Crop group and the Legumes group.
The different groups have their own peculiar pests and diseases,
The result, fruit flies and mango hoppers were driven away. The
explains Jet. To avoid pest and disease problems, they rotate the
2000 trees sprayed with the organic preparation had a very striking
different groups. For instance, legumes are planted where tomato and
contrast with the 3000 trees not treated. The prayed trees were very
eggplants were planted previously. Pechay and lettuce on the other
fruitful, and the fruits were unblemished by fruit fly or anthracnose;
hand may be grown where carrots were planted before, and so on.
while the 3000 trees untreated were attacked by hoppers and fruit
Another technique in avoiding pest and diseases is to intercrop
flies and were unproductive. Col. Ecarma also observed the treated
plants that repel insect pests such as marigold. Besides repelling
trees were much healthier. He surmised that the fish emulsion with
insects, its roots also secrets a substance that kills nematodes in the
Probiotics supplied nitrogen amino acid essential for plant growth.
soil.
In cases where the vegetables are still infested, the couple, spray
The organic preparations can also be used to other plants like
them with organic pesticide like Basilus thoringensis (Bt)
ampalaya, patola, guava, macopa, papaya, caimito, banana,
commercially prepared in powdered form and mixed with water for
balimbing, siniguelas, pechay and other fruit bearing plants and
application to plants.
vegetables.
ORGANIC MANGO
-o-o-o-
There is now a growing market demand for organically grown
Organic vegetable growers, Jef and Lydia van Haute bought a
fruits and food crops especially in Europe, and slowly influencing
2000 sq. m. land in Balubad Dos, Silang Cavite where they built a
the world markets. PREDA (Peoples recovery, Empowerment and
greenhouse and grew organic vegetables, free from toxic chemical
Development Assistance Foundation, Inc.) is working on the
pesticides. They use organic fertilizer.
commercial production of Certified Organic dried mango. PREDA

121

agriculturists are working with mango farmers all over Central
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Luzon on the first phase of going organic training. We have to take

note however, with the chemical pollution of the soil, air and water
worldwide, we cannot say that crops are grown 100% organic. What
we can do is produce fruits and food crops without toxic chemical
residue when harvested or consumed.
BOTANICAL PESTICIDES for MANGO
4. Natural Organic and Biological practice

5. With Control trees
Initial
observation
shows
the
Chemical
Company
recommendations and the Natural Organic and Biological practices

are competing in excellence. The study shows that growing chemical
Studies on botanical plants with, pesticidal properties against
free organic mango is commercially attainable.
mango leafhoppers were done by Dr. Hernani Golez and Nenita F.
POST HARVEST TREATMENT
Zamora of Guimaras Islands National Mango Research Center
There are several post harvest treatment being employed:
(NMRC). Field test of different crud extracts showed that tobacco

plus detergent and combined extracts of kakawati, tubli and ripe sili
plus detergent (KTRD) were effective against mango hoppers.
1. Plain warm water washing with 1% salt solution or detergent
Furthermore, KTRD as bio-spray was also effective in the control of
and chlorine. Dry fruits after washing as re-infection occur
mealybugs attacking the flowers of mango. Incidence of borer
when fruits are moist.
damage was also minimized by spray application of different extracts

(tubli, tobacco, lagundi, atis and makabuhay).
A comparative study is conducted by mango growers assisted by
the Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), at Tukawal, Alabel,
Sarangani Province. The study consist of comparing practices of
1. Mango Grower Contractor practice
1. Hot Water Treatment (HWT) where fruits are dipped in 5255 degrees water for 10 minutes. A new innovation dip in 59
to 60 degrees water for 30 seconds to one minute. The
temperature range should be strictly maintained and
monitored to avoid scalding if it rises, and if it drops, may
2. Chemical Company Recommendations
not control the pest and diseases of the fruits. Air-dry

122

immediately after dipping. Adding chlorine to the water
helps control diseases
1. Chemical Treatment Using fungicide to control fruit rot.

Fungicides are dissolved in water where the fruits are
dipped. Benomyl (500-1000 ppm) and other suitable
fungicides are used.
The author designed and fabricated a simple HWT tank made out
of one sheet stainless steel plate heated by LPG. Dimension is 20 x
2. Fumigation with Ethylene dibromide (EDB) at the rate of 16
30 inches and 18 inches high. It has a capacity of 2 crates of 20 kilos
grams per cubic meter for 2 hours at 25oC is done for
per crate per loading. The unit can easily be transported to the site of
mangoes exported to Australia and New Zealand. This will
harvest. It cost P8,000 to P10,000 per complete unit with stand, gas
control and destroy the insect eggs in the fruit. The
stove burner, LPG tank with hose, regulator and thermometer. A
Australian government has now banned the use of EDB. The
bigger stainless steel tank with 6 crates capacity cost P20,000.00
Philippine government is negotiating to replace ir with VHT
fabricated by a machine shop in Gen. Santos City.
to control fruit fly. Irradiation seems to be more favored by

Australia.
1. Extended Hot Water Treatment (EHWT) Dipping the fruit

in 46 - 48 degrees Centigrade for 90 minutes. This treatment
is practiced in Mexico for mango exported to the USA.
1. Irradiation This is a new introduction to access fruits and
food preparation to USA and other countries requiring such
quarantine procedure.
1. Vapor Heat Treatment (VHT) where fruits are subjected to
heated vapor until the inner flesh of the fruit reaches 46
degrees for 10 minutes. This treatment is required for
These treatments tend to control fruit born diseases like
mangoes exported to Japan, and Korea. It is non toxic and
Anthracnose and Stem End Rot as well as kill insect eggs like Fruit
non chemical disinfectant.
Fly. Be sure to fully dry the fruits after treatment, before packing
because wet and moist fruits are easily re-infected by fungal rot
diseases.
123

STEPS IN HOT WATER TREATMENT
1. Use electric fan to hasten drying. When fully dried, sort them
and pack carefully in fruit boxes or crates for storage or
shipment to the market.
1. Heat water up to 55*C and main the temperature range at 5255*C during operations. A 59-60 degrees for fast treatment.
1. Some buyers do not want chemically treated fruits, so HWT
or VHT are done without using fungicide of chemicals.
1. Place mango in perforated plastic crate or basket that fits
into the hot water tank to maximize the number of fruits that
can be treated in one dipping. In the absence of plastic crate,
The above operations should be done within 4 to 8 hours after
any other suitable containers that will not cause bruises on
harvest. It is even preferable for small quantity harvest to do the
the fruits may be used. This will avoid direct contact of the
whole operation right in the field or farm. Treat fruits within 4 hour
fruits with the hot metal bottom of the tank that can cause
of picking while latex are still wet.
heat injuries or scalding.
Harvested mangoes should never be exposed to direct sunlight,

wind, rain and other contaminants, either in the farm or during
transport to the processing plant and packaging site. If this cannot be
1. Dip the mango into the hot water submerged for 5 to 10

minutes, checking the temperature is between 52-55*C. A
faster procedure is 30 to 60 seconds dipping in 59 to 60
degrees water. It is advisable to move the crates now and
then to equalize the heat and help remove the dirt from the
fruits.
avoided, thorough washing and hot water treatment should be done

and completely dried and packed avoiding re-contamination.
ORGANIC FARMERS
Mr. Jose (Batchoy) and his life partner Mrs. Pamela (Pam)
Henares of Sitio Balugo, Bry. Alangilan, Bacolod City are practicing
organic farming. They grow black pepper and lettuce organically.
124

They do not want to contaminate the drinking water of the city which
of organic fertilizer may progress slowly, but the cost of production
comes from their farm area.
will decrease and soil productivity increases as the years go by.
Besides the vegetables and flowers, raise 50,000 heads of broiler
Lina Adoracion, a retired teacher at Malungon, Sarangani
from where they source their organic fertilizer, chicken droppings,
Province grow organic rice, banana and other crops. She produces
3,000 sq. meters rice field, calamansi, pineapple, fruit trees and
superior quality rice seeds. Their organic rice sell more than rice
different variety of vegetables.
grown conventionally with chemical fertilizer and pesticide spray.
Mr. Ramon Uy, owner of RU Foundry & Machine Shop Corp. in

Bacolod City is a new convert of organic farming. He was requested
She finds the farm environment healthy as she makes more money
selling organic crops.
by Mr. Jose Bachoy Henares to repaid his imported shredder.
Rue R. Ramas, Manager and proprietress of SEED WORLD in
Because of the encounter, RU Foundry is now manufacturing his
Gen. Santos City grows organic vegetable in here demo vegetable
own version of shredders for groups of farmers and local government
garden. She introduces the use of compost fertilizer and pro-biotic to
units converting their organic waste in public markets into organic
counter pathogens. Rue have been conducting trainings and seminars
fertilizers. Mr. Uy realized that agriculture and industry have to
on organic farming in cooperation with LGUs, NGOs and interested
progress together to support one another. He himself is now engage
farmer groups.
in vermi-composting and organic gardening. He also set up a model
Mr. Pat Acosta, a Horticulturist and Businessman has been
organic farm at Bago City with a partner to showcase how integrated
growing strawberry for the last 12 years. He now grow different
organic gardening. It can be adopted by small farmers and earn more.
variety of lettuce in his 3,000 sq. meter greenhouse farm at Lamtang,
Mr. Ramon Uy is willing to teach farmers and LGU sponsored
La Trinidad, Benguet. Pat is one of the pioneering organic farming
groups and learn how they can produce their own fertilizer without
practitioners. He has a shredder and compost pile, designed to turn
relying so much on imported chemical fertilizers whose price is
shredded plant residue into organic humus. He uses this material in
going up beyond the purchasing power of most Filipino farmers.
growing his vegetables. He uses probiotics and enzymes to speed up
Mr. Uy observed that using chemical fertilizers may be cost
raw materials. Pat says, he work his land the natural way as his
effective at first, in the long run the cost increases because the soil
Master, the Lord God wishes.
gets depleted (as friendly microorganisms are eliminated) so more
ORGANIC BANANA GROWING
and more fertilizer will be needed. On the other hand, the application
125

Carlos Impang, a Latundan Banana farmer at Talaytay, Publacion
Replant after 3 to 5 years with 1 year rest or planted to legume
Malungon, Sarangani Provice has this to share. His farm is 3 hectares
crops. It is a good practice to rest the land for one year and allow the
planted to Latundan Banana at a distance of 3 x 6 meters. He
growth of natural vegetation and microorganisms that help
practices clean culture, with the weeds and banana leaves left to
decompose and turn plant residue and convert them to organic
decompose in between hills. He uses organic mulch and organic
fertilizer and readily available plant nutrients.
waste as his fertilizer. He does not spray chemicals or bagging of

bunches as done with Lacatan and Cavendish banana growing. He
prunes off diseased leaves and brack to prevent spread of fungal
diseases.
ORGANIC FISH CULTURE

Inland fish culture has been originally practiced in lakes and
It takes 10 t0 12 months from planting to flowering. Fruit
ponds the natural way. They just building the pond and allow fish to
emergence takes 14 to 16 days, and 2.5 months from flower
live, tribe and grow. As new technology are introduced, many
emergence to fruit maturity and harvest.
fishpond operators were feeding the fish with ready mixed and
He maintains 2 to 3 suckers per hill at different stages of growth.
milled commercial fish feeds. They also use chemical fertilizers to
Excess suckers are removed to concentrate nutrient to fruit
induce growth of algae fish food. Aerators are used to help introduce
development. Provide good drainage and aeration to keep the plants
oxygen into the waters as heavy pollution depletes the air in water.
dry with maximum sunlight exposure. Soil moisture is maintained
Loven Vilches of Sibunag, Guimaras started using 1 ton organic
with the mulching. He does not plow to avoid damaging roots that
fertilizer per hectare of fishpond instead of chemical fertilizer. They
will serve as entry point of diseases.
decompose the organic fertilizer (chicken droppings) with pro-biotic
The average production is 10 to 35 kilos per bunch. He markets
or beneficial microorganism. It takes 3 weeks from treatment of
at the local Public Market of Malungon at P10.00 per kilo whole sale
bacteria before the organic fertilizer is applied on the pond. After a
to retailers. He has a weekly harvest of 100 to 130 kilos from
few days the pond is filled with water and side dressed with liquid
hectare. He is expanding his area to 6 hectares. He observed that his
algal booster. His harvest increased by 25%. He uses fingerlings
yield increases during the rainy season and drops during summer
caught from the wild and limits fry population so as not to over stock
months.
the pond. The biological fish culture technology was introduced by

Aidine Galvan of Growbio Farming System of Bacolod City.
126

Bangus is harvested in 2.5 months instead of the usual 3 months.
1.
It prevents Brain fatigue and nervous breakdown.
The fish size are 4 pieces to a kilo. After harvest, there is rich algae
Two to three leaves a day will keep old age away provided
supply in the pond, that there was no need to add fish feed. There is
that the body is exposed to the sun for a time being for each
no need for another month pond preparation for the next cropping.
day.
15 days is enough. They add more pro-biotic bacteria for enzymes to

continue the production of fish food. The dead algae, fish litter and
other organic waste in the pond are converted into nutrients by the
enzymes and become fish food again. It is recycling waste.
HERBAL PLANTS
1.
It cures the nervous and mental problems, heart

problems, age spots, and thyroid stimulant.
Plants were created for animals. While we also use them for plant
nutrition and protection, they are more used as food and medication
to keep man and animals healthy productive and have a long life.
Here is one. (A bonus to our readers)
HYDROCELLA ASISTICA or CENTELLA
1.
Common name Gotu Kola, Payong-payong, Takip-kuhol
It improves skin and relieves skin problems, leprosy,

tuberculosis, and venereal diseases.
It is referred to as Indian Ginseng. Another variety is Koto Kola.

Two leaves a day keeps sickness and old age away
Herbalist calls Gotu Kola as the finest herbal tunic.
The leaves appear to act as brain food. 2-3 leaves a day eaten raw
strengthen worn out body tissues and the brain to a remarkable

degree.
1.
It assists in healing depressions, impotence, and

menopausal problems.
127

After Li Chungs death, the French government has done
extensive studies. They found out that there is unknown vitamin that
1.
It also serves as an aphrodisiac.
they called Vitamin Y for the youth vitamin because it was found to
have a beneficial effect on the brain and endocrine glands.
The Indians use the plant as a diuretic to remove excess fluid from
the body and stimulate stimulants to the kidney and bladder as a
blood purifier.
Gotu kola has also been used as cancer treatment, and herb used by
Jason Winters as told in his story in his inspiring book KILLING
CANCER that is usually available in health and food shop.
Because Gotu Kola (Hydrocella asistica) is an Asian herb, it is
not mentioned in European herbals, as they do not grow naturally
there.
It was renowned Chinese herbalist PROF. LI CHANG YUN, who
lived to the age of 256 years as a user of that herb that awoke the
Western World as to its value. He was born on 1677 and in 1933 the
New York Times announced the death of the remarkable oriental
whose life span had reach over two and a half-century. The Chinese
government officially recorded his age. At 260 years of age Prof. Yun
still gave courses of lectures (Its lecture lasting 3 hours) on longevity
at the Chinese University. Those who saw him declared that he did
not appear older than a man of 72 did. He stood erect and strong and
had his own natural hair and teeth.
Another French Bio-Chemist Jules Lepino who undertook

extensive researches of the plant and found out that it had a rare tonic
properties that had marked energizing effect on the nerves and brain
cells to keep them functioning well.
Many people who took Gotu Kola daily tell how they no longer
feel brain fatigue. Their memory is strengthened and a feeling of
mental and physical well being and energy had been experienced. It
is considered as brain food.
The lady who took the herbal for six weeks said that she did not
feel fatigue despite heavy schedule and she was more relax and her
arthritic pain gone. For years she had not been able to take the ring
off her finger because of arthritis. But after taking the herb for
several weeks, she was able to remove her ring again.
Recently a lady from Brisbane came to pick up her friend who
has been sick and also troubled with high blood pressure. She started
taking the herb. In her next checkup, the doctor took her pressure
three times as he could not believe that her blood pressure for ten
years normalized due to her taking Gotu Kola daily with in two
weeks.
Goto kola (Hydrocella asistica) can be eaten straight from the
plant or added to salad or chopped as a last minute garnish or meal
128

like parsley. It has a slight bitter flavor. The leaves can be used as
fresh or died for iced fruit juice sweetened with honey.
But do not over eat. It may result to headache, dizziness, or too
much energy and sleeplessness at bedtime.
Gotu kola is a rich source of chlorophyll, Vitamins A, B, C, D, K
and particularly minerals and magnesium. The plant is easy to grow
and adapts in most soils.
Contact Marietta H. Rivera at 30 Lapu Lapu St., General Santos

City.
Tel (083) 301-0117
=================================================
=========================================
There are more Natural and Organic and Biological Farming
systems that have not yet been included in this manuscript. This
A 95 years old lady in wheel chair at the General Santos City
technology we have just presented are sufficient for beginners,
Home for the Aged has now left her wheel chair after
farmers and enthusiasts to start on the road on natural farming and
eating Hydrocella asistica for two months. She was suffering from
producing safe and healthful food crops. We suggest that our readers
sever Arthritis with high blood and diabetes. Now she can walk and
embark on your own research, study, trials and readings to learn
move around with a cane. Soon she says, even the cane may no
more and be a part of a new movement of environmental and
longer be needed as she feels progressively getting stronger and
ecology friendly farming.
active. Other old folks in the home for the aged also say their health
The new movement hopes to bring back the birds of the air, frogs
and strength are improving as they daily eat fresh Hydrocella asistica
and reptiles on the land, and fishes of the waters and streams that
leaves. They claim that three (3) leaves a day is enough. Too many
disappear because of the unrestricted use of toxic chemicals in
intakes cause headaches to some. It tastes pleasantly bitter when
agriculture. The lost bio ecological balance and diversity of nature
chewed fine and juicy.
will be back with the rich fertile soils that can sustain crop
The plant is a soft tender crawling vine with roots and a leaf at
production and renew the face of the earth nearer to its primal
every node. Hydrocella asistica leaves are shaped like umbrella with
origin.
al long pistil. They grow well on moist soil partly shaded areas. It is
Let us study and learn natural laws for they are Gods laws that will
fast growing, ideal to replace noxious weeds between fruit trees in
help us farm the natural ways. In the process, we will be producing
orchard farms. It appears to help enrich the soil as green manure
safe, healthful food while protecting the environment, sustaining
plant.
balance ecosystem and preserving bio-diversity in our farms. Good
Planting materials are now available in tray pot.
luck and happy productive Natural Farming.

129

ACKNOWLEGEMENT
researches and studies which he shares with farmers in seminars and
The lifetime works, research, and studies of Pedro D.
training. Cell No. 0918-329-2033.
Sangatanan, BSA, MSc. And Ronel L. Sangatanan, BSA, MAgr.
To the farmers who encourage this writer to continue improving
They have been an inspiration in promoting organic farming to the
and promoting this manuscript to help and guide them in returning to
Filipino farmers, and help produce safe and healthful organically
natural farming.
grown food at lower cost and self-sustaining natural farming

system.
Mr. Zac B. Sarian, Editor of Agriculture Monthly Magazine, who
has a wide source of information on agricultural technology, and has
been unselfish in sharing them to help fast tract the development of
several Philippine agricultural industries and ventures.
The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Region 12 Who

facilitated the early printing and reproduction of this manuscript, and
conducted special forum to launch the handbook on Natural Farming
on October 21, 2004 at Koronadal City.
Government and none government agencies and educational
institution supporting this trust and development of natural farming
to include: DA-ATI, FPA, DTI, DOST, GENSAFCO, MINFRUIT,
Miss Lina Adoracion a retired teacher now a full time farmers
GEM, MSU-GSC, USM-KABACAN, UDP.
adopting the Masikap way of natural and organic farming at her

Malungon farms. She produces organically grown rice and fruits.
Ms. Rue R. Ramas, proprietor of Seed World and currently busy
educating and conducting trainings on organic farming with the use
Tanah Yang Subur
of pro-biotic. Her demo-vegetable crops are organically grown.
By on Friday, 15 June 2012 at 10:18
SEED WORLD, V.G. Rivera Farm, Nat. Hwy. Lagao. General

Santos City. Telex. 083-302-0444, Tel. 083-302-0456 Cell: 0917-
Question: Is there anything I can do to loosen up the clay soil in my
951-5364)
front lawn? When it rains, it has the consistency of pottery clay, but
when it stops raining, it dries out quickly. I have been in this house
Mr. Antonio Toto Marin III, Pathologist and practicing farmer.

He is an advocate of organic and biotechnology who makes his own
for seven years and aerated once. Any suggestions?

Answer: All of the organic amendments directly or indirectly help
loosen and soften the soil. The key to friable, productive soil is
130

abundant life in the soil. When the soil is healthy by being rich with
biological activity, it will not erode or compact during rains, it will
Worst for Soil Health
hold moisture at just the right level - thus cutting water costs, and it
High-nitrogen, synthetic fertilizers
will create excellent crop production. Healthy soil contains
Toxic pesticide
significant microbiotic life. The microbes create organic matter that
Bare soil
helps build the glue in the soil that creates the texture that allows
Excessive tilling (rotor)
rain and irrigation to soak in, oxygen to breathe in and carbon
Foot and vehicle traffic
dioxide to breathe out.
Overwatering and frequent light watering
Nutrients
Use this thought model. Before choosing a product to use on your
By Izam Ijam on Monday, 23 May 2011 at 23:35
property ask this: if I purchase and use this product, will it help or
hurt the life in the soil? When the beneficial bacteria, fungi,
Primary Nutrients: Nitrogen (N) N > 10ppm Pre-plant N generates
protozoa, insects, earthworms and others are healthy, growing, and
vigorous seedling growth, which ensures a
reproducing, the soil's chemistry, biology and structure will be soft,
well-branched plant by the first fruit set. Pre-plant N is not needed if
crumbly and productive.
a soil test shows the soil has 20ppm nitrate or more Broadcast 2030lbsN/ac before discing of N is needed, otherwise, band N (2-
Best for Soil Health

Compost and organic fertilizers
Rock minerals - lava, granite
5lbs/ac) 3-4 inches below the seed. Apply a steady supply of N to

the plant during first set to produce greater yields. While plants
develop first fruits, analyze plant tissue samples to keep nitrate
greensand, zeolite, gypsum, etc.
concentration in the plant stem and petiole between 7000-8000ppm.
Sugars molasses, cornmeal, etc.
High N rates may depress total yields, delaying crop maturity and
Mulch covering all bare soil
decrease the proportion of red pods.
Infrequent deep irrigation when needed.
131
Symptoms of Nitrogen DeficiencySlow growth; stuntingYellowgreen color (chlorosis)"Firing" of tips and
structural nutrient, it is an essential part in all walls and membranes
margins of leaves beginning with more mature leaves. hPhosphorus
and must be present for the formation of new cells.
(P) N > 30ppm Helps young seedling grow,

especially when soil warms in spring. Not needed if levels of soil P
-Non-mobile in plant tissue Symptoms of Calcium Deficiency "Tip
are between medium and medium-low. Add 50-100lbs P2O5/ac
burn" of young leaves-celery, lettuce, cabbage. Death of growing
before discing of levels are lower. Alternatively, band 30lbs P2O5/ac
points (terminal buds). Root tips also affected. Abnormal dark green
3-4 inches below the seed. P increases total yield and increases the
appearance of foliage.
proportion of red pods. Important for good root development and
Premature shedding of blossoms and buds. Weakened stems. Water-
fruit production.
soaked, discolored areas on fruitsblossom-
Symptoms of Phosphorus DeficiencySlow growth; stunting.Purplish
end rot of peppers.
coloration on foliage of some plants.Dark

green coloration with tips of leaves dying.Delayed maturityPoor fruit
Magnesium (Mg) Essential for photosynthesis. Serves as an activator
or seed development.
for many plant enzymes required in growth

process.
Potassium (K) N > 150ppm Encourages root growth and increases
-Mobile within the plant and can be readily translocated from older
plant resistance to disease. Increases size
to younger tissue. Symptoms of Magnesium
and quality of fruit and vegetables and increases winter hardiness. It
Deficiency Interveinal chlorosis in older leaves. Curling of leaves
is mobile in the plant Fertilizer form is K2O
upward along margins.
Symptoms of Potassium DeficiencyTip and margin "burn" starting

on more mature leaves.Weak stalks, plants
lodge easily.Small fruits or shriveled seed.Slow growth. Secondary
Sulfur (S) A constituent of three amino acids (cystine, methionine,
Nutrients: Calcium (Ca) A
cysteine), therefore essential for protein synthesis.

132

such as respiration, photosynthesis, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Symptoms of Sulfur Deficiency Young leaves light green to
Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Interveinal
yellowish color. Small and spindly plants. Retarded
chlorosis of young leaves. Veins remain green except in severe

cases.
Manganese (Mn) Serves as an activator for enzymes in growth
processes. Assist Fe in chlorophyll formation. High
Mn concentration may induce Fe deficiency. Symptoms of
Manganese Deficiency Interveinal chlorosis of young
growth rate and delayed maturity. Micronutrients: Even though they
leaves. Gradation of pale green coloration with darker color next to
used by plants in very small amounts, they
veins. No sharp distinction between veins and interveinal areas as
are just as essential for plant growth as the larger amounts of primary
with Fe deficiency.
and secondary nutrients. Care must be exercised in the use of

micronutrients, since the difference between deficient and toxic
Copper (Cu) An activator of several enzymes. May play a role in
levels if often small. Micronutrients should not be applied as a
vitamin A production. A deficiency interferes with protein synthesis.
shotgun application to cover possible deficiencies. They should
Symptoms of Copper Deficiency Stunted growth. Poor pigmentation.
be applied only when the need has been demonstrated. Zinc (Zn) An
Wilting and
essential constituent of several important enzyme systems. Controls

the synthesis of indoleacetic acid (IAA), an important plant growth
eventual death of leaf tips.
regulator. Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency Decrease in stem

length and a rosetteing of terminal leaves. Reduced fruit bud
Boron (B) Functions in plants in differentiation of meristem cells.
formation. Mottled leaves (interveinal chlorosis).
With B deficiency, cells may continue to divide, but structural
Iron (Fe) Required for the formation of chlorophyll in plant cells.
components are not differentiated. Also, apparently regulates
Serves as an activator for biochemical processes
metabolism of carbohydrates in plants. Once assimilated, B is not

remobilized in plants, and a continuous supply is necessary at all
133

growing points. Deficiency is first found in the youngest tissue of
cupping or rolling of leaves.Chlorine (Cl) Required in photosynthetic
the plant. Symptoms of Boron Deficiency Death of terminal growth,
reactions in plants. Deficiency is very rare due to its universal
causing lateral buds to develop and producing a witches-broom
presence in nature. Symptoms of Chlorine Deficiency Wilting
effect. Thickened, curled, wilted, and chlorotic leaves. Reduced
followed by chlorosis. Excessive
flowering or improper pollination.
branching of lateral roots. Bronzing of leaves. Chlorosis and

necrosis.
Molybdenum (Mo) Required by plants for utilization of nitrogen.

Plants cannot transform nitrate nitrogen into amino acids with Mo.
Symptoms of Molybdenum Deficiency Stunting and lack of vigor.
Marginal scorching and
134

Tips Tanaman Fertigasi Dan Natural Farming

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Tips Tanaman Fertigasi Dan Natural Farming

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[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]

dan Pisang dapat meningkatkan mutu dan kualiti tanaman tanpa

penggunaan bahan kimia.

telah menjalankan penyelidikan terhadap tanaman di atas dengan

produk pertanian yang lebih bermutu dan selamat dimakan, banyak

kaedah penjagaan tanaman telah dijalankan seperti penggunaan

Booster) mudah disediakan dengan

penggunaan bahan yang boleh didapati dengan perbelanjaan yang

kecil seperti berikut:

mengurangkan kos pengeluaran serta memastikan pengeluaran bahan

Bahan-bahan penghasilan plant booster

sesuatu tempat. Ianya hidup berharmoni di dalam tanah bersama

perlindungan kepada serangga dan binatang kecil yang lain. EM

\Gula merah (1kg),

Jabtan Pertanian telah berjaya membuktikan penggunaan EM (Plant

Booster) ke atas beberapa tanaman seperti Rock Melon, Tomato, Cili

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]

4: Buah labu yang dipotong dengan ketebalan 2mm, panjang 5-6cm

putih tumbuh di atas permukaan media dan berbau masam manis.

6: Setelah matang, plant booster dikacau dan ditapis sebelum

kangkong (1kg) dan

digunakan dilapangan dan kecairan mengikut sukatan seperti

perlu dikisar halus. Langkah

2: Bahan-bahan yang dikisar dicampur dengan telur, susu segar atau

i. Melon; Minggu (M) 1-2 (15ml/1Liter air), M 3-5 (20ml/L) dan M

susu tepung, dedak, gula merah dan air. Langkah

3: Kesemua bahan-bahan tersebut di masukkan ke dalam satu bekas

ii. Tomato; Minggu (M) 1-2 ( 10ml/1Liter air), M 3-5 (15ml/L), M 6-

kemudian dikacau. Langkah

8(20ml/L) dan M 9 keatas (25ml/L)

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]

8(30ml/L) dan M 9 keatas (40ml/L). iv. Pisang; Minggu (M) 2

dua elemen ini dapat membantu menyuburkan tanah dan menjadi

( 10ml/1 liter air), M 4 (15ml/L), M 8 (20ml/L), M 10 (25ml/L), M

hormon serta nutrien semula jadi kepada tumbuhan.

12 ke atas hingga matang (30ml/L) setiap bulan.

bahan buangan ini mudah ditemui di

dapur, anda mampu membawa keajaiban. Kulit buah, lebihan sayur

Bagi anda yang ingin keterangan lanjut, sila hubungi Bahagian

ujar seorang pengamal perubatan alternatif homeopati, Dr. Joean

Pembangunan Komoditi Jabatan Pertanian Serdang Tel: 03-8948

6302 Fax: 03-8942 6616

Ilmu yang dipelajari daripada seorang pensyarah dan doktor dalam

perubatan alternatif di Thailand, Dr. Rosukon Poompanvong, ini

Enzim pula secara amnya diketahui dapat menggalakkan atau

ke beberapa negara di rantau Asia Tenggara termasuk Singapura,

yang dicemari minyak atau bahan kimia didapati berjaya

[TIPS & INFO ON FERTIGATION & FARMING]

sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan dapat mengeluarkan sehingga 40 biji

yang menghasilkan asid amino, iaitu komponen penting dari proten.

buah dari sebatang pokok, sedangkan pokok naga pekebun lain

FAA merupakan penghasilan yang baik untuk kehidupan dan

hanya dapat mengeluarkan maksimum 10 biji. Perbezaannya ialah

empat kali ganda.

mengandungi pelbagai nutrient dan berbagai jenis asid amino dan

component protein lain untuk kebaikan pokok.

Seorang wanita yang mempunyai 60 pasu pokok bunga orkid

berkembang sehingga 60 peratus lebih banyak tanpa bantuan baja

1. CARA MEMBUAT FAA (

Tidak melibatkan kos yang besar, enzim yang dihasilkan hanya

Ikan segar dari jenis belakang hitam, tulang2 ikan segar

memerlukan apa yang ada di dapur anda. Perapkan bersama gula