Country

Report

Environmental Environmental
Problems Education

‫ياسر سيد حسن‬.‫ د‬/‫إعداد‬

‫كلية التربية جامعة عين شمس‬
Yasser91977@yahoo.com
 Soil Desertific Noise Radiation
pollution ation pollution pollution

Population
Environmenta Electromagnetic
explosion l Problems pollution

Air Water Climate Solid

Pollution pollution change waste
 Oil Agricultural
transportatio activities
n

Water
pollution

Industrial Sewage
activities wastewater
 Industrial activities

 About 350 industries

are discharging their
sewage-water either
directly into the Nile or
through the municipal
system.
• There are about 1250 industrial plants located in
Alexandria (about 60% of them are responsible for
marine pollution of the Mediterranean coast of
Alexandria)
 Sewage wastewater

• About 90% of the rural

population (35 million
persons) has no
wastewater treatment
facilities and they
mostly depend on the
on-site disposal of
wastewater “septic
tank”.
• In the delta region,
drainage water is
reused for irrigation
after mixing with Nile
water, while in Upper
Egypt drainage water is
disposed into the river
Nile.
 Agricultural activities
• The use of fertilizers &
pesticides has increased
after the construction of
High Dam.
• Part of the used
fertilizers is usually
drained into the surface
and groundwater
systems along the Nile.
The use of these sources
for drinking water
supply is at risk due to
the presence of nitrogen
and phosphorus salts
• Some pesticide residues
were found in canals and
drains ・
• The use of fertilizers help
weed flourishing to
spread in the river. The
weed flourishing
increases evaporate
aspiration, blocks the
waterways, and provides
habitats for Bilharzias
snails.
 Oil transportation & exploration
• Twenty thousand ships and oil
containers pass through the Gulf of
Suez annually and pollute the country
coastlines and shores.
• Oil exploration and
drilling activities
underway in Egypt
territorial waters
impact negatively on
the ecosystems.
• Oil spills are a
frequent and
menacing
problem in and
around Egypt
ports.
 Air pollution
• In Egypt, the air pollution
presents a real problem.
• In a survey conducted by
the World Health
Organization (WHO)
Cairo, home to 15 million
people, was found to be
one of the seven most
air-polluted cities in the
world.
 Cement
factories

Rice- Lead
straw Air foundrie
Burning pollution s

fuel
Consumptio Vehicles
n Fumes
fuel Consumption
1. In Egypt, the main energy
resources are oil, natural
gas and coal which
account for 93.5% of the
total commercial energy
consumption in Egypt.
2. Oil and gas industry are a
major source of air
pollution in Egypt
 Fumes emitted by vehicles
• Motor vehicles are major
contributors to the air
pollution problem in Cairo.
• The transportation sector
comprises 2.5 million
vehicles on the streets of
greater Cairo burning 50
million liters every day
• Cars are old, generally un-
tuned and idle for long
periods in congested
traffic and burn leaded
gasoline.
 Lead foundries
• Lead smelters in
the Greater Cairo
area produce
40,000 to 55,000
tons of lead
annually. 86 per
cent is produced
by the private
sector and 14 per
cent by the public
sector
 Cement factories
1. Cement factories, situated in
southern Cairo, produce an
average of 1,200 tonnes of
cement dust per year
2. Helwan residents have to
close the windows all the
time to keep the dust out.
3. Plants in Helwan are never
green; their leaves have this
pale greenish colour that is
constantly coated with a
thick layer of white dust
 Burning of rice-straw
 Some farmers burns
their rice-straw in
harvest time causing "
Dark Cloud "
 This cloud characterize
the serious impairment
in visibility, many
citizens experienced
health problems such
as difficulty in
breathing and eye
irritations.
 Climate change
 Egypt is at risk from
climate change in a
number of ways:
1. The Nile Delta is at risk of
salination and inundation by the
Mediterranean if sea levels rise.
2. Millions of Egyptians （４０％）
could be forced to migrate as
climate change makes their
livelihoods untenable.
3. Changes in rainfall patterns in the
Nile Watershed could reduce
available water resources,
decimating Egypt's agriculture
and undermining the
hydroelectric power facility at
Aswan.
 solid waste
 Fifteen million tons of Solid
Waste generated nationwide
annually
 Collection & transportation
efficiency ranging between
15%-65%
 Accumulations in only 10
Governorates exceeded 7.1
million tons (December 2000)
 Solid waste services in
villages are almost non-
existent
Soil pollution
:Soil pollution by insecticides
 Statistics reveals that the number of insecticides
has been used in Egypt are more than 190
insecticides.
 The quantity of insecticides are used in Egypt are
60000 ton per year which represent 1%-2% of
the global consumption.
 Researches found that the Egyptian soil has
preserved traces of insecticides which were used
seventeen years ago, this traces are between
10% -40% of the used insecticides.
.
Soil pollution by agricultural
fertilizers:
1. Egypt has a long tradition of
using mineral fertilizers, its
first use of Chilean nitrates
dating back to 1902.
2. Egypt, at present time,
consumes 10.4 millions ton of
agricultural fertilizers which
affect on soil.
 :Soil pollution by sanitary drainage
• Sanitary drainage water
is used in agriculture
and trees planting after
treating it to meet the
specifications.
• Amount of the treated
water around 2.4
milliard m3/ year, the
amount is targeted to be
4 milliard m3/ year in
few years.
• This treated water may
pollute the soil with
heavy metals and salts.
Deser tificatio
n
Desertification has become one of the most
environmental problems in Egypt. This is
: because

1. The place of Egypt is in a

severe part of the world.
2. Egypt climatic conditions is
under arid and hyper arid
3. only a small portion (3% of
total area) is agriculturally
productive.
4. Population explosion presses
so much on land resources
5. The removing arable land
from production to build
houses.
 Noise pollution
• Noise pollution has
been a popular
phenomenon in Cairo
streets and other cities
in Egypt.
• The levels of noise in
squares and main
streets reach 95
decibels which exceed
the WHO standards
(45 decibels at day &
35 at night)
The studies, carried out by The National
Center for Researches in Cairo, revealed
:that
 Sixty tow percent of
the workers in Cairo
International Airport,
14% of the
musicians, 8.1% of
the traffic wardens
and 8% of cars
drivers are suffering
from hearing loss.
 The traffic problem
is the most
important source of
noise pollution in
Egypt because of
the noise caused
by the alarm
instruments which
reach 150 decibels.
 62% of Cairo
residents take
sedative drugs,
blood pressure rises
at 33% of persons
exposed to noise,
and the production
is decreased at the
rate of 14%.
Radiation
pollution
Egypt was exposed to a number
:of radiation accidents, such as
 The accident happened in village "Meet
Hallfa" in June 2000 which caused the
death of two people and injury of two
hundred others.
 The accident of the non- armored radiant
source which was found in iron container
came from Holland in 2001.
 The accident of radiant source which was
found in a scrap metal shop in "Sabtia".
 The stolen radiant source which was
found in the "Ismailia" canal.
 Electromagnetic pollution
 Research has proven that
the bad health conditions
of the children living
besides power stations and
networks of high voltage
 There are thousands of
houses in Egypt that exist
besides the networks of
high voltage, for example:
there are 2350 houses in
Giza governorate.
 With respect to radio &
television stations and its
negative impact on health,
village "Pattra is considered
to be a clear example of the
effect of high levels of radio
frequencies on health. This
village contains fourteen
towers of emission and
strengthen. Research has
revealed that residents of
this village are suffering
from: deformation, skin
allergy, chronic headache,
breast allergy, blood
pressure diseases, stomach
diseases and eyesight
weakness.
 Population explosion
• Only 5% of the land area in Egypt is
actually occupied.
• Population densities in some areas
along the Nile River are greater than
1,000 people per square kilometer.
• In 1952 the population of Egypt
reached about 21.5 millions; now it has
rocketed to about 71.8 millions. This
means that Egypt's population has
been more than tripled within last 50
years and these are high rates.
• As a result of the human activities
accompanying overpopulation, the land
lost its fertility, the decrease of forests,
and the extinction of some species of
some plants and animals
ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION
 ENVIRONMENTAL
EDUCATION

Formal Non-Formal
Education Education

Primary Universit Radio Other

School y Level media

Middle Newspape
School rs

Secondary .T.V
School
 EE in the Primary School
1. The present curriculum pays very little
attention to environmental education
2. It is concerned mainly with exercise and
memorization to help pupils pass their
examination
3. the first three years have courses in
language and arithmetic.
4. A course was introduced called
"Observations and Activities". It was
meant to help the pupil look into his local
environment and carryon some activities
to help him understand the complicated
factors interacting in the environment.
Because of the teachers' incompetence in
this respect, it is now carried on to
memorize facts to pass the examination.
5. Other subjects pay very little attention to
dealing with problems of the
environment.
 EE in the Middle School
1. In the middle school science and social studies
are offered in integrated forms.
2. The science curricula are environmentally
oriented and the concepts are loaded with
environmental issues and problems.
3. The first year curriculum deals with man and
his environment and the complex
interrelationships of man and his biophysical
ecosystem.
4. The second year deals with Man and Natural
Resources. It deals with the different resources,
their development and wise use. There is quite a
bit of chemistry, physics and biology involved.
5. The science curriculum for the third year deals
with the universe and its building blocks, from
the atom and cell to the universe.
6. Some effort is also made to have the social
studies curriculum more effective in
environmental education.
EE in the secondary School
• Many curricula in
secondary schools now
present the case of the
environment in Egypt.
• A biology course for the
ninth grade is
environmentally
oriented.
• Geography also
presents some ideas.
• A special course on
environment is
presented at the 11th
grade.
EE at the Univer sity
Level
• All Egyptian universities foster the importance of environmental
education and development.
• Graduate institutes were established for environmental studies and
research in Ain Shams, Alexandria, Cairo and other universities.
• A college of agriculture and environment was established in the
Sues Canal University in EI-Arish.
• Many colleges developed EE programs for the undergraduate
students and some initiated new diplomas.
• In each university there were two vice-presidents, one for students
affairs, and the other for postgraduate studies. A third vice-
president post was added few years ago, to be responsible for the
environment and society services.
• Another post was also added as a third vice-dean in each for
environmental affairs.
Non-For mal
Envir onmental Education
• target groups include all strata of the
society, at all ages and cultural
levels.
• there is no definite time or age
specified for non-formal education
programs.
• Mass Media are very import and
Newspapers, radio, TV and other
media for contact.
• There is shortage of trained
personnel and equipment to carryon
effective non- formal EE programs.