BRUNO MUNARI
DESIGN
AS
ART
‘Translated by Patrick CreaghCONTENTS:
ies Pfc othe Engh alton u
Elinor Megind sey bs Preface: The Useless Machines By
oo Aun es Desige a: An ay
Daegu and Spits
‘What is a Designer?
Coy ® Bow Mani 96 Pure and Applied
Tals opie 8 Pa Cg 97 A Living Language
A Rove s+ Rose 8a
The Sey
Mysery Are
Vitwal Design
Chances Biling :
The Shape of Words &
Spier Poems and Telegrams “
pelided sod wiheu a ‘Two in One "
‘A Langage of Sign and Symbols? is
12,000 Different Colours boPoster with a Cente Image
Poster without End
(Children's Books
Indaarial Design
Mico-Are
How One Lives ia 2 Traditional
Japanese House
What is Bamboo?
A Spootancos Foca
A Prismatic Lamp
Wear and Tear
cange, Peas and Rose
A Piee of Traveling Seuprise
Loxrioutly Appoinzed Geo
‘Apssimenss
Kaives, Forks and Spoons
And That's Not All
Fancy Goods
Renan Degg
ks
Growth and Explosion
Goaeare-Conver Forms
Continous Srueres
The Tecacone
Yang-Yin
Moe
Direc Projections
Projecsios with Plaid Light
“The Square
The Gree
‘An Arrow Can Lose Is eaters but Not Is
Point,
“Theoretical Reconsrusions of Imaginary Objecs
Exercises in Topology, or Rubber Sheet
Geomexry
Two Fountains, Nine Spheres
Appecde: The Machines of my Cildhood
(sea)‘As ain ina man who digo his own sabjetre
inpesion and knows bow #0 ads gene abjscve
nearing in them, ad bow to expat em in covingPREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION
In areas we se es ad le of il puis on
clovas and pee of eee in marble of ome Tend
we ice # rowing umber of objecs made in al sons of
trays of al sce of materi hing ht have no cone.
Ton with head ond catego of the vial a Tt
the od day outing thse mates and ecg were
‘ery much Joke down ona inhuman and unwordy of
Tring che veer of 1 Werk of Ar
Bas cven in he een pam bo ain and sepa
gaa lou a few ofthe bits and pies The Ieary
slemen in vial work fa wasthe fet be discarded
o favour of pare vial (Ser) and was undeneoed
thar with meas prope othe vial arts oe soul ny
‘ty things cha old oe be pins words Te was here
fore lee to erare to ell stor, The dappeiance of
arate led othe dpparance ofthe forme tha ised
‘ble nse and wit Kenney) he a aba Fors
freed the cee. Thee sl had shades of coloring, bat
ths usraine sod epracntatve eenent was dacded
(by Mona) in vou of « color and foem chat was
Simply ef and nrhing ee From hsp spactcly
Ineile ha we shoul nd up with painting that arealof oe colour (Kika). This verion of the sory is ther
‘canprted, br teva any sate ae he coma tapes
the appearance of the old cere ina. Eveualy
the pice puncce, hed cr burt alive Ponte,
Bact). and ties he Lae fcewell to sechigus that no
Jongr bad anything wo ny vo modem an
The ane of tay ae aly looking for something
ee he peopl ofeaday, dine
dude of vial smal all damenring
Keeble seni Ifyou go tonne econ cody you
fac very spl objet that ace wo ge chat hey ll
the whl ron some bed onset,
‘You wl od sane te we in conjunction wih cal
eppigs, iad pantie of evry conceabe ind,
Fill or oflableansparen plac, bis of scrap meta
Solid rogeber, snd ve animals, The arise wants co
tank the viewer arp ar all cos. Hes ooking or
2 pic of coma and he was el his works fain
the chain stores jut Uke any other commer aad
sepped of is mer and a 4 rexonble pe
‘Bos what i a he boom of chi any that dives
aris so sindon sf wana echnigs ad cern
barkt and sll man poder ais in sopeand noe
in gills?
Feb dee ak ay
for eeryone and no ju forthe chen few wth age of
mosey. Ariss wae recover the pc ht his ong ag
Aled the ae ali, and o beak th
Ar ~ Dees = Cae ~ Gallery ~ Calls.
They wae to desoy the myth ofthe Gres Ani, of
te Bg Eton ts
‘he enous coly Mase, of he one and only
They lave ralzed ha atthe pect inte ubjeive
var St long thei inprtnc i favour of cb
‘ahs hatcaneundensosby gretermumbsof perp
And if the sis vo museprodace ejects for veto
wide publ a low pce, then it Becomes proble of
‘tho and design. Thesis a organ the moder he
Id whes ae wae us a ad, and amend of Sepang he
‘ry pace eying inertia dicover is ess
{ed ake coctact with gun, Thi the eason wy the
adinal arin being taarmod ito the desir,
snd a Ty have undergone thi aeration nthe
Course of my working carer 1 cam sy that hs book of
nite bao 4 nd of dary ix whic ty woe he wy
od wherefore of thi tang,
1970 BRUNO MUNAPREFACE
The Useless Machines
Lot of pevple know of me a "You know, the an cho
imade th ls machin and even day Lal ocasion
aly ge asked for one of te jen, which | designed ad
‘aude in about 1933, Tha wathctinewhenthemovenet
Called ee ‘noes tla red te oon, wih te High
(our of supers maton, and all che tt magia:
spoke of nohng ee bur thr rant arti podon
fd etejone laighel sr me and my es machines They
aged al the bard cae my tnachines were made of
catsbouedpuistd i plan clour, and sometimes ss
ble, we tbe whole ching was eld ogee wih he
fast of wooden rod and bs of read. They had sabe
Tight wo a un with the ihe moveeat ofthe a
ae he cred was ju be dng vo preven then grog
Bet all ny Send rocked wth laughs, even the
eos adie for the energy they pat ino teow work
Nesaly ll of hem done of my welew machines hoe
be they Lepe dem inthe iden’ rooms Beas they
wee abmed aod pracy wont, wil hi siting
rooms were adomed with te wap f Mario Mass
pings by Car and Stool Cail, comparison6
wih pining by St scr despy by he ens a
Wicdgs wih ay thd ad crdoard cold Badly
‘Spec be ak sly
Thee thw rend ef mine iconered Alexander Cale,
rst sings were made ofan
Bok cle, an Lene co be tg fits
‘War's tbe difeece bewcen my wl acne aad
spar om he difleetr mater the bad of ems
Bitar ak qute dni, Tey fave ony to ching
Common bute apne sad bth gyre Bat he
we thousands of upended objec ad alway ave bees
Su Ting polin ony ed Calder ie ada
preior in Man Ray, who in 2980 mae an Oj ox
iy the sme pine laters by Cade
“Thee 2 harmon ctonsip between all the pars
wo was making
ee
OlE=:
—>*
7
hic got make wpa elo machine, Levu apporthat
‘we mat with ls all marked Ain che latin, Fm
ths we obs the dic AR by simply adding one hid
tothe radi of cheb nd making the dinenson of ie
bal nade the carl
ee
dd, The dames of died
the other two geomcse fms Band =B (he
fone bang jar double theater. Te ad of therm
ane pied the negatives ofthe front The wooden ede
te which the shapes seach also mesure nla
Vion she dame he ball 5A, sand 68 The woe
‘hing i he laced up aod eg on pce of teed
Mobiles are by atte fren, The inpiation fo
them sem so be dawn fom the vegetable Kingom, Or
ghey tha Calder was the is spor of ee. There
fe plenty of selpors of figues and a
he stu of ving things that onl, wih Dances
progrosive dimemioas and wih leaves oo
these bad never bend
selon a
banc
Take anc with eves
‘yo are ooking ta mob by Cale. They8
have the same principle, the sme movement, the ime
yuuicbebavioe.
Ter the pcs of « ele machine all ra ypon th
sce ad inept 0 cach ther witout ching. The
tess gee, wide the wo diferent cloud ces
{Gee 4 vaay of colores ar she forms tun. People
flveoleo wondered bow th ia srignted, and here is
the aes Tn 1933 they mere asin he se abs
pisturcin al, ad hve wee noting moredhancoloued
rometie saps or apes witha refrac at alo vse
‘ae, Very ofc thse bara aitngs were stl sof
ioe forms done in elie yes They wed way
{Boe Morandi mae abacus pu by wing bole and
‘as formal pert Thebes Mord cass
in tat ot the tes, bu pang eased with hoe
‘pace, Bowles oe angle were therefore he sue hing
‘Rhepuiningemengal om he reasonsip of sors
2d elo.
Now I myself hough ta ined of pain angles
and the ome foms win the atmosphere of a0
‘Blongpose (for she — look at Kania ~ was sill
‘Shee reai) i wold pehape be iateresing fee
‘hse fos fom the sae mare fa pce and to bang
‘hem epi th ay atc 0 each teria sch 2 way 38
ve wich or own strong, sense tothe
hsp of ea ie, othe sir we breathe Ard 0 did
Tow atthe shape gave than harmon eltoeshis 2
ne snot, clase he tapes beeween them nd
Pine Uc es (he part one neverec in «cei
lee way a tha at hey ured they would frm a
Siy of combinations, I made then very ligt and sed
sible
‘re aso erp thm ving a ouch a
The Uns Machines 9
Weer a ot Calder red fm these ie, he
{hed pnd fn tr che mew te dein
teppei of ie
oe.
| -
=Als machine wich
swoman ped
Emcen(0993)
Th Us Machines
mended tse je becbugh of cic eae ey
were made of mabe f mone parser nlc
‘Be amas Ter, which ly ar of word not
eri, sever 4 sachs, even iment oe
They ae wy ee ae hs mache ey cmt po
ie goods fr uteri common, Jo mt cit ber
tr do ey fee apa Sme pope dred ts oe
onary they wee xref hy acl gs
2 spinal Ln (mage, sac wn, the eon of
wn omit, cc) Ones conied be we
‘chin ich lng oth wold eset wh cei
‘chine nvemed dingy sae day wh cele
SF mang my Eas gh The come macho were ee
bled by Eu oa bok (mga opis) aed
eMac ds Mar Tony wee pro or eager
tons fr waging tes fry apo psig a,
fee maig bs oud mana and many eer eo
fhe kind They were yeas ine
ake Gol, br Bech adr wilon eel eh
who ws working aw ld.
nga eps wih then (Bs De)DESIGN AS ART
Today it ne Become acest to delish the mythfte
‘sa artse who only prasts aes fo a sll
sroup of altadnlgene peopl. It mnt be destood
hat as lang a ar stands se from the problems fe
wil only sere vey few poole Cla today
becoming + mas fa andthe sat mu ep wa fm
his pedestal and be pepe o make sige fora bunches
shop i he knows how do). The are macs ff
the lst ge of soma an! bere ace as aan
among sen, well up pen day seas, materiale
and working methods. Wishou knng hi nat sei
Sense hem be ale torpor wth hanya com
Pcce to the demands his igh may sake of hn
The designer of ody esas the eng ot contact
Ircween at ad the publi berwcen ring people ad ars
2 ving thing. Iota of pists for the deawaapcoom,
ec gages forte cen, Thee should be no sch
hig rior fr ke, with eal hing tls
2 and hideous digs to ae what we se every ay
made with ara norchownoguberby chan orca,
then we sal ev nothing to he
“Anyone working ia he Bed of dvgn he a and ak6
head of bin o dear his nighbour’s id of al peso
ciel igs fara ain ons picket cool
Stee they codon yu 0 thik on way forthe whole
UF you ie withow oping otk ha Le hogs
fd voiay nore ep than ever Tes thor wp ous
{ignn to make hnown our working mebodsn earand
Spleen he mts we sik ce the es he os
ponds, te more kel o solv ourcomnoa nese
robles, Anyone who ues pope designe objet ees
the presence of an aie who av worked for bin, bering
Hr Being condons and ocouraping ie to devel is
tare sod seas of bey.
"When we gie 2 paz of honorin the dea wing zum to
ssancew Besncan vse which we consider eat, wl
Proportioed and made with precise aad conomy. we
fst also remember tis the vase once ad an extremly
hminon we, Mio pbb i ws ued for cooking ol It
Sas made by digo of hoe tes, when ar and ie
rev ban ia aad and here was ich ing sa wor
Thee lok a and any old hig 2 se.
Tue ebesfore very gly sceprd te propa hat
1 boing ager a volume the ais Lorigialy
pebliedin the Mc pp If Gime To hee bare
ded ether tests ab well a tof drains eich it
‘won nor posible o publi he ited ace of 3 dally
oper, T ave abo tage a few esata changes forthe
Englih edn
T hope tht other deigners wil make similar fons
so spe wedge of et wok For ur etd ace aly
‘Soeing themselves the Bese ay of ging the co
‘coc of men at lage and of giving 2 meaning 0 xt
prow way of
Dass ar Art 2
_ Pui tg pp hae Gop
On i ine pen fel
Slicctay “os apee ntti
ieee ca
tise intrlonmppeocn ete
pc na Www ek nce
feomweky
peo rain
Fram ae neo we bve wate an ve moe pic
selec glands Dr Ca
urea, Nov Abra rs Neo Dade, pop an op, Eon.
pbb opis peer sod we va siirach at eb
id end co make ne Mind feria we ewe sc
(Sot lw oe mn eno an a
Wed ke mal ge
line bane thames work far hn wea
eto sey ewe have seed aldDESIGNERS AND STYLISTS
What is @ Designer?
He 3 planer with an sete sas. Cerin
Nealy ah
i Fort cc,
hays the shape ofa thing. bei 2 ypewshor a
binocular, an armchair, 2 venulr sega
a refiger, wl ave op
daiged i he
fil
The tu ‘sgn was fist wens Ame
Ie does oe reer toa india designs, who designs
nicl pare wolaop tothe pera
ind dings He in fcr 4 design engineer, aod he
bas a motorscootr onthe desig ard he docs ve gi
& pres ded of imporace vo these ae oh
‘ora the most he spi psoas of we sme
scooter ough lod le. Tone asked a gic whe
had designed « motorscocer why eh
se
aod esi became was the chepet The
india designer bere the sete side
ofthe ob a simply mat of poviding« Bash Sad
although this may Be mow senploaly dine be aids
aesheteproblers tit se bound up wih comenpoary
cate because sch sings ate ao comidered eh Ak
‘goer must never be cag wing pe
he desicrocs ify, He gic the gt weigh 0 ach put
SO jer hod Soe now har the imate
athe jets pyc va went pea
ig op bans He ereoe wes gir
eicaen fiom fo cht
prope pombe
Say acs span fone con ot
tne ght ay at sposancsy
hema aver) othe
Fete material fom the most wp todate pro
as om stleation of ents and rom hr pycho
"Sin the early days of rationalim it wed so be sid 7
by Bet EP ae aad rin, On on
ee
as nag ek on
bc bly ora deco
ea nc een sare A et ae
SEE Teng vos comic and Gl emia
What ia Daigur? i
Sin: ont deri byte wins which
cary ip de tage a
‘been worked out by mathematics. Even =
phe
0, ter
there aremany
af and dhe lenves of any single ce dif igh
among themselves. Bu if we stv 3 Rgleal on a weeping
willow we would have the feng that all wes ae wel. fe
would lick eoberene. A laf besutfal noe because eis
stylh br because i natral, rated ints exaeforn by
is cas function. A designer tes 20 make an objec
‘atcally as 2 ee pos forth lf He docs me smother
is object wit his Own persoal tae bat testo be jee.
seve, He helps the objet, if | may s0 put it, to make elt
by owe proper et hav
jst the shape of «vento, fan for wine bas be shape
that blown gles gives i, seat is inevitably covered with
sfx. Each object takes on its own frm. Bat of couse
i wl one fea al ne
a igus cage,
ase discovered, and with every inayat
the pblem sis apa ee of
cog
‘oe ine rope hgh ines of ae td om
sean, prea and sped Se wed hares
ingachies bi by copra ths decal Sho
sr pil el tit pa Now ea ogee
thi diane fi a oa pr soe
Te denon fe ut ceo mac oo
‘= ie ed omy a on
m of he jes inay
obepalle.s
ings prestige Ars nee or beaming
ic was insti tines when he a was sued by
say me cra wot oman el
rcs) inform he pubic of eran cligioaeneae To
“ay the exigent cise she graphic Sign) aedpono make communication (led pote) oiaoenthe
filisofmme new developmen: nario Bel Aad why
Piet designr toiled upon? Whyxtheariootonn
from his easel? Besse the designer knows ou pring
thou the tecniges ued, ade ws fe
the pry non Hedoes ost
eke an aikcch and eave tp the priaers
(ec as bes he may. He thnk from be are
Peiingtecigus, snd i swith ee eat he make bis
"The designee dheefore the ar of on, os brese
hein gests be beet he works ich ay as 020
‘came bat
She hairy ad by to respond vo wate
che es, bese he
nade of by the cet
Tas hijo andthe yy and meas solving exch
bem of design Andy becuse berspoadso the han
sets of hime ad eg pope o sole cern robles
trahout syle presinespons orf motos of atic
ve fom the sch of thea
Wha i « Daigo?
Fallows he anon (h
oe (Jt Baite Lamar)
Vol doige rnc wah ges ne hin oe
ont drm vale hema
dui devas concaed nsonloje eign
Resch design sconces ih epesimens pai
‘ley mag sad met nth nog dns
oa rach agoPure and Applied
ae tae terms pe tan sd tamer be
fed dies, sn Arse hel
tote sd ny nb spe of png and peat
tCupnefor the wether hanofemmeeion
Gre he ol fone of
Towed he snot Aric Geni teed
ccs tlle gee hsb he Pare Fors a
She Se of th Mase and stempedo ge thowsone
faves by apling mt jes of ceysay we Ts
fw che akg of jac ot yo a ye ad
‘fea te he gto of Se ha aoe been kage
“pe dtinion wee pu a apd ania
wal desnuda Tesnce oun he sone
Cin wan te ef Lvng ar What we cl desig, he
French eal hig nda by th phe hey
Th pea
Tether comes abou ht in France they makelanps
Par ad Appi
inpieed by auras foe with beting ie ind that &
lamp must gvelighe. They designs Sarai cvs se
2 Dada tabla piece infomal emia, geting i
all objec: have te exact ae 0d welded fasion,
nd thatthe ae no longer mad by cafsen modeling
2 sylth shape in eopperscnding thee whim of the
moment but by ou
the tings at aime
‘Wha the i tis thing called Dvg fii nies
sor applied a? Te placing: the long a objectively
2 pose of ererehing tha gosto mike ap te sarod
ings and stmcephre in which mea lie tly. Th ea.
sper iscrxtedbyalthe objets produced by nds, fom
{ase o houses and een ce ei planing done without
Preconeived soins of ye semping onl co ge ech
thing is lgial scare ad proper matralada co
Sequence i ogi form
‘Soall hs alk abou ober han, beauty an pop
as abou he alin betwern ass a pace (ype
separ el) shows prensa) oa
(he charm ofthe macro andthe ule of the
fexms all his tl oor Pench cas goin oy uo
‘lbakineddaperap. An bj shuld vow be fgedoy
whether his Form consent with io, whee he
vi machine ing out hands
Mater fis the comacion tad the production costs
Whether she avila ae logy ited ogee I
B therefore « quation of eobrence.
‘Beau at cexved of inthe ears, se offence
coniparabte wih the of te mastered pa ae
mony an all he roe of simply ke an mse ee
Atsign If deform of bj ture ot tobe beat
willbe hans tthe log of tconaction aoe pest36
sion of the slaions found fr wai om
enuf bee jus igh, Am exc projec pedo
tert jer Seu not bce es Bk ic
enpre, ven modern spr, br because tale
isl
Ti you wat to hao someting sb
cain fa, You wi sett every
aldaae
“The base hing rr of cen watt fing
xan wanna can tage (Bebo
A_iving Language
‘hing And the nme wl pw andewand hee
fe werd welven Goabngage vile tarocmmsite
(Smet hen, Te
‘si before, and owen wel tht ye tous prone youre
‘pris, oafeme than aly beara code Canooe
‘sow adden che pb inte ngage of the founecenh
‘ery? Iota hart pbc would undead
Justa there ate dead Languages, itis ata hat shee
should bemeds of expe and commaniationsha: have
gover oft, It isa well daowa fac thao ge acsge
20 we ean ae not only wor, at in many ets a
images, lems snd colour, symbols, igen and igo Jo
2 there are words which bling oer ges tree
Colors, form, sgn sod 0 ot wich ino ine have
tome (6 mean sshing of woul convey wrongaeing.
‘Whar doce a blackish ig means he lee of
cay? Todds ip r900 i eae tse antes
mest. When they saw chy sant watch he blac
ammesng the gowing icon on hs xovd, being kerry
ow andthe i furnace hae thew of pe oe
werk ply, ming the Sis sho othe hae’ shoot
Temagie the pungent seach af the bor son, athe ge
pasivelone there osnioingeinteackene wall
Fhe aly caver,Maybe cyl f way dos even koow what
rape sd or tien an objec ha was symbol
hd sgn chat eyed many sages and meanings 0%
reduced to he sar of = ky crm
‘Wecan pin ou snr changes ia te slurs
visual commnscition, Locking ito she pt we find
Censio periods dominated by cen cols and forms
eosin ich ll the colours re earthy andthe forms
ids some iwc he whoerange of lous isp 0 6,
tes in which everthing & done with thee or fost
‘Sours Aad! o on down sour oven me, wea thas
Rote, pane mactlb ad oder invensony, se King
lo of ou is governed by wal eae.
‘Cony if we aw web colus of hear maven
pond for foadsigns thee woud ade mapper ino
The seteandings Ar ha dine chy wed some realy
Fra combiations of colo A fie Beaof them canilbe
nd for Reb’ lea powdee boxes andthe bss
Sega bales They toe o prpnkad yellowsidey side,
tr brown and Bie, coffee and chocaite, pergcen and
Miles The they weald sue voexpced leaps rm one
Tae wo another ping rd wap ue (estado a)
Soon Can we imagine 2'No Overakig’ sign with
otic and cowl aon vile bacgeund? Wel, ys
(Ween imgin for fin bu weennoraeie fearon
ine te
"Resome tines inthe pasa eran wei of enous cas
say al of dark tone, wore indesoately adaped wo ll
Flock of hams activi. Te colors wed forfuahing
{1 os fer mack fro tose oe thes or exags. Bak
nay fern colour have diferent ws oetoadsgas We
toe oly red lad yellow (pat rom the gee ight
Lanes
ta igh) and exch nour welded mesg.
In advertising we we ght bah clos or very tela
one acuding 0 ou purpose In ping we we te all
‘our color sym wich eds less cos non, wile
A oul bend sigh lof Ls XIV. Tee a
ten deguos Sac eds ynin ae ono Lane IV
hohe ome
ewe oo eaigh.Ty had
iy reduces un sachet eae owea he pst images were sean all pied, daw ot
carved they reprodaced ile and eeogazablesealiy
[Now we can even sce the ingle. We hae «hos of
‘poche along fore what wecisnorsewsbbeadked
{je WehaveXay phonon te worldofthemioscope 2
aa nveaons of ai Weave chins ht
Sbicustove mascandaundsintheformoflaninas wate,
rahi that show vs peo day a colour bymeansol
polarized lig mchinesthac ow oppure mt
Ihe gecas were Howp of echt. Thentheeaze
(belie ich aby fora an aceped par of henge
‘cape force! igs con, sod vapour igh, Black
igh Aod we havc Krmsthtarebeauafulad ensctbecse
fry ae refers th foro roles 0d miss are
‘ital by the demans of speed, ad wereoconealein
the po. Tse ae forms we see vey ay, he sous
lights of or owa ine. To scx, tn knowsndousethemis
ccapes onlin ce language of ty och was
foc be man of oy.
A Roses a Roseis a
Aad the you go wp ot ander for thesake of apne
thr i's an aal me Thes you come se et
mst ade cl or psc or paper Bas ee
esse you er cn cone ing ely. tek was
Ths apa sige ar he bj of exe
sly ty, ial oe ple oe om
"A ve he wold prychologs designs ad rsa
sek ino eds ying voted sn ash
{Bective dt wiloube soe te ets
Th going we ofp eh adie ade
sarkson« worldwide demas slate dary fe.
resin I: solange poe snt nei bel
tenes Ifa rhe menage ging tog acosto poles
‘ieee ngsge and bachgnch 9 cond a he
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