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SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
1.
General Rule:
Tape is Too Short :
MEASURING DISTANCES :
Standard Tape
B
100 m
100.2 m
Tape too short
by 0.2 m
B B
99.8 m
100 m
B B
100 m
100.2 m
Tape too short by
0.2 m
B B
99.8 m
A
100 m
2.
T Ta Ts change in temperature
L length of the tape at standard temperature
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
3.
Cp
where
PL
to be added or subtracted
AE
P Pa Ps = change in pull
A = cross sectional area of tape
E = modulus of elasticity of the tape
L = length of the tape at standard pull
4.
C sg
where
w 2L3
___ to be subtracted only
24P 2
5.
C sp
where
6.
h2
___ to subtracted only
2S
R (R h)
where
S
S
h
Mean
sea level
R
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Problems
1.
Using a 100 m tape that is 0.02 m too short, the measured distance from A to B is 160.42m, what is the correct distance of line AB?
Given:
L = 100 m
* measure *
2.
Reqd:
T.L.
Soln:
160.42
TL ML C 160.42 0.02
100
TL 160.388 m
30-m steel tape, known to be 30.006 (under standard conditions) was used to record a measurement of 119.898m. What is the correct
distance for erroneous tape length?
Given:
Ltape = 30 m
True length (tape) = 30.006 m
C 0.006 m too long
ML 119.898
Soln:
119 .898
TL ML C 119 .898 0.006
30
TL 119.922 m
3.
The correct distance between two points is 220.45m. Using a 100m tape that is x m too long, the length to be laid on the ground should
be 220.406 m. Find the value of x?
Soln:
T.L. = 220.45
L.L. = 220.406
C = x m too long
L.L. T.L. C
220.45
220.406 220.45 x
100
x 0.02 m
4.
A tape has a standard length at 20o C. a line was measured at a temperature of 3oC. If the coefficient of thermal expansions is
0.0000116m/oC and its true horizontal length is 865.30.What is the measured length in meters?
Given:
Ts = 20oC
T.L. = 865.30
Read:
Ta = 3oC
11.6 10 6 m/ C
M.L.
Soln:
TL 11.6 10 6 3 20 L
1.972 10 4 L too short
TL ML C
ML
865.30 ML - 1 .972 10 4 L
L
ML 865.47 m
5.
A steel tape is 100 m long at a standard pull of 65 N. Compute the pull correction in mm if during measurement the applied pull is 40N.
The tape has a cross sectional of 3.18 mm2 and E=200GPa. If the measured length of the line is 865.30, what is the corrected distance?
Given:
L 100 m
Ps = 65 N
ML = 865.30
Pa = 40 N
A = 318 mm2
E = 200GPa
Reqd :
TL
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Soln:
PL 40 65 1001000
AE
318200,000
3.93 mm too short
Cp
T.L 865.30 -
3.93 865.30
1000 100
T.L. 865.266
6.
A 50m steel tape weighing 1.75kg is constantly supported at mid- length and at its end points, and is used to measure a line AB with a
steady pull of 6.5kg. If the measured length of AB is 1349.60m, determine the correct length of line AB.
Given:
m = 1.75 kg
L = 50 m
1.75
kg
0.035
50
m
Pa = 6.5 kg
ML (AB) = 1,349.60 m
Supports at end point and midpoint, unsupported L = 25 m
For 25 m:
Csg
2L3
0.035 2 25 3
2
24P
246.5 2
1325
Csg 0.01888
1.0
25
For 24.6 m
Csg
0.035 2 24.6 3
246.5 2
1325
Csg 0.01888
0.018
25
TL 1349.60 1.018 1,348.582 m
7.
Find the correction for the horizontal distance of 20,000 m 10 km above sea level
Given:
S = 20,000
S=?
h = 10 km
Mean
sea level
R = 6400 km
Soln:
S'
S
20,000
S
Rh R
6.400 10 6400
S 19,968.8
Csl 20,000 19,968.8 31.20 m
8.
Slope distances AB and BC measures 450.60m and 1005.81m, respectively. The difference in elevation are 5.3m for points A and B and
3.6m for points B and C. Line AB has a rising slope and BC has a falling slope. Determine the horizontal distance from pt A to pt C
Given:
B
S1 = 450.6
S2 = 1,005.81
3.6 m
5.3 m
C
A
Reqd: AC
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
Soln:
AB' 450.6 2 5.3 2 450.569
B' C 1005.812 3.6 2 1005.803
AC AB'B' C 1,456.372 m
9.
A line was measured with a 50m tape. There were 2 tallies, 8 pins, and the distance from the last pin to the end was 2.25m. Find the
length of the line in meters.
Note:
1 tally = 1 pin
1 pin = 1 full tape
Given:
F.T.L. = 50 m
No. of tallies = 2
No. of excess pins = 8
Partial tape length = 2.25 m
Length of line 210 8 50 2.25
LL 1,402.25 m
10. A line 100m long was paced by a surveyor for four times with the following data 142, 145.5, 145 and 146. Then another line was paced for
four times again with 893,893.5,891 and 895 paces. Determine the length of the line.
tape dist.
ave. no. of paces
100
0.691 m / pace
144.625
For unknown length of line :
893 893.5 891 895
Ave. Pace
4
Ave. Pace 893.125 paces
LL 0.691893.125 617.149 m
PF
11. Two points A and B are established along the same direction from a theodolite station. If the subtended angle read on a subtense bar
held at A and B are 05520 and 02344 respectively. Find the distance between two points.
C
A
B
AC
SUBTENSE BAR
AB
1
124.253 m
0 55'20"
tan
2
1
CB
289.697 m
0 23'44"
tan
2
A B A C C B 165.444 m
AC
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
Probable Error of Single Observation (PEs)
2
PEs 0.6745
(x x)
PEm 0.6745
( x x)
n 1
n(n 1)
MPV
(mean)
MPV
(x w )
(weighted mean)
where
1.
w KN ,
2.
w K(1/e2 )
3.
w 1/d
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
12. Number of measurements as tabulated in the table as shown.
DISTANCE
612.12
612.14
612.16
612.18
612.20
Determine the most probable error of the mean
x
x x 2
612.12
612.16
0 .04 2
612.14
612.16
0 .02 2
612.16
612.16
612.18
612.16
0 .02 2
612.20
612.16
0 . 04 2
2
x x
0.004
2
PE s 0.6745
x x
0.004
n 1
5 1
PE s 0.02
PE m 0.6745
612.16 0.01
0.004
55 1
0.01
ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
13.
ELEVATION
DISTANCE (km)
62.12 m
2.8
62.85 m
3.8
63.16 m
3.0
w 1
D
x*W
62.12
2.8
0.3571
62.12(0.3571)
62.85
3.8
0.2632
62.85(0.2632)
63.16
3.0
0.3333
63.16(0.3333)
0.9536
59.7764
x MPV
x * W 59.7764
62.684
W
0.9536
DISTANCE
MEASUREMENTS
612.12
612.14
612.16
612.18
612.20
Determine the most probable value of the measurements having different values.
x
W=N
x*W
612.12
612.12(2)
612.14
612.14(4)
612.16
612.16(3)
612.18
612.18(5)
612.20
612.20(6)
20
12,243.38
x MPV
xW 12,243.38
612.169
W
20
DISTANCE
PROBABLE ERROR
612.12
0.2
612.14
0.4
612.16
0.3
612.18
0.5
612.20
0.6
Determine the most probable value of the measurements having different values.
x
w 1 2
e
x*W
612.12
0.2
25
612.12(25)
612.14
0.4
6.25
612.14(6.25)
612.16
0.3
11.11
612.16(11.11)
612.18
0.5
612.18(4)
612.20
0.6
2.78
612.20(2.78)
49.14
30,080.6086
MPV
x * W
612.14
W