Ansi - Iesna Rp-7 (2001)

ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 . Recommended Practice for Lichtin lpelasra = aeANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 Recommended Practice for Lighting Industrial Facilities Publication of this Committee Report has been approved by the IESNA. Suggestions for revisions should be directed to the IESNA. Prepared by: The IESNA Industrial Lighting Committee Cover photo courtesy of Keane Wdeite Division of CantoANSI / IESNA RP-7-01 Copyright 2001 by the Muminating Engineering Society of North America. Approved by the IESNA Board of Directors, August 4, 2001, as a Transaction of the illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Approved July 26, 2001 by the American National Standards Institute, Inc. All ights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IESNA. Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005. IESNA Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IESNA Office in New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for verification and correction. The IESNA welcomes and urges feedback and comments. ISBN #0-87995-176-1 Printed in the United States of America.ANSI /IESNA RP-7-01 ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 Recommended Practice on Industrial Lighting Prepared by the IESNA Industrial Lighting Committee RP Task Force: Diarmuid McSweeney, FIES Chair C. Amick D. DeGrazio R. Knott 'S. Mishky D. Paulie M. Rhodes G. Schaefer Industrial Lighting Committee Willan Busch, Chair 1994-99 Diammuid McSweeney, FIES Chair 2000 - C. Amick, FIES R. Knott® P. Belding W. Lane* W. Busch P. Lanphere* K. Chen* 'S. Mishky D. DeGrazio M. Packer* E Dickey D. Paulin D. Duzyk* M. Rhodes J. Engle* G. Schaefer J. Fetters* W. Smelser* D. Finch 8. Thomas Fischer R. Topalova J. Huebner J. Viah* G. Irvine* R. Weber* V. Jones, “Advisory ‘Special recognition to F. Dickey for his work on the first draft of the revision of this, standard and to P. Boyce, FIES and R. Mistrick, FIES for their contributions. DEDICATION The IESNA Industrial fighting Committee ‘would like it noted that Charles Amick contributed greatly to the development of this document. The committee, therefore, dedicates this recommended practice to the late Charles Amick.ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 CONTENTS Forward 1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 LIGHTING THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. 2.1 General Design Considerations for Lighting Industrial Areas 22 JESNA Lighting Design Guide 3.0 QUALITY OF LIGHTING IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES. 3.1 Luminance and Luminance Ratios... 3.6 Source/Task/Eye 3.7 Task Visibility-Flicker and Strobe ... 38 Color Rendering (CRI) 3.8.1 Color Rendering Index. 4.0 QUANTITY OF LIGHTING IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES 4.1 Illuminance — Horizontal, Vertical and intermediate Planes. 4.1.1 Horizontal illuminance 4.1.2 Vertical Illuminance 42 Initial and Maintained illum 43 Lighting System Maintenance... 5.0 GENERAL LIGHTING EQUIPMENT .. 5.1 Fluorescent Systems.. 5.1.1 Source Characteristics 5.1.2 Fluorescent Luminaire Characteristics/Performance. 52 High Intensity Discharge Lighting Systems. 5.2.1 Metal Halide Lamps 5.2.1.1 Pulse-Start and Ceramic Metal-Halide Lamp: 5.2.2 High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps 5.2.3 Luminaire Selection 5.2.3.1 High-Bay Luminaries 5.2.3.2 Low-Bay Luminaries 5.23.3 Other Luminaire Types 6.0 BALLAST ISSUES-GENERAL. 6.1 Fluorescent Ballast Issues 6.1.1 Ballast Circuitry. 6.1.2 Electromagnetic Ballasts. 6.1.3 Electronic Ballasts... 6.1.4 Instant Start Ballasts 6.1.5 Rapid Start Ballasts 6.1.6 Compact Fluorescent Ballasts. 6.1.7 Dimming and Two-Level Switching Ballasts. 6.1.8 General Ballast Requirements... .ANSI / IESNA RP-7-01 82 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Ballast Issues 6.2.1 Ignitor... 6.2.2 Metal-Halide Ballasts 6.2.3 High Pressure Sodium Ballasts... 6.2.3.1. Magnetic Regulator or Constant-Wattage Autotransformer (CWA) Ballast.. 6.2.3.2 Lag or Reactor Ballast. 6.2.3.3 Lead Circuit Ballast. 6.2.4 Other HID Ballasts .. RRBBRBBS 7.0 DISTRIBUTION MODES. 7.4 General Luminaire Characteristics and Performance 7.2 Operating Considerations.. 7.2.1 Electrical. 7.3 Luminaire Classifications 8.0 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION FEATURES THAT INFLUENCE LUMINAIRE SELECTION AND LUMINAIRE PLACEMENT 9.0 LIGHTING SYSTEM ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ... 10.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FACTORS. 10.1 Lighting and Space Conditioning 10.2 Classified Areas . 10.3 High Humidity or Corrosive Atmospheres. 104 High Ambient Temperatures. 10.5 Low Ambient Temperatures. 10.6 Clean Rooms 10.7 Food and Drug Processing. 28sssysze g 11.0 GENERAL LIGHTING .. 12.0 SUPPLEMENTARY TASK LIGHTING 424 Luminaries for Supplementary Task Lighting 12.2 Portable Luminaries .... 123 Classification of Visual Tasks and Lighting Techniques. 13.0 SPECIAL EFFECTS AND TECHNIQUES ... 13.1 Color Contrast 13.2 Inspection Techniques 14.0 EMERGENCY, SAFETY AND SECURITY LIGHTING .. S888 888 BRE 15.0 LIGHTING FOR SPECIFIC TASKS ... 15.1 Molding of Metal and Plastic Parts: Discussion of Lighting and Equipment Choices. 18.1.1 Foundry Molding (Sand Casting). 15.1.2 Molding Parts of Die-Cast Aluminum and Injection Molded Plasti 15.1.3 Inspection of Sand Castings: 18.1.4 Inspection of Die-Castings an 15.2 Parts Manutacturing and Assembl 15.3 Machining Metal Parts.. SS8S8B8BSANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 16.0 LIGHTING FOR SPECIFIC VISUAL TASKS .. 16.1 Convex Surfaces 16.2 Flat Surtaces. 16.3 Scribed Marks.. aaas Been 16.6 Flat Specular Surfaces .. 16.7 Convex Specular Surfaces . 16.8 Lighting and Visibility for Specific Sheet Metal Fabricatior 16.8.1 Punch Press .. 16.8.2 Shear... 16.9 Lighting for Large Component Sub- and Final Assembly 1610 Control Rooms . 1611 Warehouse and Lig 16.11.1 Types of Warehouse Area and Storage Systems. 16.11.2 Warehouse liluminance ... 16.11.3 Warehouse Lighting Design Considerations aa 17.0 OUTDOOR AREA LIGHTING 17.1 Projected Lighting Systems 1722 Distributed Lighting Systems .. 17.3 Outdoor Tower Platforms, Stairways: 17.4 Special Equipment .. 175 Low liluminance and Visual Acuity Outdoors S8SRS BRERBRBRK a g References. Annex At The Basis for Deviating from Recommended llluminances, Annex A2 Recommended llluminance Values (target maintained) for Industrial Lighting Design Annex B Predictive Methods for Determining Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) ‘and Unified Glare Rating (UGA) .. Annex ¢ ‘Average illuminance Calculation: The Lumen MethodFOREWORD (This Foreword is not part of the American National ‘Standard and Practice ANSVIESNA RP.7-01.) While the objectives of this Recommended Practice are to give a comprehensive treatment of ighting in the industrial environment, there are many spaces in a modem industrial complex that are used for purposes. ‘other than manufacturing. These include offices, meet: jing, conference and reference spaces. It is suggested that the reader refer to the most recent version of these ‘other IESNA Recommended Practices and Design ‘Guides for the appropriate lighting recommendations for spaces not covered in this pubiication: ANSVIESNA RP-1, Recommended Practice on Office Lighting IESNA RP-5, Recommended Practice of Daylighting IESNA RP-20, Recommended Practice on Lighting for Parking Facilities ANSUNECAIIESNA 502, Recommended Practice for Installing Industrial Lighting Systems IESNA DG-2, Design Guide for Warehouse Lighting 1.0 INTRODUCTION ‘Awel-designed lighting system can make an important contribution to the success of an industrial facility. Unfortunately, to often the lighting is treated as an afterthought during the planning and construction of these facilities. Great attention is paid to the physical dimensions of the building, to the flow of the process and materials, and to production equipment, tis common that only horizontal illuminance is considered in providing an environment in which to perform industrial tasks. However, many industrial tasks do not occur in a horizontal plane. There are many features of the lighting system, other than quantity of light, which make a significant contribution to the aff ciency of the industrial worker. Placement of the luminaries is critical to providing light of the proper quality, as well as quantity and direction, to allow fast, ‘easy recognition of operations, which may be taking place at high speeds in portions of production machinery where ambient light cannot easily penetrate. Selection of the luminaire distribution can be important to rendering the visual task properly when that task is multidimensional rather than flat, and when the task occurs in a plane other than horizontal, The operation of the light sources must be understood to ensure that the proper lamps are selected. Improper ight source choice can result in difficult and potentially dangerous conditions caused by long ANSI /IESNA RP-7-01 warm-up periods or stroboscopic effects created where rotating parts are present. The ablity of the lamps to render colors accurately may have an effect ‘on the recognition of colors or prodkict components and safety colors used 10 protect the workers from dangerous conditions within the work place, Many industrial operations take place in hostile environments, and the hardware used in these locations must be designed and manufactured to survive these conditions. For these reasons, and many others, great care is required to provide an effective, efficient and readily maintainable lighting system to help mod- ‘em industrial workers produce at the peak of their ability in a safe environment, 2.0 LIGHTING THE INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT Providing @ successful lighting design for a modem industrial faciity is a complex task. In the last three ‘decades of the 20th century, much has been leamed about lighting and tts positive effects on the well being of people. The goal of providing an efficient, relable and ‘easily maintainable lighting system, making use of all of the knowledge available to the designer today, isa task that requires experience and considerable planning. 2.1 General Design Considerations for Lighting Industrial Areas “The designer of an industrial lighting system should carefully consider all of the following design criteria since any single issue, or combination of several, could be important in planning a successful industri al lighting installation. (These criteria are not necessarily arranged in order of importance since priorities. will vary for different industries or different locations within an industrial complex.) 11, Determine the quailty of illumination for the manufacturing processes involved. (See the Industial Lighting Design Guide in Figure 1 (a) and Section 3.0.) 2. Determine the quantity of illumination for the manufacturing processes involved. (See the Industral Lighting Design Guide in Figure 1 (a) and (b), ‘Section 4.0 and Annex C.) 3. Determine the lighting required for safety and ‘ensure all three conditions (quality, quantity and safety) are properly weighed and addressed in the final design. 4. Select listed or approved lighting equipment that wil provide the requirements of quality and quantity, including photometric characteristics, as well as the mechanical performance required to meet installation and operating conditions. 5. Arrange equipment so that it will be safe, easy and 1ANSI / IESNA RP-7-01 practical to maintain, Evaluate operating conditions that may cre- ‘ate dangerous or unacceptable risks to people, plant or equipment. 6. Consider the energy, economic and operating characteristics of the selected lighting system and be sure all factors have been properly weighed and balanced against the five considerations above before finally accepting the design. 22 The IESNA Lighting Design Guide and Industrial Lighting Design Recommen- dations: In the past, the IESNA has always recommended iluminances for specit- {c applications or visual tasks. Such recommendations were often mistak- en as the primary or even sole criteri- ‘on for lighting design. Beginning with the publication of the IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Edition,’ the Society has introduced a new, formal system for considering a wide range of lighting design criteria important for a high- quality visual environment. This new system emphasizes quality factors as wall as illuminance. Central to the new system is the IESNA Lighting Design Guide. The Figure 1(b) Determination of illuminance Categories. Orientation and simple visual tasks. Visual performance is largely unimportant. These tasks are found in public spaces where reading and visual inspection are only occasionally performed. Higher levels are recommended for tasks where visual performance is ‘occasionally important. ‘A_ | Public Spaces Bik G fe) B_ | Simple orientation for short visits 50 ix (5 fe) 100 Ix (10 fe) C | Working spaces where simple visual tasks are ‘Common visual tasks. Visual performance is important. These tasks are found in commercial, industrial and residential applications. Recommended illuminance levels differ because of the characteristics of the visual task being illuminated, Higher levels are recommended for tasks with critical elements of low contrast or small size, D E Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and | 300 Ix (30 fe) large size Performance of visual tasks of high contrast and small size, or visual tasks of low contrast and large size Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and small size Eo ‘Special visual tasks. Visual performance is of critical importance. These tasks are very specialized, including those with very small or very low ‘contrast critical elements, Recommended illuminance levels should be achieved with supplementary task lighting. Higher recommended levels are often achieved by moving the light source closer to the task. G_| Performance of visual tasks near threshold '3000-10,000 Ix (300-1000 fe) + To ezcount for both uncertain In pholomeltle meesurements nd uncetenty in 9pece reflections, meesured luminance should be within = 10 perce ofthe recommended value should be noted, however that the final luminance may devite trom these rec- ‘ommended values due to other lighting design crtera, 500 Ix (50 fe) 1000 Ix (100) = ‘columns of the Design Guide list multiple criteria important for a high quality visual environment, while the rows list specific locations and tasks alphabetically. At each row/column intersection, a shaded block indicates the level of importance for each criterion as it relates to the associated location or task: very important = solid shading, important = medium shading; somewhat important = light shading; and not important or not appiicable = no shading (blank), Those portions of the Design Guide that apply to industrial applications are presented in Figure 1 (a), (page 9.) (See Chapter 10 in the IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Ecition, for the complete Guide for all other applications.) 3.0 QUALITY OF LIGHTING IN INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES Apleasant and comfortable environment is desirable and will generally resutt in a happier and more pro- ductive worker. There are various factors to consider in determining the quality of the visual environment. ‘They appear in the column headers in the Design 2 Guide in Figure 1 (a). These include luminances of room surfaces, modeling of objects, glare, shadows, sourcetask/eye geometry, flicker and strobe, color appearance ard color contrast, and daylight integration and control, 3.1 Luminance and Luminance Ratios ‘The ability to see detail is strongly influenced by the contrast between the task detail and its background. ‘The greater the contrast, or differenca in luminance, the more readily the task is seen. However, the eyes function more comfortably and efficiently when the juminances within the total visual environment are fairly uniform, Therefore, all luminances in the field of view should be carefully controled. In manufacturing, there are many areas where it is not practical to achieve the desirable luminance relationships as those more easily echieved in areas such as offices. But between the extremes of heavy manufacturing and office spaces lie the bulk of industrial areas. ‘Therefore, Figure 2 (see page 6 has been developed «as a practical guide to recommended maximum lumi- ‘nance ratios for industrial areas.ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 Figure 1(a). 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Recommended Maximum Luminance Ratios. Environmental Classification’ 1. Between tasks and adjacent darker surroundings 2. Between tasks and adjacent lighter surroundings 3. Between tasks and more remote darker surfaces 4. Between tasks and more remote lighter surfaces 5. Between luminaries (or windows, skylights, etc.) ‘and surfaces adjacent to them 6. Anywhere within normal field of view A B c 3tot 3to4 tot 1to3 1to3 1to5 10to1 20101 . 11010 11020 + 20to1 . . 40 tot + . 7 Classifications are: ‘Interior areas where reflectances of space can be contriled in ine with recommendations for optimum visual conciions, B. Areas whore reflectances of immediate work area can be controlled, but contol of remote surround is limited ‘C- Areas (indoor and outdoor) where itis completely impractical to convo reflectances and dificult to alter environmental conditions. + Luminance ratio contol not practical Workers may experience eye adaptation changes in shifting their gaze away from a task if the new prino- pal luminances in a changed viewing direction are significantly different from those in the task surround. This is sometimes called transient adaptation. In certain industrial operations, workers may experience “transient adaptations” continuously during a normal workday. Problems caused by luminance differences, in the environment can be reduced or avoided by providing the recommended luminance ratios. To achieve the recommended luminance relationships, it is necessary to carefully select the reflectance values of all room surface and equipment finishes, as well as control the candela distribution of the lighting equipment. Figure 3 lists the recommended reflectance values for industrial interiors and equipment. High refiectance surfaces are generally desirable to provide the recommended luminance relationships and maximize the utilization of light. They also improve the appearance of the workspace. Alarge industrial room with dark surfaces can elicit a “cave-like” sensation. At the same time, there may be visibility consequences from improper luminance ratios for tasks located adjacent to dark walls or where the wall forms a significant part of the task background. if low-reflectance walls and ceilings ‘exist, a major improvement in lighting system porfor- mance can be achieved by refinishing those surfaces to the reflectances recommended in Figure 3. In many industries, machines are painted to presenta completely harmonious color environment. A slightly darker background than the task detail is usually preferred. Stationary and moving parts of machines should be finished with contrasting colors standard- ized within the facility to reduce accident hazard. When color combinations are selected for the build- 1g and machinery parts, the color rendering charac- 6 Surfaces Reflectance (%)" Ceiling 50% - 70% Walls 40% - 60% Desk & Bench Tops, Machines & Equipment 25% - 45% Floors 20% “Retectance should bo mainained as near as practeal to recom ronded vekine Figure 3, Recommended Reflectance Values (Applying to Environmental Classifications A and B In Figure 2) teristics of the lamps being used in the space must also be considered. Failure to do this could produce ‘a color appearance completely diferent from the one anticipated. Paint samples should always be reviewed under samples of the actual lamps to be installed to avoid annoying surprises after the project is completed. 8.2 Modeling of Objects: Lighting will reveal the depth, shape and texture of an ‘object. In industrial applications, modeling of the visual task can be ertical to assessing quality of raw materials, quality of finished goods and degree of ‘consistency in manufacturing processes. Appropriate direction and distribution of light may vary depending ‘on material and task. Diffuse ambient lighting is often inadequate for assessing fine texture; task lighting may be used to provide the required direction, distribution and intensity of light. (See Section 12.0, ‘Supplementary Task Lighting.) 3.3 Glare and Visual Comfort Glare is the sensation produced by luminance within the visual field that is sufficiently greater than that toEn TTR: SITES UO which the eyes are adapted. Glare may cause annoyance, discomfort or loss of visual performance and visibility, Direct glare results from high luminances or from unshielded light sources. Glare can be reduced by decreasing the luminance or area of the glare source, by raising the glare sources turther above the line of sight, and by boosting the ambient illuminance. Reflected glare results trom high luminance sources. or from luminous difference reflected from specular (shiny) surfaces. “Veiling reflections” are contrast reducing reflections from semi-speculer surfaces that may reduce task visibility. Disability glare is caused by a veiling luminance superimposed on the retinal image within the eye, Which reduces visual performance or visibilty, and is often accompanied by discomfort. Reducing iluminance at workers’ eyes and/or raising the source of the disability glare can alleviate the problem. Discomfort glare produces visual discomfort without necessarily interfering with visual performance or visibility. it occurs when luminous objects (or reflections of luminous objects) have significantly higher luminance than the balance of the person's fieid of view. ‘Size, luminance and angular displacement from the line of sight are all factors, Even a source thal is directly overhead, if bright enough, can cause discomfort glare. Individual tolerances vary, but visual evaluations of discomfort glare have resulted in numerical systems of rating the discomfort glare, based on luminaire lumi- ‘nance, luminaire size, luminaire positions, room dimensions, surface reflectances and average illuminance. ‘There are two methods used for predicting glare; an empirical prediction system used in North America called the Visual Comfon Probabilty (VCP) system, and a Unified Giare Rating System (UGR) used primarily in Europe. See Annex B for a discussion of each. Note that VCP is used for direct distribution fluorescent luminaries only. The glare sensation from an industrial system can be reduced by decreasing the iuminance of the light sources or the luminance of the luminaries; for exam- Ple, choosing a luminaire with a larger refractor. So- called “high-bay” high intensity discharge (HID) systems, where luminaries are mounted 7.6 m (25 ft) or more abave the floor, are considered satistactory with respect 0 glare. High-bay luminaries, however, often provide a variety of socket positions, which may place lamps so tow in the reflector that they have litle or no cutoft. For such situations, luminaire accessories, such as louvers, may be considered. ANSI/IESNA AP-7-01 ‘Specific glare ratings for lighting in actual rooms may be calculated using the methods described in Annex B. Reflected glare can be minimized or eliminated by using light sources of low luminance or by orienting the work so that reflections are directed away from the normal sight line to the task. Itis often desirable to use large-area luminaries of low luminance located over the work. See Section 12.0, Supplementary Task Lighting for possible solutions to such problems. Unshaded factory windows frequently contribute to glare sensations among production personnel attrib- ttable to a direct view of the sun. bright portions of the ‘sky of even light surfaces of adjacent buildings. Direct sunlight entering the work area may cause glare when reflected off interior surfaces. 3.4 Material Characteristics. Lighting designers must pay attention to material Characteristics of visual tasks, such as texture, spec- arty transparency and translucency. These provide Visual cues and are often a functional par of task contrast. They can also impact important process considerations such as degree of finish or completeness, ‘material quality or correctness as well as other production issues. Modeling the principal tasks with a test installation will help determine the optimum fighting system and geometry. Such a test should include the actual task and a minimum of 4 luminaries at an Appropriate mounting height and spacing. Task specuilarity may present many problems in the form of veiling reflections. These are contrast-reducing reflections from semi-specular surfaces that reduce task visibility. Most surfaces display some degree of specularity. For tasks in the horizontal plane, the biggest problem is from lighting equipment located in the “offending zone.” in Figure 4 (a) the offending zone occurs where the incident and refiect- ing angles aro equal. : Angieot | Angie ot Source reflection | intiemce é 8 Normal Figure 4 (a). Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection,ANSI /IESNA RP-7-01 Bright images reflected from computer screens are frequently the cause of veiling reflections. (See Figure 4 (b),) Screen reflections may be caused by overhead luminaries, light colored clothing wom by employees, and unshielded windows or skylights. Means of control include total cutoff of light source images, changing VDT orientation and position, using better contrast screens, adding shields to the monitor, and blocking the view of luminous surfaces in the offending zone. (See Figure 4 (c).) For more detailed information on lighting for VDT workstations see latest version of IESNA RP- 1, Recommended Practice on Office Lighting. Figure 4 (c). Velling reflections are minimized to ‘enable the operator to clearly see the drawing on the screen, (Photo courtesy of Ruud Lighting.) Veiling reflections also occur in manufacturing areas ‘of an industrial facility. For example, in the electronics industry, solder used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards has specular characteristics. Glare refiect- €ed from the solder will hinder the abiity of the worker to See the detail of the circuitry on the board. Not ail specular reflections on tasks reduce visibilty. Incised markings on micrometers and other calibrating instrumenis are more easly seen when the angie of the light source creates a bright edge against a shadow to enhance the detail of the task, (See Section 16.1.) 8 3.5 Shadows ‘Shadows can interfere with task visibility by placing detail in darkness (e.g., a body shadow on a ‘machine task), or they can enhance definition of three-dimensional details (e.g., imperfections in tex- tiles). Point sources (e,g., incandescent or high intensity discharge lamps) create more defined shadows than fluorescent lamps, which produce dit- fuse shadows, Generally, a large area of shadow, covering the whole task area, will simply lower the task illuminance. Shadows cast by the structure of the task may reveal detail, or may mask what needs to be seen. High reflectance surroundings help fill in and modify shadows, as do luminaries with 10 percent or more uplight when the cailing cavity reflectance is ‘over 50 percent. A combination of supplementary task lighting and general itumination Is often the best approach, if care is taken to minimize glare. The presence of shadows may be desirable, and the interplay of highlight and shadow helps to define the form of many visual tasks. Lighting vertical surfaces to at least half the horizontal illuminance level often brings the ratio of highlight to shadow into a tolera- ble range for three-dimensional tasks. Some shad- ‘ow will still be present, which helps to model the task and reveal form. Since each visual task has an optimum range of modeling, a careful evaluation of critical visual tasks should be made to determine the effects of various ratios of horizontal vs. vertical iluminance on visibility Obstructions below the lu mounting plan such as pipes and ducts, and the location and orientation of the task, affect the availabilty of vertical ilu minance. Obstructions can also produce shadows, ‘as can an operator positioned between the task and the luminaries. When a task is close to a wall, and the operator is facing the wall, relatively few luminaries are likely to contribute to task illuminance. In these cases, high wall reflectances (greater thah 60 percent) can improve task visibility. 3.6 Source/Task/Eye Geometry ‘The angular relationships between the viewer, the task and the luminaire are frequently critical to task visibility. Industrial tasks are often three-dimensional, and they often move. Because viewing angles are dynamic, the sourcertask/eye geometric relationships must be understood for individual work areas. The geometry can enhance contrast (e.g.. scribed marks ‘on a micrometer) or reduce it (e.9., viewing a meter dial through glass).3.7 Task Visibility — Flicker and Strobe Flicker is the rapid variation in light source intensity, usually most noticeable in peripheral vision. The output of lighting systems that operate on altemating current power varies in output at a rate that is twice the cyclic frequency of the input power. Sometimes this “strobe effect” appears to slow or even stop the movement of objects. This can be annoying or dangerous for opera- tors of rotating or other rapidly cycling equipment. ‘The “ticker index’ has been established as a reliable relative measure of the cyclic Variation in output of various light sources at a given power frequency and takes into aocount the waveform of the light output as well as its amplitude. The flicker index assumes values from 0 to 1,0 with zero for steady light output. Higher values indicate increased possibility of noticeable stroboscopic effect as well as lamp flicker. ‘Most fluorescent lamps have fow flicker indices, and typically do not cause problems when operating on a 60-Hz power supply. Their visible flicker is vitualy elim- ANSI/ IESNA RP-7-01 inated when operated at high frequency on electronic ballasts. Sensitivity to ficker varies among individuals, varies across the visual field and often will be unno- ‘iced. Designers are cautioned to consult with a lamp manufacturer about the ficker index of a particular ‘fluorescent lamp/ballast combination before tis used! in ‘an area where flicker or strobe could be a problem. ‘The flicker in HID lamps depends on the lamp type and the ballast circuit. Figure 5 illustrates the variation in flicker index for mercury (used infrequently today), metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps for several ballast types operated at 60-Hz. The ficker index is considerably higher in 50-Hz power systems. Using electronic ballasts having high-frequen- ‘y or rectangular wave characteristics can be effective in reducing the flicker effect. Operating tluores- ‘cent or HID lamps on altemate phases of a three- phase power supply will reduce cbserved flicker when the light from luminaries connected to alt three phases is well mixed before it reaches the workplane. ‘This is accomplished by using luminaries with a wider spacing criterion, designing for 50 percent light pat- Figure 5. Flicker Index for HID Lamps Operated on Ditferent Ballast Types. Lamp Type Batiast Flicker Index ‘Mercury 250W Warm Deluxe Reactor 6.127 250W Cool Deluxe Reactor 0.137 250W Deluxe White Reactor 0.131 250W Deluxe White ‘CWA (M-H type) T 0.172 100W Deluxe White (CW-Premium 0142 TOOW Deluxe White 0.183, 400W Deluxe White Reactor 0.121 400W Deluxe White CWA (M-H type) | 0.144 igh Pressure Sodium { 250W Deluxe Reactor or CWA 0.131 250W Standard Reactor or CWA 0.200 ‘Metal halide ‘ 250W High Color Quality Reactor 0.080 250W High Color Quality HPS-CWA 0.162 175W Coated CWA. 0.083 17SW Clear- Vertical CWA, 0.078 175W Clear-Horizontal CWA 0.092 175W (200K) CWA 0.090 250W Coated (A) CWA 0.070 250W Clear-Vertical CWA 0.102, 250W Clear-Horizontal CWA 0.121 250W Coated (B) CWA 0.092 250W Clear- Vertical CWA-Premium 0.088 250W Clear-Horizontal CWA-Premium 0.097 400W Clear-Vertical CWA 0.086 400W Clear-Horizomtal CWA 0.095 1000W Clear (vert.) CWA 0.067,ANSI/ IESNA RP-7-01 tem overlap, and powering adjacent luminaries from alternate phases. 3.8 Color Rendering The selection of a lamp color for an industrial facility requires consideration of at least two factors, color appearance and the color rendering ability of the source, The color appearance is important to create a pleasant and attractive atmosphere in which to work ‘and a space that will promote high productivity. Color rendering is the general expression for the effect of a light source on the color appearance of an object compared to the color appearance under a reference light source. Daylight and incandescent light sources are generally thought of as having "good" color rendering properties beeause objects look the way we expect them to look under those sources. Fluorescent and HID lamps may have a wide range of color rendering properties depending on the composi- tion of the arc tube gases and the materials coating the inside of the lamp envelope. 3.8.1 Color Rendering Index, (CRI) ‘The Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a system recommended by the Intemational Commission on llumination (Commission Intemationale de IEclairage (C1E)) for measuring and specifying the ability of a ight source to render colors. The system rates a lamp's CRI in terms that represent the degree of color shift of an object under a test lamp in comparison with its color under a standard lamp of the same correlated color temperature. Note that CAI is only useful when com- paring two or more lamps of the same correlated color temperature. Lamp CRis used where color rendering is unimportant may be as low as 20. When color rendering is important, the CRI should exceed 70. Where color rendering is critical, the CRI should exceed 85. ‘The color rendering index of the lamps selected for the lighting system design should permit the workers to eff- ciently and safely perform their tasks. Many industrial operations now require color discrimination during the manufacturing process. Instances have arisen where an HID source with a relatively low color rendering index has been used in a space where color coding was employed in production control and scheduling. ‘The colors of the codes were not readily identifiable Under the low color rendering HID source. The solution was to provide supplementary lighting with fluorescent lamps having a higher color rendering index, permitting the workers to direct the oparations with the necessary speed and efficiency. Color discrimination can be necessary during assembly and “parts picking.” For example, in the lighting industry, the parts selection task might involve disceming between gold, champagne 10 {90\d, straw and wheat downlight reflectors or selecting among various screw or wire insulation colors. ‘The need for high color rendering sources varies widely throughout industrial facilities. In warehouse areas, the task may be reading black printing against the color of a cardboard package. In this example, a lamp with the very low color rendering index may not only suffice, but also actuaily enhance the visibility of the printing by increasing the contrast of the visual task. On the other hand, where color comparison or color discrimination is critical, it will be necessary to select a source with a high color rendering index to provide the color quality necessary to perform those visual tasks. 3.8.2 Safety Colors Safety colors are used to indicate the presence of a safety hazard, such as an open pit ora lift truck traffic lane, of a safety facility, such as a first aid station, ‘These are carefully developed colors, which are specified in American National Standard 2595.1-1998, Safety Color Code. The background around these colors should be kept as free of competing colors as possible, and the number of other colors in the area should be kept to a minimum. Ilumination in the area of safety color markings should permit positive identi fication of the color, hazard or situation without distortion or obscuration of the message to be conveyed, ‘The specification of these colors is given in Figure 6. Designers must be aware that these specifications have been developed based on CIE standard ilumi- rant “C" (a laboratory simulation of the spectral power distribution of average daylight). Therefore, the colors will be recognizable under daylight, conventional incan- ‘descent and fluorescent sources, which have a broad spectrum, Note that high intensity discharge sources render some colors differently than these other source types. This may cause some confusion in recognition of safety colors at iluminances of 5 lux (0.5 fc) and lower. 3.9 Daylight Integration and Control ‘A view of the outdoors is believed to be important for human psychological and physiological reasons. While daylight can be used to help light a space, extra care should be taken in industrial environments to control the quantity and distribution of the light and its associated heat gain, It should be noted that more illuminance is sometimes needed on interior surfaces near windows to reduce the contrasts between those surfaces and the windows, Daylighting is most effective for many interior spaces when used as ambient illuminance, but it is t00 variable to be considered a reliable source for task illuminance in industrial applications. (For informa tion on the subject of daylighting see IESNA RP-5-99, Recommended Practice of Daylighting.)ANSI / IESNA RP-7-01 Figure 6. Spectfication of ANSI Safety Colors Viewed under CIE Standard iluminant C. ‘Color Name ‘Munsell Notation ‘CIE Specification TSCC-NBS Name x Y ¥ Safety Red TSR AOE 0.5959 03269 12.00 Vivid Red ‘Safety Orange 5.0YR 6.0/15 0.5510 0.42i4 30.05 Vivid Orange Highway Brown _5.0R 2.75/35 0.4766 0.3816 3.52 Moderate Brown, Safety Yellow 5.0Y 8.0/12, 0.4562 0.4788 39:10 Vivid Yellow Safety Green 7564.09 02110 0.4120. 12.00 Strong Green. Safety Blue 2.5PB 35/10 0.1690 0.1744 ‘9.00 Strong Blue Safety Purple ____10.0P 4.5/10 0.3307 0.2245 15.57 __ Strong Reddish Purple Safety White _N9.07 0.3101 0.3162 78.70 White Safety Gray NS.07 0.3101 0.3162 19.80 Medium Gra Safety Black NLS 03101 0.3162 2.02 Black 4.0 QUANTITY OF LIGHTING IN INDUSTRIAL, FACILITIES “The recommended iluminances provided in the Lighting Design Guide (Figure 1 (a)) are based on the Society's ‘consensus judgement of best practice for “typical” appli ‘cations. Typical conditions, however, may not be appro- piiate for a specific application. As a professional, the lighting designer should have a better understanding of the particular space and the needs of occupants/clients ‘than that which can be represented by a recommended iluminance value for a typical space. The lighting needs ‘and requirements of an individual industrial facility will depend on many factors. Certain facilities may include "mutiple lighting needs within the same production area, resulting in the deliberate use of non-uniform lighting. Beginning in 1979, the IESNA established nine illuminance categories (A through |), and these were used in previous editions of this recommended practice. Each category had general descriptions of the visual task, irespective of the application. This system has now been modified in the following significant ways: ‘The recommended illuminances on industrial task planes are now provided with reference to a spe- clic application. The tasks may be horizontal, inclined or vertical. The nine original illuminance selection categories have been reduced to seven categories and orga- nized into three sets of visual tasks [orientation and simple (A, B, C), common (0, E, F) and special (G)]. The seven new letter categories are presented and described in Figure 1 (b). They also appear inthe “luminance” columns of Figure 1 (a). Guided by scientific iterature and practical experience, IESNA's recommended illuminance values now increase roughly logarithmically with increasing task difficulty. Occasionally the visual task in a specific space is ‘not typical. The information in Annex A1 should be ‘used to adjust the illuminance for that task. In addi- tion, illuminance recommendations for tasks/ Spaces/industries not covered in Figure 1(a) are contained in Annex A2. 41 Ulluminance: Horizontal, Vertical and Inter- mediate Planes. For the first part of the 20° Century, when “lighting levels” were discussed, it was usually understood that the reference was toiluminance on the horizontal surface. As more has been leamed, itis now known that ‘a horizontal plane is not the only plane that is impor- ‘ant, particularly in an industrial facility. For that rea- ‘son, note that when determining illuminance, the orientation of the task (horizontal, vertical or intermediate inclined plane) should be known, 4.1.1 Horizontal illuminance Horizontal illuminance is important and should not be ignored. This is the light that allows us to predict how clearly tasks and items will be seen when they are on a flat work surface, shelf or on the floor. Horizontal ll- minance is important for task visibility, material han- dling and general circulation. Uniform horizontal illuminance (where the maximum level is not more than one-sixth above the average level, and the minimum, not more than one-sixth below) is frequently appropriate for specific industrial interiors where tasks are closely spaced and where there are similar tasks requiring the same amount of light. In such instances, uniformity permits flexibility of functions and equip- ‘ment locations, Neighboring areas with extreme luminance differences are undesirable because continuously adapting between two significantly different luminance levels physically adjacent to each other can be visually fatiguing to the worker. Uniformity may be more important in industrial lighting than in some ther applications. White non-uniform lighting can add interest in applications that are of a more aesthetic "1ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 nature, industrial spaces can benefit from high-quality tunitorm lighting when the location of the task cannot always be accurately predicted. Uniform lighting also allows repositioning of task locations or production machinery without needing 1o relocate luminaries. This can be particularly beneficial in high-bay industral facies where the cost and inconvenience of moving luminaries located 9 m (30 feet) or more above the production floor can be substantial. There are instances where non-uniform lighting is appropriate. Maintaining uniformity between adjacent areas, which have significantly different visibility (and illuminance) requirements, may be wasteful of energy + for example, a storage area adjacent to a machine shop. In such instances, different lighting levels are required, according to the needs of the space. This may be accomplished by using similar luminaries with different lamp wattages or distributions, cifferent num- bers of lamps per luminaire ot by adjusting the number of luminaries per unit area, making sure the other requirements of the lighting design are met. 4.1.2 Vertical iiiuminance. In an industrial setting, vertical luminance, and the illuminance at other planes between horizontal and vertical, is very important. in many large-parts assembly areas, work takes place on the underside of a ‘major component, such as the wing or fuselage of an aircraft. Work performed deep within the recesses of Production equipment such as presses, breaks or molding machines requires that the light penetrate into the machine to the location of the task for eff ciency and safety. This may be accomplished by using wide-cistribution general lighting equipment (with a majority of the light output 40° to 70° from the vertica). Light is reflected at high angles and high reflectance surfaces are provided in the work area. ‘The use of supplementary lighting also helps to put the light directly on the task Diffuse light, including up-light components, from tuminaries with very wide distribution (such as “low bay" HID luminaties) can have additional benefits in an industrial environment. The wide distribution can mitigate the effects of lamp outages in a single luminaire and may allow production to continue in a normal man- nner without having to spot-replace lamps as they fail. ‘Wide-distribution luminaries also tend to produce a higher level of vertical luminance (and wall luminance), at some sacrifice in horizontal luminance. This can be a definite advantage where the seeing task is in a plane other than horizontal and there is a need to increase the vertical component of the lighting for task visibly. Care must be exercised, however, to ensure that the wider light distribution does not produce discomfort or disability glare beyond workers’ tolerances. 12 Industrial tasks come in all shapes and sizes. Flat tasks may be viewed in a horizontal plane or in planes at any number of other angles. The visual task associated with solid parts can be made more visible by a umber of means including supplemental ighting and shadowing to emphasize the shape of the object. Harsh shadows should be avoided, but some shadow effect may be desirable to accentuate the depth and form of objects. There are a few specific visual tasks where clearly defined shadows improve visibility, and such effects should be provided by supplementary lighting equipment arranged for the particular task. Refer fo the material in Section 12.0, Supplementary Lighting for more information. Industrial lighting design requires a great deal of infor- ‘mation about the tasks to be performed in the space. Because of this, the lighting designer should carefully discuss the manufacturing process with the facility personnel to obtain sufficient background information for proper evaluation of all of the design requirements. Personal visits to similar operations can be invaluable and are recommended whenever practical. Interviews with workers. can also reveal information that might otherwise not be seen directly. 4.2 Initial and Maintained Illuminance The quantity of light (luminance) required depends primarily upon the seeing task, the time to perform the task, the worker, and the importance of the various task parameters in performing the work. The illuminance wil determine the worker's adaptation to the visual environment. In today’s industial facities, there may be hazards, such as cranes, forclift trucks, conveyors and rotating machinery, which can affect the iltuminance requirements. in locations where dirt accu- mulates rapidly and adheres readily to luminaire and room surfaces, and where maintenance is inadequate to keep lighting systems operating at design levels, the “light loss factor” used in calculating the required iturni- nance must be reduced, thereby increasing the initial illuminance, to compensate for the poor maintenance. This practice is not necessarily energy efficient, but may be justified to assure the worker has adequate fight to safely and efficiently pertonm the required visual tasks. Other measures are available to compensate for tha loss of light normally experienced through the ife of alighting system. Automatic control systems can offset the degradation of the lighting system due to age. ‘Automatic switching systems can tum lights off when they are not needed, or switch them into a power-saving mode, provided that occupancy sensors are used {or retuming the lights to operating levels. ‘The number of luminaries required to meet the rec- ‘ommended illuminance can be calculated using abasic manual procedure (such as the Lumen Method in Annex G ) or any of a number of commercially, available computer based calculation programs to calculate the number of luminaries required. It is important that the lamp and luminaire characteristics, light loss factors and room characteristics discussed later be carefully selected to assure the acceptability ‘of the installed lighting system. Many computer based lighting cafculation programs now allow partitions and ‘equipment to be included in the input data resulting in ‘a more realistic modeling of the space. 433 Lighting System Maintenance Indust! facliies often present challenging mainte- ance problems. Luminaries may be located far ‘above the floor over large production equipment. Plant operations often will not tolerate interruptions for lamp and luminaire maintenance. Where cranes are present in high bay areas, they can often be used as the maintenance platform. This may be possible during normal production times but, more often, maintenance will have to be performed during non-production times. Platforms may be used to service lighting equipment or disconnecting hangers installed to permit the luminaire to be cisconnected by chain or cable from the floor or some intermediate level and lowered to permit servicing from that level. Where the layout of the space wil permit, telescoping platforms can pro- Vide the necessary access to luminaries. Good maintenance programs can be effective in reducing the total power of an installed lighting system. A shorter relamping and cleaning cycle can reduce the number, or wattage, of the luminaries and, thereby, reduce the electrical load of the lighting system. Depending on the system, ilurminance levels can depreciate to tess than half of their initial level when laraps are replaced only as they fail, even if luminar- jes are thoroughly cleaned at relamping. Better light loss factors occur when systems are group relamped. and cleaned at a shorter interval (typically 70 percent of rated life). The savings in Jabor usually offset high- ef lamp costs front a group maintenance program. A significant capital and operating (principally electric ‘energy) cost saving is associated with programmed maintenance. Figure 7 shows the effect of cleaning and relamping on the output of a fluorescent fighting system and how these maintenance operations can have a beneficial effect on the system output. tis critica! to the proper operation of the lighting system that replacement lamps have not only the same electrical characteristics as the original lamps, but also the same envelope and color rendering characteristics. Itis obvious that the lamp must fit in the lumi rraire’s socket and that the lamp’s electrical characteristics must permit operation on the system voltage ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 ‘and with the luminalre's auxiliary equipment. In acki- tion, the envelope of the replacement lamps must match the original lamp design in shape and finish (coated or clear). Using the wrong lamp type can ‘completely change the luminaire photometrics and create entirely new lumen distrioution patterns in the space. The lamp and ballast specifications from the ‘American National Standards Institute (ANS!) and Canadian Standards Association (CSA) should be ‘matched to assure proper lamp operation in both new and relariping situations. Information on operating and maintaining the lighting system should always be documented for facility ‘operating and maintenance personnel. As an exam ple, lamp manufacturers direct that certain metal halide lamps may be used in open luminaries only if there is a schedule to cycle the lamps off at leastonce ‘a week and to group relamp the area containing those lamps, These instructions are usually printed on the paper sleeve in which the lamp is shipped but that information may or may riot be noted. For this reason, it is good practice to provide the owner's, or occu- pant's maintenance personnel with complete and clear written lighting system maintenance instructions at the time the project is completed. ‘Target luminance levels are rarely achieved without some consideration during the initial design about the nature of on-site maintenance. This further demon- strates the need for providing a written maintenance program recommendation to assure the continued integrity of the design. 5.0 GENERAL LIGHTING EQUIPMENT All lamp performance data such as iife, lumen output and color are based upon statistical data. Lamp life, {or instance, is the point in ime when hal of the lamps have failed and half are stil operating. Lamp life is also dependent upon the number of hours per start (for example, 10 hrsistart vs. 120 hrsistar). Its important that the designer have a working knowledge of the underlying statistics in order to properly evaluate andor compare systems and components. 5.1 Fluorescent Systems 5.1.1 Source Characteristics ‘Among the advantages of fluorescent lamps are their high luminous efficacy and relatively low brightness. ‘That is, low brightness to the extent that open-retlector luminaries are often used in situations that have high wall and ceiling reflectances with low risk that workers will complain of excessive glare.ANSI /IESNA RP-7-01 SN WN N AW INNS 100 7 i 3 60 i : 80 g 3 40} clean Clean ‘Clean 7 | Gieties Giaes | Saes B | steward? personne; para oans: 2 | felamp'ioox fearp 100%" Fatmpso% Sreepen once per reo per go. Semenns 8iménns 8 mnths col RIM rrr rtvgy BY O—t2re tron cepacia 0) once per $2menihs Luna dentin e-Lanp bouts w C-fomentecect III = scormntin onan Seon Sates SE Tie yes Figure 7, Etfect of light loss factors on illuminance. Example uses 32-watt rapid-start lamps, operated 10 hours per day, 5 days per week, 2600 hours per year. Ail four maintenance systems are shown on the same graph for convenience. For a relative comparison of the four systems, each should begin at the same time and cover the same period of time. A disadvantage is that the luminous flux generated is related fo the surface area of the source; the greater the length, the higher the efficacy. In recent lamp designs, as the diameter of the lamp has been reduced, the lumens per unit area of the lamp surface area have increased. The light output of fluorescent lamps decreases with accumulated operating time because of degradation of the phosphor coating and accumulation of light-absorbing deposits within the lamp. Protective coatings are sometimes used to reduce the phosphor degradation. Lamps with rare earth phospho- 15 (T-5 of T-8) have better lumen maintenance than 14 lamps with halo phosphors. Lamp lite is determined by the rate of loss of the emis- sive coating on the electrodes or electrode failure. End of tamp life is reached when the coating is completely removed from one or both electrodes. The rated average life of fluorescent lamps usually is based on three hours of operation per start (3 h/start). Fluorescent systems offer the best color rendering ability over the widest ranges of apparent chromaticity (correlated color temperature (CCT) mea- sured in Kelvin).5.1.2 Fluorescent Luminaire Characteristics/ Performance The most commonly used fluorescent general lighting luminaries for industrial applications are 8 feet long, mult-lamped with T-8 or in some older installations, the less efficient T-12 lamps. 7-8, 800ma lamps operated on high frequency electronic ballasts may represent the best performance. Recent developments in performance of smaller diameter (T-5 and 7-2) lamps offer suitable solutions for supplementary lighting. Most retrofits of industrial fluorescent luminaries use 4°T-8 lamps. ‘One benefit of fluorescent luminaries is that most two- lamp systems with electronic instant start ballasts (parallel lamp operation) offer redundancy; approx- mately half the light is stil supplied if one lamp fails. The luminous performance (efficacy or light output) and color of a fluorescent lamp result from the mer- Cury vapor pressure within the lamp, which depends on temperature. The internal temperature of a luminaire can adversely affect the fe of some types of fuorescent lamps. High ambient temperatures not only Jower the lamp's iumen output but also can change the electrical characteristics, bringing them outside the design range of the ballast. Long-term operation at higher currents shortens the life of the lamp. The best fluorescent general lighting systems employ ‘opaque sided reflectors for each lamp, with a 35- degree lamp cut-off along the luminaire transverse axis (across the luminaire), and louvers that provide similar cut off along the longitudinal axis (along the luminaire). Luminaries often have apertures at the top that allow up-light and air movement. Air movement ‘enables cleaner operation over an extended period of time in most open luminaries, Fluorescent luminaries are generally considered for installation up to 6.0 m (20 ft) above the floor or platform level. However, with the proper combination of fluorescent lamps, ballasts and reflector design the use of fluorescent systems has been successfully ‘expanded to mounting heights of 13.6 m (45 f). White finished diffuse reflector surfaces are the most ‘common and are generally very efficient. Mirror finished optical surfaces vary widely in efficiency ‘depending on the specific materials used and generally have lower apparent brightness when viewed {rom the side. Better optical control, available by using ‘mirror fishes, may be desirable in narrow confining spaces or where obstructions block light from acja~ cent luminaries. The fluorescent source size may interfere with the optical designer's attempt to direct source output at specific angles. This is often done to increase luminaire intensity at either nadir (for better ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 utilization in narrow or obstructed spaces) or at the spacing limit in order to obtain a wider spacing oriter ‘on. Other reflectors may be designed for wide or asymmetric distribution. It is important to use the lamp type specified since lamps and reflectors are designed to work in combination. As always, the improvement in visual comfort must be balanced with efficiency and maintenance concerns. I greater cutoff is required, select a deeper refiector. ‘Spacing criterion (SC) may be an unreliable gauge of how far apart general lighting luminaries can be ‘spaced while stil provicing acceptable uniformity of horizontal illuminance. Typically, fluorescent industrial luminaries have spacing criteria of 1.3 to 1.6. (See Figure 8 page 16.) 5.2 High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lighting ‘Systems Because mercury vapor lamps have operating characteristics that are far inferior to both metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps for general lighting purposes, their use in modem industrial plants is rare. ‘Therefore, this discussion of HID lamps for general lighting in industrial facilities does not include mercury ‘vapor lamps. The reader should contact lamp manufacturers for mercury vapor lamp information, 5.2.1 Metal halide Lamps Metal halide (MH) lamps are similar in construction to the earlier and simpler mercury vapor lamps. One of the major differences is the metal halide compounds included in the arc tube, which improve the color rendering qualities of metal halide lamps compared to those of even phosphor-coated mercury lamps. It is also possible, by adjusting tha mix of the elements. included in the are tube, to vary the chromaticity of metal halide lamps. Metal halide lamps are available in wattages from 95 to 1000 watts, (There are 1500 ‘watt lamps used primarily for sports lighting applica tions. ) The efficacy of MH lamps is greatly improved ‘over mercury vapor with typical values of 75 to 125 lumens/watt (not including ballast losses). Metal halide lamps are made in both clear and coated outer bulb configurations and itis important that the correct lamp type be used in the luminaire to assure the lumen distribution for which the luminaire was designed. Many metal halide lamps are life and lumen rated for operating in the vertical position, Using lamps designed for vertical operation in a horizontal operating position can seriously affect the tamp life and lumen output. For this reason, horizontal operating ‘amps have been specifically designed, These lamps will provide about 33 percent increase in life and approximately 25 percent increase in lumen output 15ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 Figure 8. Typical Fluorescent Luminaries. Typical rlenaly | po Distrouton "| °* © Typleal Luminae =o ee 7% wl] a 0 1 lerr-o0s% x On=73.2% up = 219% amp = (2) Fao? 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Joa 03s 020] joat_032_027| O85 Om5 O05, Ome arr are O78 O60 O65 068 ce O57 082 088 050 O58 080 Oat O80 oat 098 048 08 032 049 08 029 040 082 2? ‘oor oa oat 0% a7 070 066 O83 O61 O54 04 O46 bas O46 040 Oa 099 035 oo 035 oat 037 032 028, 054 029 025, 031 026 023, oF on 26 oss ose oar 02 038 03 oa O77 089 ost 054 049 043 038 03s oat 020 28 ‘amor a7 074] 098} 088 087 0.89] 058/082 O60 ose 052] 056 053 ast 04s] 051 047 o44 40] 045 082 020 038| 042 039 035; oaifaae om oa 028|035 oat a28| 025}032 020 a2s 028] 030 026 023 O73 os 049 ea 38 033 020 oar oat EFF = 062% %ON= 100 suP=0 tamp= (9 FeoT2 SC ong across, 45) 1.9, 1.6, 15 24, SLamp parabotctrflr with 4” sem-spec. louvers, 18 cals jars 078 ave) for are O89] foe0 oe Ost Joss ose 053] Joss 082 o47| os 0. Ds) 048 937 oar 039 033 oat 038 090) oat 033 027| jose 030 025] on on OFF O72 070 068 067 063 080 Dee O57 083 ‘O87 0s! O47 04s 042 O97 04s 038 039 043 03s 090. 040 092 027 037 030 025 am O74 are 087 968 O64 051 O58 056 050 046 O42 oat 098 0m 037 033 020 a4 020 028 oat 027 026 029 025 oz 070 oes 059 053, 098 oat 040 038 038 oat 028 ‘970 om os? 050 as, 040 038 oa a8 027 024 070] 088 068 oss) o6z| 082 061 ost 055/037 055 O53 048) 052 049 O47 0a2| 047 044 Oat 037| 043 09 037 033] 039 O35 02 028] 035 032 020 028] 033 029 026 024| 030 026 oe 022|028 02 az 16‘over universal buming position lamps when operated in the horizontal position. A special base and socket 48 required for all of the horizontal bum, high-output, ‘MH lamps to assure the arc tube is properly positioned. These lamps should always be used in iur naries equipped with the proper socket. Because MH arc tubes produce high-energy ultravio- let radiation, some lamps are manufactured with an electrical cutout that will automaticaly extinguish the lamp if the outer envelope should crack or rupture ina manner that would normally stil allow the arc to operate. These lamps should be used in locations where it is necessary to limit UV radiation and where the luminaire will not provide the necessary protection, ‘Transpatent sleeves (shrouds) may be used intemal- ly in some single ended (screw-base) MH lamps for ‘two reasons. Thin walled shields are used to help achieve a more uniform arc tube temperature, which will improve the lamp performance. Heavy walled shrouds are used on lamps designed for use in open luminaries. The heavy walled shroud is designed to contain the hot quartz particles and protect the outer bulb of the lamp from breaking in the event the arc ‘tube should fail. 5.2.1.1 Pulse-start and Ceramic Metal halide Lamps: The choice between metal halide (MH) and high pressure sodium (HPS) high intensity discharge (HID) lamps was, until recently, a choice between the supe- flor color of MH (although some MH lamps display strong color shift near end-of-life) versus the improved lumen output and longer life of HPS, HPS was fre- ‘quently the choice. Recently, however, the advent of pulse-start (high wattage 175W - 1000W, and low wattage 35/39W — 150W) and ceramic metal halide lamps has blurred the line between these choices. The pulse start lamps have improved starting times, some starting as much as three times faster than conventional MH lamps. They also start more rofably, have better lumen maintenance, improved lamp lite, and reduced re-strike times, The cost of a pulse start ‘metal halide luminaire and lamp may run from 5-10 percent more than @ conventional luminaireamp combination but the cost may be easily justified by the improved performance. Ceramic metal halide lamps are used when color rendering and color consistency are a priority. They achieve over 89 CR! by utilizing higher fil pressures 4nd operating at higher temperatures, They also have the potential for longer life, with some expected to ackieve significantly higher life ratings, more stabie Cola, higher lumen oulput and better lumen deprecia- ANSI / 1ESNA RP-7-01 tion characteristics than other metal halide lamp types. This will make these lamps more attractive choices in some industiial environments. At the time of publication, ceramic metal halide lamps are available in ratings from 39 to 400 watis. Cost may become a determining factor in the choice between the widening selection of metal halide lamps and HPS lamps in the short term, but that must be fol- lowed closely and weighed against the benefits of the improved characteristics of the MH lamps. 5.2.2 High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps Most HPS lamps can operate in any position. The ‘operating position has no significant effect on light output. Lamps are also available with diffuse coatings on the inside of the outer bulb to increase source lur nous size or reduce source luminance. A diffuse coating, however, does not increase the CRI of the lamp. HPS lamps have high lamp efficacy (lumens/watt), and Jong lf. They are available in watages from 35 to 1000 ‘watts. The color rendering abilty of HPS is not as good ‘as metal halide lamps. Color improved HPS lamps are available but at a sacrifice in efficacy and lt. The fife of an HPS lamp is limited by a rise in operating voltage that occurs over the life of the lamp. When the ballast can no longer supply enough voltage to reigrite the arc during each electricat hatt-cyclo, the lamp extinguishes. When it cools down, the lamp will again ignite and warm up unti the arc voltage rises so that the ballast cannot support the arc. This cycling process occurs unti the lamp is replaced. This cycting ‘can cause annoyance and, more important, a varia tion in light eutput and distribution in a production area, underlining the need for a planned relamping rogram. Cycling also overworks the ignitor, eventual- ly causing i to fal. HPS lamps are also available in @ double arc tube configuration with two identical arc tubes contained within the outer envelope. These arc tubes are con- ected in parallel inside the lamp, but only one arc tube is started with the ignitor pulse. In the event of a momentary power outage, this dual arc tube lamp restrikes immediately when power is restored. Within about one minute, the lamp retums to full ight output. 5.2.3 Luminaire Selection Industrial HID luminaries are generally divided into {wo categories — High-Bay and Low-Bay. These categories are not well defined throughout the lighting industry. Therefore, for the sake of consistenoy in this Recommended Practice, they are defined as follows: W7ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 High-Bay luminaries designed to produce general illumination in the space where the application requires a spacing to mounting height ratio of 1.0 cor less and where the mounting height is not less. than 7.6 m (25 f). Low-Bay luminaries designed to produce general iilumination in the space where the application requires a spacing to mounting height ratio greater than 1.0 and where the mounting height is less than 7.6 m (25 ft). ‘These are not rigid rules. Conditions wil often dictate the use of high-bay or low-bay luminaries at mounting heights that vary from those indicated above. 5.2.3.1 High-Bay Luminaries ‘These luminaries generally use an HID lamp installed in a socket mounted below a ballast housed in some form of metal enclosure. Lumen distribution is controlled by a retlector, or refractor, installed in such a way that it captures most of the light emitted by the lamp and directs it in a concentrated pattern down- ward, The luminaire may have an enclosing plastic or glass cover attached to the bottom of the reflector or refractor to enclose the lamp and to protect against accidental damage. The cover may have a pattern of prisms to aid in the distribution of light from the lumi- raaire. The luminaire design will usually dictate the use of either a clear or coated HID lamp, and the proper lamp selection is critical to the success of the lighting design. These luminaries may have an adjustable socket mount fo permit relocation of the lamp wit the reflector or refractor. This will allow some field adjustment of the luminaire distribution to meet spe- cfc condition of the installation. Care must be exer- ised in positioning the lamp. The lamp socket must be securely locked into place to ensure the position will not change during normal luminaire operation. ‘There are usually openings around the top of the reflector to permit some of the light to be directed upward toward the celing. Where conditions warrant, the luminaire may be gasketed to reduce the infitra- tion of air-bome contaminants. Several methods have been developed to fiter the air exchange between the inside of the luminaire and the room, This becomes more important if the luminaire operating cycle includes tuming the luminaire off daily, which will accentuate the effects of warming and cooling on this air exchange. Designers often recommend luminaire spacing that provides a strong overtap in the light distribution pat- ter to mitigate the effects of single lamp bumouts during the operating life of the system. Instaling lu naries having a spacing criterion of 1.0 in a pattern 18 where the luminaries are actually located at approxi- ‘mately 0.65 times the mounting height will usually provide the desired overlap. If the luminaries are to be located closer together than diclated by the tuminaries’ spacing criteria, a spacing adjustment should be considered when the lighting calculations are performed to assure the proper illuminance and lighting quality in the final instalation. 5.2.3.2 Low-Bay Luminaries The construction of fow-bay luminaries is very similar to that of high-bay luminaries except the reflectors, or refractors, of the low-bay units are generally larger in diameter than the high-bay units and the low-bay units are usually fitted with a prismatic refractor cover on the bottom of the luminaire. The refractor will often drop down below the reflector to assure good distribution it ‘a wider pattem. While this will allow a wider spacing criterion and better vertical ilurninance, the potential for glare from the luminaire may increase. Often the larger diameter of these covers will permit light distribution over an area great enough to lower the luminance of the cover to a level acceptable to the occupants. There have been several successful installations in high-bay applications where low-bay luminaries were used to improve the vertical illuminance of the tasks or 10 provide greater wall luminance, thereby improving the quality of the visual environment. 5.2.3.3 Other Luminaire Types Industrial luminaries are manufactured in various forms for special purposes. HID luminaries with prismatic reflectors oF full refractors are available to pro duce séveral distribution pattems: maximum stribu- tion up, equal distribution up and down, or maximum, distribution down. These can be used effectively in large spaces with light colored surface finishes to produce excellent vertical illuminance, good penetration into hard to light spaces within machinery, and a very ‘comfortable visual environment. Fiber optic luminaries and tubular guided iluminators are useful where light is necessary in spaces having hazardous atmospheres or in inaccessible locations. The illuminators can be located in more easily acces sible spaces and the light ‘piped? into the hazardous ‘spaces or the dificult to reach locations. 6.0 BALLAST ISSUES-GENERAL ‘All discharge lamps, fluorescent or HID, have accessory devices called ballasts for starting and stabilizing ‘operation of the lamp. Detailed information should beobtained from the ballast manufacturers at the time of project design because of the rapidly changing lamp and ballast technology. Specific ballast issues associated with industria! lighting that may arise in almost every project are included here. 6.1 Fluorescent Ballast issues Advances in solid-state, high frequency ballasts have improved fluorescent system efficacy and, to some extent, luminaire light delivery efficiency through improved performance of smaller diameter lamps. Fluorescent tamp ballasts are available in a wide array of choices. The choices for “straight” fluorescent lamps include magnetic, electronic, instant start, rapid start and dimming ballasts. The following paragraphs attempt to give guidance in the selection process to designers, plant operating personnel and contractors. Factors which may impact on the correct choice of fu- ‘orescent lamp ballasts include environmental conditions, operating cycle, maintenance conditions, electrical power conditions and utility company requirements. ft is often in the best interest of an end user to participate in ballast selection. ‘Magnetic ballasts have provided the foundation for discharge lamp operation since the first fuorescent and HID lamps were invented in the middie of the 20th century. Electronic ballast development began in the 1980's. Toward the middle of the 1990s, electronic ballast technology advanced to the point where the origi- ‘nal problems were overcome, The drive for improved ‘energy utilization has fueled a rapid conversion to the Use of electronic ballasts in fluorescent luminaries. As ‘We move into the 21* century, electronic ballasts will be the preferred fluorescent lamp operating accessory ‘nd itis likely their use will continue to increase. ‘Over the past several years, to assure proper operat: ing characteristics for both the lamp and ballast, many fluorescent lamp manutacturers have either manufactured their own ballasts oF formed alliances with ballast ‘manufacturers to provide warranted lamp/ballast systems with system performance guaranteed for some Period of years. It is important that the replacement Jamps used during the maintenance of these systems be the same as the lamps originally installed to maintain the warranted performance. If this can not be ‘assured, then any lamps substituted for the original types must be evaluated prior to larrip replacement f0 assure system performance wii be maintained. The system warranty may be voided by such replacement. It must be understood that the fluorescent lamp ballast market is in a constant state of development and itis suggested that manufacturer's information be ref- ‘etenced before a final ballast selection is made. ANSI/IESNA BP-7-01 6.1.1 Ballast Circuitry Four important characteristics of electronic ballast cir- ‘uitry should be noted. These are balast factor, power factor, crest factor and total harmonic cistortion (THO). Ballast factor provides a measure of the actual lamp lumen output when operated by the individual ballast in relation fo the lumen output of the lamp when operated by a reference ballast. In other words, a percent of the lumens generated in application versus the lumens listed in the lamp catalog. Power factor is a measure of how efficiently the bal last converts the voltage and current drawn from the ‘system to usable lamp power. Lamp Current Crest factor, is a ratio of peak lamp cur- ‘ent to the root mean square (RMS) lamp current. Itis an indicator of the lamp current wave shape, and is generally required by lamp manutacturers to be < 1.7 in order to achieve rated lamp ife. Total harmonic cistortion (THD) is, in simplified terms, a ‘measure of the arnount by which the electric waveform is distorted by harmonic currents flowing in the electric power system fines. This distortion is generated, in large part, by nonlinear electrical loads in a facitty. In North America, the fundamental frequency is 60 Hz, the second harmonic is 120 Hz, and the third harmonic is 180 Hz, and so forth, For practical purposes, the third harmonic is usually the only one that will make a sigrif- icant contribution and most of the harmonic current in the neutral of three-phase distribution systems is the third harmonic. This harmonic current wil disturb utility power generation and, of more interest tothe end-user, increase the current flowing in the neutral of thres- phase distribution systems and, possibly, cause it to ‘overheat and fail. Switching in modem solid-state electronic ballasts can cause substantial ine-current har- monics when corrections are not implemented in the ballast. THD is, therefore, an important component of the ballast operating effect. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) requires electronic ballasts to have a THD of no more than 32 percent. Mast electronic dafasts sold in North America have THDs in the range of 5 10 30 percent and, therefore, should present no problems. There is a likelihood that electronic ballasts with a THD of less than 10 percent can cause high inrush currents upon starting. Switching equipment installed on such circuits must be capable of withstand- ing this current. All these ballast characteristics must be carefully considered for each application. Finally, it is important to be aware of the lamp holder (socket) configuration in luminaries using ballasts. A reputable luminaire manufacturer will select the proper lamp holder to perform property with the ballast selact- 19ANSI /JESNA RP-7-01 ed. If a luminaire, originally supplied with [Typical Industrial Areas in Which “Average ‘Sound Level an instant start ballast, is to be refitted | This Sound Level is Appropriate | Ambient Noise | Rating with a rapid start ballast, the lamp holder Level of Intetior MUST be identified as suitable for the | Offices, Control Rooms, Meeting | 20-24 dB a rapid start ballast, or the original lamp | Areas holder should be replaced with a holder {Warehouse or Storage Areas 25-3043 B suitable for use with a rapid start ballast. | Shipping Dock, Equipment 31-36 dB c Batast manufacturers recommend the | Rooms, Electrical Vaults, Large use of knife-edge lamp holders when | Parts Sub-Assembly Using electronic ballasts. High frequency | Machine Shops, Foundries, 37 dB or More D lamp currents require a better connection | Printing Press Rooms, than low frequeney magnetic currents. 6.1.2 Electromagnetic Ballasts Magnetic ballasts are available in full and reduced lumen output in both standard and energy saving types. The ballast must be compatible with the lamps to be used in the installation, This sounds obvious, but some energy saving lamps and ballasts wil not operate properly in combination. Al indoor magnetic ballasts (except reactive types, which should seldom be used) should be Class P. These ballasts have a thermally activated reclosing switch to protect the ballast from overtemperature and tampering and to meet the nts of the Nationaf Electrical Code (NEC) in the United States. Electromagnetic ballasts, as well as all other types, must be effectively grounded to meat code requirements. In areas where the ambient temperature may drop below 10°C (60°F), electromagnetic ballasts selected must be capable of starting and operating the associated fluorescent lamps at the lowest arab ent temperature expected in the space. By law, ballasts with PCB capacitors are no longer permitted in North America. Sound ratings for electromagnetic ballasts vary depending on the type of tamps being operated. A bal- fast with the lowest available sound generating characteristics should be selected. This becomes particularly important in locations where added sound from lamp ballasts may be distracting. In an office or quiet location in the manufacturing facility, the ballast sound {evel should be “A’ where such a rating is available. Most T-12, T-10, 7:8 and smaller diameter lamps not ‘over 1200 mm (48 in) long will operate on sound level “A* ballasts. Higher power iamp ballasts will generate ‘more sound with 1500 ma, 2400 mm (96 in) lamp bal= fasts having a sound rating of “D". Figure 9 indicates the various ambient sound levels in which the four ratings should be used. Because they operate at the normal power system frequency of 60 Hz, electromagnetic baitasts wil ba more likely to produce flicker and stroboscopic effects. 20 Figure 9, Fluorescent ballast sound ratings. This can be an annoying and potentially dangerous characteristic in areas where there is moving machinery. If either of these conditions is a concem, electronic ballasts should be considered. ‘Tho US Department of Energy (DOE) Ballast Rule, officialy adopted in 2000, was designed to raise the ballast efficacy for ballasts sold in new fluorescent luminaries by the year 2005, and as replacements in existing luminaries by the year 2010, A likely result of this legislation is rapid conversion of most common flu- ‘orescent ballasts in North America to electronic types. 6.1.3 Electronic Ballasts Many of the problems encountered with electromagnetic ballasts are overcome with electronic ballasts, ‘Along with their positive attributes, electronic ballasts may also introduce a few probiems. Since electronic ballasts operate at a frequency of 20 to 50 kHz, they will not produce annoying flicker oF poten- tialy dangerous stroboscopic effects. The sound rating for most of these ballasts is “A” and any sound that is ‘generated is usually ata frequency that cannot be heard by humans. Electronic ballasts will operate most fluorescent lamps down to temperatures of -18°C (0° F). In areas where infra-red control systems are used, the ballast operating frequency should be separated from the operating frequencies of these controls, which typically operate in the band between 30-42 kHz, to prevent ballast generated interference. (Most ballasts manufactured today do operate above 40 kz.) Electronic ballasts are available in either instant start oF some version of rapid start configuration. 6.1.4 Instant Start Ballasts Instant start ballasts are popular because they provide maximum energy savings and operate lamps in parallel, which means if one lamp falls, the balance of the lamps on that ballast will continue to operate. Instant start ballasts may shorten lamp life in situa-tions where the lamps are frequently switched on and off. On circuits that have operating cycles of eight hours or more, lamp life is essentially the same when, using either instant start or rapid start ballasts. 6.1.5 Rapid Start Ballasts Rapid start lamp circuits are usually series-wired, which will extend lamp life for circuits switched often but cause increased energy consumption compared with instant start circuits. Therefore, a decision must be made, based on the operating cycles of the lamps, which wiring configuration best suits the individual needs of the application. There are various versions of the rapid start ballast circuit; for example rapid start, programmed rapid start or programmed- start. Each has specific advantages and the characteristics of each should be considered in the choice of ballast to be used. Rapid start ballasts, particularly the ‘program’ modified circuits, will result in long lamp life regardless of the number of ‘switching cycles, 6.1.6 Compact Fluorescent Ballasts ‘Much of the previous discussion of electronic ballasts also applies to compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) ba lasts with the following additional comments. ‘The CFLs chosen should have four-pin bases. Two- pin CFLs are preheat lamps with starters and they are. not suitable for use with electronic ballasts. ‘The electronic ballasts used with these lamps should have an end-of-life (EOL) circuit built into the batast to reduce overheating of broken lamp cathodes and minimize the potential for lamps melting or cracking at end of lf. ‘Arange of CFLs is available in self-contained, screw ‘mount base configurations, which can, if space is available and other conditions of use are met, replace incandescent lamps in many applications. ‘Consultation with lamp and luminaire manufacturers is recommended before these substitutions are made. Note that power factor may be compromised in unt- tized magnetic screw-base systems. 6.1.7 Dimming and Two-Level Switching Ballasts For adgitional energy savings, and where variable out- Put fluorescent lighting is required, dimming and mutti- level switching systems are available. Dimming ballasts wil dim from 100 percent light output to several lower leve's, such as 50 percent, 10 percent or 1 percent of full ight output. The cost and the compatibility of these ballasts with various control systems varies, so itis rec- ‘ommended that a thorough investigation of the needs ANSI/JESNA RP-7-01 and system compatibility be carried out before recom- mending fluorescent dimming systems. It is also rec- ‘ommended that lamp warranty and performance information be checked with the lamp manufacturer for lamps used with a particular dimming ballast. Mult- level switching is available using multiple ballasts each luminaire or a single ballast per luminaire arranged for two level control. Careful investigation Is required before such a system can be employed. 6.1.8 General Ballast Requirements Figure 10 (see page 22) presents some of the electronic ballast considerations, and typical data, which must be evaluated before a final system decision is made. It is recommended that the specific numeric values listed be checked against current practice and equipment availabilty prior to purchasing. 6.2 High Intensity Discharge Ballast Issues Ballast Factor should be considered when selecting HID iaminaries. (See Section 6.1.1.) The specific ballast factor of 0.9, 0.95 or occasionally 1.0 must be ‘used in the calculation process as it directly affects the initial and maintained light levels from the tuminaries under consideration, All fluorescent and HID lamps exhibit negative voltage characteristics; that is, intially the impedance to the flow of current through the arc tube is high (before the arcs actually struck) and, as the arcs established in the lamp, the impedance goes down. Because the impedance drops so dramatically with the striking of the arc, an auxiliary device is required in the lamp circuit to limit the flow of current through the circuit. This device is the ballast. There are several circuit config- trations for operating HID lamps. The power loss in an HID ballast is generally in the range of 5-15 par- cent. HID lamp ballasts using the autotransformer type of voltage input have the advantage of wiring arrangements that allow a tapped primary. This will permit the manufacturer to use one ballast production ‘model for several different systern voltages. While this may be of limited vaiue to a final user, it wll probably reduce the cost of production and inventory for the ballast manufacturer and may translate to a lower product cost. It may also be useful if the manufacturing facilty has several locations on the site, which Thay have different voltages, because the tapped bal last primary would allow one replacement part to be Used in several diferent plant locations. This discussion will concentrate on those ballast circuits that are most common in industya! lighting applications. (See Figure 11.) aiANSI / IESNA RP-7-01 Figure 10. Typical fluorescent lamp ballast characteristics. Verity with lamp and ballast manufacturers prior to acquisition, Ballast Ballast Characteristic Recommended Values — Unless Others ‘Type are Specified by Lamp Manufacturer (eles than; >=greater than) Electro-_| Sound Rating ‘See Text Magnetic | Minimum Lamp Starting Temperature 10°C (50°F) Maximum Ballast Case Temperature ‘90°C (194°F) at Hortest Spot Standards Met "UL935; CAN/CSA-22.2.N? 74-92 and ‘654; CBM; NEC; ANSIIEEE 82.1 Ballast Factor 85%. Power Factor >90% Crest Factor, <7 ‘Total Harmonie distortion (THD) 20%. ‘Number of Lamps Operated Tor 2 (Usually) Blectronie | Sound Rating _ 85% (May be lower for some lamps) Power Factor >90% ‘Crest Factor B+(21+0.26667a ~ 0.002963a? 10 B? 7 where: @ = angle from a vertical line directly ahead of the viewer's line of sight and a line from the observer to the luminaire in a plane perpendicular to the luminaire. (See Figure B-4.) B= angle between the line of sight at the observer and line to the luminaire center from the observer. ‘Source Figure B-4 Geometry defining position index as used in VCP and UGR methods. This data is also available in the form of a table, which would be, obviously, a much easier way to obtain these values. The average luminance for the entire field of view is found from the following Formula: Formula 3 where: L = average luminance of the walls (cd/m) L = average luminance of the floor (cd/m) Lo, +L,0, +1,0,+> 1,0, 5 verage luminance of the ceiling (cdi) U = average luminance of the source (cd/m?) ©,= solid angle subtended at the observer by the walls (in steradians) 4, = solid angle subtended at the observer by the floor (in steradians) angle subtended at the observer by the ceiling (in steradians) = solid angle subtended at the observer by the source (in steradians) n= the number of the source being calculated (Irom n=1 ton=n). ANSI /IESNA RP-7-01 (See Figure B-5 for a description of «.) Figure B-5 Solid angle @s.-aig visible from the observer's location includes the bottom surface, one ‘end and one side surface of the drop diftuser on the fluorescent luminaire. ‘The average luminance in this formula, F,, is called L, in some other formulae, including the UGR formula, which follows later in this Annex. ‘function Q has been developed which is used in the calculation of VCP: Formula 4 OQ =20.4e, +1.520°? - 0.075 where: ‘«,= the solid angle subtended at the observer by the source (in steradians). The solid angle is equal to the area of the luminaire (source) in m? (ft?) divided by the square of the distance from the observers eye to the center of the luminaire (source) in m* (t’). After making these calculations, the values of P, F, and Q are used to calculate the Index of Sensation, M for each of the luminaries in the field of view: Formula 5 0.50L,0 M, = re where Lg is the average luminance of the source (or luminaire) being calculated in the direction of the observer. The factor 0.50 in the numerator of the pre- ceding Formula allows for the use of the units indicated in these calculations. From the above information, a Discomfort Glare Rating (DGR) can be calculated using the following: Formula 6ANSI/IESNA RP-7-01 ‘where: ‘the number of fuminaries in the field of view M, = index of sensation for the “ith” source (with the last source being equal to “r). The calculation for the summation () of all of the “Indices of Sensation” (MA) requires a separate calcu- {ation for the index of Sensation for each of the luminaries in the field of view. Finally, we are ready to make the calculation of VCP Using the following formula: drt f. e UGR Calculations’ As will be remembered, the background luminance in the VCP calculation is the value F, and it includes the luminance of each of the luminaries. In the UGR formula, the background luminance of the space is determined by the formula: Formuta & =k * where Eis the indirect illuminance at the eye of the observer, In the CIE method for UGA, E, may be determined in several ways, but a simplified approach is to assume the indirect iluminance (E) at the observer's eye will bbe equal to the indirect illuminance on the walls of the room. This method seems to work well for general lighting systems with a uniform layout of luminaries, It is unclear whether this will be true for non-uniform luminaire layouts. The calculation of the luminaire luminance divides the average luminous intensity in the direction of the observer's eye by the area of the luminaire, A,: Formula 9 Using these caiculations, the values for and the Guth Position Index P as determined earlier, the UGR may be calculated by use of the formula: 68 Formula 10° 5 2, UGR= sion 9255. fa) PP “There are many forms of this formula in print today. ‘This one has been selected for use here because it seems to speak with the most authority for the CIE. L, Reterences: 1. CIE Publication #117-1995., 1995, Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting, Vienna, Austria: CIE 2. van Bommel, Ir, W.J.M, A new international sys tem for glare evaluation for interior lighting. 3. Mistrick, R., and Choi, A-S.. A Comparison of the visual Comfort Probability and Unified Glare Rating Systems, J. of the IES 28 (no2) 94-101 4. Einhorn, H., Unified glare rating (UGR): Merits and application to multiple sources, CIBSE, London, Lighting Research and Technology, 1898 5. IESNA, 2000, IESNVA Lighting Hancibook, 9° Exition, Chap 3, New York, NY 6. 1991, 1st International Symposium on Glare, ‘Symposium Proceedings, Lighting Research Office (formerly Lighting Research Institute), Electric Power Research institute, Palo Alto, CA. —

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