Chapter 9 - 2.1

unit two
Plant Structure,
Chemistry, Growth,
Development, Genetics,
Biodiversity, and Processes
6 Structure of Higher Plants
7 Plant Growth & Development
8 Plant Chemistry & Metabolism
9 Genetics & Propagation
10 Cultivated Plants:
Naming, Classifying, Origin,
Improvement & Germplasm
Diversity and Preservation
11 Photosynthesis & Respiration
12 Water Relations
13 Mineral Nutrition
Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation
KEY LEARNING CONCEPTS

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain how the basic concepts of genetics relate to

the production and utilization of plants.
Describe the common methods of plant breeding
and sexual and asexual propagation.
Discuss how genetic engineering is used to
introduce genetic traits into plants from unrelated
or distantly related organisms.
tab
Practical Horticulture 5th edition

By Margaret J. McMahon, Anton M. Kofranek and Vincent E. Rubatsky
2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson Prentice Hall - Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Propagation of Plants
Propagation: The process of increasing plant numbers

Sexual or asexual methods
Preservation of traits
tab


Line: If the plant group reproduces true by seed
with no characteristics changed
A line is homozygous and, if self-pollinated, seed
propagation yields progeny like the original plant.
Inbred and hybrid lines
tab


Heterozygous plants require vegetative propagation
Clones: cultivars originating from a single plant or
plant part
tab


Control of seed source is necessary to maintain a Line

State agencies set standard for seed quality and
characteristics
Breeder seedproduced in small amounts, under the
control of the plant breeder, to produce foundation seed.
Foundation seedmultiplied from breeder seed, available
in limited amounts, planted to produce registered seed.
Controlled by public/private foundation seed stock
organizations.
Registered seedseed source for growers of certified

seed, under the control of the registered seed producers.
The progeny of either breeder or foundation seed.
Certified seedis of known genetic identity & purity,

available in large quantities, sold to farmers for general
crop production.
tab


Seed Formation
A seed has three
essential parts:
The embryo, which
develops into the new
plant.
Food storage material, to
nourish the embryonic
plant.
Seed coverings.
tab


Seed Storage and Viability Testing

Germination test- Tests
germination over a
period of time
tab


Seed Dormancy
Dormancy is an important survival mechanism for some
speciesa result of evolutionary development.
They have survived these factors prevent seed germination of
woody perennials in the autumn, allowing the embryonic plant
in the seed to overwinter in a very cold-resistant form.
Causes for dormancy can persist indefinitely in the

seed and require specific treatments to overcome
them before germination can take place.
Dormancy can result from structural or physiological
conditions in seed coverings, the embryo, or both.
tab


Seed Dormancy
Dormancy - survival mechanism for some species
Prevents germination out of season, or in unfavorable
conditions
Can be structural (seed coat) or physiological (cold
requirement), or both.
tab


Seed Germination
The sequence of events during seed germination:
Imbibition of water by seeds
Activation of hormones/enzymes
Embryo growth/development
tab


Vegetative Propagation
Vegetative/asexual propagation is done by mitosis.
tab


Mitotic cell division,

produces adventitious
shoots & roots and callus
(parenchyma cells for healing
of a wound or graft union)
tab


Adventitious shoots shoots that

appear any place other than
shoot terminals or axils of leaves.
Figure 9-11 Regeneration in asexual propagation.

Adventitious shoots growing from a root cutting.
tab


Adventitious roots appear any

place other than from the radicle
(root tip) of the seed or its branches.

Adventitious roots developing from the base of a stem cutting.
tab


Callus is a mass of
undifferentiated, proliferating
parenchyma cells.

Callus tissue produced to give healing of a graft union.
tab


Environmental factors can modify appearance and
behavior of the plant (phenotype), so that individual
plants can differ strikingly.
Mutation can also cause undesirable changes in clones.
tab


Disease Problems in Clones
Certification programs are established to provide

nurseries with sources of true-to-name, pathogenfree propagation material.
Culture-indexed or certified cuttings
tab


Propagation by Cuttings
Cuttings can be classified according to the part of

the plant from which they are obtained:
Stem cuttings have terminal or axillary buds, but new
roots must develop before a new plant will be formed.
Leaf cuttings have no buds or roots, so both must form.
Leaf-bud cuttings have a bud at the base of the petiole,
for the new shoot systemso only new roots must form.
Root cuttings must produce a new adventitious shoot
and continue growth of the existing root piece, or develop
roots from the base of the new shoot.
tab


Propagation by Cuttings
Figure 9-14 Types of cuttings:

(A) Hardwood stem cutting. (B) Leafy stem cutting. (C) Leaf cutting. (D) Leaf-bud cutting. (E) Root cutting.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding

Graftingjoining parts of plants together to grow as
one plant
Scion part of the graft combination that is to become the
upper or top portion of the plant.
Rootstock lower part of the graft combination that is to
become the root system.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Whip Grafting

Whip Grafting is useful in grafting together
material of about 0.25 to 0.5 diameter.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Whip Grafting

Whip Grafting is useful in grafting together
material of about 0.25 to 0.5 diameter.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Cleft Grafting

The cleft graft is mostly used in top-grafting, where scions of
0.25 to 0.5 diameter are inserted into stubs of older limbs
3 to 4 in diametercut off about a foot from the trunk of the tree.
tab



It is important in cleft grafting to match the cambium layer
of the scion as closely as possible with the cambium layer
of the stock so that the two pieces heal together.
Cleft grafting is
usually done in
late winter or
early spring.
tab



Proper selection of scionwood and budwood is very
important in all types of grafting and budding.
Scionwood & budwood
should be taken from
source trees true-to-type
for the cultivar to be
propagated.
They should be free of
known viruses and
any other diseases.
tab



Polarity must be observed: the scions must be
inserted so that the buds point upward.
With woody plants, grafting

and budding must be done
with dormant buds on the scion.
tab



In all types of grafting and budding, the two parts must be held
together very tightly and securely by wedging, tying, nailing, or
wrapping with string, rubber bands, or with plastic or cloth tape.
The graft union must also be

completely covered by grafting
wax to prevent the cut surfaces
from drying out.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Healing
tab


tab


tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Incompatibility
Even when grafts are compatible,

grafted plants can at time be
identified by a swelling where
the graft was made.
This can become a weak point,
susceptible to breaking/cracking.
tab


Propagation by Grafting & Budding - Layering
Simple Layering:
tab



Layering:
Tip Layering
Mound Layering
tab



Air Layering :
tab


Other Plant Structures - Runners

Stolons:
tab


Other Plant Structures - Suckers

Suckers: adventitious shoots from the horizontal
root system, which spread to form a dense thicket.
tab


Propagation Using Specialized Stems and Roots

Bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots, or
rhizomes can be used for propagation, too.
tab


Micropropagation (Tissue Culture)

Very small pieces of plant tissue grown on sterile
nutrient media under aseptic conditions.
Explants are used to regenerate new shoot systems,
which can be separated for rooting & growing to full-size.
tab



Chapter 9 - 2.1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 9 - 2.1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

unit two

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

KEY LEARNING CONCEPTS

Explain how the basic concepts of genetics relate to

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Propagation: The process of increasing plant numbers

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Control of seed source is necessary to maintain a Line

Registered seedseed source for growers of certified

Certified seedis of known genetic identity & purity,

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Seed Storage and Viability Testing

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Causes for dormancy can persist indefinitely in the

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Mitotic cell division,

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Adventitious shoots shoots that

Figure 9-11 Regeneration in asexual propagation.

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Adventitious roots appear any

Figure 9-11 Regeneration in asexual propagation.

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Figure 9-11 Regeneration in asexual propagation.

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation

Practical Horticulture 5th edition

2011, 2007, 2002, 1988 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 9 - Genetics and Propogation