Professional Documents
Culture Documents
اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ
Topographic Maps
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول
اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ :هﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إدﺧﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ
اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت أو ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ وﺗﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺼﻮرﻩ
رﻗﻤﻴﺔ إﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ أو ﻓﻰ اﻗﺮاص اﻟﺤﻔﻆ .وﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ
ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ورﻗﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥
ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١
رﺳﻢ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل ودواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ
اﻟﻘﺎهﺮة
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢
-٣اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل
North Direction
-ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ )اﻟﺸﻤﺎل
اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ( واﻟﺬى ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٥
”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ إﻃﺎر وأﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
-٤ب -أﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ:
اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺳﻮد :ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن (Man madeﻣﺜﻞ
اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ وﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻮن أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان
اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ واﻷﺳﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ وﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ.
اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻰ :ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر Contour Lines
اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق :ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ Water featuresﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر
واﻷﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات واﻟﺘﺮع واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف.
اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ :ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ Vegetation
اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺮ :ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرﻳﺔ Cultural featuresﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق
اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ وﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺪن وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻮن أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ رﺳﻢ
ﺧﻄﻮط ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت
أﻟﻮان أﺧﺮى :ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻟﻮان أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ أى ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
أن ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٦
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻺﻃﺎر واﻷﻟﻮان ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٨
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ رﻣﻮز ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ
-ﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﺎدة أﻓﻘﻴﺎ وﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﺘﺐ
ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق
.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٠
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٢
-٨ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ
Map Scale
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ هﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ.
-ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن آﺒﻴﺮا إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻣﺎ
ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺻﻐﻴﺮة )ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ، ١/٥٠٠، ١/٢٥٠٠ ، ١/٢٥ ٠٠٠
إﻟﻰ ان ﻧﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ( ١/١٠٠
و ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺻﻐﻴﺮا إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض آﺒﻴﺮة
)ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ . (١/١٠ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠ ، ١/٤٠٠٠٠٠٠ ، ١/٢٥٠٠ ٠٠٠ ، ١/١٠٠٠ ٠٠٠
-ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ وﺑﻴﻦ آﺒﺮ أو ﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٣
-١-٨أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٤
-١-٨ا -ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻰ أو اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ
Verbal Scale
-ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس
ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة آﻠﻤﺎت آﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
-ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ”ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ آﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ“.
-ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
-ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ.
-ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٥
-١-٨ب -ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ
Ratio or Representative fraction (RF) Scale
-ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ آﺴﺮ ﻋﺪدى ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﻄﻪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ
،١٠٠٠ :١أى آﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ١٠٠٠وﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ.
-ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت
اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٦
-١-٨ﺟـ -ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ
Bar or Plain or Graphic Scale
-ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة
-ﻃﻮل ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٧
”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ -١- ٨ﺟـ -ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ:
-ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ١٠ﻣﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أن
ﺗﻠﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻮد و ﺗﺘﺮك اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﻴﻀﺎء و ذﻟﻚ
ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاءة.
-ﺗﻜﺘﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس آﺒﻴﺮا او ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ إذا آﺎن
اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺻﻐﻴﺮا (.
-ﻳﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﻳﻤﻦ
ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎس.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٨
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ
METERS
ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﺮ( = ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ \ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢٩
-١-٨د -ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ أو اﻟﻘﻄﺮى
Diagonal scale
-هﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة.
-ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ،وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ .
-ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ.
ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ.
-ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ:
ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﺮ( = ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ \ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٠
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ
ﻣﺜﺎل :ارﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس ١٠٠٠:١ﻳﻘﺮأ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ام.
78
42
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٢
-٢-٨ا -اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ(
Million map
-١ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/ ١٠٠٠ ٠٠٠
ﻓﺄﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/ ٢ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠
أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/ ٥ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠
أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/ ١٠ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠و هﻜﺬا.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٣
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٥
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
٥٠ ٠٠٠ : ١
ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﺎدﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ، ١/١٠ ٠٠٠
ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/٥٠٠٠أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/٢٥٠٠أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ١/١ ٠٠٠
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٧
٢٥٠٠ : ١ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ
-ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺪرﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ١٠٠٠٠٠٠/١ﻓﺄآﺜﺮ و ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
اﻵﺗﻰ :ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﺎرة او اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٩
اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤١
ﻃﺮق اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻷرﺿﻰ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٢
اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻷرﺿﻰ
-١اﻻدوات اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ
اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ واﻟﺠﻨﺰﻳﺮ -Tape and Chainاﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ
-Compassاﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ Plane Table
-٢اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ
اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ – Theodoliteاﻟﻤﻴﺰان Level
-٣اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ
اﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ -EDMﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ Total
station
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٣
ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر
ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط وهﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن ،ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ
ﻹﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ وﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع أو
اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٤
أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٦
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻷﻧﻮاع ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر
10
1 2
3 350
5 4
350
9 6
300
8
7
-٣ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ(.
-٤ﺗﻘﺎرب ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺤﺪار ﺷﺪﻳﺪ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ(.
-٥ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺟﺮف )هﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺴﻰ ذات ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺷﺒﻪ
رأﺳﻰ(.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٨
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ
اﻧﺤﺪار ﺷﺪﻳﺪ
اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٤
-١ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٥
ا -ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت :
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻀﻠﻊ ذات أﺿﻼع ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ وﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪات ﺻﻐﻴﺮة )ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت أو ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت
ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﻮاﺧﺺ واﻷوﺗﺎد واﻟﺠﻴﺮ.
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ أرآﺎن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ أرآﺎن اﻟﻮﺣﺪات
A B C D E F G H I J
1
2
3 ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
4 اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ Excel
5
6
7
8
9
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٦
ب -ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر:
ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻷرض
-ﻧﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﻮاﺧﺺ واﻷوﺗﺎد واﻟﺠﻴﺮ
-ﻧﺄﺧﺬ أﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ وﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر.
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر وﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
20 15 10 5 5 10 15 20 25
9
8
7
6 ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ آﻞ ٥م
5
ﻳﻤﻴﻦ وﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر
4
3
2
1
ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying ﻳﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر
Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٧
ﺟـ -ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت :
-ﻧﺤﺘﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻷرض ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ وﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻧﺤﺪد اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ )اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺷﻤﺎل
ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ أو اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ(
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت
اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻷرض )ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ
اﻟﻤﻨﺴﺐ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز(.
-ﻧﻜﺮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ آﻞ ٥أو ١٠درﺟﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ اﻷﻓﻖ.
ﺷﻤﺎل اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٨
-٢ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ
-ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺣﺪود اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ
-ﺗﻔﺮغ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ:
ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أرآﺎن
اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٩
-٣رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٠
-٣ا -اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ
-ﺑﻔﺮض أن ا ،ب ﻃﺮﻓﻰ وﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت وﻣﻄﻠﻮب
ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ ا ،ب
ع -ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ:
ع س = ١ل * )ع \ ١ع (
١ ١
ا ﺣﻴﺚ ل :ﻃﻮل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة
ب س١
ل ع :ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ
س : ١ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻂ
ع : ١ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ ا وﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر
-ﻧﻜﺮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺸﻴﻜﺔ
-ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦١
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ
إذا آﺎن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ا ) ١٠٫٣م( وﻣﻨﺴﻮب ب ) ١٢٫٧م ( واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ
٣٠م .أوﺟﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ ا ،ب إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ آﻞ ١م.
اﻟﺤﻞ :ﺧﻄﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر ١٢ ، ١١ﻳﻘﻌﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ ا ،ب وﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ:
) ١٢٫٧م (
ع = ٢٫٤ = ١٠٫٣ – ١٢٫٧
) ١٢٫٠م(
) ١٢٫٠م(
ل = ٣٠م ،ع ، ٠٫٧ = ١ع١٫٧ = ٢
٢٫٤
ع١
) ١٠٫٣م(
س١
س٢ س ٨٫٧٥ = (٢٫٤ \ ٠٫٧) * ٣٠ = ١م
٣٠
س٢١٫٢٥ = (٢٫٤ \ ١٫٧) * ٣٠ = ٢م
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٢
-٣ب -اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ(
إذا آﺎن ا ،ب ﻃﺮﻓﻰ وﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﻤﺎ ٤٫٥ ، ٣٫٧م
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ وﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر ٤٫٠ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ ا ب :
اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ آﻨﺘﻮر ٤٫٠وﻧﻘﻄﺔ ا = ٠٫٣ = ٣٫٧ – ٤٫٠م
اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ب و آﻨﺘﻮر ٠٫٥ = ٤٫٠ – ٤٫٥ = ٤٫٠م
ﻣﻦ ا ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ا ب ﺗﻌﺎدل ٣وﺣﺪات
و ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ب ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ا ب ﺗﻌﺎدل ٥وﺣﺪات
ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر ٤٫٠م
٣وﺣﺪة
٤٫٥
٣٫٧
٥وﺣﺪة
ﻧﻘﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮر ٤٫٠
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٣
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ
وﺣﺪة٦
٣٫٦ ٤٫٥ ٥٫٥
٣٫٢
وﺣﺪة٢
٢٫٤
ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎل اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ
اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ )اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت أو ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت(
-ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ .AutoCad
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٥
Surfer ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ
-٥اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ Depression
اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ
-٣اﻟﺠﺮف Cliff
ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ
ردم
Fill
اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ
-وﻳﻌﺮف أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى رأﺳﻰ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪدﺗﻴﻦ
ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷرض.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٨
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ
-١ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ :ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ أ ،ب )ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﺼﺮ
آﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺮاد ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ.
-٢ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس :وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ
أو ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ،وهﺬا اﻟﺨﻂ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب أﻗﻞ ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ أ ،ب .
-٤ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ
-٥ﻧﺴﻘﻂ ﺧﻄﻮﻃﺎ رأﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ
ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٩
”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ
-٧ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ أو
ﻣﻨﻜﺴﺮ أو ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ اﻟﺬى ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر.
-٩ﻳﺤﺪد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ ﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ.
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٠
ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ
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