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AFTES
Recommendations
The design, sizing and
construction of precast
concrete segments
installed at the rear of a
tunnel boring machine (TBM)
GT18R1A1
AFTES
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
Translated in 1999
Text presented by
M. Pascal GUEDON, SIMECSOL
Working Group leader,
with the collaboration of :
Messrs. AUTUORI Philippe, BOUYGUES - BACHTANIK Bruno, MINISTERE DE L'EQUIPEMENT,
BARTHES Henri, A.F.T.E.S. - BERNARD Simon - BONNA - BILLANGEON Rmi, SPIE BATIGNOLLES
BOCHON Alain, SNCF - CHANTRON Laurent, CETu - CHARDIN Daniel, SOGEA - DARDARD Bruno, SNCF
HUEBER Jean, SETEC - LABONNE Hubert, INDUSTRIELLE DU BETON - LEOGANE Jean Paul, RATP
PETIT Franois, CAMPENON BERNARD SGE - SAMAMA Laurent, SCETAUROUTE - TAQUET Bernard, EDF - CNEH
VAN DUC Tri, CAMPENON BERNARD SGE
A.F.T.E.S. reading panel :
Messrs. GUILLAUME Jean, RAZEL - LAUNAY Jean, DUMEZ - GTM - LECA Eric, SCETAUROUTE
MAUROY Fabien, SYSTRA - NIQUET Jean-Jacques, SOCIETE DU CANAL DE PROVENCE
SCHWENZFEIER Andr, CETu
CONTENTS
Pages
1 - GENERAL
1.1 - Purpose of recommendations
1.2 - Scope of application of recommendations
2 - HISTORICAL REMINDER
3 - TUNNEL LINING DESIGN
3.1 - Introduction
3.2 - Basic data required to design a tunnel lining
3.3 - Lining functions
3.3.1 - Functions associated with operating constraints
3.3.2 - Functions associated with construction
constraints
3.4 - Description of the concept
3.4.1 - General
3.4.2 - General aspects of tunnel lining design
3.4.3 - Tapering of rings
3.4.4 - Length of rings
3.4.5 - Composition of a lining ring
3.4.6 - Segment geometry
3.4.7 - Nature of lining materials
3.5 - Lining installed within the area enclosing
the TBM
3.5.1 - Ring design principle
3.5.2 - Composition of rings
3.5.3 - Contact surfaces
Pages
3.5.4
3.5.5
3.5.6
3.5.7
210
210
210
211
211
211
211
211
3.6
3.7
212
212
212
212
212
213
213
213
213
3.8
3.9
214
214
214
216
- Waterproofing gaskets
- Segment assembly systems
- Connector inserts, pockets
- Gaskets for distributing loads at segment
contact joints
3.5.8 - Back grouting behind ring extrados
- Lining installed outside the area occupied by
the TBM
3.6.1 - Ring design principle
3.6.2 - Advantages and drawbacks
- Specific aspects of water conveyance pressure
tunnels
3.7.1 - Hydrogeological reminders
3.7.2 - Tunnel lining structural behaviour
3.7.3 - Roughness of segment-lined tunnels
- Construction tolerances
3.8.1 - Specification
3.8.2 - Identification of main criteria contributing to
tolerance specification
3.8.3 - Accuracy
- Durability
3.9.1 - Segment concrete
3.9.2 - Steel reinforcing bars
3.9.3 - Waterproofing gaskets
3.9.4 - Connector inserts
209
219
220
222
222
222
223
223
223
224
224
224
224
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
226
226
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Pages
226
226
226
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229
230
231
232
232
232
232
233
233
235
235
235
235
Pages
236
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236
236
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236
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239
FOREWORD
he present text is aimed first and foremost at the different active parties (Owners, Owner's Representatives and Engineers, Consulting
Engineers, Contractors) working in the field of TBM-based mechanized tunnel driving.
The prime aim of the present document is not only to avoid certain past mistakes in the design, sizing and construction of precast concrete
segmental linings installed at the rear of a TBM, but also to contribute to extending know-how in these areas based on the experience gained
over the last decades by the various parties practising of this technique.
It is hoped that this text will stimulate the wish of all those concerned to make progress in relation to the technical aspect of this type of lining
and technology involved.
I - GENERAL
The present recommendations deal exclusively with the case of precast concrete segments linings.
Thus, tunnel lining designs based on using
other materials, such as cast iron or steel, or
having recourse to a mix of these materials
do not fall within the scope of these recommendations and call for a specific recommendation drafting project.
On the other hand, the expression "installed
at the rear of a TBM" does not limit the
scope of application of this text to only
linings installed within the TBM shield tail; it
also includes linings installed outside the
area occupied by the shield tail, such as
linings formed from expanded segments.
Thus, following a brief historical reminder
describing the emergence of precast
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2 - HISTORICAL REMINDER
Up to 1930, TBM-driven tunnels were
mainly lined using cast iron segments.
Thereafter, precast concrete segments tunnel linings started to appear, mainly in Great
Britain, for small diameter tunnels (1.5 to 3
m) driven in London clay for use as sewers.
Since that period, several hundred kilometres of generally small diameter tunnels
driven in the London area have been lined
with concrete segments of various shapes
and types; they are often ribbed, in other
words their shape stems from that of cast
iron segments. It should be noted that, most
of the time, these underground structures
were built in very low permeability ground
in which the excavated periphery offered
short-term stability (London clay).
3.1 - Introduction
Very often, its design is based on the experience and skill acquired by Consulting
Engineers and Contractors on past projects.
Consequently, the purpose of this section is
to review the main factors entering into the
design of this type of lining and to draw
attention to cer tain vital engineering
aspects, of which a perfect command is
required. It cannot recommend a single type
of lining design to reader because too many
interdependent factors come into play.
On the contrary, over-precise recommendations, which do not integrate all the parameters, could prejudice construction of a
quality structure.
3.4.1 - General
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Segment
Straight
Straight ring
Curved
Plan view
Straight
Curved
Plan view
- tunnel diameter
Segment
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operation-linked criteria:
construction-based criteria:
- cement,
concrete, containing:
Figure 3 : Typical cross-section of a ring
- aggregates,
- admixtures
reinforcing steel.
3.4.7.1 - Cement
construction constraints:
- weight of segments (impact on formwork
stripping operations, handling, yard storage,
ring erection using erector arm),
- size of ring elements (transport from precast yard, supply to the workface),
- impacts on concreting conditions (curvature),
- segment behaviour under TBM thr ust
(limitation of risk that cracks will appear
under temporar y stresses resulting from
bearing defects between rings),
- positioning of TBM thrust mechanisms.
- ring-to-ring assembly constraints (layout
of ring assembly devices).
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lining
lining
lining
lining
temporary
temporary
temporary
temporary
lining
lining
lining
lining
Figure 6 gives an idea of the increase in segmental lining wall thickness with respect to the tunnel internal diameter.
Grades of steel used for segment reinforcing cages must comply with applicable
standards.
The most commonly used steels are weldable hot-rolled or cold-worked Fe E 500
and Fe E 235 grades.
Should hot-rolled steel, generally featuring a
large quantity of mill scale, be used, care
must be taken to remove this scale before
welding (during straightening of coiled steel
or by shot blasting steel bars).
3.4.7.5 - Reinforcing fibres
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SECTION AA
Direction
of advance
Key
Key segment
Counter segment
Figure 9 : Rectangular and trapezoidal segments longitudinal offsetting of contact faces between segments
Key segment
Standard segment
Counter segment
front of the existing pockets in the previously erected ring in order that they can
then be driven in hard.
Universal segment
The segment being erected is pushed longitudinally on the projecting section without
any real oppor tunity for crosswise movement. For this reason and for the purpose of
maintaining gradual transverse compression
of the radial gasket section (between segments) whilst sliding the segment longitudinally, standard segment geometr y is designed in the shape of a parallelogram.
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Thus, this type of lining ring usually comprises (see figure 13):
Key segment at
bottom of ring
Key segment at
top of ring
This ring design may allow tunnel excavation and lining erection operations to be
Figure 12 : Sequence of "left" and "right" rings - key systematically positioned above the horizontal diameter
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excavation
back grouting
extrados
waterproofing
gasket
excavation
back grouting
boss
extrados
waterproofing gasket
intrados
intrados
boss
Figure 17 : Plane contact joint
excavation
back grouting
extrados
back grouting
waterproofing gasket
extrados
waterproofing gasket
convex face
concave face
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intrados
Figure 19 : Example of plane contact joint
The radius of curvature of the concave surface may be greater than that of the convex
surface in cases when rotation of ring parts
in contact is expected or, conversely, these
radii of cur vature can be essentially the
same (the system is then intended to provide shear strength only);
excavation
back grouting
back grouting
extrados
extrados
convex face
guide rod
convex face
intrados
waterproofing gasket
intrados
It should be recalled that, when an waterproofing function is sought from a segmental lining, this can be fulfilled by:
the segments themselves, for which it is
important to limit in particular :
- the mass porosity,
- cracking associated with temporar y or
permanent stresses,
- defects involving formation of the groove
receiving the waterproofing gasket;
waterproofing gasket positioned between
the segments.
Properties of the latter are described in the
"recommandations pour les profils d'tanchit entre voussoirs" (recommendations
for intersegment waterproofing gasket)
presented by A.F.T.E.S. Working Group 9
(see T.O.S. Issue 116, March-April 1993).
The remainder of this description applies to
so-called "conventional" waterproofing gaskets retained for the design of standard tunnel projects involving low to medium overburden.
N.B. These imper vious systems are not
transposable to other tunnel projects involving very high overburden (e.g. major Alpine
crossings). Research work (International
Eureka Contun) is in fact being conducted
concerning the design of TBMs and tunnel
linings suited to the special constraints
imposed by such projects. On account of
the very high pressures liable to be exerted
on these linings (loads induced by both
ground and water), thoughts are very naturally tending towards seeking a reduction in
their rigidity by incorporating a degree of
deformability in par ticular at their waterproofing gaskets.
a) Properties
It should be recalled that these are elastomeric gaskets, which have been designed
and manufactured for fitting to precast
concrete lining segments (see figure 24).
Watertigntness is ensured by compressing
them during erection and maintaining this
compression throughout the life of the
structure.
During construction, the compressive load
is applied by the TBM thrust cylinders or
segment erector and is temporarily maintained by the ring building system.
Watertigntness of gasket sections is guaranteed for a permanent hydrostatic pressure
laid down in the project specifications.
b) Construction configurations
In general, the gasket is fitted into a groove
formed in the segment faces; it is positioned
several centimetres from the segment
extrados and fitted around the full perimeter of the segment.
Gasket section dimensions must be compatible with erection tolerances and take into
account ring out-of-roundness.
In the specific case of water conveyance
pressure tunnels, combined behaviour of
the ground / lining must be analysed before
possibly modifying the position of the
imper vious gasket within the lining wall
(conventional well tested approach).
3.5.4.2 - Water-expansive gasket
a) Properties
It is recalled that these are elastomeric
waterproofing gasket with water-expansive
properties, i.e. they swell in the presence of
water.These cycles can alternate during the
life of the works.
If necessar y, initial water tigntness can be
achieved by compression. The presence of
water then triggers swelling of the waterexpansive material, which allows the applied
hydrostatic pressure to be resisted.
Watertightness of gasket is guaranteed for a
permanent hydrostatic pressure laid down
in the project specifications.
Water-expansive parts
Neutral parts
Figure 24 : Examples of compressible waterproofing gaskets
b) Construction configurations
The gasket is positioned on the segment
sides several centimetres from its extrados.
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Direction of advance
Figure 26 : Layout principle for waterproofing gaskets
a) Principle
These are products which combine both
types of gaskets described above.
The compressible gasket represents the
basic component and the water-expansive
gasket is usually fitted into the groove formed in the former (see figure 27).
This composite product allows the waterproofing system offered by either the compressible or the water-expansive gasket to
be complemented.
b) Construction configurations
As in the case of the compressible gasket,
Removal of strip forming
the groove
Assembly mechanisms implemented at circumferential (transverse) and radial (longitudinal) contact joints are aimed at:
maintaining sufficient erection accuracy by
preventing gradual cumulative out-of-flushness between segments and gaps at contact
joints;
keeping waterproofing gasket compressed
in the short-term, during construction, and
even in the long-term, during tunnel operation, especially in the vicinity of stations;
ensuring segment stability at ring building
stage, even when there no load is exerted
by the TBM thrust cylinders. However, measures might be adopted to ensure this stability without necessarily resorting to the use
of assembly systems (e.g. a thrust cylinder
anti-retract system);
ensuring segments are kept in their relative positions (guidance role) in the specific
case of water conveyance tunnels, for which
linings are required to "breathe" during tunnel filling and emptying cycles.
When they exist, assembly systems between segments in the same ring generally
comprise between one and three units.
In standard rings, longitudinal and transverse assembly systems are usually only
essential during construction (except when
wanting to take advantage of the contribution to rigidity of adjacent rings whose
radial contact joints are then combined).
As a general rule therefore, these assembly
systems can be removed when the TBM is
more than 200 metres away and all additional grouting operations have been completed.
In the vicinity of stations, longitudinal assembly systems are usually necessar y during
tunnel operation to keep the waterproofing
gaskets compressed. They are therefore
kept in place over a minimum tunnel length
of two or three diameters.
The durability of all permanent assembly
systems must be the same as that of the
structure itself.
3.5.5.2 - Bolted assemblies
Bolts or threaded rods are fixed from pockets provided on the intrados side of the
lining.
These bolts are generally of two types:
straight bolts fixed from hollows formed
in the intrados of segments:
- bearing directly on the concrete (see
figures 28 and 29),
the desired possibilities for relative rotation of a ring with respect to the last one
installed (considering the constraints imposed by the design, such as offsetting of longitudinal contact joints, small deviations in alignment, etc.).
Extrados
Extrados
Intrados
Bolt
Washer
Nut
Washer
Pocket
Nut
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Intrados
Washer
Threaded Nut
rod
Steel plate
Extrados
Figure 29 : Example of permanent assembly (straight bolts previously inserted into one
of the segments before placing the adjacent segment)
Intrados
Nut
Washer
Connector insert
Bolt
Plug
Back grouting
Plug
Intrados
Pockets
Segment being placed Ring erected
Plug
Back grouting
Bolt head
Ring erected
Excavation
Extrados
Excavation
Extrados
Intrados
Pockets
Ring erected
Back grouting
Intrados
Segment being
placed
Pocket
Socket
Anchor
bolt
bolt
Washer
head
Ring erected
Excavation
Extrados
the segments.This design also allows tightening up operations to be carried out under
cover of a fully erected ring and no longer
under segments only held in place by the
erector arm and the TBM thrust cylinders;
this system thereby ensures increased safety
of personnel (see figure 32).
Intrados
Segment
being placed
Ring erected
temporary functions:
- handling, erection (e.g. for picking up units
using "grippers" or "pins"),
- assembly (holes and boxes for inserting or
fixing assembly mechanisms, etc.),
- grouting (holes through the segment wall),
- precutting (e.g. to facilitate later formation
of openings at in-line structures).
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permanent functions
Pockets, as well as most connector inserts
fitted to lining segments, represent sources
of reduced strength of the reinforced
concrete ring elements. Their potential
impact on segment structural behaviour
(including during construction stages preceding ring erection) as well as on the purpose of the tunnel must, therefore, be closely examined.
3.5.6.1 - Connector inserts
- grouting;
permanent functions:
- inspection.
These millimetre thick stuffings must provide sufficient surface area to fulfil their
function and, on the contrary, must not be a
source of "load concentration" through
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its rheology:
the infilling material must, on the one hand,
be sufficiently fluid to facilitate its placement
and to fill completely the annular gap and,
on the other hand, be sufficiently firm to
avoid leakage through the shield tail seals
and segment waterproofing gaskets, as well
as to avoid seepage flows along the shield
tail towards the front of the TBM.
Moreover, its setting time must suit the
construction conditions;
its short- and long-term structural properties:
the infilling material must suit the ground
and construction conditions (convergence
of ground, rate of penetration, etc.); its
modulus of deformation and compressive
strength must be sufficient to prevent lining
out-of-roundness.
There are currently two main types of grouting material:
active material:
cement-based grout to which fly-ash, sand,
filler, bentonite, lime and admixtures such as
water-reducing plasticizer, retarder or accelerator may be added;
inert material:
cement-free material comprising a mixture
of bentonite, polymers, filler and sand with
the possible addition of a plasticizer. The
material will be termed "semi-inert" if lime
or fly-ash is added.
In the case of sufficiently stable enclosing
ground, infilling can be carried out in two
stages:
primary infilling with a fine gravel "matrix"
to ensure blocking of the lining in step with
TBM penetration;
secondary grouting to improve bond between the lining and the ground, which is
often deferred and independent from TBM
penetration.
3.5.8.3 - Back grouting implementation
In general, grouting quality control is preferable to damaging the lining by taking core
samples. However, the latter do allow the
quality of annular gap infilling to be ascertained, although they should obviously be limited to a minimum.
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segment erection becomes highly problematical when the ground becomes unstable
during excavation or under the action of
the grippers (overbreak and block falls);
a void at the crown must be mortar-filled
because the key segment is shorter than the
ring length in the longitudinal direction.
This solution can be advantageous as long
as, using the same TBM, it allows segment
erection inside the shield tail when difficult
ground is to be penetrated or water inflows
occur.
confinement pressure;
external hydrostatic pressure;
internal fluid pressure (including hydraulic
transient pressures, in some cases).
It should be noted that the geotechnical
parameters (E, c, CARSPECIAUX 102 \f
"Symbol" ) of the surrounding ground play a
preponderant role in the relevant states of
equilibrium and, as a result, they must be
known for each geological formation crossed.
In general, cases of adverse loading with
respect to opening of intersegment contact
joints are obtained for moderate overburden associated with low geotechnical parameters.
Analysis of overall structural behaviour
must also take into account the presence of
back grouting which blocks the lining rings
within the surrounding ground.
3.7.2.2 - Functional aspects
3.8.1 - Specification
Construction tolerances for segments forming the permanent lining of an underground structure must be specified on the
basis of general service criteria and must be
laid down in the project specifications.
Moreover, they can vary depending on the
lining design retained (expanded segments,
bolted segments, etc.).
roughness;
- micro-organisms,
- sulphate,
The accuracy sought must satisfy the general profile of the tunnel bore over its whole
route;
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operating clearances
For this and for the last point, these criteria
influence specification of tolerances concerning the tunnel construction axis with respect to the design theoretical axis;
water and air conveyance flows
It is important that project specifications lay
down geometrical criteria (surface roughness, out-of-flushness, etc.) allowing acceptable structural head losses;
layout of equipment fixings or pockets.
3.8.2.2 - Tolerances associated with
segment implementation
All criteria defined above must be considered in order to specify tolerances in the
construction axis with respect to the structural design axis.
The required means should then be implemented to ensure compliance with tolerances for the segments forming the relevant ring. Successive combinations of these
tolerances mean that dimensions must be
kept within small variations at mould stripping. Geometrical proper ties foreseen at
construction study stage should be reproduced to obtain contact faces between segments or rings which are capable of transferring loads between ring par ts and
ensuring proper watertightness.
It is therefore essential to identify clearly
the segments sections requiring par ticular
levels of geometrical accuracy and to quantify them.
- condensation,
- frost,
- salts,
- fire, etc.
3.9 - Durability
3.8.3 - Accuracy
- hydrocarbons,
- temperature,
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- Poisson's ratio .
The main parameters concerning the surrounding ground, which can come into play
in terms of analysing the behaviour of a precast concrete segmental tunnel lining, are
recalled hereunder on the basis of the
A.F.T.E.S. recommendations entitled "le
choix des paramtres et essais gotechniques utiles la conception, au dimensionnement et l'excution des ouvrages creuss en souterrain" (the choice of
geotechnical parameters and tests of use in
the design and constr uction of underground excavated structures).
a) Parameter s associated with natural
constraints
The geological history of the soil-rock mass
must be known; it may have been influenced
by tectonics, consolidation or erosion.
The basic parameters are:
intensity of principal stresses (in particular, evaluation of the term
Ko = (
Ho
);
Vo
Poisson's ratio.
ring composition
The discontinuous nature of a ring (an
assembly of elementary segments) leads to
a reduction in its stiffness in bending, whilst
its stiffness in compression is, in general,
only slightly affected by the presence of
intersegment contact joints.
On the other hand, installation of adjacent
rings incorporating combined radial contact
joints, associated with rigid assembly systems between rings, such as plugs, enables
this effect of reduced ring stiffness in bending to be limited.
4.1.2.4 - Soil - structure interaction
4.2.1.1 - Foreword
strength parameters:
modulus of deformation
c) Engineering parameters
- augmentation du dconfinement
du terrain la pose du revtement
Parameters
a) Confinement pressure
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b) Overcut
d) TBM length
e) TBM thrust
f) Back grouting
The following regulations or recommendations apply to limit state analyses of reinforced concrete lining segments:
"Fascicule n 62 Titre I section 1 - Rgles
techniques de conception et de calcul des
ouvrages et constructions en bton arm
suivant la mthode des tats limites (Rgles
BAEL 91)" (Engineering rules for limit state
design and analysis of str uctural and
constructional reinforced concrete based)
(French reinforced concrete code of practice).
Eurocode 2, published and annotated by
AFNOR (French Standards Institute) in
December 1992;
"Instruction technique sur les Directives
Communes relatives au calcul des constructions" (Engineering guide to Common
Directives covering str uctural design)
(French Govt. Circular n 79-25 of 13th
March 1979);
CEB-FIP International Recommendations,
1990;
NCF (French national railway company)
"Livret 2.01" covering railway loadings and
reinforced concrete design rules;
CPC Fascicule n 61 Titre II covering road
imposed loadings (French code of practice);
AFTES Recommendations currently in
force;
and, in some cases:
"CCTG Fascicule n 62 Titre V - Rgles
techniques de conception et de calcul des
fondations des ouvrages de gnie civil"
(Engineering rules for design and analysis of
civil engineering structures) (French code of
practice);
"Rcommandations provisoires relatives
la modification des rgles de prise en
compte de la fissuration et l'emploi des
btons hautes performances" (Provisional
recommendations for the amendment of
rules for considering cracking and for the
use of high-strength concrete), edited and
circulated by SETRA (French national highway engineering agency) in June 1997;
"DTU n 14.1 - Travaux de cuvelage"
(French unified code of practice - Lining and
tanking work), October 1987.
The project specification must detail the
regulator y documents applicable to the
contract, as well as their priority of application.
stress-strain diagrams;
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In the special case of water conveyance tunnels, the contract must detail values representing internal fluid loads to be considered
and how they should be taken into account.
eccentricity
of thrust
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Note:
a) Foreword
In the case of models which introduce a
non-elastic law in terms of ground behaviour (occurrence of zones in a plastic
state), soil-structure analysis should be carried out, without uplifting the actions involved, and the ultimate limit state weighting
coefficients detailed below should be
applied to the resulting forces.
b) Basic combined action put forward by
BAEL 91 and Eurocode 2
1,35Gmax + Gmin + Q1 Q1 + Qi Oi Qi
Gmax : total unfavourable permanent
actions (e.g. lining dead weight, ground pressure);
Gmin : total favourable permanent actions; in
some cases, water pressure can be favourable and should then be weighted by 1 ; in
other cases, it should be weighted by 1.35;
Note:
Temperature gradients ()
+ F1Q1Q1 + F1Q1OiQi }
All reproduction, translation and adaptation of articles (partly or totally) are subject to copyrigth.
Gground + Gwater + QI
or
Gground + Gwater
Design stresses derived from basic or accident-related combined actions must not
exceed the ultimate limit capacities for reinforced concrete sections specified by
A.4.3 of the BAEL 91 rules or Eurocode 2
and resulting from the following limiting
strains established for the relevant materials:
s=sup[240MPa,110ftj]
: cracking coefficient equal to 1.6 for hightensile deformed bars ( > 6 mm), 1.3 for
high-tensile deformed (high bond) bars (
6 mm) and 1 for plain (hot-rolled) reinforcing bars;
for highly detrimental cracking (lining in
highly aggressive environment):
s=sup[200MPa,90ftj]
In addition to the above limiting tensile
stresses, Section A.4.5. of BAEL 91 specifies
the maximum diameters and spacings for
reinforcing bars.
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Project specification requirements in relation to fire resistance must state the level of
fire stability for the lining and this must be
justified by the organization and emergency
facilities in the event of fire in the tunnel(s).
4.3 - Determination of
stresses in the tunnel lining
4.3.1 - Introduction
Given the circular shape of the tunnel lining,
several methods of analysis are possible for
determining the stresses due to interaction
of the soil and the structure.
The two main methods are:
Based on the use of finite element, or sometimes finite difference, numerical models,
this method allows 2- and 3-dimensional
problems to be tackled. It favours neither
the role of the lining nor that of the surrounding ground. As a result, it applies to a
lining of any stiffness located at any depth in
uniform or non-uniform surrounding
ground comprising several different formations and in the presence of symmetrical or
dissymmetrical existing structures.
Convergence-confinement method
the 3-dimensional nature of the excavation associated with the presence of a cut-
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not necessary
desirable
necessary
indirect consideration
direct consideration
not considered
Methods of analysis
Urban
Hyper- Composite Composite
/
static
solid
solid
Sensitive reaction method.
method.
method. Analytical Numerical
solutions resolution
Comments
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0
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
D
I
I
I
D
D
D
D
D
- superimposed load:
uniform superimposed load
linear superimposed load
(Bc truck, load-bearing wall),
surface superimposed load
- direction of principal stresses
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
2
D
D
I
N
D
D
* Loading:
- segment installation distance
I in 2-d.
D in 3-D.
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
I
D
I
D
I
D
0
0
1
0
2
0
2
2
D
I
I
I
D
I
I in 2-d.
D in 3-d.
I in 2-d.
D in 3-d.
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
D
N
D
Iin 2-d.
D in 3-d.
D
D
- confinement pressure
- slope effect
- dip effect (ground layers)
I in 2-d.
D in 3-d.
I en bi-dim
D in 3-d.
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Paramtres
Phase / Contexte
Mthodes de calcul
Commentaires
Etudes
Prlim
Projet
Excut
Urbain
/
Sensib
Application of pressure:
- to ground and to lining;
- to lining only;
II - Structure disign
- overall structural design (possible
consideration of contact joints, etc.)
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
D
D
D
N
D
D
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
D
N
D
N
D
D
2
1
0
0
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
I
D
D
N
N
D
D
D
D
I in 2-d.
D in 3-d.
Mthode Mthode
Mthode
des
du solide
du solide
ractions composite composite
hyperst. Solutions Rsolution
analytiques numrique
contact joints between units: bearing surface area, installation of waterproofing gasket, chamfers, etc.;
ments can be dimensionally critical (bursting forces due to spreading of this thrust);
minimum percentage of reinforcing steel
considerations:
- for units in compression (BAEL 91, Section
A.8.1,21),
- for units in bending: especially under the
action of TBM main cylinder thrust (BAEL
91, Section A.4.2.).
Hoop diameter s and arrangement
(concrete cover and spacing) must be derived in accordance with Section A.8.1,22 for
units in compression, Section A.7.1. for
concrete cover protection of reinforcing
bars and Section A.4.5,3 for cracking. It
should be noted that the use of highstrength concrete mixes of very high compactness allows the concrete covers prescribed by Section A.7.1. to be reduced.
4.4.3 - Longitudinal reinforcing
bars (arranged parallel to the tunnel axis)
Outside segment end zones subjected to
localized loads requiring iron-banding reinforcement, these longitudinal bars must
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5 - DESIGN OF ASSEMBLY
SYSTEMS
It should be recalled that a commonly retained accidental loading case is that associated with overhanging of a segment especially following a hydraulic failure in the TBM
thrust cylinders.
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wastewater drainage;
6 - TRANSITION AND
ANCILLARY WORKS
Design of underground works is not limited
to designing just the running tunnel; civil
works for an underground project usually
comprise:
tunnels, which are continuous structures
allowing circulation of trains, vehicles, fluids
or transmission of energy;
transition works:
- with the surface: specific examples are stations, ventilation shafts, emergency shafts,
inspection shafts and galleries, etc.,
- between tunnels: specific examples are
branches providing communication, piston
relief, ventilation, rolling stock depot and
turning galleries, etc.;
ancillary works: specific examples are
- ventilated refuges or collection areas,
- safety recesses,
- fire recesses,
- sand traps,
The present section is simply aimed at drawing attention to a number of design and
construction aspects of these transition and
ancillary works, which commonly represent
unusual points in terms of precast concrete
segmental lining design. Moreover, they
represent a major burden on the project in
terms of cost and time.
- plantrooms,
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7.1 - Aims
to check that lining actual behaviour complies with forecasts resulting from planned
theoretical sizing and, in turn, to verify the
level of safety of the structure in terms of
forces and deformations;
to gain greater knowledge of:
- the intensity and distribution of external
actions impacting on the lining during the
different stages construction progress (TBM
thrust, annular gap back grouting, short- and
long-term pressures exer ted by the surrounding ground),
- in a radial direction, with a view to analysing stresses induced by back grouting, the
surrounding ground and possible disruptive
effects associated with TBM thrust.
convergences:
- Invar wire or optical convergence measurement, with a view to evaluating short- and
long-term deformations withstood by lining
rings.
Temperature probes and relative humidity
sensors must also be implemented at instrumented sections in order to complement effectively the data collected.
Whilst tunnel lining monitoring has, until
now, been carried out conventionally by a
technician, this method is now being challenged by automatic data acquisition, which
offers many advantages such as:
rapid and virtually simultaneous measurements; data acquisition from a large number
of sensors therefore provides an "instantaneous picture" compared with TBM penetration rates;
scheduled frequency of measurement suited to both the nature or variability of
actions concerned and data sought during
different construction stages;
data acquisition facilitated, in par ticular,
when instrumented rings are within the
area enclosing the TBM back-up equipment.
Conversely, several drawbacks inherent in
the use of automatic data acquisition should
be mentioned:
danger of a systematic loss of data due to
defective installation or malfunction of a
component after fixing (closely supervised
installation then periodic checking to be
carried out by body in charge of measurement);
compatibility of recording box spatial
requirements with respect to clearances to
be provided temporarily for shor t-term
(erector arm, segments being erected, temporary equipment, back-up equipment, etc.)
and long-term (rolling stock, permanent
equipment, etc.);
possible problem of energy supply and
independence; depending on the quantity of
data to be collected, various options can be
envisaged: large-capacity batteries, sophisticated power plant controlled by energysaving electronics).
In particular, all monitoring schedules must
specify who is responsible for interpreting
results, the timescale and the data transmission chain. The validity of the monitoring
system must be questioned if this often
neglected interpretation stage does not
exist.
In general, reference should be made to
A.F.T.E.S. "Auscultation" (Monitoring)
Working Group n 19 recommendations on
tunnel monitoring measurements.
All reproduction, translation and adaptation of articles (partly or totally) are subject to copyrigth.
DUDDECK H., ERDMANN J. - On structural Design Models for Tunnels in Soft Soil - Underground Space,Vol 9, pp. 246-259, 1985.
CORBETTA F., BERNAUD D., NGUYEN-MINH D. - Contribution la mthode convergence-confinement par le principe de la
similitude. Revue Franaise de Gotechnique n 54, pp. 5-12, 1991.
BERNAUD D., ROUSSET G. - La nouvelle mthode implicite pour l'tude du dimensionnement des tunnels - Revue Franaise de
Gotechnique n 60, 3e trim., pp. 5-26, 1992.
PANET M. - Le calcul des tunnels par la mthode convergence-confinement - Presses de l'Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausses, 1995.
NGUYEN-MINH D., GUO C. - Sur un principe d'interaction massif-soutnement des tunnels en avancement stationnaire - Eurok'93,
Lisbon, Portugal, 1993.
NGUYEN-MINH D., GUO C. - Tunnels creuss en milieu viscoplastique - Gotechnique et Environnement, Colloque Franco -Polonais,
Nancy, 1993.
MUIR WOOD A.M. - The circular tunnel in elastic ground - Geotechnique 25, n 1, 1975.
HOEK E., KAISER P.K., BAWDEN W.F. - Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock - A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield,
1995.
ANNEX :
1 - GENERAL
The aim of the present section is to describe the main tunnel lining construction
stages in such a way that actions applied to
the segments during constr uction are
recorded.
In general, these operations are covered by
construction procedures describing general
and specific requirements for production
organization and which are consolidated
under a single more general document: the
project Quality Assurance Plan (Q.A.P.).
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During production
2.4 - Concreting
Positioning of lifting beam fitted with suction pads, or other gripper- or sling-based
handling system.
After mould stripping, segments will be set
down and stacked on suppor ts located in
prepared sections of the pre-storage
(curing) area inside the precasting shop or
outside under suitable protection. Timber
blocks will be placed between segments
taking care that they are aligned with the
supports. Curing time will be approximately
8 hours and in general imposed by the
sequencing of mould stripping, storing,
gluing, turning, packing and then loading-out
operations.
Self-inspection
The operator will then carry out the necessary inspections and fill in the relevant compliance inspection report.
2.6 - Inspections
Moulds for the same lining ring must be
fabricated and inspected from every angle
in relation to the ring. Similarly, in the case
of several ring moulds, the type of mould
must be identical irrespective of the ring it
forms.
The following inspections are usually carried out:
2.7 - Repairs
A repair report, which will be attached to
the relevant compliance inspection report,
will be drawn up for every repair.
The Q.A.P. will specify repair procedures
and materials to be used for the different
cases encountered:
honeycombing;
bubbles in waterproofing gasket grooves;
spalling at edges, etc.
Self-inspection after repair
inspection of waterproofing gasket groove
surface condition;
inspection of extrados surface condition;
inspection of bearing surfaces.
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4 - SEGMENT COLLECTION,
TRANSPORT AND ACCEPTANCE ON SITE
5 - SEGMENT SUPPLY TO
THE WORKFACE
After segment acceptance, unloading and
storage in an area near the tunnel access
(shaft, adit, etc.), supply to the workface
usually depends on the area available and it
represents a minimum stock.
Storage can be organized by:
segment;
by segment pair ;
by rings palletized on steel frames.
Storage design is therefore based on the
selected transport methods within the tunnel and to the TBM, where the segments are
unloaded, then placed on a belt or roller
feed conveyor which delivers them to the
front where they are picked up by the segment erector.
In principle, the precast plant loading supervisor is responsible for collecting segments
from the plant storage yard and the haulage
contractor is responsible for transport.
3 - STORAGE AT PRECAST
PLANT YARD
The following table complements this information by considering an example of building a lining ring comprising rectangular(standard) and trapezoidal-shaped (key and
counter) segments. It details:
Special care is required in relation to storage and possible thermal protection conditions to prevent segment concrete microcracking at the precast plant storage yard.
Handling will be undertaken using a lifting
beam fitted with either suction pads or
slings, which allows a pack of several segments to be picked up.
SCHEDULE OF OPERATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
REMARKS
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