equation. Making a total balance on stage | and than on stage n, Ly + Vs rt Mra l th (12.10-8) Rearranging Eq. (12.10-7) for the difference flows A in kg/t, L+Y (1210-7) Ig- y= ly- =a (12.10-9) This value 4 is constant and also holds for Eq. (12.10-8) rearranged and for all stages. A=Lo-\y —Vawt (12.10-10) This can also be written for a balance on solute A to give via — Vika Ly Yar Baa veel (12.10-11) ote (12.10-12) where N, is the N coordinate of the operating point A. As shown in Section 12.7B, A is the operating point. This point A is located graphically in Fig. 12:10-2 as the intersection of lines LgV, and Ly Vy,,. From Eq. (12.10-10) we see that V, is on a line between Ly and A, ¥; is on a fine between L, and A, V,a; isona line between L, and A, and so on. ‘To graphically determine the number of stages, we start at Ly and draw line Lg A to locate V,. A tie line through V, locates L,, Line L, 4 is drawn given V;. A tie line gives L,. This is continued until the desired Ly is reached. In Fig. 12.10-2, about 3.5 stages are required, EXAMPLE 1210-1. Countercurrent Leaching af Oil from Meal A continuous countercurrent multistage system is to be used to leach oil rom meal by benzene solvent (B3). The process is to treat 2000 kg/h of inert solid meal (B) containing 800 kg oil (4) and also 50 kg benzene (C). The inlet flow per hour of fresh solvent mixture contains 1310 kg benzene and 20 kg oil, The leached solids are to contain 120 kg oil. Settling experiments similar to those in the actual extractor show that the solution retained depends upon the concentration of oil in the solution. The data (B3) are tabulated below as N kg inert solid B/kg solution and y, kg oil A/kg solution N N Ya 2.00 182 04 198 17505 1.94 168 06 1.89 Lol 07 Calculate the amounts and concentrations of the stream leaving the process and the number of stages required. Solution: The underflow data from the table are plotted in Fig. 12.10-3 as N versus y,. For the inlet solution with the untreated solid, Ly = 800 + Sec. 12.10 Countercurrent Multistage Leaching 738736 7 : Figure 1210-3. Graphical construction for number of stages for Example 12.10-1. 50 = 850 kg/h, y4o = 800/(800 + 50) = 0.941, B= 2000 kg/h, No 2000/(800 + 50) = 2.36. For the inlet leaching solvent, Vy, = 1310+ 20 = 1330 kg/h and x,y+ = 20/1330 = 0.015. The points Vy, and Lo are plotted. The point Ly lies on the N versus y, line in Fig. 12.10-3. Also for this, point, the ratio Ny/yay = (kg solid/kg solution)/(kg oil/kg solution) solid/kg oil ~ 2000/120 = 16.67. Hence, a dashed line through the origin at y4=0 and N~= 0 is plotted with a slope of 16.67, which intersects the N versus y, line at Ly. The coordinates of Ly at this intersection are Ny = 1.95 kg solid/kg solution and yy = 0.118 kg oil/kg solution Making an overall balance by substituting into Eq. (12.10-4) to deter- mine point M, Lo + Vous = 850 + 1330 = 2180 kg/h = M Substituting into Eq. (12.10-5) and solving, Lo 40 + Yas Xan v1 = 850{0.941) + 1330(0.015) Xa = 0.376 2180% ae Substituting into Eq. (12.10-6) and solving, B= 2000= Ny M =N,(2180) Ny = 0.918 The point M is plotted with the coordinates x yy = 0.376 and Ny = 0.918 in Fig. 12.10-3. The line Vy, ,MLp is drawn, as 1s line Ly M, which intersects the abscissa at point V, where x, = 0.600. The amounts of streams V, and Ly are calculated by substituting into Eqs. (12.10-4) and (12.10-5), and solving simultaneously: Ly + ¥, = M = 2180 _s(0.118) + V,(0.600) = 218040,376) Hence, Ly = 1016 kg solution/h in the outlet underflow stream and V, = 1164 kg solution/h in the exit overflow stream. Alternatively, the amounts could have been calculated using the lever-arm rule. The operating point A is obtained as the intersection of lines Lo V, and Ly Yaw + Mixa Chap. 12 Liquid-Liquid and Fluid-Solid Separation Processes