‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات اﻹﻟﻴﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬

‫‪E – Learning courses‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Topographic Maps‬‬

‫أ‪ .‬د‪ /‬ﺳﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻐﺮﺑﻰ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﺪﻧﻰ ‪ -‬هﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻷزهﺮ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول‬
‫‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ :‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫‪ :‬ﻃﺮق رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ ‪ :‬ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس ‪ :‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻷول‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣

 ‫ﻧﺒﺬة ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‪:‬‬
‫أول ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎم ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻌﻮب آﺎن اﻟﺒﺎﺑﻠﻴﻴﻦ ﺛﻢ اﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻴﻦ‬
‫واﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷراﺿﻰ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ واﻋﺘﻤﺪوا ﻓﻰ دﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎت واﻟﻔﻠﻚ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﻌﺮف اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ هﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ اﻻﻓﻘﻰ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷرض ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻜﻞ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫واﻷﺳﺎس ﻓﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ )ﺻﻐﻴﺮ – ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ – آﺒﻴﺮ(‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﻀﻤﻮن أو ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻴﺔ – ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻨﺎخ – اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ – زراﻋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪-‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ – ﺗﺎرﻳﺨﻴﺔ – اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪. (....... -‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ إدﺧﺎل وإﺧﺮاج اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻮرﻗﻴﺔ ‪ :‬هﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﻷدوات اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺎت ورﻗﻴﺔ وهﻰ اﻷآﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬
‫واﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :‬هﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إدﺧﺎل ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت أو ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ وﺗﺤﻔﻆ ﺑﺼﻮرﻩ‬
‫رﻗﻤﻴﺔ إﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ أﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ أو ﻓﻰ اﻗﺮاص اﻟﺤﻔﻆ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ورﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر )اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻠﻮﺣﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ(‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻷرض‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮاﻟﺠﻮي‬
‫‪ -٤‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫‪ -٦‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻔﻆ واﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧

 ‫اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪Main components of Map‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل ودواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض(‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫‪ -٤‬إﻃﺎر وأﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ -٥‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أو رﻣﻮز اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ -٦‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ واﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬
‫‪ -٧‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬
‫‪ -٨‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫‪ -١‬ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ‪Map Title‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺬى ﻣﻦ أﺟﻠﻪ ﺗﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ) ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﻗﺮﻳﺔ – ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ( اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺎرزا ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺨﻂ و اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻼءم ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺎدة ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻰ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠

 ‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل ودواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض(‬
‫)‪Map Grid (Longitude and Latitude‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط رأﺳﻴﺔ وأﺧﺮى أﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل )اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﻰ( ودواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض‬
‫)اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻰ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻨﻈﺎم اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل واﻟﻌﺮض ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻓﻰ أﻣﺎآﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻄﺮق و اﻟﺤﺪود اﻹدارﻳﺔ و اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺄآﺪ ﻣﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫رﺳﻢ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل ودواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎهﺮة‬
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٢
 ‫‪ -٣‬اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫‪North Direction‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺳﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻳﺸﻴﺮ إﻟﻰ اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ )اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ( واﻟﺬى ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﺳﻬﻤﺎن‪ :‬اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬

‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ واﻟﺬى ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﺠﻢ واﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬

‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﻬﻢ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ زاوﻳﺔ اﻻﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬
‫)اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ واﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٤

 ‫‪ -٤‬إﻃﺎر وأﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪Map Frame and Colors‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬ا‪ -‬إﻃﺎر اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ داﺧﻞ إﻃﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ واﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ أو ﻓﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻃﺎر أرﻗﺎم ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻄﻮل و دواﺋﺮ اﻟﻌﺮض‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻹﻃﺎر ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ) ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻠﻔﺖ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮ أو ﻣﺰرآﺶ( ﺣﺘﻰ‬

‫ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺿﻮح ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ إﻃﺎر وأﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ -٤‬ب‪ -‬أﻟﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺳﻮد ‪ :‬ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ )ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﻊ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ‪ (Man made‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ وﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺴﻜﻚ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻮن أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﻮان‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ واﻷﺳﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ وﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻟﺒﻨﻰ ‪ :‬ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ‪Contour Lines‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷزرق ‪ :‬ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﻄﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ Water features‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺎر‬
‫واﻷﻧﻬﺎر واﻟﺒﺤﻴﺮات واﻟﺘﺮع واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺧﻀﺮ ‪ :‬ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ‪Vegetation‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﻮن اﻷﺣﻤﺮ ‪ :‬ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرﻳﺔ ‪ Cultural features‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻌﺔ واﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎت اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ وﺣﺪود اﻟﻤﺪن وﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻠﻮن أﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻰ رﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮط ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫أﻟﻮان أﺧﺮى ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﻟﻮان أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ أى ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫أن ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻺﻃﺎر واﻷﻟﻮان ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺷﻜﻞ وﺳﻤﻚ اﻹﻃﺎر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٧
 ‫‪ -٥‬رﻣﻮز أو ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أو اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫)‪Map Legend (Symbols‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻗﺎﻣﻮس ﻣﺼﻐﺮ ﻳﺤﺘﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز و اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻣﻌﺒﺮة ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎل رﻣﺰﻳﺔ أو أﻟﻮان ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﺪم اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أى رﻣﺰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ إﻻ إذا ﺗﻢ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ال ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ وﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬إﻃﺎر اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ إﻃﺎر اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ رﻣﻮز ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٩

 ‫‪ -٦‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ واﻷﺳﻤﺎء‬
‫‪Location and Place Names‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )اﻟﺠﺒﺎل أو اﻷودﻳﺔ ‪ (....‬أو ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫)اﻟﻄﺮق أو اﻟﻤﺪن أو اﻟﻘﺮى ‪(....‬اﻟﺦ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﻋﺎدة أﻓﻘﻴﺎ وﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﺘﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻢ وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻄﺮق‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻤﻚ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ )‪ (Font‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ أهﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ؛ ﻓﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ‬

‫ﻳﻜﻮن ﺑﺴﻤﻚ رﻓﻴﻊ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺛﻢ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺘﺎﺑﺔ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺣﻆ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺮوف اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٢١
 ‫‪ -٧‬دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‬
‫‪Map index‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة ﻟﻬﺎ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﻓﻰ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬
 ‫‪ -٨‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫‪Map Scale‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ هﻮ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن آﺒﻴﺮا إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺻﻐﻴﺮة )ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪، ١/٥٠٠، ١/٢٥٠٠ ، ١/٢٥ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫إﻟﻰ ان ﻧﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ‪( ١/١٠٠‬‬

‫و ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺻﻐﻴﺮا إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺎﺛﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض آﺒﻴﺮة‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ‪. (١/١٠ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠ ، ١/٤٠٠٠٠٠٠ ، ١/٢٥٠٠ ٠٠٠ ، ١/١٠٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ وﺑﻴﻦ آﺒﺮ أو ﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫‪ -١-٨‬أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

‫ا‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻰ أو اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ‬

‫ب‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﺪدى‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺨﻄﻰ‬
‫د ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ أو اﻟﻘﻄﺮى‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫‪-١-٨‬ا‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻰ أو اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ‬
‫‪Verbal Scale‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ و ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻰ ﺻﻮرة آﻠﻤﺎت آﺘﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ”ﺳﻨﺘﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﻟﻜﻞ آﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ“‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫‪ -١-٨‬ب‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ‬
‫‪Ratio or Representative fraction (RF) Scale‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ هﻴﺌﺔ آﺴﺮ ﻋﺪدى ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺑﺴﻄﻪ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ وﻣﻘﺎﻣﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪ ،١٠٠٠ :١‬أى آﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ١٠٠٠‬وﺣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎﺳﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وﻟﺬا ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫‪ -١-٨‬ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ‬
‫‪Bar or Plain or Graphic Scale‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‬

‫‪ -‬ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﺮاءة و اﺳﺘﺨﻼص اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻮم ﻧﻔﺴﻪ و ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﺬا ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻃﻮل ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﺪد واﻹﻧﻜﻤﺎش‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ‪ -١- ٨‬ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ أو اﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻮازﻳﻴﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٠‬ﻣﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮن ﺑﻌﺾ وﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻮد و ﺗﺘﺮك اﻷﺧﺮى ﺑﻴﻀﺎء و ذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺮاءة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺘﺐ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس آﺒﻴﺮا او ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮ إذا آﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺻﻐﻴﺮا (‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﻳﻤﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﺎس‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻃﻮﻟﻰ‬

‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1000‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪3000‬‬ ‫‪4000‬‬ ‫‪5000‬‬

‫‪METERS‬‬

‫اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﺮ( = ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ \ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ‫‪ -١-٨‬د ‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ أو اﻟﻘﻄﺮى‬
‫‪Diagonal scale‬‬
‫‪ -‬هﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻄﻰ ﻳﺮﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻄﻮﻟﻰ‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﺪﻗﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ و اﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻷﻗﺴﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﺼﻔﺮ( = ﻃﻮل اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ \ دﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ‪:‬ارﺳﻢ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس ‪ ١٠٠٠:١‬ﻳﻘﺮأ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ام‪.‬‬

‫‪78‬‬
‫‪42‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻰ آﻞ ‪٢‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ‪٢٠‬م‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ‪١٠٠٠:١‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻰ ﻳﻘﺴﻢ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻗﺴﻢ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫آﻞ ‪١‬ﺳﻢ ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ‪١٠٠٠‬ﺳﻢ‬
‫)‪١‬ﻋﻤﻮد* ‪٢٠‬ﺻﻒ أو ‪ ١٠*٢‬أو ‪(٥*٤‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺜﻼ ‪٧٨ ،٤٢‬م‬ ‫آﻞ ‪١‬ﺳﻢ ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ‪١٠‬م‬
‫آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫آﻞ ‪٢‬ﺳﻢ ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ‪٢٠‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣١‬‬
 ‫‪ -٢-٨‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

‫ا‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ( وهﻰ ذات ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ‬

‫ب‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ وهﻰ ذات ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬

‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ وهﻰ ذات ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫‪-٢-٨‬ا‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪Million map‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١/ ١٠٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١/ ٢ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١/ ٥ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ ١/ ١٠ ٠٠٠ ٠٠٠‬و هﻜﺬا‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ اﻷﻃﻠﺲ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬

‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷرض و ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻘﺎرات و اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪول‬
‫وﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﺪن و اﻟﻤﻮاﻧﺊ اﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٤

 ‫‪ -٢-٨‬ب‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ‪Topographic Maps‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة أو ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض وﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ )ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط‬
‫اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر( واﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟﻤﺪن واﻟﻘﺮى وﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻓﻰ أﻏﺮاض ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻏﺮاض اﻟﺤﺮﺑﻴﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺒﺪأ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١/ ١٠٠ ٠٠٠‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ - ١ / ٥٠ ٠٠٠‬أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١ / ٢٥ ٠٠٠‬‬ ‫ﻓﺄآﺒﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ‬

‫أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١ / ١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
٥٠ ٠٠٠ : ١

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٦

 ‫‪ -٢-٨‬ﺟـ ‪ -‬اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪Cadastral Maps‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ و ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ آﺜﻴﺮة ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ رﺋﻴﺴﻴﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ١‬ـ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﺎدﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ ‪ :‬وﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻓﻰ أﻏﺮاض ﻓﺮض اﻟﻀﺮاﺋﺐ واﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ٢‬ـ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﺎدﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪن و ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻤﻼﻣﺢ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ) اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻰ واﻟﻤﺪارس واﻟﺸﻮارع وﺧﻼﻓﻪ( آﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﺪد اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﺎدﺳﺘﺮاﻟﻴﺔ أآﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪، ١/١٠ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ ١/٥٠٠٠‬أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪ ١/٢٥٠٠‬أو ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ‪١/١ ٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ٢٥٠٠ : ١ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٣٨

 ‫أﻧﻮاع وﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻓﻚ اﻟﺰﻣﺎم زراﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ‪ ١٠٠٠٠/١-٢٥٠٠/١‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻵﺗﻰ‪ :‬إﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ‪-‬اﻟﻤﺮآﺰ ‪-‬اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ -‬إﺳﻢ اﻟﺤﻮض ورﻗﻤﻪ‪ -‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺪن ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ‪ ٥٠٠٠/١- ١٠٠٠/١-٥٠٠/١‬و ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻵﺗﻰ‪ :‬إﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ‪-‬اﻟﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ ‪ -‬إﺳﻢ اﻟﺸﺎرع رﻗﻤﻪ واﻟﺤﻰ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻪ‪-‬رﻗﻢ اﻟﻌﻘﺎر‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ‪- ١٠٠٠٠٠/١- ٥٠٠٠٠/١-٢٥٠٠٠/١‬‬

‫‪ ٥٠٠٠٠٠/١‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺗﻰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻄﻮل و داﺋﺮة اﻟﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن‬
‫وآﺬا اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ و اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺪرﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ‪ ١٠٠٠٠٠٠/١‬ﻓﺄآﺜﺮ و ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻵﺗﻰ ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻘﺎرة او اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب وﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٠

 ‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬
‫اﺷﺘﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ )ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﺘﻴﻦ )‪ (TOPOS‬و ﻣﻌﻨﺎهﺎ )ﻣﻜﺎن(‬
‫و )‪ (GRAPHIA‬و ﻣﻌﻨﺎهﺎ )ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ أو وﺻﻒ(‪ .‬و ﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻌﻨﻰ آﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺎ ‪ :‬اﻟﻮﺻﻒ أو اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن ‪.‬‬
‫وهﻰ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس آﺒﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة أو ﻣﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ )اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت و اﻟﻤﺪن و اﻟﻘﺮى(‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫و ﺗﺸﻤﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻰ‬
‫رﺳﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ هﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ وهﻰ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر وﻟﺬا ﻓﻬﻰ ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺑﺄﺑﻌﺎدﻩ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻷرﺿﻰ‬

‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﺮاﺳﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻰ اﻷرﺿﻰ‬
‫‪ -١‬اﻻدوات اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ واﻟﺠﻨﺰﻳﺮ ‪ -Tape and Chain‬اﻟﺒﻮﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ -Compass‬اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ‪Plane Table‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ‪ – Theodolite‬اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ‪Level‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻷﺟﻬﺰﻩ اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺟﻬﺰة ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -EDM‬ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ‪Total‬‬
‫‪station‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬أﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ‪GPS‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط وهﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻮن‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻹﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ وﺗﻤﺮ ﺑﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع أو‬
‫اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ هﻮ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻰ ﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫)اﻟﺼﻔﺮ(‪ .‬أﻋﻼﻩ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت وأدﻧﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﺳﺎﻟﺒﺔ زرﻗﺎء اﻟﻠﻮن ﺗﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻤﺎق ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ أن اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ )اﻟﻔﺮق اﻟﺮأﺳﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻄﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر(‬

‫ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪة‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬
 ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٥

 ‫أﻧﻮاع ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ :Index contours‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎت ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﻦ اﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ و ﺗﻜﻮن داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﺮﻗﻢ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪ : Intermediate contours‬و هﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط‬

‫ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻧﺠﺪ داﺋﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر رﺋﻴﺴﻰ و ﺁﺧﺮ‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ )‪ (٤‬ﺧﻄﻮط آﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪ : Supplementary contours‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻰ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺼﺤﺮاوﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ و اﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪا آﺒﻴﺮا‪ .‬ﻟﺬا ﻧﻠﺠﺄ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت إﻟﻰ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻮع ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻏﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ إﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺎ أهﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ و اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻷﻧﻮاع ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

10
1 2
3 350
5 4
350
9 6
300
8
7

‫ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر‬ ‫ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر إﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر إﺿﺎﻓﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٧
 ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺧﻄﻮط ﻣﻘﻔﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ أو ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪود اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻤﺠﺎورة‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺴﺎوى اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻳﻌﻨﻰ إﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﺗﻘﺎرب ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻳﺪل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺤﺪار ﺷﺪﻳﺪ )ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺟﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﺗﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﺟﺮف )هﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺴﻰ ذات ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺷﺒﻪ‬
‫رأﺳﻰ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺗﻜﺮار ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻳﻌﻨﻰ اﻧﻌﻜﺎس اﻷﻧﺤﺪار‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻹ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺟﺪا ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٤٨‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬

‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٤٩

 ‫ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٠

 ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥١

 ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﻜﺎل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٢

 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻃﺮق رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٥٣

 ‫ﻃﺮق رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

‫ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ اﺗﺒﺎع اﻟﺨﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد إﻧﺸﺎء ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫‪ -١‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬إذا آﺎن ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺎ اﻟﻤﻴﺰان واﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ا‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬

‫‪ -‬أﻣﺎ إذا آﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﺎح ﺗﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ وﺷﺮﻳﻂ أو ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻹﺗﺠﺎهﺎت‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ا‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت أو اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻤﻀﻠﻊ ذات أﺿﻼع ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ وﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ اﻟﻤﻀﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻰ وﺣﺪات ﺻﻐﻴﺮة )ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت أو ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ( وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﻮاﺧﺺ واﻷوﺗﺎد واﻟﺠﻴﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ أرآﺎن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ أرآﺎن اﻟﻮﺣﺪات‬
‫‪A B C D E F G H I J‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﻟﻨﻘﻂ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ ‪Excel‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫ب‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻷرض‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺤﺪد ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﻤﺤﻮر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺸﻮاﺧﺺ واﻷوﺗﺎد واﻟﺠﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺄﺧﺬ أﻋﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻳﻤﻴﻦ وﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر وﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫‪20 15 10 5‬‬ ‫‪5 10 15 20 25‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ آﻞ ‪٥‬م‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ وﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎر اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺤﻮر‬
‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺤﺘﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻷرض ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ وﻋﻨﺪهﺎ ﻧﺤﺪد اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺮﺻﺪ )اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺷﻤﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ أو اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ اﻷرض )ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻟﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺴﺐ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻜﺮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻼ آﻞ ‪ ٥‬أو ‪١٠‬درﺟﺎت ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻔﻞ اﻷﻓﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎل اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﻰ‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺣﺪود اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻔﺮغ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ آﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ﺗﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أرآﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ او اﺳﺘﺪﻋﺎؤهﺎ ﻣﻦ ذاآﺮة ﻣﺤﻄﺔ اﻷرﺻﺎد اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪.‬‬

‫ﻃﺮق رﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪:‬‬

‫ا‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬

‫ب‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ(‬

‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ )ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪( Surfer‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬ا‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻔﺮض أن ا ‪ ،‬ب ﻃﺮﻓﻰ وﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت وﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ ا ‪ ،‬ب‬
‫ع‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫ع‬ ‫س‪ = ١‬ل * )ع‪ \ ١‬ع (‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ل ‪ :‬ﻃﻮل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬
‫ب‬ ‫س‪١‬‬
‫ل‬ ‫ع ‪ :‬ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‬
‫س‪ : ١‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﻂ‬
‫ع‪ : ١‬ﻓﺮق اﻟﻤﻨﺴﻮب ﺑﻴﻦ ا وﺧﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻜﺮر اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺸﻴﻜﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﺑﺨﻄﻮط ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫إذا آﺎن ﻣﻨﺴﻮب ا )‪ ١٠٫٣‬م( وﻣﻨﺴﻮب ب )‪ ١٢٫٧‬م ( واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٣٠‬م ‪ .‬أوﺟﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ ا ‪ ،‬ب إذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ آﻞ ‪١‬م‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪ :‬ﺧﻄﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪ ١٢ ، ١١‬ﻳﻘﻌﺎن ﺑﻴﻦ ا ‪ ،‬ب وﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺗﻬﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ ١٢٫٧‬م (‬
‫ع = ‪٢٫٤ = ١٠٫٣ – ١٢٫٧‬‬
‫)‪ ١٢٫٠‬م(‬
‫)‪ ١٢٫٠‬م(‬
‫ل = ‪ ٣٠‬م ‪ ،‬ع‪ ، ٠٫٧ = ١‬ع‪١٫٧ = ٢‬‬
‫‪٢٫٤‬‬

‫ع‪٢‬‬ ‫)‪ ١١٫٠‬م(‬

‫ع‪١‬‬
‫)‪ ١٠٫٣‬م(‬
‫س‪١‬‬
‫س‪٢‬‬ ‫س‪ ٨٫٧٥ = (٢٫٤ \ ٠٫٧) * ٣٠ = ١‬م‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
‫س‪٢١٫٢٥ = (٢٫٤ \ ١٫٧) * ٣٠ = ٢‬م‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٢‬‬
 ‫‪ -٣‬ب‪ -‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ )اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ(‬
‫إذا آﺎن ا ‪ ،‬ب ﻃﺮﻓﻰ وﺣﺪة واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻬﻤﺎ ‪٤٫٥ ، ٣٫٧‬م‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻰ وﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪ ٤٫٠‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻂ ا ب ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪ ٤٫٠‬وﻧﻘﻄﺔ ا = ‪ ٠٫٣ = ٣٫٧ – ٤٫٠‬م‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ب و آﻨﺘﻮر ‪ ٠٫٥ = ٤٫٠ – ٤٫٥ = ٤٫٠‬م‬
‫ﻣﻦ ا ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ا ب ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ ٣‬وﺣﺪات‬
‫و ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ب ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ا ب ﺗﻌﺎدل ‪ ٥‬وﺣﺪات‬
‫ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪٤٫٠‬م‬

‫‪ ٣‬وﺣﺪة‬
‫‪٤٫٥‬‬
‫‪٣٫٧‬‬
‫‪ ٥‬وﺣﺪة‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮر ‪٤٫٠‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

٢٫٤ ٣٫٢ ٤٫١

‫ وﺣﺪة‬٦
٣٫٦ ٤٫٥ ٥٫٥
٣٫٢

‫ وﺣﺪة‬٢
٢٫٤

٤٫٩ ٥٫٧ ٦٫٣

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٤

 ‫ﺟـ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪ ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ )ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪(*Surfer‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻰ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
‫واﻷآﺜﺮ اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ Surfer‬ﻣﻦ أﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط‬

‫اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎل اﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﻐﺾ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻟﻤﻴﺰاﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺒﻜﻴﺔ )اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت أو ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت(‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.AutoCad‬‬

‫* ﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺸﺮح اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬
 Surfer ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٦

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ آﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻀﻮاﺣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎهﺮة‬
AutoCAD ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٧

 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺲ‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٦٨

 ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻹﻧﺤﺪار‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬هﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﻄﺮة ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻄﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻀﺮوﺑﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪.‬‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار‪ :‬أى اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪر واﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى "اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷﻓﻘﻲ"‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻹﻧﺤﺪار )ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار( ‪ :‬هﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرى‬

‫"اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ" و اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺤﺪار اﻟﻰ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ – اﻧﺤﺪار ﺣﺎد – اﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﻘﻌﺮ ‪ -‬اﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﺤﺪب‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٦٩‬‬
 ‫أرض ذات‬
‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﺑﺴﻴﻂ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٠

 ‫أرض ذات‬
‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧١

 ‫أرض ذات‬
‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٢

 ‫أرض ذات‬
‫اﻧﺤﺪار ﻣﺤﺪب‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٣

 ‫ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺘﻞ ‪Hill‬‬ ‫‪- ١‬ﺧﻂ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ‪Ridge‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬اﻟﻮادى ‪Valley‬‬ ‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺴﺮج ‪Saddle‬‬

‫‪ -٥‬اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪Depression‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎهﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -٢‬اﻟﺮاﺳﻢ ‪Draw‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬اﻟﻨﺘﻮء ‪Spur‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬اﻟﺠﺮف ‪Cliff‬‬

‫ﻣﻈﺎهﺮ ﻣﻀﺎﻓﺔ )ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن(‬

‫‪ -٢‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺮدم ‪Fill‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪Cut‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٧٤‬‬
 ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬
Ridge

‫ أﻗﺼﺮ ﻣﺴﺎر ﻳﺼﻞ‬-

‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻤﺘﻴﻦ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٥

 ‫اﻟﺘﻞ‬
Hill
‫ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ‬-
‫ﺷﻜﻞ دواﺋﺮ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬-
‫ﻓﻰ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺠﻬﺎت‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٦

 ‫اﻟﺴﺮج‬
Saddle

‫ أوﻃﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﻤﺘﻴﻦ‬-

‫ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻪ‬-
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ دواﺋﺮ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٧

 ‫اﻟﻮادى‬
Valley
‫ أرض ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ وﻣﻤﺘﺪة ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺎ‬-
V ‫ آﻨﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬-
‫ رأﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻮادى‬-

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٨

 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
Depression
‫أرض ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬-
‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻘﻔﻠﺔ وﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬-
‫ﺗﻘﻞ ﻟﻠﺪاﺧﻞ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٧٩

 ‫اﻟﻨﺘﻮء‬
Spurs
‫ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﻮادى‬-
‫ أرض ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬-
V ‫ آﻨﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ‬-
‫ رأﺳﻪ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻷﻗﻞ‬-

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٠

 ‫راﺳﻢ‬
Draws
‫ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ اﻟﻮادى وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﻴﻮل‬-
‫أﻗﻞ‬
‫ اﻧﺤﺪارﻩ وﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ‬-
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﻴﻦ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨١

 ‫اﻟﺠﺮف‬
Cliff
‫ أرض أﺣﺪ ﺣﺪودهﺎ‬-
‫ رأﺳﻰ أو ﺷﺒﻪ رأﺳﻰ‬-
‫ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرب وﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ‬-
‫ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٢

 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ‬
Cut

‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ردم‬
Fill

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٣

 ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٤

 ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٥

 ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻰ اﻷﺑﻌﺎد‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٦

 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎدس‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٨٧

 ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﺮوﻓﻴﻞ ‪Profile Drawing‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ )‪ : (Profile‬هﻮ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻰ اﻟﺬى ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻷرض‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻷرض ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬وﻳﻌﺮف أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى رأﺳﻰ ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪدﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎرﺗﻔﺎع ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﺎل وهﻀﺎب وﻏﻴﺮهﺎ وﻳﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

‫ﺑﺎﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺴﻬﻮل واﻟﻮدﻳﺎن واﻷﺣﻮاض‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٨٨‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ أ ‪ ،‬ب )ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ( ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻟﺤﺼﺮ‬
‫آﻞ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺮاد ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٢‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس ‪ :‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻂ أﻓﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫أو ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وهﺬا اﻟﺨﻂ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب أﻗﻞ ﺧﻂ آﻨﺘﻮر ﺑﻴﻦ أ ‪ ،‬ب ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٣‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺧﻂ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت أو اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﺧﻄﺎ ﻋﻤﻮدﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺮف‬

‫اﻷﻳﺴﺮ ﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر اﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮرة ﺑﻴﻦ أ‪ ،‬ب‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ أﻋﻠﻰ و أوﻃﻰ آﻨﺘﻮر‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٤‬ﻧﻀﻊ اﻟﺤﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻮرﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ‬

‫‪ -٥‬ﻧﺴﻘﻂ ﺧﻄﻮﻃﺎ رأﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﻊ ﺧﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس‪.‬‬
‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٨٩‬‬
 ‫”ﺗﺎﺑﻊ“ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬

‫‪ -٦‬ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻧﻌﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻘﺎط رﻓﻴﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ آﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع‬

‫اﻟﺬى ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻪ آﻞ آﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻰ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻂ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٧‬ﻧﺼﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﺮأﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ أو‬
‫ﻣﻨﻜﺴﺮ أو ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ اﻟﺬى ﺗﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٨‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ااﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬

‫ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺷﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮر ﻣﺜﻞ أﺳﻤﺎء ﻗﻤﻢ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل واﻷودﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ أو أﺳﻤﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺪن أو اﻟﻘﺮى إن وﺟﺪت‪.‬‬

‫‪ -٩‬ﻳﺤﺪد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ ﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎت اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying‬‬ ‫‪Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby‬‬ ‫‪٩٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻲ‬

50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩١

 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٢

 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٣

 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٤

 50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٥

 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺁﺧﺮ ﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫ورق ﻣﻠﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮى‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٦

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٧
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٨
 ‫اﻟﺒﺎب اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺘﻄﻔﺎت ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻜﻨﺘﻮرﻳﺔ‬

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ٩٩

E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٠
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠١
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٢
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٣
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٤
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٥
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٦
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٧
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٨
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١٠٩
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٠
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١١
 Thanks
fo r
your
attention
I am glad to receive your additional comments at:
E-mail: saidmaghraby@yahoo.com
E_Learning courses in Engineering Surveying Prof. Dr. Eng. Said Elmaghraby ١١٢