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SharingAbstracts,NotesonvariousElectricalEngineeringTopics.

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SEPTEMBER18,2012 12COMMENTS(HTTPS://ELECTRICALNOTES.WORDPRESS.COM/2012/09/18/ABSTRACTOFOVER
CURRENTPROTECTIONOFTRANSFORMERNEC4503/#COMMENTS)

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TheovercurrentprotectionrequiredfortransformersisconsiderforProtectionofTransformeronly.Suchovercurrentprotection
willnotnecessarilyprotecttheprimaryorsecondaryconductorsorequipmentconnectedonthesecondarysideofthe
transformer.
Whenvoltageisswitchedontoenergizeatransformer,thetransformercorenormallysaturates.Thisresultsinalargeinrush
currentwhichisgreatestduringthefirsthalfcycle(approximately0.01second)andbecomesprogressivelylesssevereoverthe
nextseveralcycles(approximately1second)untilthetransformerreachesitsnormalmagnetizingcurrent.
Toaccommodatethisinrushcurrent,fusesareoftenselectedwhichhavetimecurrentwithstandvaluesofatleast12times
transformerprimaryratedcurrentfor0.1secondand25timesfor0.01second.Somesmalldrytypetransformersmayhave
substantiallygreaterinrushcurrents.
Toavoidusingoversizedconductors,overcurrentdevicesshouldbeselectedatabout110to125percentofthetransformerfull
loadcurrentrating.Andwhenusingsuchsmallerovercurrentprotection,devicesshouldbeofthetimedelaytype(onthe
primaryside)tocompensateforinrushcurrentswhichreach8to10timesthefullloadprimarycurrentofthetransformerfor
about0.1swhenenergizedinitially.
Protectionofsecondaryconductorshastobeprovidedcompletelyseparatelyfromanyprimarysideprotection.
Asupervisedlocationisalocationwhereconditionsofmaintenanceandsupervisionensurethatonlyqualifiedpersonswill
monitorandservicethetransformerinstallation.
Overcurrentprotectionforatransformerontheprimarysideistypicallyacircuitbreaker.Insomeinstanceswherethereisnota
highvoltagepanel,thereisafuseddisconnectinstead.
ItisimportanttonotethattheovercurrentdeviceontheprimarysidemustbesizedbasedonthetransformerKVAratingand
notsizedbasedonthesecondaryloadtothetransformer

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(PrimaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofPri.FuseatPointA=300%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.or
RatingofPri.CircuitBreakeratPointA=600%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage<=600V):

RatingofSec.Fuse/CircuitBreakeratPointB=125%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofSec.FuseatPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.or
RatingofSec.CircuitBreakeratPointB=300%ofSec.FullLoadCurrent.
Example:750KVA,11KV/415V3PhaseTransformerhavingImpedanceofTransformer5%
FullLoadCurrentAtPrimaryside=750000/(1.732X11000)=39A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X39A=118A,SoStandardSizeofFuse=125A.
ORRatingofPrimaryCircuitBreaker=6X39A=236A,SoStandardSizeofCircuitBreaker=250A.
FullLoadCurrentatSecondaryside=750000/(1.732X415)=1043A.
RatingofSecondaryofFuse/CircuitBreaker=1.25X1043A=1304A,SoStandardSizeofFuse=1600A.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(PrimaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofPri.FuseatPointA=300%ofPrimaryFullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
RatingofPri.CircuitBreakeratPointA=400%ofPrimaryFullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage<=600V):
RatingofSec.Fuse/CircuitBreakeratPointB=125%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofSec.FuseatPointB=225%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
RatingofSec.CircuitBreakeratPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
Example:10MVA,66KV/11KV3PhaseTransformer,ImpedanceofTransformeris8%
FullLoadCurrentAtPrimaryside=10000000/(1.732X66000)=87A
RatingofPri.Fuse=3X87A=262A,SoNextStandardSizeofFuse=300A.
ORRatingofPri.CircuitBreaker=4X87A=348A,SoNextStandardSizeofCircuitBreaker=400A.
FullLoadCurrentatSecondaryside=10000000/(1.732X11000)=525A.
RatingofSec.Fuse=2.25X525A=1181A,SoNextStandardSizeofFuse=1200A.
ORRatingofSec.CircuitBreaker=2.5X525A=1312A,SoNextStandardSizeofCircuitBreaker=1600A.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(PrimaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofPri.FuseatPointA=250%ofPrimaryFullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.

RatingofPri.CircuitBreakeratPointA=300%ofPrimaryFullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(PrimaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofPri.FuseatPointA=300%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
RatingofPri.CircuitBreakeratPointA=600%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage<=600V):
RatingofSec.Fuse/CircuitBreakeratPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofSec.FuseatPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
RatingofSec.CircuitBreakeratPointB=300%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
Example:750KVA,11KV/415V3PhaseTransformerhavingImpedanceofTransformer5%
FullLoadCurrentAtPrimaryside=750000/(1.732X11000)=39A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X39A=118A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=110A.
ORRatingofPrimaryCircuitBreaker=6X39A=236A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofCircuitBreaker=225A.
FullLoadCurrentatSecondaryside=750000/(1.732X415)=1043A.
RatingofSecondaryofFuse/CircuitBreaker=2.5X1043A=2609A,SoStandardSizeofFuse=2500A.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(PrimaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofPri.FuseatPointA=300%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
RatingofPri.CircuitBreakeratPointA=400%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage<=600V):
RatingofSec.Fuse/CircuitBreakeratPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNexthigherStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(SecondaryVoltage>600V):
RatingofSec.FuseatPointB=225%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
RatingofSec.CircuitBreakeratPointB=250%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
Example:750KVA,11KV/415V3PhaseTransformerhavingImpedanceofTransformer8%
FullLoadCurrentAtPrimaryside=750000/(1.732X11000)=39A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X39A=118A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=110A.
ORRatingofPrimaryCircuitBreaker=4X39A=157A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofCircuitBreaker=150A.
FullLoadCurrentatSecondaryside=750000/(1.732X415)=1043A.

RatingofSecondaryofFuse/CircuitBreaker=2.5X1043A=2609A,SoStandardSizeofFuse=2500A.

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HereweseetwonotableconditionswhileweselectFuse/CircuitBreakerinSupervisedLocationandUnsupervisedLocation.
FirstnotableConditionisPrimaryOvercurrentProtection.InUnsupervisedLocationFuseinPrimarysideis300%ofPrimary
CurrentorNextHigherStandardsizeandinSupervisedLocationis300%ofPrimaryCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
HerePrimaryOvercurrentProtectionissameinbothconditions(300%)ButSelectingSizeofFuse/CircuitBreakerisDifferent.
LetsusCheckwiththeExamplefor750KVA,11KV/415V3PhaseTransformer.
FullLoadCurrentAtPrimaryside=750000/(1.732X11000)=39A
InUnsupervisedLocation:RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X39A=118A,SoNextHigherStandardSize=125A
InSupervisedLocation:RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X39A=118A,SoNextLowerStandardSize=110A
SecondnotableConditionisSecondaryOvercurrentProtectionincreasedfrom125%to250%forunsupervisedtoSupervised
Location.

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MaximumRatingofOvercurrentProtectionforTransformersmorethan600Volts
LocationLimitations

Anylocation
Supervisedlocations
only

TransformerRated
Impedance

PrimaryProtection
(Morethan600Volts)

SecondaryProtection
Morethan600Volts

Lessthan
600Volts

Circuit
Breaker

Fuse
Rating

Circuit
Breaker

FuseRating

C.BorFuse

Lessthan6%

600%(NH)

300%(NH)

300%(NH)

250%(NH)

125%(NH)

6%To10%

400%(NH)

300%(NH)

250%(NH)

225%(NH)

125%(NH)

Any

300%(NH)

250%(NH)

Notrequired

Not
required

Not
required

Lessthan6%

600%

300%

300%

250%

250%

6%To10%

400%

300%

250%

225%

250%

NH:NextHigherStandardSize.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(Lessthan2A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointA=300%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
Example:1KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatPri.Side=1000/(1.732X480)=1A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=3X1A=3A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=3A.

OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(2Ato9A):
RatingofSec.Fuse/C.BatPointA=167%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
Example:3KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatPri.Side=3000/(1.732X480)=4A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=1.67X4A=6A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=6A.
OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(Morethan9A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointA=125%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextHigherStandardsize.
Example:15KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatPri.Side=15000/(1.732X480)=18A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=1.25X18A=23A,SoNextHigherStandardSizeofFuse=25A.

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OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(Lessthan2A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointA=250%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(2Ato9A):
RatingofSec.Fuse/C.BatPointA=250%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorNextLowerStandardsize.
OverCurrentProtectionatPrimarySide(Morethan9A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointA=250%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorLowerHigherStandardsize.
Example:25KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatPri.Side=125000/(1.732X480)=30A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=2.50X30A=75A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=70A.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(Lessthan9A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointB=167%ofSec.FullLoadCurrentorLowerStandardsize.
Example:3KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatSec.Side=3000/(1.732X230)=8A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=1.67X8A=13A,SoNextLowerStandardSizeofFuse=9A.
OverCurrentProtectionatSecondarySide(Morethan9A):
RatingofPri.Fuse/C.BatPointA=125%ofPri.FullLoadCurrentorHigherStandardsize.
Example:15KVA,480/2303PhaseTransformer,FullLoadCurrentatSec.Side=15000/(1.732X230)=38A
RatingofPrimaryFuse=1.25X38A=48A,SoNextHigherStandardSizeofFuse=50A.

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MaximumRatingofOvercurrentProtectionforTransformersLessthan600Volts
ProtectionMethod

PrimaryProtection

SecondaryProtection

Morethan
9A

2Ato9A

Lessthan
2A

Morethan
9A

Lessthan
9A

Primaryonly
protection

125%(NH)

167%

300%

Notrequired

Not
required

Primaryand
secondary
protection

250%

250%

250%

125%(NH)

167%

NH:NextHigherStandardSize.

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AboutJignesh.Parmar
JigneshParmarhascompletedM.Tech(PowerSystemControl),B.E(Electrical)fromGujaratUniversity.Hehasmorethan13years
experienceinPowerTransmissionPowerDistributionElectricalenergytheftdetectionElectricalMaintenanceElectrical
Projects(PlanningDesigningcoordinationExecution).HeisPresentlyassociatewithoneoftheleadingbusinessgroupasaDeputy
ManageratAhmedabad,India.HeisFreelancerProgrammerofAdvanceExcelanddesignusefulExcelSheetsofElectrical
EngineeringasperIS,NEC,IEC,IEEEcodes.HeistechnicalAuthorforElectricalMirrorandElectricalIndiaMagazines.Heis
TechnicalBloggerandFamiliarwithEnglish,Hindi,Gujarati,Frenchlanguages.HewantstoSharehisexperience&knowledgeand
helptechnicalenthusiaststofindsuitablesolutionsandupdatingthemselvesonvariousEngineeringTopics.

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Imransays:
September18,2012at3:52pm
DearSir,
YouaredoingagreatservicetoElectricalEngineers.CanIhaveanoteexplaininghowsymmetricalcomponentcircuitsare
derived,e.g.seriescombinationof+ve,veandzerophseqimpedancesforsinglephtogroundfaultsina3phckt.
Bestregards&thanks
NewDelhi
Reply
ArunkumarJainsays:
September19,2012at6:16am
DearSir,
Pl.notethatselectionofcurrentratingofCBatPrimaryandsecondarysideoftransformershouldbeinaccordancewithfault
levelatthepointandFullloadcurrentofTransformeronly.Tocopeupwithinrushcurrentoftransformerpri.sideCBoverload
portectionrelaycanbesetaccordingly.
regards
ArunJain
Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
September19,2012at10:53am
YesArunIcompletelyagreewithYou.
S.CCurrentplayvitalroleforselectingSizeofCBandRelaygrading&RelaysettingforProtection.
ThisArticleelaborateNECcode450.3forTransformer.Ihavetriedtowriteinsimplelanguagewhatthiscodesayonly.
GradingforOvercurrentRelayisalwaysdependuponlowersidesystemsminFaultcurrentforRadialfeederandfor
Transformer
Theprimarywindingovercurrentprotectionistypicallysetwith:
(1)TheO/LRelay(I>>)operatesasbackupprotectionforshortcircuitsatthesecondarysideofthetransformerandis
adjustedto80%to90%oftheminimumpossibleshortcircuitatthelowvoltageterminal.
(2)TheO/LRelay(I>>>)operatesininstantaneoustimeandisadjustedto110%to120%ofthemaximumpossibleshortcircuit
atthesecondarysideofthetransformer.
Reply
sakawatsays:
September19,2012at6:31pm
Thankyou.Canyousendmehowtosettheovercurrent,earthfault,relaysetting.

Reply
Jignesh.Parmarsays:
September20,2012at2:41pm
WaitforfewdaysmynextpostwillbesettingofIDMTO/L&E/FRelayandRelayGrading..
Reply
ElectricianKarrathasays:
September21,2012at3:54am
Thanksforlovelyinformation.Icanappreciateeverythingthatyouhavesaidhere.
Reply
Hussainsays:
September22,2012at4:19pm
Thanks,niceworkandgoodinformation.
Reply
sureshkumarsays:
October13,2012at6:04pm
VERYGOODINFORMATIONTOME.THANKYOU.
Reply
MazharAliLakhosays:
September20,2013at4:59pm
verynicediscussionthathaveincreasedmyknowledge.
Thanx
MazharAli
Reply
leesays:
October23,2013at8:37pm
youneedtoincludetheexceptionsasnotedintheNECbooktheyareveryimportant.
Reply
farhat13says:
November1,2013at10:17am
Thankyoufortheseinformation.ButIwanttounderstandforexample:MaximumRatingofOvercurrentProtectionfor
Transformersmorethan600Volts.DoesmaximummeanthatprimaryprotectionbyCBshoudbe<=600*fullloadcurrantor
exactly600%.
Reply
farhat13says:
November6,2013at1:35pm
FORVERYINVERSERELAYCARACTERISTICTHATHASTHEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONIWANTTOKNOWHOWTHE
SETTHEAPPROPRIATETMS
t=TMS.13,5/Ir1whereIr=Is/Id
Pleasecorrectwhatiswrong.
Foratransformerforexample:
1settingtheIsvalue:accordingtotheAbstractofovercurrentProtectionofTransformer(NEC450.3)thatyoumade,for
transformermorethan600vinsupervisedlocationwithratedimpedancelessthan6%,Is=600%offullloadcurrent
2SoforthatIs,takinginaccountthecoordination,itmustbe0.3secbetweenthetransformerOCrelayandtheupstreamrelayso
ififtheupstreamrelayhas0.5satIs=600%FLCthentheOCtransformerOCmustbe0.2sandsothe
TMS=t.(Ir1)/13.5=0.2(6.Is1)/13,5
Arethesestepscorrect?
Reply

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