Dioxin Emission From Industries VN - Resize

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Ban Bin tp:
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V N PHN G BAN CH
O 33
B TI NGU Y N V MI TR
NG
D
HI N TR
N X
L DI OX I N T I C C V NG N HI M N
NG
VI T NAM
B O C O
NG N HI M DI
H N
OX I N TR ONG MI
i, Thng
1n
2014
TR
NG
VI T NAM
MC LC
Mc Ni Dung
Trang
Danh mc ch vit tt
Danh mc hnh
Danh mc bng
10
Phn 1
CC THNG TIN CHUNG
1.1.
D n X l dioxin ti cc vng nhim nng Vit Nam
16
1.2.
Mc tiu v ni dung chnh ca hot ng Kho st pht thi dioxin t cc ngun cng
nghip
16
1.3.
Bo co HIN TRNG NHIM DIOXIN TRONG MI TRNG VIT NAM
16
Phn 2
GII THIU V DIOXIN V CC HP CHT TNG T DIOXIN
2.1.
Khi nim v cu trc ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
20
2.2.
Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha - sinh, s tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng ca

dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
21
2.2.1.
Tnh cht vt l
21
2.2.2.
Tnh cht ha sinh
22
2.2.3.
S tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng
23
2.3.
c tnh, c ch gy c ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin v tc ng ca

chng n h sinh thi
23
2.3.1.
c tnh
23
2.3.2.
C ch gy c
26
2.3.3.
Tc ng c hi i vi h sinh thi
26
2.4.
Cc c ch hnh thnh dioxin v cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin
26
2.4.1.
Cc c ch hnh thnh dioxin
26
2.4.1.1.
S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh t chy v qu trnh nhit
26
2.4.1.2.
S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip
28
2.4.2.
Cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin
28
4|
2.4.2.1.
Cc hot ng dng nhit cao v thiu t
28
2.4.2.2.
Hot ng sn xut cng nghip
30
2.5.
Phng php phn tch dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
30
2.5.1.
Phng php ly mu
30
2.5.1.1.
Ly mu thi cng nghip
30
2.5.1.2.
Ly mu mi trng
31
2.5.2.
Phng php phn tch
31
Phn 3
CC QUI NH HIN C V NGNG DIOXIN

TRONG CNG NGHIP V TRONG MI TRNG
3.1.
Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin ti Vit Nam
34
3.1.1.
Cc qui nh php l v dioxin ti Vit Nam
34
3.1.2.
Cc Tiu chun, Qui chun k thut quc gia v dioxin
34
3.2.
Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin trn th gii
37
3.2.1.
Cc qui nh quc t
37
3.2.2.
Cc qui nh ti M
37
3.2.3.
Cc qui nh ti Canada
38
3.2.3.1.
Qui nh cho l t ca ni hi trong lnh vc sn xut giy bt giy
38
3.2.3.2.
Qui nh cho l t cht thi
38
3.2.4.
Cc qui nh ti chu u
38
3.2.4.1.
Qui nh v ngng dioxin trong mi trng
38
3.2.4.2.
Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong hot ng t cht thi rn
39
3.2.4.3.
Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip
39
3.2.5.
Cc qui nh ti Nht Bn
40
3.2.6.
Cc qui nh ti Hn Quc
41
3.2.7.
Nhn xt chung v qui nh ca cc quc gia v dioxin
42
Phn 4
TNH TRNG PHT THI DIOXIN T CC HOT NG CNG NGHIP TI VIT NAM
4.1.
Hm lng dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan trong cc i tng cht thi cng nghip
ti Vit Nam
46
4.1.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng x l rc thi
47
4.1.1.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca hot ng x l rc thi
47
4.1.1.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca hot ng x l rc thi
49
4.1.1.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn l t cht thi
52
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BO CO
HI N TRNG NHI M DIOXIN

TRONG MI TRNG VI T NAM
4.1.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong i tng thuc hot ng sn xut xi mng
53
4.1.2.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my xi mng
53
4.1.2.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my xi mng
55
4.1.2.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn nh my xi mng
56
4.1.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng luyn kim
57
4.1.3.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my luyn kim
57
4.1.3.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my luyn kim
58
4.1.3.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my luyn kim
59
4.1.4.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut giy
61
4.1.4.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my giy
61
4.1.4.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my giy
61
4.1.5.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng nhit in
62
4.1.5.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my nhit in
62
4.1.5.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my nhit in
63
4.1.5.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my nhit in
63
4.1.6.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng ni hi
64
4.1.7.
Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut gch
64
4.2.
nh gi mc pht thi v nhim mi trng ca dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan

trong cng nghip
65
4.2.1.
Mc pht thi DRCs trong kh thi cng nghip
65
4.2.2.
Mc pht thi DRCs trong nc thi cng nghip
68
4.2.3.
Mc pht thi DRCs trong cht thi rn cng nghip
69
Phn 5
TNH TRNG NHIM DIOXIN TRONG MI TRNG TI VIT NAM
5.1.
Hm lng dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan trong cc i tng mi trng ti Vit Nam
74
5.1.1.
Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam
74
5.1.2.
Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng t ti Vit Nam
78
5.1.2.1.
S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cht c ha hc
78
5.1.2.2.
S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cc hot ng khc
79
5.1.3.
Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam
81
5.1.4
Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam
83
6|
5.2.
nh gi mc nhim dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan trong mi trng ti Vit Nam
86
5.2.1.
Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam
86
5.2.2.
Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng t ti Vit Nam
88
5.2.3.
Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam
89
5.2.4.
Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam
90
Phn 6
KT LUN V KIN NGH
6.1.
Dioxin t cc ngun pht thi trong cng nghip
92
6.2.
Dioxin trong mi trng
95
6.3.
xut v k hoch o c kho st pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip v mi trng
96
TI LIU THAM KHO
97
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DANH MC CH VIT TT
Ch vit tt
Ting Anh
Ting Vit
3T
Temperature, Time and Turbulance
Nhit chy, thi gian chy v trn ln

vi oxi
BAT
Best available technology
K thut tt nht c sn
BEP
Best environmental practice
Kinh nghim mi trng tt nht
BCF
Bioconcentration factor
H s tch t sinh hc
dl-PCBs
dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls
Polyclo biphenyl tng t dioxin
DRCs
Dioxins and related compounds
Dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
HRGC
High resolution gas chromatography
Sc k kh phn gii cao
HRMS
High resolution mass spectrometry
Khi ph phn gii cao
I-TEF
International Toxic equivalent factor
H s c tng ng quc t
LD50
Median lethal dose
Liu gy cht trung bnh
logKow
log octanol/water partition coefficient
logarit h s phn b ca cht gia octanol/

nc
Nm3
Normal cubic metre
Mt khi kh o iu kin chun
PCBs
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Polyclo biphenyl
PCDDs
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
Dioxin
PCDFs
Polychlorinated dibenzo furans
Furan
POPs
Persistent Organic Pollutans
Cht nhim hu c kh phn hy
ppb
Part per billion
Hm lng phn t
ppt
Part per trillion
Hm lng phn nghn t
QCVN
Qui chun Vit Nam
TCVN
Tiu chun Vit Nam
TEF
Toxic equivalent factor
H s c tng ng
TEQ
Toxic equivalent quantity
c tng ng
TDI
Tolerable daily intake
Ngng tiu th hng ngy
UPOPs
Unintentionally Persistent Organic Pollutans
Cht nhim hu c kh phn hy pht sinh

khng ch nh
8|
DANH MC HNH
Hnh
Ni dung
Trang
Hnh 1
Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l t
49
Hnh 2
Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc thi c s x l rc thi
51
Hnh 3
Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn l t
53
Hnh 4
Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l nung xi mng
54
Hnh 5
Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l luyn kim
58
Hnh 6
Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn l luyn kim
61
Hnh 7
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
66
Hnh 8
Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
69
Hnh 9
Hm lng TEQ trong cht thi rn ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
70
Hnh 10
Hm lng TEQ trong mu trm tch ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha
77
Hnh 11
Hm lng TEQ trong mu t ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Thi Nguyn
81
Hnh 12
Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Nam nh
83
Hnh 13
Hm lng TEQ trong mu khng kh ti Thi Nguyn, Nam nh, H Ni, Thanh Ha,
Hi Dng v Qung Ninh
85
Hnh 14
Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc Vit Nam so snh vi
ngng trm tch nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN
86
Hnh 15
Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong t ti mt s khu vc Vit Nam so snh vi ngng
t nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN
88
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BO CO

DANH MC BNG
Bng
Ni dung
Bng 1
Cu trc chung ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
20
Bng 2
S cht dioxin, furan v PCBs phn loi theo s nguyn t clo
21
Bng 3
Tnh cht vt l c bn ca cc dioxin v furan 250C
22
Bng 4
LD50 ca 2,3,7,8-TCDD i vi mt s loi ng vt
24
Bng 5
H s c tng ng ca cc dioxin, furan v dl-PCBs
24
Bng 6
Cc yu t nh hng n s hnh thnh dioxin/furan trong qu trnh nhit
27
Bng 7
Cc ngun pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng thiu t
29
Bng 8
Cc ngun pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip
30
Bng 9
Ngng nng DRCs trong mt s i tng theo QCVN
35
Bng 10
Qui nh gii hn v nng pht thi dioxin/furan t cc ngnh cng nghip vo

mi trng khng kh ca cc nc EC (ng I-TEQ/m3)
39
Bng 11
Qui nh gii hn ca Nht Bn v nng pht thi dioxin/furan t cc ngnh cng

nghip vo mi trng
40
Bng 12
Tiu chun pht thi dioxin i vi l t cht thi y t ca Hn Quc
42
Bng 13
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ng khi l t (pg/Nm3) ca mt s c s c l t

ang hot ng
48
Bng 14
Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L) ca mt s c s x l mi trng ti H Ni, Hi

Dng, Thanh Ha v TP.H Ch Minh
50
Bng 15
Hm lng TEQ trong tro x (pg/g) ca mt s c s c l t ang hot ng ti H

Ni, Hi Dng v Thanh Ha
52
Bng 16
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ng khi l nung xi mng (pg/Nm3) ti Thi Nguyn v
Hi Dng
54
Bng 17
Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L) ca mt s nh my xi mng ti Thi Nguyn
55
Bng 18
Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn (pg/g) ca mt s nh my xi mng ti Thi

Nguyn, Hi Dng v Kin Giang
56
Bng 19
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi (pg/Nm3) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
57
Bng 20
Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
59
10 |
Trang
Bng 21
Hm lng TEQ trong cht thi rn (pg/g) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
60
Bng 22
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi (pg/Nm3) ca mt s nh my nhit in ti Hi Dng

v Qung Ninh
62
Bng 23
Hm lng DRCs trong mt s loi trm tch (pg/g trng lng kh) ti Vit Nam
74
Bng 24
Hm lng DRCs trong trm tch (pg/g trng lng kh) ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v
Thanh Ha
76
Bng 25
Hm lng DRCs trong t (pg/g trng lng kh) ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha
80
Bng 26
Hm lng DRCs trong nc (pg/L) ti H Ni, Nam nh v Thanh Ha
82
Bng 27
Hm lng DRCs trong khng kh (pg/Nm3) ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn, Nam nh, Hi
Dng, Qung Ninh v Thanh Ha
84
Bng 28
Hm lng DRCs trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc trn th gii
87
| 11
BO CO

12 |
Li gii thiu
Dioxin l sn phm ca la, l cht c nht trong cc cht c do con ngi tm ra v
to ra.
T
hng chc nm nay, dioxin v tc hi ca n i vi mi trng v con ngi lun l
ch c nhiu nh khoa hc, c bit ti cc nc pht trin, quan tm nghin cu.
Hng nm, vo dp ma h, hi ngh quc t
v dioxin v cc cht dioxin li c t chc
vi s
tham gia ca khong 1000 i biu t
nhiu nc trn th
gii. Hi ngh quc t
v
dioxin v cc cht ging dioxin ln th
34 va c t chc ti Ty Ban Nha vo thng 9
nm 2014 v Hi ngh ln th
35 s c t chc ti Bra xin vo thng 8 nm 2015.
V hu qu ca cuc chin tranh cht dit c do M thc hin t
1961 n 1972, Vit
Nam tr
thnh tm im cho nhng ngi quan tm nghin cu v dioxin. C t nht
l 366 kg dioxin (theo Stellman, Nature 2004) t
cc cht dit c, ch yu l cht da cam,
c ri xung min Nam, Vit Nam.
Vi s
hp tc ca mt s t chc v c nhn n t
M, Nht, Canada, chng ta
c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v dioxin v tc hi ca dioxin i vi con ngi v mi
trng Vit Nam. C mt s iu c lm r v vn cn khng t iu cha c
lm r v tnh cht rt phc tp ca dioxin v iu kin nghin cu ca Vit Nam.
Nghin cu v dioxin c ngun gc t
cht dit c khng ch gip chng ta khc phc
hu qu ca n m cn to nn nhng nn tng c
bn nghin cu, kim sot v hn
ch
tc hi ca dioxin c t
ngun gc khc.
V mt s l do trn, V
Vn phng Ban ch o 33/D
n X l dioxin ti cc vng
nhim nng Vit Nam t chc nghin cu v bin son bo co Hin trng nhim
dioxin trong mi trng Vit Nam. Nhng thng tin c
bn v tnh cht ca dioxin;
pht thi dioxin t
rc thi v x
l rc thi, cng nghip giy, xi mng, luyn kim, sn xut
gch,; s
tn lu ca dioxin trong mi trng t, nc, khng kh ti mt s vng
Vit Nam; dioxin ti cc vng nhim nng c cp n trong bo co.
Tuy nhin, v iu kin k thut v kinh ph, chng ta cha c mt chng trnh tng
th nh gi ton din thc trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng v con ngi
Vit Nam v cng v vy m cha c c mt h thng kim sot v ngn chn phi
nhim dioxin, cc cht ging dioxin t
cht dit c hay cc ngun khc, nhng bo co
ny cng gip cc nh khoa hc, cc nh qun l mi trng v nhng ngi c lin
quan n cc hot ng phng chng tc hi ca dioxin mt bc tranh chung v dioxin
v nhim dioxin Vit Nam. T , chng ta hnh dung c nhng g cn phi lm
trong thi gian ti.
Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng
ng V
Vn phng Ban ch o 33/D
n X l dioxin ti
cc vng nhim nng Vit Nam kh c th trnh c mt s sai st v mong c
b sung trong cc bo co tip theo.
Xin cm n cc t chc v c nhn quan tm v hp tc gip chng ti xy dng
bo co ny./.
PGS.TS.BS L K
Sn - Gim c d
n quc gia
| 13
14 |
Phn 1
CC THNG TIN CHUNG
| 15
BO CO

1.1. D n X l dioxin ti cc vng nhim nng Vit Nam

Ngun pht thi dioxin ch yu ra mi trng ti Vit Nam hin nay xut pht t cc im nng m trc y
tng l cc sn bay qun s, ni qun i Hoa K s dng lm kho cha, np cht dit c v ra my bay trong
sut thi gian din ra cuc chin tranh ha hc (1961-1971). Gn na th k sau khi chin tranh kt thc, nhng
tnh trng nhim mi trng do cht da cam/dioxin trong khu vc v xung quanh cc sn bay Nng, Bin
Ha, Ph Ct vn rt nghim trng v mi trng t ti cc khu vc ny ang c x l bng cc phng php
hin i nh chn lp tch cc v gii hp nhit.
Ngoi ra, dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin cn c Cng c Stockholm xp vo nhm cc cht
nhim hu c kh phn hy pht sinh khng ch nh (UPOPs) trong cc hot ng cng nghip. Cc cht c
hi ny c th c hnh thnh v pht thi ra mi trng t cc hot ng nh: thiu t (cht thi sinh hot,
cht thi cng nghip, cht thi y t, sinh khi nh g, rm r,); luyn kim (luyn thp, ti ch km, sn xut
nhm,); sn xut v s dng cc hp cht clo hu c (sn xut v s dng thuc tr su, ty trng bt giy,)
v cc hot ng x l nc thi. Cng nghip pht trin cng ng ngha vi vic hnh thnh v pht thi
dioxin vo mi trng ngy cng nhiu, mc phc tp cao, kh kim sot.
D n X l dioxin ti cc vng nhim nng Vit Nam c ph duyt v phi hp thc hin bi B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc (UNDP) v Qu Mi trng Ton cu (GEF). D
n c khi ng t thng 7 nm 2010 v s hon thnh vo nm 2014. Mc tiu ca d n l Gim thiu s
tn ph i vi h sinh thi v sc kho con ngi ca cht c thi ra t cc im nhim TCDD Cc hp cht
cn kim sot, hn ch pht thi v i n x l hon ton bao gm 03 nhm: PCDDs (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), PCDFs (polychlorinated dibenzofuran) v cc PCBs tng t dioxin (dioxin-liked polychlorinated
byphenyl).
D n cn t c 03 kt qu c bn l: (1) Dioxin ti cc khu vc im nng trng tm c ngn chn v
x l ; (2) Vic s dng t trn v xung quanh im nng s loi b ri ro v gp phn phc hi mi trng v
(3) Cc quy nh quc gia v nng lc th ch c tng cng.
1.2. Mc tiu v ni dung chnh ca hot ng Kho st pht thi dioxin t cc ngun cng nghip
Hot ng ny c thc hin ch yu ng gp vo kt qu th ba ca D n, tc l gp phn tng cng
cc quy nh quc gia v nng lc th ch trong vic kim sot pht thi v x l nhim dioxin. Vit Nam ang
b nhim dioxin do nhiu ngun khc nhau nhng chng ta cha c b cc Quy chun, Tiu chun cho
tng i tng thuc cc nhm ngnh c kh nng pht thi dioxin. hon thin, b sung cc qui nh v gi
tr pht thi dioxin cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau th tr ngi ln nht hin nay l s thiu thng tin c
s d liu ca pht thi dioxin, nht l cc kt qu kho st thc t.
Mc ch v ni dung chng trnh l thit k kho st, gim st v tin hnh kho st pht thi dioxin ra mi
trng khng kh v nc t cc c s cng nghip hin c. Vic ly mu thc t ti hin trng v phn tch
dioxin s c thc hin bi mt n v k thut c nng lc ly mu v phn tch mu c uy tn Vit Nam.
Sau khi hon tt cc cng vic kho st, ly mu, phn tch mu v x l s liu phn tch, s tnh ton c mc
pht thi dioxin ra mi trng t cc khu vc cng nghip v hm lng dioxin trong cc i tng mi
trng. y s l nhng c s ng tin cy xy dng cc cng c php l hiu qu kim sot cht lng
mi trng.
1.3. Bo co Hin trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng Vit Nam

Bo co Hin trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng Vit Nam l mt trong nhng kt qu u ra ca
hp ng, c xy dng trn c s cc hot ng thu thp d liu/thng tin v nh gi ton din v tnh hnh
pht thi dioxin t cc ngnh cng nghip. Cc ngun d liu c tham kho v s dng xy dng bo co
16 |
ny l cc d liu phn tch dioxin ca D n GEF-UNIDO v trnh din vic p dng cc k thut BAT-BEP gim
thiu pht thi U-POPs trong cc ngnh cng nghip, d liu kho st quc gia v dioxin ca B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng, d liu phn tch dioxin ca Phng Th nghim Dioxin thuc Tng cc Mi trng, d liu phn tch
dioxin ca Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga, B Quc phng v d liu kho st, phn tch dioxin ca cc nhm
nghin cu trong v ngoi nc khc.
Bo co Hin trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng Vit Nam cung cp cc thng tin ton din, y
v cp nht v tnh hnh pht thi dioxin t cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau v mc nhim dioxin
trong cc i tng mi trng ti Vit Nam. Mt bc tranh ton cnh v cc hot ng cng nghip c kh
nng pht thi dioxin, mc hm lng dioxin trong cc i tng cng nghip nh mu kh thi, nc thi, cht
thi rn v i tng mu mi trng nh khng kh xung quanh, t, trm tch,km theo l cc phn
tch, nh gi c s so snh vi mc nhim dioxin trong cc khu vc v t cc ngun gc khc nhau, tham
kho v i chiu vi cc ngng pht thi dioxin c qui nh bi cc quc gia v t chc khc trn th gii.
Bo co ny khng ch phn nh hin trng nhim dioxin hin nay m cn l c s quan trng a ra cc
kin ngh hon thin cc qui nh nh nc v pht thi dioxin v cc ngng an ton ca dioxin hng ti
mc tiu lu di l kim sot, gim thiu pht thi dioxin trong mi trng. B d liu phong ph ny cng
nhm hng ti mc tiu cc qui chun, tiu chun v ngng pht thi dioxin cho cc ngnh cng nghip
v trong mi trng m B Ti nguyn v Mi trng cng cc t chc hp tc ang n lc xy dng tr thnh
cng c php l hu hiu v c lc trong cng tc bo v mi trng v ph hp vi iu kin thc t ti Vit
Nam.
Bo co Hin trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng Vit Nam bao gm 05 ni dung chnh sau y:
(1) Gii thiu v dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin: Phn ny s gii thiu tng qut v dioxin, furan v
cc PCBs tng t dioxin. Cc tnh cht c trnh by bao gm: khi nim, cu trc, tnh cht vt l, tnh cht
ha sinh, s tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng, tc ng c hi ca cc hp cht ny i vi mi trng,
h sinh thi v c bit l i vi con ngi, phng php phn tch dioxin v c ch hnh thnh dioxin v cc
hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin.
(2) Cc qui nh hin c v ngng pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip v ngng hm lng trong mi
trng: Tng quan v cc qui chun, tiu chun v dioxin trong cng nghip v trong mi trng ti Vit Nam.
Tham kho v gii thiu cc ngng pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip v ngng hm lng trong mi
trng c a ra bi cc quc gia v cc t chc trn th gii.
(3) Tnh trng pht thi dioxin t cc hot ng cng nghip ti Vit Nam: Tnh trng pht thi dioxin c
th hin thng qua hm lng dioxin phn tch c trong cc i tng mu cng nghip nh mu kh thi,
nc thi, cc mu thi rn (nh mu tro, x, bi, sn phm cng nghip,). Mc pht thi dioxin trong cng
nghip ti Vit Nam s c nh gi, so snh vi cc gi tr pht thi trong cc nghin cu khc trn th gii.
(4) Tnh trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng ti Vit Nam: Tnh trng nhim dioxin, furan, PCBs c
th hin thng qua hm lng dioxin phn tch c trong cc i tng mu mi trng nh mu khng kh,
mu nc, mu t, mu trm tch. Mc nhim dioxin trong mi trng ti Vit Nam s c nh gi, so
snh vi cc nghin cu khc trn th gii.
(5) Kt lun v kin ngh: Trn c s tnh trng thc t v pht thi dioxin v mc hm lng dioxin trong mi
trng v cc ngng v mc hm lng dioxin trong cng nghip v trong mi trng ti cc qui nh ban
hnh, chuyn gia t vn s a ra cc kin ngh mang tnh cht tham mu cho cc c quan c thm quyn trong
vic xy dng, hon thin cc qui chun, tiu chun, qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip v ngng
dioxin trong mi trng ti Vit Nam.
| 17
18 |
Phn 2
GII THIU V DIOXIN V

CC HP CHT TNG T DIOXIN
| 19
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2.1. Khi nim v cu trc ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin

Dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin (dioxins and related compounds DRCs) l mt nhm bao gm
hng trm hp cht hu c c hi v tn ti bn vng trong mi trng, trong c 3 nhm hp cht l:
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDDs, gi tt l dioxin), polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDFs, gi tt l
furan) v cc polychlorinated biphenyl ng phng (coplanar PCBs hay dioxin-like PCBs, gi tt l dl-PCBs).
Cu trc chung ca cc DRCs c a ra trong Bng 1 di y:
Bng 1. Cu trc chung ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
TT
Tn nhm
Dioxin
Cu trc chung
Cng thc tiu biu
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo -p - dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Furan
2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran
(2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF)
PCBs
3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126)
Cc dioxin bao gm 75 cht, c chia thnh 8 nhm tng ng vi s nguyn t clo trong phn t t 1 n
8. Cc furan gm 135 cht, c chia thnh 8 nhm tng t nh dioxin. Cc PCB bao gm 209 cht, c chia
thnh 10 nhm vi s nguyn t clo t 1 n 10, trong ch cc PCB ng phng, tc l cc PCB khng c hoc
ch c 1 nguyn t clo cc v tr 2,2,6,6, mi c cu trc v c ch gy nhim c tng t dioxin.
20 |
S cht dioxin, furan, PCB trong tng nhm phn loi theo s nguyn t clo trong phn t c a ra trong
Bng 2 sau y:
Bng 2. S cht dioxin, furan v PCBs phn loi theo s nguyn t clo
S lng cc cht
S nguyn t clo
th
Nhm
PCBs
Dioxin
Furan
Monochloro-
Dichloro-
12
10
16
Trichloro-
24
14
28
Tetrachloro-
42
22
38
Pentachloro-
46
14
28
Hexachloro-
42
10
16
Heptachloro-
24
Octachloro-
12
Nonachloro-
10
Decachloro-
1
75
135
Tng
209
2.2. Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha - sinh, s tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng ca

dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin
2.2.1. Tnh cht vt l
iu kin thng, dioxin l cht rn mu trng, kt tinh rt mn. Dioxin c nhit nng chy v nhit si
cao nn chng l cc hp cht rt bn vng trong mi trng t nhin. i vi cht c nht trong nhm ny
l 2,3,7,8-TCDD, mt s gi tr nhit c a ra sau y chng t s bn nhit ca cc dioxin: nhit nng
chy 305-3060C; nhit si 412,20C; nhit to thnh 750-9000C, thm ch qu trnh to thnh dioxin cn tn
ti ngay c 12000C; dioxin b phn hy hon ton trong khong nhit 1200-14000C hoc cao hn. Cc dioxin
c p sut bay hi v hng s Henry thp.
Dioxin l cc cht c phn cc rt thp vi gi tr logarit h s phn b ca chng gia 2 pha l n-octanol v
nc (logKow) nm trong khong 6 n 9, trong 2,3,7,8-TCDD c logKow = 6,4. phn cc ca dioxin rt thp
nn chng gn nh khng tan trong nc. tan trong nc ca cc dioxin gim khi khi lng phn t tng.
Dioxin tan tt hn trong cc dung mi hu c nh 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzen, chloroform, benzen,...
v c bit tan tt trong du m. c tnh a du (lipophilic) v k nc (hydrophobic) ca dioxin lin quan cht
ch vi bn vng ca chng trong c th sng cng nh trong t nhin. H s phn b ca dioxin trong cc
mi trng khc nhau i vi nc u rt cao, v d h s phn b dioxin gia t v nc l 23000, gia sinh
vt v nc l 11000.
Cc furan c tnh cht vt l tng t dioxin, chng l cht rn nhit thng, nhit nng chy v nhit
si cao, p sut hi v hng s nh lut Henry thp, gi tr logKow cao nn cc furan cng tan rt t trong nc
v tan tt trong du m.
| 21
BO CO

Mt s hng s vt l c bn ca cc dioxin v furan c a ra trong Bng 3:

Bng 3. Tnh cht vt l c bn ca cc dioxin v furan 250C
TT
Nhm cht
p sut hi
(mmHg)
logKow
tan trong nc
(mg.l-1)
Hng s nh lut Henry

(L.atm.mol-1)
Dioxin
1
Tetra-CDD
8,1.10-7
6,4
3,5.10-4
1,35.10-3
Penta-CDD
7,3.10-10
6,6
1,2.10-4
1,07.10-4
Hexa-CDD
5,9.10-11
7,3
4,4.10-6
1,83.10-3
Hepta-CDD
3,2.10-11
8,0
2,4.10-6
5,14.10-4
Octa-CDD
8,3.10-13
8,2
7,4.10-8
2,76.10-4
Furan
Tetra-CDF
-8
2,5.10
6,2
4,2.10-4
6,06.10-4
Penta-CDF
2,7.10-9
6,4
2,4.10-4
2,04.10-4
Hexa-CDF
2,8.10-10
7,0
1,3.10-5
5,87.10-4
Hepta-CDF
9,9.10-11
7,9
1,4.10-6
5,76.10-4
10
Octa-CDF
3,8.10-12
8,8
1,4.10-6
4,04.10-5
Cc PCBs tinh khit tn ti dng tinh th khng mu nhng PCBs thng mi l hn hp ca nhiu ng
loi, dng lng mu vng m hoc nht, nht cao, nng hn nc, t khi t 1,182 n 1,566 g/ml, dn
in thp, dn nhit cao. PCBs c im bt chy kh cao, khong 170-3800C. Cc PCBs nhn chung cng c
p sut hi v hng s nh lut Henry thp, logKow cao, tan rt t trong nc (di 1 ng/l), tan tt trong cc dung
mi hu c v du m.
2.2.2. Tnh cht ha sinh
DRCs u l cc hp cht rt bn vng, chng khng c phn ng vi cc axit mnh, kim mnh, cht oxi ha
mnh khi khng c cht xc tc ngay c nhit cao. Cc phn ng ha hc ca dioxin c quan tm nghin
cu nhm mc ch phn hy hon ton hoc chuyn ha dioxin thnh cc dn xut km c hn. Cc phn
ng ny c thc hin trong cc iu kin c bit v nhit cao, cht xc tc, cc axit c tnh oxi ha mnh,
kim c, bc x hay vi sinh vt.
Tc ng ca nhit v ha cht: Dioxin bay hi hon ton 8000C v phn hy 1200oC n 14000C. Dng
cht xc tc c th gip h nhit phn ng phn hy xung 3000C. nhit khong 2500C, dioxin b cc axit
v c c tnh oxi ho mnh phn hu hon ton thnh nhng cht khng c. Di tc dng ca kim c, nhit
v p sut cao, cc nguyn t clo b thay th dn bng cc nhm hydroxyl tr hnh hp cht t c.
Tc ng ca cc bc x in t: nh sng mt tri v tia t ngoi phn hu dioxin theo hng clo ho,
sinh ra cc sn phm th clo thp hn hoc khng cha clo. S quang phn TCDD, ngoi tc dng trc tip ca
nh sng mt tri cn cn phi c cc cht cung cp hidro. Ngoi ra, x l dioxin trong nc, ngi ta b sung
ozon vo nc trc khi chiu tia t ngoi, tc qu trnh phn hy tng nhanh, ng thi cho sn phm phn
hy l CO2 v cc mui v c.
22 |
Tc ng ca vi sinh vt: Vi sinh vt phn hy dioxin vi tc chm. Trong s cc vi sinh vt c sn trong t,

nc, khng kh, ch c dng vi sinh vt no sn sinh ra hidro mi c kh nng phn hu ht dioxin. Vi sinh vt
tit ra cc enzym ct dioxin thnh cc phn t nh ri ht vo, sau l mt lot cc phn ng sinh ha phc
tp, tuy nhin qu trnh kh c xy ra rt chm chp.
2.2.3. S tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng
Trong mi trng khng kh, trng thi tn ti ca cc hp cht ph thuc vo p sut hi ca chng v
nhit ca mi trng. Cc dioxin c p sut hi nm trong khong 7,4.10-10 - 3,4.10-5 mmHg 250C, v vy,
trong iu kin thng chng c th tn ti c trong pha hi ln pha ht vi t l tn ti ca mi pha trong
khng kh khc nhau tng nhm ng loi. Nhng ht c kch thc ln hn 10 m rt nhanh chng lng
ng xung mt t, mt nc v xung cn y, bm trn cy c. Nhng ht c kch thc khong 0,1 - 5 m
mi to thnh c sol kh bn vng trong khng kh, v l ngun lan to dioxin trong khng kh. Loi sol kh
nhim dioxin ny c th di chuyn theo chiu gi i khp ni, b pha long v tip tc lng ng. Trong khng
kh dioxin c th b quang phn hu di tc ng ca nh sng mt tri, v nht l tia cc tm.
Trong mi trng nc, dioxin ch yu lin kt vi cc ht vt cht l lng trong nc, hp ph trn cc phn
trong nc ca cc thc vt thu sinh, tch t trong cc ng vt thu sinh nh c, vi h s tch t sinh hc cao
(BCF = 37900 128000) v v dioxin c h s ring phn cacbon hu c Koc ln, tan trong nc nh nn phn
ln hp ph vo trm tch, phn cn li trong nc rt thp, nng ton phn ca cc TCDD, PeCDD, HxCDD,
HpCDD v OCDD trong nc th ch mc t di cc gii hn pht hin n 3,6 ppq. Hng s nh lut Henry,
mt thng s phn nh t s nng ca mt cht ho hc trong pha kh so vi nng ca n trong dung dch
iu kin cn bng, ca dioxin rt nh c 10-6 - 10-5 L.atm.mol-1, nn dioxin kh bay hi t nc vo khng kh.
Trong mi trng t v trm tch, do cu trc electron ca dioxin c ng thi hai trung tm cho v nhn,
nn dioxin d dng kt hp khng thun nghch vi cc hp cht hu c trong t v trm tch, c bit l cc
polyme sinh hc trong mn (humus) ca t (c n 10%). V mt ho hc mn l mt hn hp polyme sinh
hc, cha cc nhm chc -OH, -COOH, -OCH3, nhn thm, mt s gc t do bn vng. Dioxin c gi tr logKoc
bng 6,8 nn hp ph mnh vi humic, rt kh di chuyn trong t, nhng nu c dung mi hu c th chng
d dng di chuyn hn theo chiu thng ng (chiu su). Khi t nhim dioxin b xi mn do ma, gi, dioxin
theo m lan to i cc ni khc, y l con ng di chuyn chnh ca dioxin trong t.
Trong h thc vt, dioxin hu nh khng tan trong nc nhng li d dng hp ph trn b mt cc vt th,
c im ny th hin r trong mi quan h gia dioxin vi h thc vt. Dioxin trong nc tch lu trn b mt
v h r ca cc thc vt thu sinh vi h s BCF cao, khong 208 - 2038. S di chuyn ca cc cht t t n
thc vt t thng qua hai con ng: (1) r thu nhn cht trong t v di chuyn ln cc phn trn t ca thc
vt, (2) cc cht bay hi t t v lng ng ln cc phn trn t ca thc vt. i vi cc cht km phn cc v
tan rt t trong nc nh cc DRCs th s nhim c dioxin ca cc b phn trn t ca thc vt ch yu do qu
trnh (2) cn cc b phn di t b nhim c do chng hp th trc tip dioxin trong t. BCF i vi TCDD
trong thc vt rt nh, ch c 0,0002.
2.3. c tnh, c ch gy c ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin v tc ng ca

chng n h sinh thi
2.3.1. c tnh
Dioxin l mt trong nhng hp cht c nht m con ngi bit n. Trong nhm DRCs th 2,3,7,8-TCDD l
cht c nht, n l cht gy ung th cho ngi (ung th t chc phn mm, ung th tin lit tuyn, ung th
ng h hp nh ung th phi, ph qun, kh qun, thanh qun), ngoi ra n cn l tc nhn gy ra mt lot
cc bnh nguy him khc nh bnh sm da, bnh tiu ng, bnh a u ty, u lympho c tnh, bnh thn kinh
ngoi vi,c th dn n t vong. Nguy him hn, 2,3,7,8-TCDD cn gy thiu nng sinh dc cho c nam v n,
sinh con qui thai, d dng. 2,3,7,8-TCDD c T chc Nghin cu Ung th Quc t IARC xp vo nhm c
| 23
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loi 1 tc l nhm gy ung th dn n t vong i vi ngi. c tnh ca dioxin c th hin qua gi tr liu
gy cht trung bnh (Median Lethal Dose LD50), tc l khi lng cht c trn mt n v th trng lm
cht 50% s vt th nghim. Gi tr LD50 ph thuc vo c tnh ca cht, c trng loi v con ng tip xc,
nhn chung LD50 cng thp th cht cng c. LD50 thng c nghin cu trn cc loi ng vt ri s dng
cc h s chuyn i c tnh cho con ngi. LD50 ca 2,3,7,8-TCDD i vi mt s loi ng vt c a ra
trong Bng 4:
Bng 4. LD50 ca 2,3,7,8-TCDD i vi mt s loi ng vt
TT
Loi
LD50 (mg/kg)
TT
Loi
LD50 (mg/kg)
Chut ng
0,5 - 2,1
Ch
30 - 300
Chut cng
22 - 100
25 - 50
Chut nht
112 - 2570
Kh
70
4
5
Mo
Th
115
10 - 275
Ngi
60 - 70
Ngoi ra, cc dioxin v furan c t 4 nguyn t clo tr ln, th vo cc v tr 2,3,7,8 ca phn t dibenzo-pdioxin v cc PCB c t 4 n 7 nguyn t clo trong khng c hoc c 1 nguyn t clo th vo cc v tr 2,2,6,6
ca phn t biphenyl (c gi l non-ortho PCBs v mono-ortho PCBs) cng c c ch gy c tng t nh
2,3,7,8-TCDD nhng c km hn. Mc tng i v c ca cc DRCs c biu th thng qua mt
gi tr c gi l h s c tng ng (Toxic Equivalent Factor TEF), trong gi tr TEF ca 2,3,7,8-TCDD
c qui nh l 1. Gi tr TEF cho 7 ng loi dioxin, 10 ng loi furan v 12 ng loi PCB ng phng, theo
qui nh quc t (International-TEF, I-TEF) v qui nh ca T chc Y t Th gii (World Health Organization-TEF,
WHO-TEF) c a ra trong Bng 5 sau y:
Bng 5. H s c tng ng ca cc dioxin, furan v dl-PCBs
TT
Tn cht
I-TEF
WHO-TEF
Dioxin
1
2,3,7,8-TetraCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDD
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,6,7,8-HexaCDD
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,7,8,9-HexaCDD
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDD
0,01
0,01
OctaCDD
0,001
0,0001
Furan
8
2,3,7,8-TetraCDF
0,1
0,1
1,2,3,7,8-PentaCDF
0,05
0,05
24 |
Bng 5. H s c tng ng ca cc dioxin, furan v dl-PCBs (tip theo)

TT
Tn cht
I-TEF
WHO-TEF
10
2,3,4,7,8-PentaCDF
0,5
0,5
11
1,2,3,4,7,8-HexaCDF
0,1
0,1
12
1,2,3,6,7,8-HexaCDF
0,1
0,1
13
1,2,3,7,8,9-HexaCDF
0,1
0,1
14
2,3,4,6,7,8-HexaCDF
0,1
0,1
15
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDF
0,01
0,01
16
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HeptaCDF
0,01
0,01
17
OctaCDF
0,001
0,0001
dl-PCBs
18
3,3,4,4-TetraCB (PCB 77)
0,0001
19
3,4,4,5-TetraCB (PCB 81)
0,0001
20
3,3,4,4,5-PentaCB (PCB 126)
0,1
21
3,3,4,4,5,5-HexaCB (PCB 169)
0,01
22
2,3,3,4,4-PentaCB (PCB 105)
0,0001
23
2,3,4,4,5-PentaCB (PCB 114)
0,0005
24
2,3,4,4,5-PentaCB (PCB 118)
0,0001
25
2,3,4,4,5-PentaCB (PCB 123)
0,0001
26
2,3,3,4,4,5-HexaCB (PCB 156)
0,0005
27
2,3,3,4,4,5-HexaCB (PCB 157)
0,0005
28
2,3,4,4,5,5-HexaCB (PCB 167)
0,00001
29
2,3,3,4,4,5,5-HexaCB (PCB 189)
0,0001
T gi tr TEF a ra trong bng trn, khi nghin cu v c tnh ca cc DRCs ngi ta quan tm n khi
nim c tng ng (Toxic Equivalent Quantity TEQ) ca mi cht, thng c biu din di dng
nng ca cht v nhn vi h s TEF tng ng, nh vy mt cht c nng cng cao v TEF cng ln th
c tng ng cng ln. Sau khi phn tch c nng ca tng ng loi, gi tr tng TEQs c tnh
ton s phn nh mt cch y v ton din mc nhim v gi tr quan trng nh gi tc ng c
hi ca cc DRCs.
| 25
BO CO

2.3.2. C ch gy c
iu khc bit gia dioxin v cc cht c mi trng khc l ch dioxin c kh nng gy nh hng ngay
c nhng liu tip xc rt nh v nh hng c th ko di t th h ny sang th h khc. Nghin cu v c
ch gy c ch ra rng dioxin c kh nng nh hng ti qu trnh sao m cc thng tin di truyn v tng
hp protein ti nhn t bo. Vic tng hp protein mt cch khng kim sot ca c th l nguyn nhn gy ra
nhng tai bin v sc khe v d nh bnh ung th. Thm vo , vic gy nhiu lon trong qu trnh sao m
cng dn ti hu qu lm thay i cc thng tin di truyn v gy ra nhng t bin v gen di truyn t th h
ny sang th h khc.
Dioxin kt hp vi cht th cm nhn thm AHR (Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor), cp phc cht ny tng tc
tip vi phi t chuyn nhn ARNT (Aryl Hydrocarbon Nuclear Translocator) v di chuyn vo nhn t bo. Ti
y dioxin trong phc cht tng tc vi mt on gen c hiu trong chui ADN c tn gi l AHRE (Aryl
Hydrocarbon Response Element), hoc cn c gi l DRE (Dioxin Response Element), kt qu l dn ti s sao
m sai lch ca mRNA v gy ra s tng hp ca nhiu gen v enzim khc nhau.
2.3.3. Tc ng c hi i vi h sinh thi
Nghin cu trong nhiu thp k qua cho thy dioxin c kh nng nh hng su sc n sc khe ca
nhiu loi ng thc vt trong mi trng. iu ng lu l nh hng ca dioxin din ra ngay nhng nng
rt thp. Thm vo do tnh cht bn vng, dioxin tn ti rt lu trong c th ng vt v gy ra s tch ly
lm gia tng nng theo thi gian. Khi t n mt khong nng nht nh, dioxin s bt u km hm s
hot ng bnh thng ca cc c quan chc nng v gy hi ti s pht trin ca sinh vt.
Nhiu nghin cu trn cc loi ng vt bc cao ti cc khu b nhim H Ln, Hoa K cho thy dioxin v
cc cht tng t lm suy gim nghim trng s loi chim cng nh s lng tng loi sng ti khu vc ny.
Cc sinh vt sng di nc nhim dioxin t nc v tch ly ti mt gii hn nht nh trong c th chng v
theo chu trnh thc n cc loi chim bt c cng s tch ly mt lng dioxin ln. S tch ly ca dioxin ti nng
cao nh vy gy suy gim kh nng sinh sn v kh nng min dch, dn ti hin tng s lng cc con
non c sinh ra v sng st ti khi trng thnh suy gim, xut hin nhiu con non c sinh ra vi nhng bt
thng v d tt bm sinh.
Nhng hin tng tng t cng c quan st thy trn loi hi cu v ng vt c v khc sng khu vc
bin Bc v bin Baltic. Thc n ca cc loi ny ch yu l c nhim mt mc nht nh dioxin. Do s tch ly
sinh hc, nng dioxin trong c th hi cu cao hn rt nhiu so vi mi trng. Hu qu l kh nng min
dch ca hi cu b suy gim mnh dn ti kh nng ly nhim bnh tt v virus tng cao. Thc t ghi nhn
nhng t bng pht dch bnh c kh nng tiu dit i b phn ca cng ng hi cu.
Ti Vit Nam, cht dit c c cha dioxin do qun i M phun ri trong chin tranh gy nh hng ln n
h sinh thi ti nhiu khu vc nh A Li, M , H Bin Hng. Cc nh khoa hc Vit Nam v th gii nhn
thy c s suy gim nghim trng a dng sinh hc ti nhng khu vc ny. Nhiu loi vi sinh vt bn a suy
gim ti mc gn nh mt hn. S lng cc loi ng vt bc cao cng b suy gim nng n. S tch ly dioxin
trong ng vt sng di nc cng cao hn hn cc khu vc khc, dn n s suy gim kh nng sinh sn v
s lng ca cc loi.
2.4. Cc c ch hnh thnh dioxin v cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin
2.4.1. Cc c ch hnh thnh dioxin
2.4.1.1. S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh t chy v qu trnh nhit
Ngy nay, cc qu trnh t chy v cc qu trnh nhit lun c xem l nhng ngun pht thi chnh ca
dioxin vo mi trng v l mt trong nhng qu trnh sinh ra dioxin c cc nh khoa hc quan tm nghin
26 |
cu nhiu nht. Dioxin v furan l nhng cht c hnh thnh mt cch khng ch nh v c th coi l sn
phm ph trong mt s qu trnh ha hc, ch yu l cc qu trnh chy trong c mt cc nguyn t cacbon,
oxy, hydro v clo. Cc thng s ca qu trnh t nh loi nhin liu s dng, loi cht thi thiu hy, cng ngh
ca l t, hiu sut ca qu trnh t, c ch kim sot nhim khi vn hnh l t, cng ngh x l cc ngun
thi sau t l nhng ch tiu quan trng quyt nh lng dioxin pht thi. Cc yu t nh hng n s hnh
thnh dioxin trong qu trnh t chy v qu trnh nhit c a ra trong Bng 6.
Bng 6. Cc yu t nh hng n s hnh thnh dioxin/furan trong qu trnh nhit
TT
Yu t
nh hng
Cng ngh
Nhit
S hnh thnh dioxin/furan trong bung t ph hay trong cc thit b kim sot
nhim c ghi nhn trong di nhit t 2000C n 6500C, di hnh thnh nhiu
nht trong khong 2000C 4500C, c bit l 3000C.
Kim loi
ng, st, nhm, crom v mangan l nhng cht xc tc cho s hnh thnh dioxin/
furan.
Lu hunh v
nit
Nhng cht c cha lu hunh v nit kim ch s hnh thnh dioxin/furan nhng c
th to thnh nhng sn phm ph c tnh c hi khc.
Clo
Clo trng thi hu c, v c hay nguyn t. S hin din ca n trong tro bay hay
dng nguyn t trong pha kh s c ngha rt quan trng thc y s hnh thnh ca
dioxin/furan.
S hnh thnh dioxin/furan c th xy ra khi s chy khng ht/khng hon ton hay
do vic iu khin qu trnh t v thit b kim sot nhim km.
Dioxin/furan c hnh thnh trong qu trnh t chy v qu trnh nhit thng qua 3 c ch sau y:
S ph hy khng hon ton cc hp cht dioxin c sn trong thnh phn ca cc vt liu t nh nhin
liu, cht thi,Nu qu trnh t khng hiu qu, cng ngh t v cc h thng kim sot nhim
trong qu trnh vn hnh l t km, khng m bo cc iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh chy hon
ton, bao gm nhit chy, thi gian lu chy v trn ln vi oxy (Temperature, Time and Turbulance
3T) th dioxin/furan cha b ph hy s thot ra mi trng theo cc ngun thi ca l t.
S hnh thnh dioxin trong l t thng qua phn ng ha hc gia cc hp cht tin dioxin. Cc hp cht
tin dioxin thng l cc cht hu c c nhn thm v d t clo, v d nh cc clobenzen, clophenol v
clobiphenyl. Nu qu trnh chy xy ra khng hon ton do cha cc iu kin 3T, cc tin cht ni trn
th c hnh thnh nh l nhng sn phm trung gian. Trong iu kin , s c mt ca clo s dn n
phn ng gia tin cht vi clo hnh thnh dioxin v furan.
S hnh thnh dioxin do phn ng tng hp t u (de novo synthesis). Dioxin c hnh thnh bi s oxy
ha v chuyn ha ca cacbon dng cao phn t (nh than, than ci, mui) thnh cc hp cht mch
vng ri kt hp vi clo v hydro. Yu t nh hng n s tng hp dioxin theo c ch ny gm: (1) nhit
250 4000C, 10000C cc phn ng vn c th xy ra; (2) ngun cacbon t tro bay ca kh thi; (3) oxy
trong kh thi, y l iu kin thit yu, hm lng oxy cng cao s cng d hnh thnh dioxin/furan; (4)
ngun hydro v clo ch yu t cc hp cht v c lin kt vi cc ht cacbon rn; (5) ion Cu2+ xc tc mnh
m cho qu trnh ny; v (6) yu t ngn cn hoc c ch qu trnh ny l s lm ngui nhanh dng kh
thi v s c mt ca mt s cht ph gia.
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2.4.1.2. S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip

Dioxin/furan c th c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau
nh cng nghip sn xut ha cht, cng nghip sn xut xi mng, tinh luyn hoc ti ch kim loi, ngnh
cng nghip giy v bt giy, cng nghip dt may,Sau y l mt s c ch hnh thnh dioxin cho cc
ngnh cng nghip.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut ha cht: Trong qu trnh sn xut hoc s dng ho cht, s hnh thnh
dioxin/furan s xy ra khi c mt trong nhng iu kin nh: (1) s dng ho cht c cha gc clo
hoc c kh nng sn sinh ra gc clo; (2) nhit tng cao (>1500C); (3) s dng mi trng kim
(c bit trong lm sch); (4) dng kim loi xc tc; (5) dng bc x t ngoi (UV). C th a ra mt
v d in hnh v s hnh thnh dioxin trong hot ng sn xut ha cht l s tng hp cht
dit c 2,4,5-T t nguyn liu ban u l 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene nu khng c tin hnh trong
cc iu kin nghim ngt c th sinh ra sn phm ph l 2,3,7,8-TCDD, cht c nht trong nhm
dioxin.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut xi mng: Trong ngnh cng nghip xi mng, ngoi cc nguyn liu t
cho l nung nh du, than cc,ngi ta thng tn dng mt s nguyn liu khc nh du thi,
v, lp xe, cc cht lng hu c, nha, cn bn thi, mn ca,...S t chy cc nguyn liu hu c
k trn iu kin nhit t 2000C 4500C khng phn ng chy xy ra hon ton, vi t l
oxy thch hp, s c mt ca cc tc nhn clo ha th khi l nung xi mng vn hnh s l mt ngun
pht thi dioxin ng k. Vi nhin liu l than , chng c th kt hp vi cc hp cht c nhn
thm nh benzen v phenol, t dn n s hnh thnh cc cu trc vng c clo ha khi c mt
cc tc nhn clo. Cc cu trc clo ha ny c th thc y s hnh thnh dioxin trn cc b mt hot
ng ca cc ht cacbon.
Cng nghip luyn kim: Dioxin/furan c th c hnh thnh trong cc qu trnh tuyn qung v thiu
kt trong ti ch st thp, nung chy ch, sn xut magie dioxide, sn xut titan dioxide, ti ch kim
loi,v s c mt ca cc ion kim loi a ha tr c vai tr nh l cht xc tc ca qu trnh hnh
thnh dioxin.
Cng nghip dt may: C ch hnh thnh dioxin/furan trong ngnh cng nghip dt may tng i
phc tp. Cc loi thuc nhum a s c cha cc nhm chc hu c bn vng v trong cc cng
on sn xut sn phm dt nhum, c cng on ty trng sn phm lc hon tt c lin quan n
cc hp cht c cha clo. Cc hp cht hu c bn v d bay hi (trong ch yu l cc hp cht
c vng benzen) s c hnh thnh di dng cc hp cht ha tan. Sau cng vi qu trnh gia
nhit (ty v nhum trong b mt kim loi kn vi nhit t 100 - 1400C) s hnh thnh dioxin v
pht tn vo khng kh dng hi.
Cng nghip giy v bt giy: Ngnh ny s dng cc hp cht hu c cha clo trong qu trnh ty
trng bt giy v giy, v d nh cc chlorophenols. Cc cht ny c coi l cc cht tin dioxin v
trong cc iu kin nht nh s c th hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin vo mi trng.
2.4.2. Cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin
2.4.2.1. Cc hot ng dng nhit cao v thiu t
Cc qu trnh nhit v c bit l cc qu trnh thiu t c coi l ngun ch yu pht thi dioxin/furan
ra mi trng. Dioxin/furan c to thnh mt cch khng ch nh trong cc qu trnh t chy khng
hon ton nhiu i tng khc nhau nh t nhin liu, cht thi rn th, cht thi y t, cht thi nguy
hi, bn cng, t sinh khi; cc hot ng dng nhit cao nung xi mng, luyn kim, ti ch kim loi,...
Ngoi ra dioxin/furan cng c hnh thnh t cc qu trnh t chy c kim sot khng trit v nht
l cc qu trnh khng c kim sot nh chy rng, chy nh ti cc khu vc dn sinh, hin tng chy
t pht v m ti cc bi chn lp rc thi,...Cc hot ng nhit v thiu t c kh nng pht thi dioxin
c a ra trong Bng 7.
28 |
Bng 7. Cc ngun pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng thiu t (tip theo)
TT
Qu trnh sn xut
c im
t cht thi th
Cng ngh c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi
t cht thi cng nghip
Cng ngh c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi
t cht thi nguy hi
L t c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi
t bn
L t c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi, l t

th cng
t cht thi bnh vin
L t c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi, l t

th cng
t g thi
G x l vi cc hp cht hu c cha clo
L ha tng v l t xc sc vt
L t c, khng trang b kim sot nhim kh thi
Kh thi bi rc, t kh sinh hc
Khng kim sot nhim kh thi
10
t than
t than nu, than non, bn,
11
Sn xut than cc
S dng than non, than nu,
12
t sinh khi
Khng kim sot; t phn cn li ca rng, bi cy, rm, r,...
13
Chy t cc tai nn
Khng kim sot; tai nn chy ti cc khu cng nghip, kho

hng, nh dn,
14
S chy m ti cc bi rc
Qu trnh khng kim sot
15
t nha PVC
Nha c cha halogen
16
Nung qung st trong l nung cao
Tro bi pht tn quay vng
17
Luyn nu chy s cp ng kim loi
Ion Cu2+ c vai tr xc tc cho qu trnh hnh thnh dioxin
18
Ti ch kim loi ph liu
t dy, thu hi kim loi t bi, tro
19
L nung xi mng
S dng cht thi nguy hi cha halogen nh l nguyn liu t
20
Sn xut khong cht (vi, gm s, thy

tinh, gch ngi,)
Quy m nh, khng c h thng kim sot bi v kh thi
21
Nu nha ng
Cc qu trnh nu v ri nha ng c tin hnh nhit

cao v khng kim sot kh thi
21
Cng nghip in
Cc nh my in chy bng than, du, kh, sinh khi,
22
Giao thng vn ti
Nhin liu dng cho ng c t trong c cha ch.

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2.4.2.2. Hot ng sn xut cng nghip

Dioxin/furan c th c to thnh nh l cc sn phm ph trong rt nhiu hot ng sn xut cng nghip
khc nhau, c bit l cc hot ng sn xut s dng nhit cao v cc ha cht c cha clo hu c. Khng
c mt ranh gii r rt phn chia cc ngun gc hnh thnh dioxin vo nhm cc hot ng s dng nhit
hay cc hot ng sn xut. Hai hot ng ny u sinh ra dioxin/furan mt cch khng ch nh theo nhng
c ch phc tp, tuy nhin cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip thng lin quan n vic to thnh hoc s
dng cc hp cht clo hu c cn cc hot ng nhit ch yu lin quan n s thiu t khng hon ton cc
nguyn, nhin liu khc nhau. Mt s hot ng sn xut cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin c a
ra trong Bng 8.
Bng 8. Cc ngun pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip
TT
Qu trnh sn xut
c im
Sn xut ha cht
Cc hp cht hu c cha clo c tng hp phc v cho cc mc ch

khc nhau. Cc cht c clo ny c th l tin cht dioxin, v d nh cc
clobenzen, clophenol, PCBs, thuc dit c (2,4-D; 2,4,5-T;...), thuc tr su
c clo (DDT, DDE, HCHs,...); cc cht bo cha clo (dicloetylen, vinyl clorua,
polyvinyl clorua,...).
Sn xut giy v bt giy
Ha cht trong qu trnh ty trng bt giy, nh chlorophenols trong cc

giai on gia nhit s c kh nng to thnh dioxin.
Cng nghip dt may
S dng dung mi hu c nh benzen, v c bit l cc cht nhum c

gc clo hu c.
Cng nghip da
S dng dung mi hu c v cc ha cht cha clo trong qu trnh x l

nguyn liu, thuc da, cht mu trong giai on hon thin sn phm.
Cng nghip g
Ha cht s dng trong qu trnh ngm, tm, x l nguyn liu g, dung mi

c trong sn,...
Cng nghip sn xut

khong cht
Nhit cao v nhin liu chy trong cc qu trnh sn xut xi mng, gm,
s, gch, ngi, thy tinh,...
Cng nghip luyn kim
Nhit cao, nguyn liu u vo, cc ion kim loi xc tc cho s hnh
thnh dioxin trong cc hot ng luyn kim v ti ch cc kim loi v hp
kim nh thp, ng, ch, nhm, km,
2.5. Phng php phn tch dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin

2.5.1. Phng php ly mu
2.5.1.1. Ly mu thi cng nghip
V dioxin c hnh thnh ch yu trong qu trnh chy, c lin quan n mt s loi hnh cng nghip c th
nh t cht thi, luyn kim, sn xut xi mng,nn kh thi l i tng c quan tm nhiu nht. Dioxin tn
ti trong kh thi c hai pha l pha ht v pha kh nn thu c mu mang tnh cht i din cn phi thu
30 |
thp v phn tch c hai pha. Trn th gii hin tn ti song song mt s phng php ly mu kh thi cng
nghip nh Method 23 ca Cc Bo v mi trng Hoa K (US EPA) c p dng M, Canada v nhiu
nc trn th gii; Method EN 13284:2001 ca Lin minh Chu u (EU) c p dng ch yu cc nc
chu u, Method JIS K0311:2008 ca Nht Bn c p dng ch yu Nht Bn. Trong cc phng php
k trn, Method 23 ca US EPA l phng php ly mu kh ng ng hc (Isokinetic) hin ang c p
dng rng ri v tr thnh phng php tiu chun ca nhiu nc trn th gii.
Cc cht thi rn c thu thp v phn tch thng l cc mu: mu tro x y l sau mi m t, mu tro
bay, mu nguyn liu u vo, mu bn thi, mu t v trm tch trong khu vc sn xut. Mu nc ch
yu c ly t nc thi ca h thng thp ra kh.
2.5.1.2. Ly mu mi trng
i vi mu t v mu trm tch, qui trnh ly mu c tham kho ti cc Tiu chun Vit Nam. C th,
qui trnh ly mu t tham kho ti TCVN 7538-2:2005 - Cht lng t - Ly mu. Phn 2: Hng dn k
thut ly mu. Qui trnh ly mu trm tch tham kho ti TCVN 6663-13:2000 - Cht lng nc - Ly mu.
Phn 13: Hng dn ly mu bn nc, bn nc thi v bn lin quan v TCVN 6663-15: 2004 - Cht lng
nc - Ly mu. Hng dn bo qun v x l mu bn v trm tch.
2.5.2. Phng php phn tch
Phn tch hm lng siu vt (c ppb, thm ch ppt) cc cht DRCs trong cc nn mu phc tp l mt
cng vic ht sc kh khn, tn km, i hi phng php phn tch tiu chun, trang thit b hin i,
ha cht c hiu, dung mi tinh khit, nng lc ca phng th nghim. US EPA cng b cc phng
php tiu chun phn tch DRCs, bao gm Method 1613 (i vi dioxin v furan) v Method 1668 (i
vi dl-PCBs).
Cc ch tiu c phn tch bng phng php sc k kh khi ph phn gii cao (HRGC/HRMS), c
nh tnh v nh lng bng phng php pha long ng v (Isotope Dilution) v phng php ni
chun (Internal Standard). y l phng php phn tch u vit v nhy, chnh xc, kh nng phn
tch nhanh v ng thi hng chc hp cht c tnh cht ha hc rt ging nhau. Phng php ny s
dng cc cht chun ng v (13C12-PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCBs), y l cc cht c tnh cht tng t cc cht
phn tch nhng khng c mt trong t nhin, khi c b sung vo mu phn tch trong sut qu trnh
ly mu, x l mu, phn tch mu trn thit b s kim sot mc mt mu tng giai on trong ton b
qui trnh, m bo kt qu phn tch l chnh xc.
i vi phn tch lng vt trong nn mu phc tp, cc k thut tch chit cht phn tch t nn mu,
lm sch dch chit, lm giu mu trong qui trnh phn tch gi mt vai tr v cng quan trng. Nu cc k
thut ny c tin hnh tt, hiu lc ca phng php phn tch s c nng cao thng qua cc tiu ch:
chit tch trit v chn lc cht phn tch ra khi nn mu, gim nhiu ca tn hiu nn, h thp gii
hn pht hin. US EPA a ra 2 b phng php tiu chun v chun b mu (3500 Series Methods) v
lm sch dch chit (3600 Series Methods) i vi phn tch hu c bng phng php sc k. Phng php
thng c s dng chit cc cht DRCs ra khi nn mu rn l chit soxhlet hay chit tng cng
dung mi (Accelerated Solvent Extraction ASE), i vi nn mu nc l chit lng lng hay chit pha rn
(Solid Phase Extraction SPE). Dch chit mu sau c lm sch trn h thng ct nhi cc cht hp
ph nh silicagel a lp, nhm oxit, cacbon hot tnh hoc lm sch qua ct chit pha rn ri c ra gii
bng dung mi thch hp. Cc k thut lm giu, c c mu nh c quay chn khng, c ui dung mi
bng dng kh nit nh cng c s dng trong qui trnh phn tch.
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HIN TRNG NHIM DIOXIN

TRONG MI TRNG VIT NAM
32 |
Phn 3
CC QUI NH HIN C V NGNG

DIOXIN TRONG CNG NGHIP V
TRONG MI TRNG
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3.1. Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin ti Vit Nam

3.1.1. Cc qui nh php l v dioxin ti Vit Nam
Cc chnh sch qun l v yu cu php l v kim sot dioxin ti Vit Nam c quy nh ti nhiu vn bn khc
nhau ca Nh nc trong khung php l chung, bao gm cc lnh vc nh: bo v mi trng, bo v sc khe, qun
l ha cht, qun l cht thi nguy hi, an ton v sinh thc phm, sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip,
Lut Bo v mi trng (2005) quy nh ti Khon 11, iu 7 Nghim cm: Sn xut, kinh doanh sn phm
gy nguy hi cho con ngi, sinh vt v h sinh thi; sn xut, s dng nguyn liu, vt liu xy dng cha yu
t c hi vt qu tiu chun cho php; Khon 14, iu 7 Nghim cm: Hot ng tri php, sinh sng
khu vc c c quan nh nc c thm quyn xc nh l khu vc cm do mc c bit nguy him v mi
trng i vi sc khe v tnh mng con ngi. Cc iu 57, 60, 65 c cc quy nh c th v kim sot pht
thi ha cht, cht thi nguy hi vo mi trng nc bin, nc mt, nc sng, nc di t, t cc hot
ng sn xut, kinh doanh, sinh hot, trong yu cu vic thi b cc ha cht, cht thi phi c x l t
tiu chun mi trng. Cc yu cu v nguyn tc xy dng tiu chun, quy chun mi trng, ni dung tiu
chun, yu cu v phng php o, ban hnh v cng b tiu chun mi trng c quy nh ti Chng II,
Lut Bo v mi trng.
Lut Ha cht (2007) quy nh v hot ng ha cht, an ton trong hot ng ha cht, quyn v ngha v
ca t chc, c nhn tham gia hot ng ha cht, qun l nh nc v hot ng ha cht. Dioxin c xp vo
nhm cc ha cht c hi phi qun l. Lut Ha cht cng quy nh r trch nhim qun l ca b, c quan
ngang b lin quan trc tip n hot ng ha cht, theo B Ti nguyn v Mi trng c thm quyn i
vi x l, thi b ha cht c tn d, ha cht c tn d ca chin tranh, ha cht c khng r ngun gc v
ha cht c b tch thu (iu 64).
Lut Bo v sc khe nhn dn (1989) quy nh v V sinh trong sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn v s dng
ho cht, trong vic s dng ha cht khng c gy nh hng xu n sc khe con ngi; phi thc
hin nhng bin php x l cht thi trong cng nghip phng, chng nhim khng kh, t v nc;
khng c cc cht ph thi gy nhim mi trng sng (iu 9, 10).
Nm 2002, Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin th 14 ca Cng c Stockholm v ph chun Vn kin Cng
c, v vy cn tun th cc quy nh ca Cng c theo lut quc t. Cng c Stockholm yu cu cc thnh
vin phi c cc bin php qun l, kim sot, gim thiu s hnh thnh, hng n loi b hon ton cc cht
nhim hu c kh phn hy. Nm 2004, cc cht dioxin, furan, PCBs c a vo Ph lc C ca Cng c
Stockholm, l nhm cc cht POP hnh thnh v pht sinh khng ch nh t cc hot ng sn xut v i
sng. Cng c cng yu cu cc thnh vin xc nh r rng cc mc tiu ngn hn, trung hn v di hn khi
xy dng cc chin lc hon thnh cc ngha v lin quan. V vy, Vit Nam cn c cc bin php c th v
xy dng chnh sch, quy nh v trin khai thc hin cc hot ng p ng yu cu ny.
Mt im cn lu v khung php l qun l dioxin ca Vit Nam l, do hu qu ca vic qun i M s dng
ha cht gy nhim mi trng nghim trng trong chin tranh Vit Nam, h thng qun l c s phn chia
kh r v mc tiu qun l dioxin l ha cht tn d nh hu qu ca chin tranh, hoc ha cht c tn d thi
b v dioxin hnh thnh v pht sinh khng ch nh trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh. iu ny thy r qua
vic phn cng trch nhim v xy dng th ch lin quan n qun l dioxin (iu 64, Lut Ha cht v c ch
t chc ca Vn phng Ban ch o 33).
3.1.2. Cc Tiu chun, Qui chun k thut quc gia v dioxin
H thng Qui chun k thut quc gia v mi trng bao gm cc qui nh v cht lng mi trng xung
quanh v tiu chun v cht thi (gii hn pht thi vo cc thnh phn mi trng khng kh, nc mt, nc
di t, nc bin ven b, t, trm tch, sinh hc, cht thi rn,). Cng vi cc Qui chun qui nh v gii
34 |
hn nng cc cht, cn c cc Tiu chun v phng php o km theo.

Mt s Tiu chun quc gia (TCVN) v dioxin c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh nh: TCVN 8183:2009:
Ngng dioxin trong t v trm tch; TCVN 7556-1:2005: L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng khi
lng PCDD/PCDF Phn 1: Ly mu; TCVN 7556-2:2005: L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng khi
lng PCDD/PCDF Phn 2: Chit v lm sch; TCVN 7556-3:2005: L t cht thi rn y t - Xc nh nng
khi lng PCDD/PCDF Phn 3: nh tnh v nh lng. Phng php ly mu, phn tch dioxin trong cc i
tng khc ch yu c tham kho t phng php tiu chun ca cc t chc uy tn trn th gii nh US EPA.
Mt s Qui chun k thut quc gia (QCVN) v dioxin c B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh nh:
QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v ngng cht thi nguy hi, ban hnh km theo
Thng t s 25/2009/TT-BTNMT, c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/01/2010.
QCVN 41:2011/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v ng x l cht thi nguy hi trong l nung xi
mng, ban hnh km theo Thng t s 44/2011/TT-BTNMT, c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/03/2012.
QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca dioxin trong mt s loi
t, ban hnh km theo Thng t s 13/2012/TT-BTNMT, c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 25/12/2012.
QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi rn y t, ban hnh km theo
QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v l t cht thi cng nghip, ban hnh km theo
QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT: Qui chun k thut quc gia v kh thi cng nghip sn xut thp, ban hnh
km theo Thng t s 32/2013/TT-BTNMT, c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/01/2014.
Ngng nng DRCs trong mt s i tng theo QCVN c a ra trong Bng 9.
Bng 9. Ngng nng DRCs trong mt s i tng theo QCVN
QCVN 07:2009/BTNMT: Ngng cht thi nguy hi
TT
Ch tiu
Hm lng tuyt i c s
(ppm)
Nng ngm chit

(mg/l)
PCB
2,3,7,8-TCDD
0,1
0,005
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
0,2
0,01
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
0,05
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
0,05
Tng dioxin (tetra, penta, hexa)
0,1
0,005
TCDF
0,05
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
0,1
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
0,2
0,01
10
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
0,05
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Bng 9. Ngng nng DRCs trong mt s i tng theo QCVN (tip theo)
11
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
0,05
12
Tng furan (tetra, penta, hexa)
0,2
0,01
QCVN 41:2011/BTNMT: Gii hn dioxin trong kh thi l nung xi mng

TT
Thng s
Nng ti a cho php

(ngTEQ/Nm3)
Tng dioxin/furan
0,6
QCVN 45:2012/BTNMT: Gii hn cho php dioxin trong mt s loi t

TT
i tng
Hm lng dioxin ti a cho php

(ng/kg TEQ theo khi lng kh)
t trng cy hng nm
40
t rng, t trng cy lu nm
100
t nng thn
120
t thnh th
300
t vui chi, gii tr
600
t thng mi
1200
t cng nghip
1200
QCVN 02:2012/BTNMT: Gii hn dioxin trong kh thi l t cht thi rn y t

TT
i tng
Tng PCDD/PCDF
(ng TEQ/Nm3)
Kh thi l t CTRYT ti c s x l CTRYT tp trung theo qui

hoch (khng nm trong khun vin c s y t)
2,3
Kh thi l t CTRYT c lp t trong khun vin ca c s y t
2,3
QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT: Gii hn dioxin trong kh thi l t cht thi cng nghip
TT
i tng
1
2
Tng PCDD/PCDF (ng TEQ/Nm3)

A
L t cng sut < 300 kg/h
2,3
1,2
L t cng sut > 300 kg/h
1,2
0,6
A: l t CTCN n ngy 31/12/2014; B: l t CTCN n ngy 01/01/2015.

QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT: Gii hn dioxin trong kh thi cng nghip sn xut thp
TT
Thng s
Tng dioxin/furan
B1: C s hot ng t ngy 01/01/2015; B2: C s u t mi.

36 |
Gi tr C (ngTEQ/Nm3)
B1
B2
0,6
0,1
Nh vy, chng ta cha c cc quy nh v ngng dioxin/furan trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh,
trong mi trng nc, mi trng trm tch, mi trng sinh hc (cc quy nh v TDI) cng nh cc quy
nh v ngng dioxin/furan trong cc i tng mu l sn phm hay cht thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip
c th c kh nng pht thi dioxin/furan. Vic xy dng, hon thin cc qui nh trn l rt cn thit trong
bi cnh s pht thi v nhim dioxin/furan ang pht trin theo chiu hng phc tp hin nay.
3.2. Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin trn th gii

Hin ti, Vit Nam cha c cc Qui chun k thut quc gia qui nh hm lng ti a cho php ca tng
PCDD/PCDF trong cc i tng cht thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin cng nh
cc i tng mi trng nh nc v khng kh xung quanh, y l mt trong nhng tr ngi ln cho vic
kim sot, hn ch v loi b dioxin trong cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip ni ring v trong cng tc bo
v mi trng ni chung.
Xy dng cc qui chun qui nh v dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam l mt nhim v kh
khn. Trc ht, s hnh thnh dioxin trong cc hot ng cng nghip l khng ch nh v theo cc c ch
rt phc tp. Cc hot ng cng nghip ngy cng pht trin, lng cc ngun thi t cc hot ng ny
cng gia tng i hi cng ngh x l hin i. i vi cc c s sn xut qui m nh v va, u t h thng
x l ngun thi v vn hnh hiu qu l mt yu cu khng h n gin. Hn na, nng lc quan trc, phn
tch dioxin hin nay nc ta cn rt hn ch, vic ly mu, phn tch v x l s liu phn tch cc ch tiu
dioxin vi lng siu vt trong nn mu phc tp, gi thnh phn tch cao nn s mu phn tch khng
tnh i din.
V mc nguy hi cao ca cc DRCs i vi mi trng, h sinh thi v con ngi nn cc hp cht ny
c nhiu quc gia trn th gii c nn cng nghip pht trin quan tm v xy dng cc qui nh v
ngng dioxin cho cc ngnh cng nghip c tim nng pht thi. Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp
quc (UNEP) cng xy dng mt b cng c (Toolkit) h tr cc quc gia trong vic pht hin v nh
lng pht thi dioxin/furan trong cc hot ng khc nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng php lun v
cc h s pht thi. y l nhng ngun tham kho c gi tr ln, kt hp vi cc hot ng kho st thc t,
Vit Nam c th xy dng nhng qui nh v ngng dioxin va m bo phng php lun khoa hc,
va ph hp vi iu kin, hon cnh c th.
3.2.1. Cc qui nh quc t
Hin nay, cc qui nh quc t v dioxin ch yu tp trung v ngng tip xc v tip nhn ca dioxin
i vi con ngi. T chc Y t th gii (WHO 1998) qui nh lng tiu th dioxin chp nhn hng ngy l
1 4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg trng lng c th/ngy. y ban Chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm (JECFA 2001) qui
nh liu lng dioxin chp nhn hng ngy, hng tun, hng thng ln lt l 2,3 pg TEQ/kg trng lng
c th/ngy; 16,1 pg TEQ/kg trng lng c th/tun v 70 pg TEQ/kg trng lng c th/thng. Tuy cc gi
tr v ngng dioxin ny khng phn nh trc tip cc qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng cng
nghip nhng chng vn c trnh by trong bo co ny m bo tnh h thng ca cc qui nh cng
nh nhn mnh mc tiu quan trng nht ca cc qui nh kht khe lin quan n dioxin l bo v sc
khe ca con ngi.
3.2.2. Cc qui nh ti M
Cc qui nh ca M v dioxin bao gm pht thi dioxin vo khng kh v nc. Cc o lut c lin quan n
vn ny bao gm: Lut v Khng kh sch, Lut v Nc sch, Lut v Nc ung an ton, Lut v Bo tn v
phc hi ti nguyn.
Nhn chung, pht thi dioxin vo khng kh c quy nh trong Lut v Khng kh sch - cc vn lin
quan v Lut Bo tn v phc hi ti nguyn. Gii hn pht thi c h thng ha ti iu 40, phn 60 ca
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B lut Lin bang bao gm quy nh v l t cht thi: cht thi th, cht thi y t v cht thi nguy hi. Cc
quy nh ny c ban hnh v c hiu lc bt u t nm 1990, p dng cho c c s ang hot ng cng
nh cc c s xy dng mi, gii hn a ra l mc tng ca c dioxin v furan.
Mc dioxin trong nc c cp n trong Lut v Nc ung an ton, ban hnh nm 1994. Gi tr ngng
nhim ti a thit lp l 3.10-8 mg/l, gi tr ny khng phi l mt gi tr c tnh php l cht ch m c coi
l mt mc tiu y t c tnh t nguyn. i vi hot ng x l nc bn thi th ngng hm lng dioxin l
0,0003 mg TEQ/kg bn thi kh p dng vi t.
3.2.3. Cc qui nh ti Canada
nhim dioxin v furan trong t, nc, trm tch v cc m sinh hc c quy nh trong Tiu chun Canada
v cht c dioxin v furan. Quy nh ny tp trung vo 06 lnh vc bao gm: l t cht thi (cht thi th,
cht thi nguy hi, bn thi v cht thi y t), cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy (l hi), t g trong sinh
hot, thiu kt qung st, sn xut thp t l in h quang, v t cht thi trong l hnh chp. Cc lnh vc
chnh ny c xem nh l ngun pht sinh chnh chim n 80% lng pht thi cht nhim vo mi trng.
Quy nh v ngng pht thi v gii hn dioxin v furan c Canada xy dng tng bc bt u t nm
2001 vi 2 lnh vc: giy - bt giy v t cht thi trn quan im phng nga l gii php chnh hn ch
pht thi cc cht nhim vo mi trng. Cc lnh vc cn li c xy dng trong thi gian tip theo.
3.2.3.1. Qui nh cho l t ca ni hi trong lnh vc sn xut giy - bt giy
Theo C quan bo v mi trng Canada thng k, mc pht thi dioxin v furan t lnh vc ny vo kh
quyn vo khong 8,6g TEQ/nm chim khong 4,3% tng lng pht thi. Gii hn pht thi c quy nh
theo mc thi gian:
t i vi cc ni hi c lp t mi sau thi gian tiu chun ny c hiu lc gii hn pht thi dioxin
v furan t hn 100 pg/m3 TEQ. Mi c ngha l mt s thay th u t, b mt truyn nhit v thit b
kim sot kh thi.
t i vi cc ni hi hin c tnh t nm 2006 tr v trc gii hn pht thi dioxin v furan t hn 500 pg/m3 TEQ.
Mi ni hi p dng theo tiu chun ny s c kim tra hai ln mi nm xc nh mc pht thi dioxin
v furan. Cc s liu c lu tr v so snh theo tng nm. Vic kim tra v bo co s c thc hin bng
cch s dng cc phng php v th tc do c quan c thm quyn quy nh.
3.2.3.2. Qui nh cho l t cht thi
Hng nm, lng dioxin/furan pht sinh vo mi trng khng t lnh vc t cht thi vo khong 44,9g
TEQ/nm, chim 22,5% tng lng pht thi ca Canada. i vi mt c s mi hoc m rng vi quy m bt
k phi p dng bin php bo v mi trng v k thut kim sot tt nht, v d nh cc chng trnh chuyn
ha cht thi t c yu cu nng ti a cho php trong kh thi l: 80 pg I-TEQ/m3.
Qui nh v ngng cho php ca dioxin/furan i vi l t cht thi nguy hi: 80 pg I-TEQ/m3, trong yu
cu ring i vi l t bn thi: 100 pg I-TEQ/m3. L trnh thc hin i vi tng c s phi thc hin theo cc
mc thi gian nh sau: nm 2005 i vi l t bn thi v nm 2006 i vi l t cht thi th, cht thi y
t v cht thi nguy hi.
3.2.4. Cc qui nh ti chu u
3.2.4.1. Qui nh v ngng dioxin trong mi trng
Quy nh v gii hn dioxin trong t v mi trng trn mt t ca cc nc EC khng ging nhau. Thy
in l quc gia c quy nh cht ch nht, gii hn dioxin trong t dng cho khu vc dn c, t nng nghip,
t cho chn nui b sa v t lm sn chi cho tr em l 10 ng I-TEQ/kg dm; i vi khu cng nghip l
250 ng I-TEQ/kg dm. i vi t khu dn c, c v H Lan quy nh 1000ng I-TEQ/kg dm, Phn Lan l
38 |
500ng I-TEQ/kg dm. i vi t nng nghip, H Lan gii hn l 1000ng I TEQ/kg dm, Phn Lan l 500ng I TEQ/
kg dm v c l 40ng I TEQ/kg dm. Ti H Lan, mt t nc c ngnh nng nghip chn nui b sa pht trin
th qui nh v hm lng dioxin trong t khu vc chn b rt kht khe l 10 ng I-TEQ/kg dm. Ti o, qui nh
v ngng dioxin trong phn bn v ph gia chn nui l 50 ng I-TEQ/kg dm. a s quc gia cn li cng nh
EC khng c quy nh v hng dn c th v cc ch s gii hn ny.
3.2.4.2. Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong hot ng t cht thi rn
Trong lnh vc t cht thi rn, Cng ng chung chu u c cc ch th: 89/429/EEC, 89/369/EEC v 94/67/
EEC qui nh nng gii hn pht thi dioxin/furan. Trong , ch th 94/67/EEC qui nh nng gii hn pht
thi vo mi trng khng kh i vi l t cht thi nguy hi l 0,1ng I-TEQ/m3; i vi pht thi t cc l t
cht thi rn th ch th ny khng qui nh gi tr gii hn c th. Tt c cc nc thnh vin EC tr Hy Lp
u c qui nh ring v nng gii hn pht thi dioxin/furan vo mi trng khng kh i vi cc l t
cht thi rn th (k c cc cng trnh ang hot ng cng nh xy dng mi), trong gi tr 0,1ng I-TEQ/
m3 cng c hu kt cc quc gia ly lm gi tr gii hn pht thi. Th tch khng kh c o ti cc iu kin
11%O2, 0C, 101,3 kPa. i vi mi trng nc, tt c cc nc thuc EC, khng qui nh gi tr gii hn pht
thi dioxin/furan v nhiu nghin cu cho rng, lnh vc t cht thi rn c tc ng khng ng k n mi
trng nc.
3.2.4.3. Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip
i vi mi trng khng kh, Cng ng chung chu u khng p dng ch th hoc qui nh c th no. Tuy
nhin, cc nc thuc EC, mi quc gia c qui nh ring v gii hn pht thi dioxin/furan cho 6 nhm ngnh
v lnh vc cng nghip bao gm: sn xut v ch bin kim loi, thiu kt st v qung st, t cc qu trnh t,
cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy, sn xut than cc, cng nghip sn xut xi mng v vi.
V gi tr c th gii hn pht thi dioxin, hu ht cc nc c qui nh u ly l 0,1ng I-TEQ/m3 cho cc lnh
vc cng nghip. Mt s quy nh khc nh gi tr gii hn pht thi ca Anh i vi lnh vc sn xut v ch
bin kim loi, cng nghip sn xut giy v bt giy l 1ng I-TEQ/m3, Php i vi lnh vc sn xut v ch bin
kim loi l 1ng I-TEQ/m3; B, H Lan quy nh gii hn pht thi dioxin/furan vo mi trng khng kh t 0,4 n
0,5ng I-TEQ/m3 cho lnh vc sn xut thp v kim loi.
Bng 10. Qui nh gii hn v nng pht thi dioxin/furan
t cc ngnh cng nghip vo mi trng khng kh ca cc nc EC (ng I-TEQ/m3)
TT
Quc gia
Sn xut
v ch bin
kim loi
Thiu kt
st, qung
st
Pht thi
t cc qu
trnh t
Cng
nghip sn
xut giy
Sn xut
than cc
Sn xut
xi mng v
vi
0,1
0,4
0,1
0,5
0,5
0,1
Php
1,0
1,0
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
Luxembourg
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
H Lan
0,4
Anh
1,0
0,1
1,0
0,1
0,1
Ghi ch: o ti 16%O2 , kh kh, 0C, 101,3 kPa.

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Cng ng chung chu u khng qui nh v gii hn dioxin trong bn ca nc thi, ch c 3 nc thuc EU
c qui nh ny. o v c qui nh gii hn dioxin trong bn ca nc thi v bn ca nc thi s dng lm
phn hu c compost l 100 ng I - TEQ/kg dm. Gii hn ny i vi H Lan l 190 ng I - TEQ/kg dm.
3.2.5. Cc qui nh ti Nht Bn
Vic thng qua o lut lin quan n cc bin php c bit gim thiu dioxin vo thng 7/1999 p
ng mi quan tm ca cng chng v hin trng nhim dioxin ti Nht Bn. B lut ny quy nh Cc doanh
nghip c trch nhim thc hin cc bin php cn thit ngn nga nhim mi trng do dioxin pht
sinh t qu trnh hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, cng nh cc bin php loi b dioxin, doanh
nghip c trch nhim hp tc vi chnh ph v chnh quyn a phng trong cng tc phng nga nhim
mi trng v loi b dioxin. Cc iu lut quy nh gi tr lng tiu th ti a dioxin (TDI), quy nh cc tiu
chun cht lng mi trng khng kh, nc, t v quy nh cc tiu chun cht ch iu chnh lng kh
pht thi vo khng kh v nc.
Lut Dioxin Nht Bn quy nh: nng trung bnh nm i vi khng kh khng vt qu 0,6 pg TEQ/m3, vi
nc khng vt qu 1 pg TEQ/m3 v vi t khng vt qu 1000 pg TEQ/g. Cc qui nh c th ca Nht Bn
v ngng pht thi dioxin trong cc hot ng cng nghip c a ra trong Bng 11.
Bng 11. Qui nh gii hn ca Nht Bn v nng pht thi dioxin/furan
t cc ngnh cng nghip vo mi trng
TT
Tc ng/
Khu vc
Lut/
Hng dn
Thi gian c
hiu lc
Ni dung/Gii hn
C s mi: 0,15 ng TEQ/Nm3
L t cht thi
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2002
12/2002
C s ang hot ng: 80 ng TEQ/Nm3

C s ang hot ng: 1-10 ng TEQ/Nm3
L in sn xut
thp
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2002
12/2002

Cng trnh thiu

kt ngnh cng
nghip thp
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2002
12/2002

C s mi: 1 ng TEQ/Nm3
Cng on thu
hi km
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2002
12/2002

C s sn xut
nhm v hp kim
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2002
12/2002

C s mi: 1 ng TEQ/ Nm3
40 |
Bng 11. Qui nh gii hn ca Nht Bn v nng pht thi dioxin/furan

t cc ngnh cng nghip vo mi trng (tip theo)
TT
Tc ng/
Khu vc
Lut/
Hng dn
Thi gian c
hiu lc
Ty ra, phn gii

cht thi ca PCB
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001
Cng on lm
sch kh thi v
bi t
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
Ni dung/Gii hn
C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
C s ang hot ng: 10 pg TEQ/l
C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
01/2001-11/2003
01/2003

C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
Bi chn lp cho
cht thi l t
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001-11/2003
01/2003

C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
Nh my x l
nc thi t cc
c s trn.
Lut dioxin
v tiu chun
pht thi
01/2001
C s mi: 10 pg TEQ/l
3.2.6. Cc qui nh ti Hn Quc

Hn Quc, thiu t l bin php thng c s dng x l cht thi y t, cht thi cha nhiu vt liu
c hi, vi khun truyn nhim. Phng php thiu t c nhiu u im nh c th gim khi tch cht thi,
x l trit vn vi khun, vi trng gy bnh. Mt khc, s dng phng php ny c th thu hi nhit hoc
sn xut in t qu trnh t. Tuy nhin, phng php thiu t cng tn ti cc nhc im nh pht tn cc
cht c hi ra mi trng xung quanh, chi ph vn hnh v bo tr ln, phi nghin cu x l trit vn tro
thi, kh thi.
iu kin vn hnh l t theo hng dn ca Hn Quc l nhit bung t th cp phi ln hn 850oC v
thi gian lu gi khi t nht l 2 giy. Tt c cc l t y t phi tun theo cc tiu chun pht thi trong cng
nghip gim thiu cc cht nhim pht sinh vo mi trng. Bng 12 trnh by tiu chun pht thi dioxin
i vi cc l t cht thi rn c thit lp bi B Mi trng Hn Quc. Theo nhng sa i ca Lut qun
l cht thi, t nm 2001, cc l t cht thi y t phi o c dioxin t nht mi nm 1 ln, kt qu o c c
lu tr nh d liu hot ng ca l.
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Bng 12. Tiu chun pht thi dioxin i vi l t cht thi y t ca Hn Quc
Tiu chun pht thi (ng-TEQ/Nm3)
TT
i tng
L t cht
thi y t
L t cht
thi rn th
Cng sut
Tn sut kim tra

Xy dng mi
ang hot ng
4 tn/h
0,1
20a hoc 1b
t nht 2 ln/nm
2-4 tn/h
40a hoc 5b
t nht 2 ln/nm
0,2 - 2 tn/h
40a hoc 10b
t nht 2 ln/nm
25 - 200 kg/h
5a
10b
t nht 2 ln/nm
< 25 kg/h
-c
-c
2 tn/h
0,1
0,1 bt u t
1/7/2003
0,5 mun nht n
30/6/2003
t nht 2 ln/nm
Ghi ch: a: n 32/12/2005; b: Bt u t 1/1/2006; c: cc l t khng cn c s dng.

3.2.7. Nhn xt chung v qui nh ca cc quc gia v dioxin
Xem xt tiu chun ca cc nc in hnh trn th gii v mt s t chc quc t cho thy n lc rt ln trong
cng tc xy dng tiu chun, chnh sch nhm gim st, qun l s pht sinh tin ti cc gii php gim thiu
pht thi dioxin/furan vo mi trng.
a) Vic xy dng cc tiu chun, quy nh, hng dn c cc nc thc hin kh y , h thng v t rt nhiu nm
trc.
o l nc u tin trong EC c quy nh v cm PCB v gi tr gii hn dioxin trong cc hp cht t nm 1989.
Cc nc cn li ban hnh cc quy nh lin quan n Dioxin t nhng nm 1990 n nm 1998. Canada bt
u xy dng quy nh v ngng pht thi v gii hn pht thi cho 2 lnh vc u tin l giy - bt giy v t
cht thi vo nm 2001; M v mt s bang ca M ban hnh v c hiu lc t nm 1990; Nht Bn quy nh v
lng tiu th ti a hng ngy (TDI) cho dioxin vo nm 1998, cc quy nh khc c ban hnh sau v n
nm 2003, Nht Bn hon thin Lut dioxin v tiu chun mi trng. T chc Y t th gii quy nh lng tiu
th ti a hng ngy (TDI) = 1 4 pg WHO-TEQ/kg trng lng c th/ngy bt u c hiu lc vo nm 1998,
n nm 2001 y ban chuyn gia v ph gia thc phm ban hnh cc quy nh ca mnh.
b) Cc lnh vc lin quan n dioxin c cc nc quan tm vi cc mc khc nhau.
Lnh vc c tp chung nhiu nht l l t cht thi, bn cnh cc nc u ban hnh quy nh c th
v liu lng tiu th ti a hng ngy TDI i vi dioxin.
Canada tp trung vo 06 lnh vc c nh gi l ngun pht sinh n 80% lng pht thi dioxin vo mi
trng: l t cht thi (cht thi th, cht thi nguy hi, bn thi v cht thi y t), cng nghip sn xut giy
v bt giy (l hi), t g trong sinh hot, thiu kt qung st, sn xut thp t l in h quang, v t cht thi
trong l hnh chp.
42 |
Cc quy nh ca M v dioxin bao gm pht thi dioxin vo khng kh v nc. Trong c bit tp trung
tiu chun gii hn pht thi dioxin cho cc l t cht thi, ngnh cng nghip giy - bt giy. i vi nc,
M quy nh gii hn dioxin, mc nhim ti a trong nc ung, nc ung cng cng. Mt s bang ca M
c quy nh gii hn dioxin trong nc ngm v t.
Cc nc EU ban hnh cc quy nh gii hn nng pht thi dioxin t lnh vc t cht thi rn, t 6 nhm
ngnh cng nghip: sn xut v ch bin kim loi, thiu kt st v qung st, t cc qu trnh t, cng nghip
sn xut giy v bt giy, sn xut than cc, cng nghip sn xut xi mng v vi; cc quy nh pht thi dioxin
vo mi trng nc, mi trng thy sn; cc quy nh v s dng ha cht, ch th Sevoso v cc cht nguy
him, quy nh v dioxin trong bn thi cng nh gii hn dioxin trong t v mi trng trn mt t.
Lut Dioxin v tiu chun cht lng mi trng ca Nht Bn tp trung vo quy nh gii hn pht thi dioxin
vo khng kh t lnh vc t cht thi v ngnh luyn kim. Trong , cc cng on chnh l thiu kt, cc l
nu thp, l in h quang. i vi mi trng nc, Nht Bn quy nh gii hn pht thi dioxin cho cc lnh
vc v cng on: cng trnh ty ra v phn gii PCB, cng on lm sch cc c s nhim PCB, cng on
lm sch kh thi, cng trnh bi chn lp cho l t cht thi, nh my x l nc thi, nc thi trn t cc
cng trnh chn lp.
c) Gi tr c th trong cc tiu chun, quy nh nh: gii hn (ngng) pht thi, gii hn nhim Dioxin trong cc
mi trng ca cc nc khng ging nhau.
Cc gi tr cng mt lnh vc gia cc nc c th hn km nhau t vi ln n hng chc ln. Mt s quc
gia cha ban hnh cc gi tr c th hoc cc gii hn vn dng mc khuyn ngh, cha mang tnh php l.
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44 |
Phn 4
TNH TRNG PHT THI DIOXIN

T CC HOT NG CNG NGHIP
TI VIT NAM
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4.1. Hm lng dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan trong cc i tng cht thi cng nghip
ti Vit Nam
Hm lng dioxin trong cc i tng mu mi trng nh mu t, mu trm tch, mu nc v cc i
tng mu sinh phm ngi nh mu mu, mu sa m ti cc khu vc im nng v nhim dioxin c ngun
gc t chin tranh, nh ti cc sn bay Nng, Bin Ha, Ph Ct c quan tm nghin cu t nhiu
nm qua, c s d liu v nhim dioxin ti cc khu vc im nng ny l kh y v chi tit. Trong khi ,
c s d liu v hm lng dioxin trong cc i tng mu cng nghip ti Vit Nam hin cn nhiu hn ch.
Vit Nam ang trn con ng cng nghip ha v d kin n nm 2020 s c bn tr thnh mt nc cng
nghip theo hng hin i, vic pht trin cng nghip l mc tiu then cht ca cc chin lc pht trin kinh
t. Tuy nhin, cc hot ng cng nghip, nht l cc hot ng qui m nh, cc hot ng t pht v kh kim
sot ang tim n nhng nguy c nghim trng v pht thi dioxin ra mi trng. Xy dng h s v pht thi
dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip c nguy c cao l vic lm cn thit, trc tin l phc v cho vic hon
thin v th ch, php l ca nh nc, sau l cng c qun l, kim sot, hn ch pht thi dioxin t cc
hot ng cng nghip.
Cc s liu v hm lng DRCs c trnh by di y ch yu tp trung xoay quanh cc i tng mu
cng nghip nh mu kh thi ca ng khi cc l t, mu nc thi t cc hot ng ra kh, mu cht thi
rn nh tro bay, tro x y l, bi, t ti cc khu cng nghip. Mu c ly ti cc doanh nghip v c s sn
xut thuc cc nhm ngnh c nguy c cao v pht thi dioxin nh thiu t cht thi, sn xut xi mng, luyn
kim, giy, nhit in,trong cc d n lin quan n kim sot, gim thiu v loi b dioxin ca B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng, B Quc phng phi hp vi cc t chc quc t khc nh UNDP, UNIDO, GEF,S liu phn
tch c cung cp bi 2 trung tm: Phng th nghim Dioxin, Trung tm Quan trc mi trng, Tng cc Mi
trng, B Ti nguyn v mi trng; v Phng phn tch dioxin, Phn vin Ha mi trng, Trung tm Nhit
i Vit Nga, B Quc phng.
Cc thng s ch yu c quan tm l tng c tng ng (TEQs) trong cc i tng mu nh
gi tng qut mc pht thi cc DRCs v ph ng loi ca cc DRCs l cha kha truy nguyn ngun gc
pht thi, v mi ngnh cng nghip s c mt ph ng loi DRCs c trng.
i vi hm lng dioxin trong mu kh thi, cc gi tr o c l ti iu kin c nng oxy thc t ti cc
c s ly mu. Hm lng oxy trung bnh ca cc l t rc thi dao ng trong khong t 8 - 12 %, trong l
luyn gang thp in h quang v l thi trong khong t 8 - 20 %, luyn km t 14 - 16 %, xi mng: 8 - 12 %, v
nhit in t 3 - 6 %. i vi cc ngng tiu chun pht thi, nng tng TEQ trong kh thi cng khc nhau,
v d tiu chun ca cc nc EC thng qui nh gi tr tiu chun TEQ trong kh thi vi hm lng oxy tham
chiu l 16 %, cn gi tr oxy tham chiu trong tiu chun Vit nam i vi l luyn gang thp l 7 %, l t cht
thi cng nghip l t 6 - 15 %. Trong bo co ny, cc gi tr nng TEQ trong mu kh thi s c biu din
iu kin o thc t ti cc c s cng nghip v cha c hiu chnh li theo nng oxy tham chiu trong
cc tiu chun hoc quy chun. C th tnh ton gi tr nng TEQ hiu chnh li theo lng oxy ti iu kin
o thc t theo cng thc sau y:
Trong :
t
t
t
t
46 |
CA(kc) : nng cht cn phn tch ti gi tr nng O2 quy nh, ng/Nm3

CA(o) : nng cn phn tch ti gi tr nng O2 o c, ng/Nm3
%O2(kc) : nng oxy quy nh
%O2(o) : nng oxy o c
V d: Trong mt l t khi phn tch nng PCDD/Fs trong kh thi vi gi tr l 0,6 ng TEQ/Nm3 iu kin
o vi nng oxy d l 18%. Khi quy i gi tr nng dioxin ny theo iu kin oxy d tiu chun p dng
l 7%, th nng Dioxin tng ng ti iu kin chun (vi hm lng oxy 7 %) l:
C7% oxy = 0,6 x (20,9 % -7 % )/(20,9 % - 18 %) = 2,875 ng TEQ/Nm3
Quy nh gi tr ngng dioxin trong kh thi l t ca QCVN:30/2012/BTNMT vi cc l t cht thi cng
nghip l 0,6 ng TEQ/Nm3. Nh vy tnh theo nng tng ng iu kin 7% oxy d th l t vt gi
tr ngng ca quy chun 4,79 ln.
4.1.1. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng x l rc thi
Hot ng thiu t c cho l ngun pht thi dioxin chnh vo mi trng. Cng ngh l t cng lc hu
(c bit l vn m bo nhit cho bung t), cng ngh x l cc ngun thi ca l t km, nguyn
liu t l rc thi nguy hi; th mc pht thi dioxin cng ln. Cc nghin cu thng phn loi mc pht
thi dioxin trong hot ng thiu t theo nguyn liu t nh rc thi th, rc thi cng nghip, rc thi y
t, sinh khi,hoc cng c th phn loi theo hot ng t chy c kim sot (s dng l t) v t chy
khng kim sot (t rc thi, sinh khi l thin). Trong mc ny ch yu quan tm n cc s liu v hm lng
DRCs trong ngun thi ca cc l t rc thi cng nghip v cc n v x l mi trng.
4.1.1.1. Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca hot ng x l rc thi
Trong khun kh cc hot ng xy dng hng dn k thut quan trc cc cht UPOPs trong cng nghip
c thc hin bi cc n v thuc B Ti nguyn v Mi trng la chn 2 l t rc thi min Bc
kho st, ly mu v phn tch hm lng dioxin/furan trong mu kh thi l t. Trong mt nghin cu khc
c thc hin bi Trung tm Nhit i Vit-Nga, mt s l t v c s x l cht thi nguy hi ti H Ni, Nam
nh, Hi Dng, Thanh Ha v thnh ph H Ch Minh c kho st, ly mu v phn tch hm lng 29 ch
tiu DRCs. y l cc s liu kho st y v mi nht v tt c cc ch tiu m nhim v d n ra.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca l t rc thi ph thuc vo 3 yu t chnh: (1) loi rc thi v cng sut
l t; (2) nhit l t, bao gm nhit bung s cp v bung th cp v (3) cng ngh x l kh thi. Phn
ln cc l t c kho st c cng sut nh v va (khong 300 kg/h), mt s t l c cng sut ln (nh l t
ti mt trm x l cht thi sinh hot, y t v cng nghip ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c cng sut xp x 1 tn/h).
Nu nhit bung th cp t n 12000C th kh nng hnh thnh dioxin gn nh khng cn, tuy nhin y
l ngng nhit l tng m khng phi l t no ang hot ng Vit Nam c th t c. Mt yu t
quan trng na l cng ngh x l kh thi ca cc l t; hn ch s pht thi dioxin vo mi trng th kh
thi trc tin cn c dp, tch bi v lm ngui bng nc, sau s c x l bng dung dch kim hoc
c hp ph bng than hot tnh. Ti mt s l t c cng ngh km hin i th kh thi ch c x l bng
cch lm ngui, nu h thng lc bi khng tt th pht thi dioxin vo mi trng qua kh thi ca cc l t
ny l rt cao.
Kt qu hm lng TEQ (gi tr trung bnh v khong) trong mu kh thi c ly ti ng khi ca cc c s
c l t ang hot ng, cng vi mt s c im cng ngh l t, c a ra trong Bng 13.
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Bng 13. Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ng khi l t (pg/Nm3) ca mt s c s c l t ang hot ng
TT
C s
(S lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/Nm3)

Mt s c im v cng ngh l t
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
H Ni
L t rc thi
cng nghip
(n=3)
L t rc thi
cng nghip v y
t (n=4)
7870
(5100 - 9800)
134
(16,4 - 463)
127
(14,1 - 442)
- Cng sut: 200 kg/h.

- T0 s cp: 800-8500C; T0 th cp: 950-12000C.
- H thng x l khi thi kiu t kt hp hp
ph bng than hot tnh.

- X l kh thi bng kim v than hot tnh.
Hi Dng
3
L t rc thi
cng nghip
(n=2)
L t rc thi
ca bnh vin
(n=1)
24870
(2930 - 46800)
32,3
28,6

- T0 s cp: 700-10000C; T0 th cp: 1000-12000C.
- T0 s cp: 800-8500C; T0 th cp: 11000C.
Thanh Ha
5
L t rc thi
th (n=2)
17,8
(15,6 20,1)
17,2
(15,1 19,3)
- Cng sut: 350 - 600 kg/h.
TP. H Ch Minh
L t rc thi
cng nghip v
sinh hot (n=3)
Trm x l cht
thi nguy hi
(n=3)
1360
(300 - 3000)
76,4
(51,3 - 110)
1340
(280 - 2980)

- T0 s cp: 700-9000C; T0 th cp: 1050-11000C.
- Dp bi v lm ngui kh thi bng nc.
71,8
(48,2 - 103)
- Cng sut: 21 tn/ngy.

- T0 s cp: 800-8500C; T0 th cp: 950-12000C.
- t rc thi: sinh hot, cng nghip, y t.
- Tch bi v x l kh thi bng dung dch kim.
Hm lng TEQ ca cc mu kh thi ly ti ng khi cc l t v c s x l cht thi nm trong mt khong

tng i rng, t 14,1 n 46800 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3. S d c s khc bit ln ny gia cc mu ly ti cc c
s khc nhau, thm ch gia cc mu ly ti cng mt c s, l do cc cng ngh t khc nhau (trong nhit
ca cc bung t s cp v th cp khi vn hnh l yu t quan trng nht), cng ngh x l kh thi khc
nhau (c th x l t kt hp vi hp ph bng than hot tnh hoc ch x l bng nc) v c bit l ngun
48 |
gc phc tp ca cc vt liu thiu t. Mu kh ly ti mt l t rc thi cng nghip ti Hi Dng c hm

lng cc DRCs cao nht so vi cc mu ly cng t kho st, ln n 46800 pg TEQ/Nm3. Hm lng TEQ ca
mt s mu kh thi l t c kho st so snh vi gii hn ti a cho php theo QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT c
th hin trn Hnh 1.
Hnh 1. Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l t

C 7/18 mu kh thi ca l t rc thi cng nghip ni ring v cc hot ng x l rc thi ni chung c hm
lng TEQ cao vt ngng 0,6 ng TEQ/Nm3, trong nhiu mu cao hn gii hn ti a cho php hng nghn
ln. Hm lng TEQ cao bt thng trong mt s mu kh thi ca l t rc thi cng nghip cho thy y l
hot ng pht thi ch yu dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin nh furan v dl-PCB vo mi trng. hn
ch ti a vic hnh thnh v pht thi cc DRCs trong hot ng ny, trc tin cn qun l cht ch cc c s
thiu t cht thi, yu cu ngng hot ng i vi cc l t lc hu, nng cao ci tin cng ngh cc l t
ang v s vn hnh, c bit l m bo nhit bung t v cng ngh x l cc ngun thi, nh k quan
trc nh gi mc nhim DRCs trong kh thi.
Dioxin c hm lng cao nht trong hu ht cc mu l OCDD, hm lng ng loi trong mu cao nht l
7670 pg/Nm3. ng loi 2,3,7,8-TCDD cht c nht trong nhm DRCs c hm lng rt nh, t l TCDD/TEQ
trong cc mu kh thi l t ti H Ni, Nam nh, Hi Dng v TP. H Ch Minh nhn chung thp, nm trong
khong 4,1 n 25,3% cho thy TCDD khng phi l ng loi c trng cho hot ng thiu t rc thi. Tuy
nhin, trong 2 mu kh thi ly ti l t rc Thanh Ha tuy hm lng TEQ khng cao bt thng (15,1 v 19,3
pg/Nm3) nhng t l TCDD/TEQ li cao t bin so vi mu ly ti cc tnh thnh khc (55,3 v 62,8%, tng ng).
Furan c hm lng cao nht trong cc mu l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, hm lng trong mu cao nht l 15290 pg/
Nm3. Nhn chung hm lng cc furan cao hn so vi dioxin. Trong nhiu mu pht hin c tt c cc ng
loi dl-PCBs nhng 3 ng loi chnh, c hm lng cao nht trong cc mu l PCB 118, PCB 105 v PCB 77; cc
ng loi PCB 123, PCB 189 c hm lng thp hoc khng pht hin c trong nhiu mu.
4.1.1.2. Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca hot ng x l rc thi
Cc l t rc thi cng nghip hin nay Vit Nam thng s dng cng ngh x l khi thi kiu t. Kh
thi i ra t bung t th cp s c dn vo thp ra kh, thc cht l thc hin qu trnh chuyn nhit. Nc
c s dng lm ngui nhanh dng kh thi, l mt trong nhng yu t hn ch s hnh thnh dioxin. Sau
khi chuyn nhit v lc bi, dng kh s c hp th bng dung dch kim ra cc cht bn c bit l hi
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axit trc khi thi ra mi trng. Nc v dung dch kim sau c lm ngui, t y ngun nc ny c
th b thi b hoc c s dng quay vng. Tuy mi trng nc khng tch ly mnh cc dioxin nhng ph
thuc vo cng ngh l t v cng ngh x l ngun thi, mt lng ng k dioxin vn c th pht thi ra mi
trng nu cc cht ny tn ti trong pha ht (cn lng) trong nc.
nh gi ton din v s pht thi DRCs trong nc thi ca cc hot ng x l rc thi, ngoi cc mu
nc thi t thp ra kh ca l t cht thi cng nghip, cc mu nc ca mt s c s x l nc thi cng
c thu thp. Cc tnh, thnh ph c kho st, ly mu bao gm H Ni, Hi Dng, Thanh Ha v TP. H Ch
Minh. C th, cc mu nc thi c ly ti mt cng ty x l mi trng c l t rc thi cng nghip v rc
thi y t ti x Ty M, huyn T Lim v mt l t rc thi cng nghip ti x Nam Sn, huyn Sc Sn, H Ni;
2 cng ty x l mi trng ti thnh ph Hi Dng v huyn Thanh H, tnh Hi Dng; mt l t rc thi
th huyn Nga Sn, Thanh Ha v 3 c s x l rc thi v nc thi ti TP. H Ch Minh. Cc mu nc thi c
phn tch 29 ch tiu DRCs, kt qu hm lng TEQ (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a a ra trong Bng 14.
Bng 14. Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L)
ca mt s c s x l mi trng ti H Ni, Hi Dng, Thanh Ha v TP. H Ch Minh
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/L)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Mt s c im v cng ngh
H Ni
1
L t rc 1 (n=1)
228
L t rc 2 (n=4)
12,9
(1,05 48,2)
Nc ti thp ra kh thi.
Nc thi.
Hi Dng
3
Cng ty mi
trng 1 (n=2)
186
(36,5 - 335)
Nc thi ti cyclon lc bi ca h thng x l

kh thi v nc thi sau khi x l thi ra mi
trng.
Cng ty mi
trng 2 (n=2)
1290
(23,6 - 2560)
Nc thi lm lnh trong l gii nhit trc x

l v nc thi trong b cha sau khi x l s b
bng lng, lc.
Thanh Ha
5
L t rc (n=1)
0,84
Nc thi.
TP. H Ch Minh
6
Trm x l CTNH 1
(n=1)
1,03
Nc trong h gii nhit, dng lm lnh kh

thi, sau li c a vo h v s dng
tun hon.
Trm x l CTNH 2
(n=2)
50,9
(8,51 95,7)
Nc dng lm lnh kh thi, c ly ti 2 v

tr trc v sau khi x l.
24700
(2240 - 50080)
Nc thi ca qu trnh dp bi v ra bi, sau

c cha trong cc b cha s dng
tun hon v khng c x l. Trong mu nc
ly phn tch cn mt lng cn lng nht
nh.
50 |
Cng ty mi
trng (n=2)
Hm lng TEQ ca cc mu nc thi ly ti cc l t v c s x l cht thi phn b trong mt khong rt

rng, t 0,84 n 50080 pg WHO-TEQ/L, s khc bit ln ny cho thy vic kim sot s hnh thnh v pht thi
cc DRCs trong hot ng cng nghip ny l ht sc phc tp, lng DRCs hnh thnh khng ch ph thuc
vo cng ngh l t, cng ngh x l ngun thi m cn thay i theo tng m t, c bit l nguyn liu
u vo. Cc dioxin c hm lng cao nht trong hu ht cc mu l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD v OCDD, trong khi
2,3,7,8-TCDD c hm lng rt nh. Cc furan vi s nguyn t clo l 7 v 8 c hm lng tng i cao hn so
vi cc ng loi khc. Cc ng loi PCB 77, PCB 105, PCB 156 c mt vi hm lng tng i cao trong cc
mu, cn cc ng loi PCB 81, PCB 123 c hm lng thp hn c.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc thi ca cc hot ng x l rc thi cng nghip c kho st so snh
vi gii hn ti a cho php theo tiu chun v nc thi cng nghip ca Nht Bn c th hin trn Hnh 2.
Hnh 2. Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc thi c s x l rc thi

Gii hn cho php ca DRCs trong nc thi theo tiu chun ca Nht Bn l 10 pg TEQ/L, nh vy c n
9/15 mu phn tch c hm lng cao vt ngng, c bit c mu nc thi ly ti mt l t rc thi cng
nghip ti TP. H Ch Minh c hm lng ln n 50075 pg TEQ/l, cao hn gii hn cho php n 5000 ln. Nh
vy, nc thi ca cc c s c hot ng x l rc thi cng nghip l mt ngun nhim dioxin ng quan
tm, cn c u t v duy tr cng ngh x l nc thi m bo tiu chun cng nh xy dng chng trnh
quan trc nh k i vi cht lng nc thi trc khi x ra cc h thng nc mt. Vic x thi trc tip ngun
nc ny ra mi trng m khng qua x l s c th mang li nhng nguy c v nhim dioxin trong nhiu i
tng nh t, nc, trm tch, sinh vt.
i vi cc l t x l kh thi kiu t th mu nc ly t thp ra kh l mt loi mu c th. Vic a dng
nc vo kh thi c nhit cao nhm mc ch lm ngui nhanh kh thi, y l mt yu t quan trng hn
ch s hnh thnh dioxin. Tuy nhin, dioxin c sn trong kh thi li c th ha tan vo chnh dng nc ra kh ny,
d lng ha tan rt nh nhng nu nc ra ny nu khng qua x l m thi trc tip ra mi trng th nhng
nguy c tim n v nhim dioxin l khng th trnh khi. Hin ti Vit Nam cha c qui nh c th v gii hn ti
a cho php dioxin trong nc thi. Nu so snh hm lng dioxin trong nc thi ti cc l t ni trn (khong
200 n 1000 pg TEQ/l) vi mt s tiu chun ca Nht Bn v ngng dioxin trong cc hot ng ty ra, lm sch
kh thi, thu gi bi t,...c 10 n 50 pg TEQ/l th lng dioxin trong nc thi cc l t ny l rt cao. iu ny
c th gii thch c bn nh sau: dioxin tp trung trong dng kh thi ch yu dng tch t trong pha ht (bi, tro
bay,...), khi a dng nc ra vo thp, bi, tro bay chuyn thnh dng cn lng trong nc, lng cn lng nhiu
l nguyn nhn dn n hm lng dioxin trong nc thi cao. Vn cn quan tm y tp trung vo 2 yu t,
mt l h thng lc bi trong kh thi v hai l cng ngh x l nc thi ca thp ra kh.
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4.1.1.3. Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn l t cht thi cng nghip
Mu cht thi rn c ly phn tch l tro x y l sau mi mt m t. Ti cc l t cht thi, nhit
cao trn 8000C v khng kh s t chy cc hp cht hu c to ra ch yu l cc sn phm kh v tro bay, trc
khi i vo thp ra kh, kh thi s c dn qua h thng lc v tro bay c gi li b phn lc bi ny. Cc
thnh phn khng chy c s nm lp x di y l, thng thng lp x ny s c ly ra khi l sau mi
m t sau c x l bng cch chn lp hoc phc v cho vic xy dng c s h tng. Hm lng TEQ (gi
tr trung bnh v khong) trong tro x y l v tro lng ti 04 c s c l t rc thi H Ni, Hi Dng v Thanh
Ha c a ra trong Bng 15.
Bng 15. Hm lng TEQ trong tro x (pg/g)
ca mt s c s c l t ang hot ng ti H Ni, Hi Dng v Thanh Ha
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/g)

Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
H Ni
L t rc cng
nghip v rc y t
(n=5)
698
(24,3 1700)
Tro l t ly ti ca x x v tro lng t

cyclon lc bi. i tng t l rc thi y t
cha nhiu thy tinh.
L t rc cng
nghip (n=1)
121
Tro l t ly ti ca x x sau mt m t.
Hi Dng
L t rc cng
nghip (n=4)
30,6
(21,0 -40,9)
Thanh Ha
L t rc thi
th (n=1)
8,73
Tro x y l sau mi m t l loi mu c th cho l t cht thi rn nn cha c cc tiu chun v ngng
cho php ca dioxin trong loi mu ny. Nu cng ngh t m bo c nhit ca cc bung s cp v
th cp trn 8000C th trong tro x y l hm lng dioxin s thp do cc cht ny s bay hi gn nh hon
ton. Cc kt qu phn tch ch ra rng hm lng TEQ trong cc mu tro x y l ti cc n v kho st nm
trong mt khong tng i rng (t 8,73 n 1700 pg TEQ/g). Hin ti cha c qui nh c th no cho mc
hm lng ti a cho php ca cc DRCs trong loi mu c th l tro x l t, tham kho ta c th ly theo
tiu chun ca M v ngng nng cho php TEQ trong bn thi cng nghip l 300 pg TEQ/g, s so snh
c th hin trn Hnh 3.
52 |
Hnh 3. Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn l t

Nh vy, c 2 trong tng s 11 mu tro x ca l t rc c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng 300 pg TEQ/g, 2 mu
ny l tro lng c ly cyclon lc bi ca mt l t cht thi cng nghip v cht thi y t ti T Lim, H Ni
vi hm lng ln lt l 1550 v 1700 pg/g, cao hn ngng tham kho khong 5 ln. T l TCDD/TEQ trong cc
mu tro ti H Ni thp, t 4,2 n 7,9%; cc ng loi dioxin/furan chnh l OCDD; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; OCDF;
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; cc ng loi dl-PCBs ch yu l PCB 77, PCB 118 v PCB 126. Cc mu ti Hi Dng c
hm lng TEQ tng i thp, t 21,0 n 40,9 pg/g; ng loi chnh l 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD v 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF.
Mu c hm lng TEQ thp nht (8,7 pg/g) c ly ti mt l t rc thi th Nga Sn, Thanh Ha; t l
TCDD/TEQ ca mu ny l 8,6%; cc ng loi c hm lng cao nht l OCDD; 2,3,7,8-TCDF; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF;
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; PCB 77; PCB 126; PCB 118.
4.1.2. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut xi mng
Sn xut xi mng cng l mt ngnh cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin, ch yu do phn ng t chy
nhin liu v nhit cao trong l nung nguyn liu. Nguy c hnh thnh dioxin s rt cao nu cc nhin liu
t khng phi l nguyn liu truyn thng nh than m thay th bng cc nhin liu l ngun thi ca cc
ngnh cng nghip khc nh du thi, nha, cao su, mn ca,nhm gim chi ph nhin liu.
4.1.2.1. Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my xi mng
Trong 2 t kho st nm 2012 v 2013, 03 nh my xi mng ti Thi Nguyn v Hi Dng s dng l nung
theo cng ngh ph bin hin nay l l quay c ly mu kh thi phn tch hm lng 29 ch tiu dioxin/
furan/dl-PCB. Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi ng khi ca cc nh my xi mng, cng nh mt s c im
v dy chuyn cng ngh c a ra trong Bng 16.
Cc kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng cc PCDD/FCDF trong mu kh thi nh my xi mng nm trong
khong t 4,21 n 630 pg TEQ/Nm3, hm lng ny nhn chung tng i thp nhng dao ng trong mt
khong rng. Cc nh my c h thng lc bi cha tt th hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ng khi l nung xi
mng cao hn so vi cc nh my c h thng lc bi tt.
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Bng 16. Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ng khi l nung xi mng (pg/Nm3) ti Thi Nguyn v Hi Dng
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/Nm3)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Mt s c im v cng ngh l nung xi mng
Thi Nguyn
Nh my xi mng 1
(2012) (n=2)
402
(173 630)
Nh my xi mng 1
(2013) (n=2)
5,46
(4,38 6,54)
5,16
(4,21 6,12)
Nh my xi mng 2
(n=2)
130
(65,8 188)
120
(61,0 177)
- Cng ngh l quay ca Php, cng sut clanke

4000 tn/ngy, sn lng 1,51 triu tn/nm. T0
nung clanke 1400 15000C.
- Lc tch bi tt.
- Cng ngh l quay ca Trung Quc, hot ng
t nm 2010, sn lng 1 triu tn/nm/2 dy
chuyn.
- Lc tch bi cha tt.
Hi Dng
3
Nh my xi mng
(n=3)
254
(57 450)
- Cng ngh l quay ca an Mch, sn lng 3,5

triu tn/nm/3 dy chuyn.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu kh thi ca cc nh my xi mng c kho st so snh vi gii hn ti a cho

php theo QCVN 41:2011/BTNMT v gii hn cho php ca dioxin i vi hot ng ng x l cht thi nguy
hi trong l nung xi mng, gi tr ngng l 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3, c th hin trn Hnh 4.
Hnh 4. Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l nung xi mng

Ch c duy nht mt mu kh thi c hm lng TEQ vt ngng (mu ly ti mt nh my xi mng Thi
Nguyn nm 2012, hm lng 630 pg/Nm3), trong khi cng ti nh my ny trong t kho st nm 2013 th
hm lng TEQ rt thp (4,21 v 6,12 pg/Nm3). Nng dioxin cao bt thng trong mu ni trn c th c l
gii l do thi im ly mu lc nh my mi vn hnh sn xut li, qu trnh sy nguyn liu nhit thp l
54 |
mt trong nhng iu kin hnh thnh dioxin. Cc nh my c cng cng ngh sn xut l l quay nhng hm
lng TEQ trong mu kh thi li c s khc bit ng k th ch yu do cng ngh x l kh thi, y l khu c
vai tr quan trng, quyt nh mc pht thi cc DRCs ra mi trng. Hm lng dioxin trong kh thi nh
my xi mng l khng ln, tuy nhin y li l ngnh sn xut c cng sut ln nn mc d h s pht thi thp
(t 0,05 g/tn n 0,6 g/tn) nhng tng lng pht thi c th cao. Cc mu kh thi l nung xi mng c
ly ti cc nh my xi mng c cng ngh sn xut in hnh hin nay Vit Nam, hm lng cc DRCs trong
cc mu ny l c s d liu quan trng, dng nh gi v cung cp thng tin v nng nn v thc trng
pht thi dioxin trong hot ng sn xut xi mng nc ta.
T l TCDD/TEQ trong cc mu kh thi l nung xi mng nhn chung khng cao, nm trong khong 6,1 n
21,0%. ng loi dioxin c pht hin vi nng cao trong hu ht cc mu l OCDD v 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD;
ng loi c nht 2,3,7,8-TCDD c pht hin trong nhiu mu nhng vi hm lng thp. i vi cc furan
th ng loi 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF c pht hin vi nng kh cao trong cc mu. i vi cc dl-PCBs th cc
ng loi ch yu pht hin c l PCB 105, PCB 118, PCB 123, PCB 167 v PCB 189; nhn chung hm lng cc
dl-PCB trong mu kh thi nh my xi mng l tng i thp so vi cc hot ng cng nghip khc.
4.1.2.2. Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my xi mng
Nc thi l mt i tng cn ch trong cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip v sau khi qua b phn x l
ca cc nh my ngun nc ny s c x ra mi trng v nu cng ngh x l nc thi khng m bo
th nguy c nhim mi trng bi ngun nc ny l rt cao. Trong nh my xi mng, nc c dng ch
yu trong cc cng on ra nguyn liu u vo, chuyn nhit v ra kh thi, vic x thi s c hn ch ti
a nhng cng khng th m bo 100% lng nc c s dng quay vng. 29 ch tiu dioxin/furan/dl-PCB
trong cc mu nc thi ca 02 nh my xi mng ti Thi Nguyn c phn tch, kt qu hm lng TEQ
trong mu nc thi, cng vi mt s c im v cng ngh c a ra trong Bng 17.
Bng 17. Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L) ca mt s nh my xi mng ti Thi Nguyn
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Nh my xi mng
1 (n=2)
Nh my xi mng
2 (n=2)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/L)

Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
1,10
(0,67 1,54)
1,29
(0,96 1,63)
- Mu nc ly ti b cha nc trao i nhit

ca ton b h thng. V tr ly mu l nc u
vo sau khi c x l s b bng lng, lc.
- Mu nc ly ti b cha nc sau khi trao i
nhit vi ton b h thng v cha c x l.
Nc cha trong b ny sau khi x l s c s
dng tun hon.
Mu nc ly ti b cha nc sau khi i qua

tt c cc b phn trong dy chuyn trao
i nhit v cha c x l. Nc ny sau s
c x l bng lng, lc v vi sinh.
Theo kt qu phn tch trn th nc thi ca nh my sn xut xi mng nhn chung khng phi l mi trng
tch ly mnh i vi cc cht DRCs, hm lng cc cht ny trong nc thi rt thp. Hm lng TEQ trong cc
mu nc thi nh my xi mng c kho st gi tr t 0,67 pg TEQ/L n 1,63 pg TEQ/L. Mc hm lng ny
| 55
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u thp hn nhiu so vi ngng qui nh tham kho i vi mt s ngnh sn xut cng nghip khc ti Nht
Bn l 10 pg TEQ/L.
Cc ng loi 2,3,7,8-TCDD; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; OCDD; 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF v OCDF c
pht hin trong tt c cc mu. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs pht hin c ch yu l PCB 118, PCB 105 v PCB 156.
Nhiu ng loi dioxin/furan v mt s dl-PCBs khng pht hin c trong cc mu phn tch.
4.1.2.3. Hm lng dioxin/furan trong cht thi rn ca nh my xi mng
Kh thi ca ng khi nh my xi mng s cha mt lng bi rt ln do qu trnh nghin, trn cc nguyn
liu rn trong nhit tng i cao (200-4500C). Bi trong kh thi s c dn qua h thng lc tnh in v
b gi li, mu tro bay s c ly ti h thng lc ny phn tch dioxin/furan. Kt qu hm lng TEQ trong
mt s mu cht thi rn ca 03 l nung xi mng c a ra trong Bng 18.
Bng 18. Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn (pg/g)
ca mt s nh my xi mng ti Thi Nguyn, Hi Dng v Kin Giang
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/g)

Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Thi Nguyn
Nh my xi mng
(n=2)
1,54
(0,88 2,21)
Mu tro bay c ly ti h thng lc bi

tnh in.
Hi Dng
Nh my xi mng
(n=2)
1,74
(1,58 1,90)

tnh in.
Kin Giang
Nh my xi mng
(n=2)
7,57
(0,80 19,5)

tnh in, mu tro x y l v mu clanke
sn phm.
Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng dioxin/furan trong mu tro bay khng cao (t 0,80 n 19,5 pg WHOTEQ/g), khng c s khc bit ng k so vi cc mu nn. Trong , hm lng cc ng loi c s nguyn t
clo th cao (tetra n octa-PCDD/PCDF) rt thp v trong nhiu mu khng pht hin c. Hin ti cha c qui
nh v mc hm lng ti a cho php ca cc DRCs trong loi mu tro bay ca l nung xi mng. C th tham
kho tiu chun ca M v ngng nng cho php TEQ trong bn thi cng nghip l 300 pg TEQ/g. Theo
, hm lng TEQ trong mu tro bay ti cc l nung xi mng c kho st u rt thp v y khng phi l
mi trng tch ly mnh i vi cc DRCs.
56 |
4.1.3. Hm lng DRCs trong cc mu ca ngnh luyn kim

4.1.3.1. Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my luyn kim
Cc hot ng luyn kim ni chung v sn xut thp ni ring u s dng nhit cao, cn thiu t cc
nhin, nguyn liu khc nhau cp nhit v c mt cc ion kim loi c vai tr xc tc cho qu trnh hnh thnh
dioxin. Kh thi ca l luyn thp c a qua mt h thng lc bi trc khi thi ra mi trng, y chnh
l mu kh c ly phn tch dioxin/furan. Mt hot ng luyn kim khc cng c kho st v pht thi
dioxin l luyn km bng phng php in phn nng chy. Kt qu phn tch hm lng TEQ trong mt s
mu kh thi ca 03 nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn trong 2 t kho st nm 2012 v 2013 c a ra
trong Bng 19.
Bng 19. Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi (pg/Nm3) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/Nm3)

I-TEQ
Nh my luyn thp (2012)

(n=3)
WHO-TEQ
40,0
(16,3 46,0)
1
Nh my luyn thp (2013)
(n=3)
24,2
(14,2 31,6)
23,3
(13,7 29,7)
Cng ty m v luyn kim

(n=2)
9,57
(8,76 10,3)
8,95
(8,06 9,85)
Nh my luyn km
(n=2)
3840
(2730 4950)
3310
(2420 4200)
Mt s c im v cng ngh l
luyn kim
- Cng ngh: l EAF.

- Cng sut: 180000 tn thp/nm.
- Lc bi, lm ngui kh thi bng
nc, bm tun hon.
- Cng ngh: l EAF.

- Cng sut: 350 tn thic/nm.
- Cng ngh: Trung Quc.

- Cng sut: 10000 tn km/nm.
T kt qu phn tch trn, hm lng TEQ trong cc mu kh thi ca ngnh luyn kim en (luyn thp) tng
i thp (13,7 n 46,0 pg TEQ/Nm3). Mu kh ca nh my s dng cng ngh l in h quang li c gi tr
hm lng dioxin/furan thp hn so vi nh my luyn thp s dng cng ngh l thi. iu ny c th gii
thch bi trong l thi t l oxy d cao v thi gian cho ti hnh thnh dioxin cng cao hn so vi l in h
quang. Khi phn tch c trng ng loi ca cc dioxin v furan trong cc mu kh thi trong hot ng luyn
kim nhn chung hm lng nhm cc furan cao hn nhm cc dioxin. Trong cc ng phn ca Tetra, Penta
v Hexa-CDF c nng cao hn c. Trong mt s mu pht hin c ng loi TCDD, nhng nhn chung a
s cc mu c t l TCDD/TEQ khng cao, nm trong khong 3,7 n 25,3%; ch tr mt mu c t l ny ln n
81,5%. Cc ng loi PCB 118 v PCB 123 c nng trung bnh trong cc mu cao nht, cc ng loi PCB 156,
| 57
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PCB 157, PCB 167, PCB 189 u c nng rt thp trong cc mu. c trng ng loi dioxin/furan/dl-PCBs
ny hon ton ph hp vi cc nghin cu c cng b trn th gii v c trng ng loi ca cc mu
cng nghip.
Kt qu phn tch dioxin/furan trong 02 ngnh luyn kim mu l luyn thic v luyn km c s khc bit ln.
Mu kh thi ti nh my luyn thic c hm lng TEQ thp di 10 pg TEQ/Nm3 trong khi mu kh thi ti nh
my luyn km bng phng php in phn c nng PCDD/PCDF cao, ln ti 4200 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, cao
hn nhiu ln so vi cng loi i tng ny cc quc gia pht trin. Trong 2 mu kh thi ti nh my luyn
km, cc ng loi dioxin/furan c trng l TCDD; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD; TCDF; 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF v
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpPDF.
Hm lng TEQ ca mt s mu kh thi l luyn kim en v luyn kim mu Thi Nguyn so snh vi gii hn
ti a cho php theo QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT c th hin trn Hnh 5.
Hnh 5. Hm lng TEQ trong mu kh thi l luyn kim

Nhn chung, gi tr TEQ trong mu kh thi ngnh luyn thp ti Vit Nam l tng i thp, nm trong khong
gi tr nng c trng ca ngnh thp trong mt s cc nghin cu c thc hin ti cc nc cng nghip
pht trin. So vi ngng 0,6 ng/Nm3 qui nh ti QCVN 51:2013/BTNMT th cc mu kh thi thuc ngnh luyn
thp u c hm lng TEQ mc cho php. Ring 2 mu thuc ngnh luyn km c hm lng TEQ cao hn
nhiu so vi mc 0,6 ng TEQ/Nm3 l mt thc t cn c cc nh khoa hc, cng ngh v ch doanh nghip
quan tm nghin cu a ra gii php kim sot v khc phc.
4.1.3.2. Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my luyn kim
Mu nc thi ca 04 nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn c thu thp phn tch hm lng cc dioxin/
furan/dl-PCBs. Trong s cc c s c kho st c 2 nh my luyn kim en (nh my luyn thp v nh my
luyn cc hp kim st) v 2 nh my luyn kim mu (cng ty m v luyn kim vi sn phm chnh l thic v nh
my luyn km bng phng php in phn). Kt qu hm lng TEQ (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a
ra trong Bng 20.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc thi ca nh my luyn thp c kho st c gi tr tng i thp, ch
c 2 pg TEQ/L (mu nc trao i nhit cho l in h quang v l tinh luyn c hm lng 2,44 pg/L; mu nc
trao i nhit cho my c c hm lng 2,55 pg/L). Trong c 2 mu ny, hu ht cc ng loi dioxin c s
58 |
nguyn t clo t 4 n 6 u di gii hn pht hin ca phng php phn tch, cc ng loi c hm lng
cao nht l OCDD, TCDF v PCB 118. Cc mu cn li c hm lng TEQ cn thp hn, t 0,51 n 1,78 pg/L. Cc
ng loi ch yu pht hin c l OCDD, TCDD, TCDF, c bit c 1 mu ly ti nh my luyn hp kim st c
hm lng TCDD 0,59 pg/L chim n 42,1% gi tr TEQ; c 2 mu (mt ti nh my luyn km v mt ti cng
ty m v luyn kim) khng pht hin c bt k ng loi dioxin/furan no; cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB 118, PCB
105, PCB 156 v PCB 77.
Bng 20. Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi (pg/L) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/L)

Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Nh my thp
(n=2)
2,50
(2,44 2,55)
Nc dng cho thp trao i nhit, c

bm tun hon.
Nh my luyn hp kim st
(n=3)
0,78
(0,51 1,04)
Nc dng cho thp trao i nhit.
Cng ty m v luyn kim

(n=2)
1,63
(1,16 2,10)
Nh my luyn km
(n=1)
1,78
Nh vy, lng DRCs trong mu nc thi ca nh my thp l khng ng k, y khng phi l ngun pht
thi chnh cc DRCs ra mi trng, nu so snh vi ngng dioxin cho php trong mu nc thi ca mt s
ngnh cng nghip khc theo tiu chun Nht Bn l 10 pg TEQ/L th cc mu kho st u cha vt ngng.
Tuy nhin, s c mt vi hm lng cao ni bt so vi cc ng loi khc ca TCDF, mt cht c TEF kh cao l
0,1 cng nh s pht hin c nhiu ng loi DRCs khc nn khng th ch quan trc nhng nguy c lu
di ca ngun thi ny i vi mi trng.
4.1.3.3. Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my luyn kim
Nguyn liu u vo ca cc l luyn thp thng l qung st hoc st thp ph liu, cht to x (thng l
vi) v dng khng kh. Dng vt liu rn c a vo t nh l trong khi dng khng kh c a ngc
t y l nn lng bi to ra trong l l rt ln. Tro x y l c thnh phn chnh l nhm oxit, silic dioxit,...v
thng c s dng lm nguyn liu u vo ca cng nghip sn xut xi mng. Bi trong kh thi c gi
li ti h thng lc ca l l mi trng tch t ch yu (nu c) cc dioxin v furan nn cc mu tro bay ca l
c ly phn tch hm lng dioxin/furan. Kt qu phn tch hm lng DRCs trong mu cht thi rn ca
ngnh luyn kim c a ra trong Bng 21.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu rn c thu thp ti cc l luyn thp bin thin trong mt khong rt rng,
gi tr thp nht ch l 0,19 pg/g (c mu hu nh khng pht hin c ng loi no), trong khi mu c
nng cao nht li ln ti 3800 pg/g. S khc bit r rt v hm lng dioxin/furan trong mu tro ca cc nh
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my thp khc nhau ch yu do yu t cng ngh l quyt nh, trong l EAF c nguy c pht thi dioxin
cao hn. iu ng lu l hm lng TEQ trong cc mu bi nhim dioxin cao t hot ng luyn kim c
gi tr tng ng vi cc mu t thu thp ti cc im nng v cht da cam/dioxin ti Vit Nam. Cc ng
loi dioxin/furan c hm lng cao nht trong cc mu l 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (mu cao nht ln n 215 pg/g) v
2,4,4,7,8-PeCDF (mu cao nht ln n 515 pg/g). Cc ng loi dioxin/furan c s nguyn t clo l 7 v 8 nhn
chung c hm lng nh v khng pht hin c trong nhiu mu. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs c trng l PCB
118 v PCB 105; cc ng loi PCB 123, PCB 156, PCB 157, PCB 167, PCB 189 c pht hin trong cc mu vi
hm lng thp.
Bng 21. Hm lng TEQ trong cht thi rn (pg/g) ca mt s nh my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn
TT
C s
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/g)
Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Nh my luyn thp 1
(n=2)
933
(839 1030)
Tro bay c ly ti h thng lc bi ca

ng khi l luyn thp.
Nh my luyn thp 2
(n=2)
0,39
(0,19 0,60)

ng khi l luyn thp.
Nh my luyn hp kim st
(n=3)
3,67
(0,58 8,58)
Tro bay v tro x y l.
Cng ty m v luyn kim

(n=1)
5,51
Tro x y l.
Nh my luyn km (2012)
(n=2)
626
(8,94 1240)

ng khi l luyn km.
Nh my luyn km (2012)
(n=2)
2500
(1200 3800)
Tro lng trong nc thi c ly u v

cui rnh dn nc.
Hin ti cha c qui nh c th no cho mc hm lng ti a cho php ca cc DRCs cho cc loi cht thi
rn ca l luyn kim. Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu cht thi rn ca hot ng luyn kim so snh vi tiu chun
ca M v ngng nng cho php TEQ trong bn thi cng nghip c th hin trn Hnh 6.
C 5 trn tng s 12 mu cht thi rn c hm lng TEQ vt qu ngng 300 pg/g. Hm lng dioxin/furan
trong cc mu tro bay ti nh my luyn thp s dng cng ngh l EAF gi tr hm lng TEQ trn 1000 pg/g v
tro bay cng nh tro lng ca nh my luyn km c gi tr trn 1000 pg/g v gn 4000 pg/g, tng ng. Trong
khi , cc mu rn thu thp c ti nh my luyn thp s dng cng ngh l thi v nh my luyn kim mu
khc li c gi tr thp di 10 pg/g, trong c mu gn nh khng pht hin thy bt k ng loi dioxin/
furan no. Nh vy, gim thiu s hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin t hot ng luyn kim cn quan tm n
rt nhiu khu ca qu trnh sn xut, t cht lng bt qung nguyn liu, la chn cng ngh ph hp, v c
bit l qun l, x l cc ngun thi nh kh thi, tro bi.
60 |
Hnh 6. Hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn l luyn kim

4.1.4. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut giy
4.1.4.1. Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my sn xut giy
DRCs c hnh thnh trong ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy ch yu l do cc hot ng dng nhit nu
nguyn liu v s dng cc hp cht clo hu c ty trng bt giy, y c cho l tin cht ca dioxin. Kh
thi ca ni hi sau khi t chy s c dn qua h thng lc bi tnh in v lm mt bng nc. Nhit ca
dng kh sau khi lm mt l 250 - 4000C, y l nhit ph hp cho s hnh thnh dioxin.
Hm lng TEQ tng i thp trong cc mu kh thi ca nh my giy, trung bnh l 100 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3
(nm trong khong 43,5 n 161 pg TEQ/Nm3) cho thy s u t vo cng ngh sn xut cng nh cng ngh x
l cht thi s gp phn gim s hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin/furan. Cc ng loi pht hin c vi hm lng
cao trong mu l OCDD; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF v OCDF; hm lng 2,3,7,8-TCDD pht hin c trong 2 mu u rt
thp, v c 1 mu khng pht hin c ng loi ny. Nu so snh vi ngng dioxin trong kh thi l t theo
QCVN 30:2012/BTNMT th tt c cc mu kh thi nh my giy u c hm lng TEQ nm di gii hn cho php.
Nu so snh vi ngng cho php trong kh thi theo tiu chun M (0,1 ng TEQ/Nm3) th c 1/3 mu kh thi c
hm lng TEQ vt ngng.
4.1.4.2. Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my sn xut giy
Cc mu nc thi ca mt nh my giy ti Ph Th c thu thp phn tch dioxin/furan. Sn xut
giy v bt giy l hot ng s dng nc v cc dung dch trong nhiu khu khc nhau nh ra nguyn liu
u vo, nu nguyn liu, ty trng bt giy, p to hnh,...nn nc thi ca hot ng ny l vn ng lu
. Trong cc khu trn, bc ty trng bt giy l quan trng nht, quyt nh cht lng sn phm; y cng l
khu c cho l c kh nng pht thi dioxin do c s dng cc ha cht khc nhau ty trng. i vi nh
my giy c kho st, qu trnh ty trng bt giy tri qua 4 giai on l ty bng oxi, ty bng hp cht clo,
ty bng kim v dng oxi kt hp vi natri hypoclorit; trong giai on dng hp cht clo l giai on c kh
nng pht sinh dioxin cao nht. Nh my giy p dng cng ngh ty trng giy gim n 15 kg clo trn 1
tn bt giy tng ng vi vic gim 50-70% nguyn t clo s dng.
Kt qu phn tch hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc thi ca hot ng sn xut giy v bt giy rt thp
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(1,98 n 2,76 pg TEQ/L) cho thy nu cng on ty trng giy hn ch s dng cc hp cht clo hu c nh
chlorophenols s lm gim ng k s hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin. Nu so snh hm lng TEQ phn tch
c trong cc mu nc thi ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy vi cc ngng dioxin trong mt s hot ng
sn xut cng nghip khc theo tiu chun ca Nht Bn th tt c cc mu u nm di gii hn cho php
(10 pg TEQ/L).
4.1.5. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng nhit in
Sn xut nhit in l mt hot ng cng nghip c kh nng hnh thnh v pht thi cc DRCs vo mi
trng. Ngun pht thi ch yu l do s t chy cc nguyn liu, nhin liu khc nhau nh than, du, kh, sinh
khi,Nhit cao, s c mt cc nguyn liu c cacbon, cc hp cht cha clo v cc kim loi xc tc l nhng
yu t c bn hnh thnh dioxin. Nh my nhit in cng sut cng ln th nguy c v pht thi dioxin cng
cao v cn phi c kim sot cht ch t nguyn liu u vo, cng ngh sn xut v c bit l cng ngh
x l cht thi.
4.1.5.1. Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my nhit in
Cc mu kh thi ca 02 nh my nhit in ti Hi Dng v Qung Ninh c thu thp phn tch hm
lng 29 ch tiu dioxin/furan/dl-PCB. y l cc s liu quan trng nh gi hm lng nn v mc pht
thi dioxin trong hot ng nhit in v hin nay c s d liu v pht thi dioxin trong ngnh cng nghip
ny cn rt hn ch. Kt qu phn tch hm lng TEQ (gi tr trung bnh v khong) trong mu kh thi rn ca
ngnh nhit in c a ra trong Bng 22.
Bng 22. Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi (pg/Nm3) ca mt s nh my nhit in ti Hi Dng v Qung Ninh
TT
C s
(S lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/Nm3)

Mt s c im v cng ngh
I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Hi Dng
Nh my nhit in
(n=2)
262
(171 353)
252
(167 336)
- Kh thi l t.
- Cng sut: 2 dy chuyn 400 MW v 600 MW.
Qung Ninh
2
Nh my nhit in
(n=2)
96,4
(17,6 175)
89,3
(17,3 161)
- Kh thi l t.
- Tng cng sut 740 MW.
Ti nh my nhit in Hi Dng, hm lng TEQ trong 02 mu kh thi nh my nhit in kho st c

gi tr 167 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3 v 336 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, nu ch tnh 17 ch tiu PCDD/Fs th gi tr ny ln lt
l 151 v 309 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3, t l dl-TCDD/TEQ v PCBs/TEQ l rt thp. Trong mu c hm lng cao
hn l kh thi ng khi l t thuc dy chuyn c cng ngh ca Lin X (c), cng sut 400 MW, i vo hot
ng t nm 1983; mu c hm lng thp hn l kh thi ng khi l t thuc dy chuyn c cng ngh mi,
cng sut 600 MW, i vo hot ng t nm 2000. Cc ng loi c pht hin vi hm lng cao l OCDD;
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; OCDF; cc dl-PCBs nh PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 156.
Trong cc mu kh thi ca nh my nhit in ti Qung Ninh, hm lng TEQ c s chnh lch kh r rng,
mu nhim hn c hm lng TEQ cao gp gn 10 ln so vi mu cn li, tuy nhin hm lng TEQ trong 2
mu ny thp hn so vi cc mu ti Hi Dng. Trong mu c hm lng TEQ cao hn (161 pg/Nm3) pht
hin c tt c 29 ch tiu DRCs, trong ch yu l cc Tetra v Penta-CDD v -CDF; cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB
62 |
77, PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 126. Mu cn li c hm lng TEQ thp (17,3 pg/Nm3); dioxin c hm lng cao nht
l TCDD, ng gp 37,5% vo TEQ; cc Tetra v Penta-CDF c hm lng cao; cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB 118, PCB
105, PCB 77.
Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi l t ca ngnh nhit in c gi tr khng cao hn so vi cc mu tng t
ca cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip khc, nu so snh vi gii hn ti a cho php ca kh thi l t theo QCVN
l 0,6 ng/Nm3 (hay 600 pg/Nm3) th cc mu kh ny u c gi tr TEQ nm di ngng.
4.1.5.2. Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my nhit in
Cc mu nc thi ca nh my nhit in c thu thp phn tch hm lng cc ch tiu dioxin/furan/
dl-PCB, qua c th nh gi c mc nhim DRCs trong nc thi v l c s d liu quan trng
xut cc ngng nng cho php ca cc DRCs trong nhm ngnh nhit in. 02 nh my nhit in ti Hi
Dng v Qung Ninh c kho st v ly mu phn tch hm lng cc ch tiu DRCs, s lng mu
tng ng l n=4 v n=3.
Ti nh my Hi Dng, hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong 04 mu nc thi l 3,91 pg WHO-TEQ/L v khong
hm lng t 1,99 n 5,23 pg/L. C th, hm lng TEQ trong mu nc ti h cha x thi qua x l s b
bng lng, lc s dng trao i nhit tun hon l 1,99 pg/L; mu nc thi l hi trc khi x l l 3,71 pg/L;
mu nc c ly ti knh dn nc lm mt cho l hi l 4,70 pg/L; mu nc c hm lng TEQ cao nht
(5,23 pg/L) l nc x thi trc khi vo h cha. Nu so vi tiu chun ca Nht Bn v gii hn cho php ti
a cc DRCs trong nc thi ca mt s hot ng cng nghip l 10 pg TEQ/L th cc mu nc thi ny u
cha vt ngng. Trong cc dioxin, OCDD c hm lng cao nht trong c 4 mu (mu cao nht ln n 31,27
pg/l), cc ch tiu HxCDD u di gii hn nh lng trong 2/4 mu. ng loi furan c hm lng cao nht
trong cc mu phn tch l 2,3,7,8-TCDF. Nhiu ng loi dl-PCB di gii hn nh lng nh PCB 77, PCB 81,
PCB 123, PCB 126, PCB 169; cc ng loi PCB c hm lng cao trong cc mu nh PCB 105, PCB 118.
Ti nh my Qung Ninh, hm lng trung bnh v khong hm lng TEQ trong cc mu phn tch c
l 0,87 (0,51 1,56) pg WHO-TEQ/L. Gi tr TEQ tuy khng cao nhng t l TCDD/TEQ li l mt chi tit cn quan
tm v trong c 3 mu t l ny tng i cao, t 34,8 n 61,9%. Ngoi TCDD, cc ng loi c pht hin vi
mc hm lng cao trong cc mu l OCDD; 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; OCDF; PCB 118, PCB 105,
PCB 156. Tng t vi cc mu ti Hi Dng, nu so snh vi gi tr ngng 10 pg/L ca Nht Bn th cc mu
nc ti Qung Ninh u c gi tr thp hn t 6 n 20 ln.
Nh vy, hot ng sn xut nhit in khng phi l ngnh pht thi ch yu cc DRCs vo mi trng qua
nc thi. Tuy nhin, i vi cc cht c hi v pht sinh khng ch nh nh dioxin, furan v dl-PCBs th ngay
c hm lng rt nh trong cc ngun thi, chng cng l nhng mi e da i vi mi trng, h sinh thi
v con ngi. Ngnh sn xut nhit in ni ring v cc ngnh sn xut cng nghip khc ni chung cn phi
u t vo cc cng ngh sn xut hin i, cng ngh x l ngun thi tin tin hn ch ti a vic hnh
thnh v pht thi DRCs vo mi trng.
4.1.5.3. Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my nhit in
Cc mu cht thi rn c thu thp ti mt nh my nhit in Qung Ninh phn tch hm lng 29
ch tiu dioxin/furan/dl-PCBs vi s lng mu n=3; trong c 1 mu thu thp nm 2013 v 2 mu cn li
thu thp nm 2014.
Hm lng TEQ trung bnh v khong hm lng trong cc mu tro l 0,38 (0,27 0,52) pg/g. So vi hm
lng dioxin trong mu cht thi rn ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nh l t rc thi, luyn kim, ni hi
hay xi mng th hm lng TEQ trong mu cht thi rn ca ngnh nhit in l rt thp. Mu thu thp nm
2013 l tro bay thuc dy chuyn c cng ngh ca Lin X (c), cng sut 110 MW. Hm lng tng c
tnh cho 29 ch tiu DRCs trong mu tro ny l 0,36 pg/g; nu ch tnh 17 ch tiu PCDD/Fs l 0,35 pg/g. Nhiu
ng loi dioxin v furan khng pht hin c trong mu nh cc Penta v Hexa-CDD; 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF;
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1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF v OCDF; ng loi ch yu pht hin c l OCDD; ng loi c nht 2,3,7,8-TCDD cng
pht hin c vi nng 0,15 pg/g. i vi cc dl-PCBs th ng loi c hm lng cao trong mu l PCB 118
v PCB 105; khng pht hin c cc PCB 81, PCB 126, PCB 169 trong mu. Trong 2 mu thu thp nm 2014,
cc ng loi pht hin c ch yu l TCDD; OCDD; TCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; OCDF v 2 ng loi dl-PCBs
l PCB 118 v PCB 105.
Nh vy, nhit in cng l mt ngnh cng nghip c kh nng hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin vo mi
trng qua kh thi ng khi, nc thi v cht thi rn trong qu trnh sn xut. Tuy hm lng cc hp cht
DRCs pht hin c trong cc i tng cht thi cng nghip ca ngnh nhit in trong kho st ny mc
thp nhng vi s lng mu cn hn ch, chng ta cha th a ra nhng nhn nh su sc v tng qut v
nguy c nhim mi trng do DRCs t ngnh cng nghip c th ny.
4.1.6. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng ni hi
Nguyn l chung ca ni hicng nghipl s dngnhin liunh ci, than, g, du hoc kh gas un
sinc, hi nc hnh thnh c nhit v p sut cao c a i s dng cho cc thit bnhng chi
nc,turbinehi nc,... Tuy ni hi cung cp ngun nng lng an ton v khng gy chy n nhng vn tn
ti nguy c hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin vo mi trng trong qu trnh vn hnh ni hi do phi t chy
nhin liu un si nc. Cc mu kh thi, nc thi v cht thi rn ca ni hi c thu thp ti 02 ni
hi vi s khc bit r rt v qui m v cng ngh. Mt ni hi c qui m nh c s dng trong sn xut vi
qui m h gia nh, l ni hi ca mt c s sn xut ko mch nha ti x Ct Qu, huyn Hoi c, H Ni. Ni
hi th 2 c qui m cng nghip, ca mt cng ty nng lng nm trong khu cng nghip ti Hi Dng.
Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ca ni hi Ct Qu tng i cao, 1790 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 v 1650 pg WHO-TEQ/
Nm3. ng loi c nng cao nht pht hin c l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF (ln n 3000 pg/Nm3), tip l cc
ng loi 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; ng loi c nht 2,3,7,8-TCDD cng pht hin c nhng
vi hm lng thp (74 pg/Nm3). Kh thi ca ni hi Hi Dng c hm lng TEQ thp hn nhiu, 22,9 pg
I-TEQ/Nm3 v 19,9 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3. Cc ng loi ch yu pht hin c trong mu ny l 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF;
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF; 2,3,7,8-TCDF; cc dl-PCBs ch yu l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 7.
Hm lng TEQ trong mu tro ca ni hi Ct Qu c gi tr 12,6 pg WHO-TEQ/g. Cc ng loi c nng
cao nht l 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF; 2,3,7,8-TCDF v 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF; cc ng loi Hx-CDD khng pht hin c.
Hm lng TEQ trong tro bay c ly ti b phn lc bi ca ni hi Hi Dng l 78,4 pg WHO-TEQ/g, cao
hn so vi mu tro ti Ct Qu. Tt c 17 ch tiu PCDD/Fs u pht hin c, cc ng loi chnh c mt trong
mu l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD v OCDD.
Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc thi ca ni hi Hi Dng l 0,68 pg/L; ch pht hin c ng loi
furan duy nht l 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF; cc ng loi dl-PCBs c hm lng cao l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 77 v
PCB 156. Hm lng TEQ trung bnh v khong hm lng trong 3 mu nc thi ti ni hi Ct Qu l 1,09
(0,71 1,70) pg/L; t l TCDD/TEQ t 17,7 n 35,2%; cc ng loi chnh l OCDD; 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD; OCDF;
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF; PCB 118 v PCB 105.
Hm lng TEQ cao trong mu kh thi ca ni hi Ct Qu, mc d v qui m v cng sut u nh hn
nhiu so vi ni hi Hi Dng. S nhim DRCs trong kh thi ni hi ph thuc nhiu vo ngun nhin liu
c t v cng ngh x l kh thi. Ngun nhin liu cho cc ni hi qui m nh thng khng c kim
sot mt cch cht ch, cng ngh x l kh thi km hin i v khng c u t y nn hm lng TEQ
cao hn c cc ni hi c qui m ln nhng nhin liu u vo c kim sot v u t cho h thng lc bi
v x l kh thi.
4.1.7. Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut gch
Sn xut gch cng l mt hot ng cng nghip c kh nng hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin v cc hp cht
tng t dioxin ra mi trng do l nung gch cn nhit cao t vic t cc nhin liu, ch yu l than, ci,
g, mn ca, v tru. i vi cc l nung th cng, nguyn liu u vo khng c kim sot, c bit l s
tn dng cc nhin liu thi h gi thnh sn xut, nhit t khng t yu cu, hm lng kh oxi cao v
64 |
lng kh thi gn nh c x trc tip m khng qua x l nn cc nguy c v nhim mi trng l rt ng

lo ngi. khc phc nhng hn ch ca l nung gch truyn thng, cng ngh l tuynel ang c p dng
ph bin vi nhng u im nh sn lng ln, tn dng ti a lng nhit trong l sy nguyn liu, rt
ngn thi gian phi kh sn phm, gim pht thi kh cacbonic v nhim mi trng bi kh thi,...
nh gi mc hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin vo mi trng t hot ng sn xut gch, cc mu nc
thi v cht thi rn ca mt nh my gch sn xut bng cng ngh l tuynel ti huyn ng H, Thi Nguyn
vi cng sut thit k 20 triu vin gch/nm c thu thp phn tch hm lng 29 ch tiu DRCs. Nh my
ny bt u i vo hot ng t na cui nm 2011, tnh n thi im ly mu nm 2014 th nh my ny hot
ng c 3 nm.
Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc thi ca nh my gch c gi tr 0,99 pg WHO-TEQ/L; y l mc hm lng
thp, tng ng vi cc mu nc mt trong mi trng. Trong mu ny ch pht hin c duy nht ng
loi dioxin l OCDD vi hm lng 1,0 pg/L. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs pht hin c l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 77,
PCB 156 v PCB 189, trong PCB 118 c hm lng cao nht l 27,5 pg/L.
Gi tr trung bnh v khong hm lng TEQ trong 3 mu cht thi rn ly ti nh my gch ny l 0,42 (0,21
0,78) pg WHO-TEQ/g. Mu c hm lng TEQ cao nht (0,78 pg/g) l mu tro x y l, trong mu ny pht
hin c TCDD vi hm lng 0,33 pg/g chim t l 34,0% trong TEQ; ngoi ra cc ng loi c hm lng ln
trong mu ny l OCDD, OCDF v cc dl-PCBs nh PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 156, PCB 77. Mu c hm lng TEQ
thp nht (0,21 pg/g) l mu t ln vi tro than; cc ng loi ch yu pht hin c l OCDD, TCDF, PCB 118
v PCB 105.
Nhn chung, hm lng TEQ trong cc i tng cht thi ca nh my sn xut gch theo cng ngh l
tuynel trong t kho st ny c gi tr thp, tng ng hoc thp hn mc hm lng nn trong cc mu
mi trng. Tuy nhin, ch vi mt c s v s lng mu cn hn ch, cha th a ra nhng nhn nh xc
ng v khi qut v s hnh thnh v mc pht thi cc DRCs t hot ng sn xut gch vo mi trng,
nht l khi cc l nung gch th cng vn tn ti th nguy c nhim mi trng bi lng kh thi ca hot
ng ny vn l mt vn ng lo ngi.
4.2. nh gi mc pht thi v nhim mi trng ca dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan

trong cng nghip
4.2.1. Mc pht thi DRCs trong kh thi cng nghip
Kh thi cng nghip l mt ngun thi c nguy c nhim cao. Trong kh thi cng nghip c cha cc hp cht
hu c d bay hi nh cc dung mi hu c, ngoi ra lng bi trong kh thi thng rt ln, y l mi trng tch
ly mnh i vi nhiu cht c v c cng nh hu c khc nhau. Cc cht c hi trong kh thi cng nghip sau
khi i vo mi trng s pht tn trong khng kh, bi kh thi c th ri xung hoc theo nc ma lm nhim
t v nc mt, theo thi gian v mc di chuyn ca tng cht m sau c th gy nhim cho nc ngm,
trm tch v sinh vt. Nghim trng hn trong kh thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip cn c mt cc hp cht
nh dioxin, furan, dl-PCB c hnh thnh mt cch khng ch nh trong cc cng on sn xut khc nhau, y
l nhm cc hp cht c c im chung l c hi, bn vng trong mi trng, kh nng pht tn cao v tch ly
sinh hc mnh. S c mt ca cc hp cht DRCs trong kh thi, d ch hm lng c ng/Nm3 hoc pg/Nm3, nhng
c tnh cao ca cc hp cht ny v lng kh thi ca cc nh my c cng sut cao, hot ng lin tc l rt ln
nn lng DRCs thi ra mi trng v nhng nguy c nhim tim n l khng h nh.
Cc c s sn xut cng nghip nc ta nhn chung u c h thng x l kh thi, tuy nhin nhiu cng
ngh x l cn km hin i, cha x l trit cc cht c hi i km v cha thc hin quan trc nh k mt
cch c h thng. i vi cc ngnh cng nghip c cho l c kh nng hnh thnh v pht thi cc hp cht
DRCs nh x l cht thi (ch yu l cc l t cht thi cng nghip, cc c s x l nc thi,), sn xut xi
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mng, sn xut giy v bt giy, luyn kim, nhit in, ni hi,th kh thi ng khi l ngun thi c quan
tm hng u v i vi cc cht d bay hi nh DRCs th kh thi l ngun pht tn rt mnh v kh kim sot.
Cng ngh x l kh thi ng khi ph bin nht ti nc ta hin nay bao gm 2 cng on chnh: (1) kh thi
c dn qua mt h thng lc gi li bi, trong cng on ny mt lng ng k cc DRCs hp ph trong
bi s b gi li; (2) kh sau h thng lc bi s c dn qua thp ra kh trc khi x ra mi trng. Trong thp
ra kh, kh thi s c x l kiu t, dng nc thc hin 2 nhim v l h nhit dng kh v ha tan mt
s thnh phn trong kh thi (nh cc hi axit, amoniac,). i vi cc cht tan rt km trong nc nh dioxin,
furan v dl-PCB th vic ra kh ch bng nc l khng hiu qu, nn mt s l t tin tin cn a thm mt
cng on na l phun than hot tnh hp ph cc cht c hi trong kh thi.
Cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, vi nguyn liu u vo, cng ngh sn xut v cng ngh x l kh thi
khc nhau th mc hnh thnh v pht thi DRCs s khc nhau v c trng cho tng ngnh. Hnh 7 s a ra
mt so snh tng i v s pht thi DRCs trong kh thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip Vit Nam hin nay.
Hnh 7. Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip

Hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ca 6 ngnh cng nghip c kh nng pht thi DRCs l x l rc thi, ni hi,
luyn kim, sn xut xi mng, nhit in v sn xut giy c so snh vi hm lng ti a cho php ca dioxin/
furan trong kh thi c qui nh ti cc QCVN 41:2011, 30:2012 v 51:2013 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
Hin nay cha c qui nh v ngng dioxin/furan cho cc lnh vc ni hi, nhit in v sn xut giy nn gi
tr ngng 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3 ch c tnh cht tham kho. Theo cc s liu kho st v phn tch hm lng DRCs
trong mu kh thi, hot ng x l rc thi cc l t v cc c s trong lnh vc mi trng c lng dioxin/
furan c hnh thnh nhiu nht, trong nhiu mu c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng, thm ch c mu
ly ti ng khi l t rc thi c hm lng TEQ cao hn gii hn cho php n gn 80 ln. Ngnh c pht thi
DRCs tng i cao th 2 l luyn kim, c bit l ngnh luyn kim mu. Hot ng ni hi v s mu kho st
cn hn ch nn vi mt mu c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng (1650 pg/Nm3) cha th a ra s so snh v
mc pht thi DRCs so vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc. i vi ngnh sn xut xi mng ch c mt mu kh
c thu thp ti ng khi l nung xi mng Thi Nguyn c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3.
Cc ngnh sn xut nhit in v giy nhn chung c hm lng TEQ trong kh thi khng cao, nu so snh vi
gi tr tham kho 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3 ca kh thi l t th khng c mu no vt ngng.
nh gi mc pht thi dioxin trong kh thi cng nghip cng nh xut cc gii hn cho php ti
a dioxin trong kh thi ca cc hot ng cng nghip cha c qui chun Vit Nam cn quan tm n cc
nghin cu v pht thi dioxin trong kh thi ca cc quc gia trn th gii.
66 |
i vi hot ng thiu t rc thi, pht thi dioxin t cc h thng t cht thi nguy hi thng khng
c nghin cu nhiu so vi h thng t rc thi th nn c s d liu v nng dioxin pht thi t cc
h thng t rc thi nguy hi cng t hn.
Ti chu u, phn ln h thng t rc thi nguy hi c trang b cc l nung quay, do m bo hiu qu
t cao v lng dioxin pht thi thp. Bo co pht thi dioxin ti 15 nc thnh vin chu u cng vi Na Uy
v Thy in t nm 1985 n 1995 cho thy lng pht thi dioxin t vic t rc thi nguy hi gim ng
k (tng pht thi khong 300g I-TEQ/nm 1985 v gim xung di 200g I-TEQ/nm 1995) v d kin tip tc
gim trong tng lai (Qua v cs.,2004). Bo co nm 1992 ca Trung tm Chu u v c hc Sinh thi v Tnh
c ca Ha cht (European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemical - ECETOC) cng a ra mt
bc tranh chung v pht thi dioxin t h thng t cht thi nguy hi ti mt s nc chu u. Theo bo co
ny, phn ln hm lng dioxin trong kh thi u nh hn 0,1 ng TEQ/m3, tuy nhin pht thi cao hn 0,1 ng
TEQ/m3 cng c ghi nhn ti mt s h thng thiu t rc thi.
Ti mt s quc gia chu , nhiu nghin cu v pht thi dioxin trong kh thi cng nghip cng c
cng b. Ti Hn Quc, trong 2 nghin cu vi s mu kh thi phn tch tng ng l 9 v 10 mu cho thy nng
trung bnh l 0,778 v 3,15 ng TEQ/Nm3 (Sam Cwan Kim, 1999 v Donghoon Shin, 1999). Ti i Loan, hm
lng TEQ trong kh thi theo mt nghin cu nm 2002 nm trong khong t 0,43 n 4,8 ng I-TEQ/Nm3 (Moo
Been Chang v cs.,2002). Hm lng PCDD/PCDF trong kh thi t hai h thng thiu t rc thi cng nghip
ti mt khu cng nghip qun Siaogang, thnh ph Kachsiung, i Loan l 0,137 v 10,245 ng TEQ/Nm3 (Kao
v cs.,2007). Mt nghin cu khc ti i Loan cho kt qu PCDD/PCDF nm trong khong t 0,084 n 0,239
ng TEQ/Nm3 (Jenshi B.Wang, 2009).
Nh vy, hm lng TEQ trong hu ht cc mu kh thi ca l t rc thi cng nghip ti Vit Nam tng
ng hoc cao hn khng ng k so vi cc quc gia ang pht trin v cc nc cng nghip mi ti chu
. Tuy nhin mt s mu kh thi c hm lng TEQ cao bt thng (n 50 ng TEQ/Nm3) cho thy s hnh thnh
v pht thi dioxin trong cc l t ca Vit Nam l rt phc tp v kh kim sot, cng ngh x l kh thi l
t cha c quan tm v u t ng mc. Nu so vi hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ti quc gia chu u th
mc pht thi dioxin trong hot ng thiu t rc thi ti nc ta cao hn rt nhiu v a s mu phn tch
u cho kt qu cao vt ngng tiu chun ca mt s nc chu u l 0,1 ngTEQ/Nm3. y l mt thc t
ng lo ngi v lng rc thi cng nghip ngy cng gia tng cng nh s lng cc n v hot ng trong
lnh vc x l rc thi ngy cng nhiu hn. Nu nh cc qui chun v ngng pht thi dioxin khng c tun
th mt cch nghim ngt, hot ng thiu t rc thi khng c qun l mt cch thng xuyn bng cc
quan trc nh k v bn thn cc c s c l t khng m bo c cng ngh t, cng ngh x l ngun
thi tin tin kim sot v hn ch ti a s hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin th trong mt tng lai khng xa,
s nhim mi trng bi cc hp cht DRCs s gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng i vi h sinh thi v sc
khe ngi dn.
i vi hot ng luyn kim, hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong cc mu kh thi thu thp c ti mt s nh
my luyn kim ti Thi Nguyn l 680 pg/Nm3 vi khong hm lng kh rng 8,06 n 4200 pg/Nm3, y l
hot ng cng nghip c mc pht thi dioxin cao th 2, sau hot ng x l rc thi. Hm lng PCDD/F
trong mu kh thi ca cc ngnh luyn kim nh km, nhm, ng, ch ti Hn Quc nm trong khong t 0,036
cho ti 16,818 ng TEQ/Nm3. Ti i Loan, cc nghin cu gn y cho thy hm lng cc PCDD/F trong mu
kh thi nh my luyn kim nh sau: nh my luyn nhm th cp khong 10,6 ng TEQ/Nm3 (Lee v cs.,2004),
khu cng nghip luyn kim khong t 0,032 n 0,256 pg I-TEQ/Nm3 (Jenshi B.Wang v cs.,2009). Kt qu kho
st ti cc nh my nhm th cp, sn xut thp v ng ti Trung Quc cho kt qu nng PCDD/F trong
khong t 0,03 - 232 pg WHO-TEQ/Nm3. Nh vy, hm lng cc PCDD/F trong mu kh thi ti nh my luyn
kim Vit Nam c gi tr tng ng vi cc cc nc trong khu vc nh Hn Quc, Trung Quc v i Loan.
i vi l nung xi mng, hot ng cng nghip c mc pht thi dioxin cao th ba trong cc kt qu
kho st c trnh by trn. Mu kh thi l nung xi mng c hm lng TEQ cao nht cng ch nm ngng
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ti a cho php i vi kh thi l t (0,63 ngTEQ/Nm3 so vi 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3). Tuy nhin, nu so snh hm
lng TEQ trong kh thi l nung xi mng vi cc tiu chun ca Canada, M v chu u (0,1 ng TEQ/Nm3) th c
mt s mu phn tch cho kt qu cao hn cc tiu chun vin dn ny. Nm 2001, Hip hi xi mng chu u
ly mu kh thi v phn tch cho thy kt qu nng TEQ trong khong 0,001 - 0,163 ng TEQ/Nm3. Nh vy
hm lng TEQ trong kh thi l nung xi mng ca Vit Nam nhn chung vn cao hn so vi cc kt qu c
bo co cc l nung xi mng chu u. Vi ngun nguyn liu u vo khng phc tp nh hot ng thiu
t rc thi nhng vi cng sut ln, s dng nhit cao, lng tro bi ln v vic s dng cc nhin liu ti
ch trong cng on t cp nhit nhm h gi thnh sn xut, ngnh sn xut xi mng cn ch trng nng cao
cng ngh cho cc h thng x l ngun thi nh h thng lc bi tnh in, thp ra kh kt hp gia ra nc
v phun than hot tnh hn ch ti a s hnh thnh dioxin trong cc l nung xi mng.
i vi nh my nhit in v nh my giy, hm lng TEQ trong cc mu kh thi u thp hn so vi
ngng qui nh, do c th bc u nhn nh cc hot ng cng nghip ny khng phi l ngun hnh
thnh v pht thi chnh cc DRCs vo mi trng. Tuy nhin, cn tng thm qui m kho st nh tng s lng
c s v s lng mu c c b d liu vi tin cy cao hn.
4.2.2. Mc pht thi DRCs trong nc thi cng nghip
Nc c s dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, ch yu thc hin cc nhim v nh ra
nguyn liu u vo, lm ngui thit b trong h thng sn xut, dng trong b phn x l kh thi kiu t ca
cc ng khi. i vi mt s ngnh cng nghip c th, nh sn xut giy v bt giy th nc c mt trong
hu ht cc cng on ca qui trnh sn xut, t ngm ra nguyn liu, nu nguyn liu, p khun to hnh,
ra kh thi, lng nc thi t cc nh my giy lun phi i mt vi s nhim bi cc ha cht dng ty
trng, to mu. i vi cc c s hot ng trong lnh vc x l rc thi, nht l x l nc thi th cc ch tiu
nhim trong ngun nc sau x l v x ra mi trng phi c quan tm c bit. Cc hot ng cng nghip
khc nh nhit in, luyn kim, sn xut xi mng nhn chung u s dng nc quay vng nn lng nc thi
khng ln. Nc thi tuy khng phi l mi trng tch ly mnh i vi cc hp cht khng phn cc nh cc
DRCs c quan tm trong bo co ny nhng trong tt c cc mu nc thi c thu thp v phn tch ca
cc hot ng cng nghip khc nhau u pht hin cc DRCs vi hm lng TEQ mt s mu rt cao. Bc
tranh tng th v hm lng TEQ trong mu nc thi cng nghip c th hin trn Hnh 8.
Hin ti, Vit Nam c cc qui chun v gii hn ti a cho php i vi dioxin/ furan cho cc i tng nh
kh thi l t, t v cht thi nguy hi nhng cha c qui chun cho i tng l nc (nh nc thi cng
nghip, nc thi sinh hot, nc t nhin,...). Gi tr ngng nng chng ti s dng trong bo co ny
c tham kho theo tiu chun ca Nht Bn v hm lng TEQ ti a cho php trong cc loi nc thi cng
nghip nh nc thi ty ra, nc thi ca hot ng x l cht thi cha PCBs, nc d r ti cc bi chn lp
cht thi rn l t, nc thi trn ti cc khu x l rc thi,...l 10 pg/L. y l mt tiu chun tng i kht khe,
cho thy thc bo v mi trng rt cao v cc k nghim tc ca Nht Bn, mt quc gia cng nghip pht
trin trc nhng nguy c nhim cc hp cht c hi nhm DRCs.
Theo kt qu kho st v phn tch, hm lng TEQ trong nc thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip nh nhit
in, luyn kim, ni hi, sn xut giy, xi mng v gch ti nc ta nhn chung u rt thp v khng c mu no
vt qu ngng 10 pg/L. i vi cc ngnh nhit in, luyn kim v xi mng, hm lng TEQ trong nc thi
thp c th c gii thch bi cc nguyn liu u vo khng phi l ngun c nguy c cao i vi vic hnh
thnh dioxin (nh cht thi nguy hi, nguyn liu cha tin cht dioxin,...), kh thi c lc bi trc khi dng
nc ra (nc ra kh thi cha nhiu cn lng c cho l mi trng tch ly tt cc DRCs), nhit cc
l t c kim sot hn ch s hnh thnh dioxin,...Ring i vi ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy, cc ci
tin trong cng ngh sn xut, c bit l s dng ha cht ty trng giy an ton hn so vi nguyn liu truyn
thng m bo c hm lng dioxin thp trong nc thi.
68 |
Hnh 8. Hm lng TEQ trong nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip

Ring i vi mu nc thi thuc nhm ngnh l t rc thi cng nghip v cc c s x l nhim mi
trng, hm lng TEQ cao nht trong cc ngnh c kho st, nhiu mu c hm lng TEQ cao vt
ngng 10 pg/L v c bit c mu b nhim nng (ln n trn 50000 pg/L, cao hn gii hn ti a tham
kho hn 5000 ln). S nhim nng cc hp cht DRCs trong nc thi ti mt s l t xut pht t nguyn
nhn ch yu l cc vt liu u vo ca l t c ngun gc rt phc tp, a phn l cc cht thi cng
nghip, cht thi nguy hi. Dioxin thng c hnh thnh v pht thi theo 2 c ch, (1) i vi cc vt liu
t c cha sn DRCs, qu trnh t khng hiu qu th dioxin/furan cha b ph hy s thot ra mi trng
theo cc ngun thi ca l t v (2) i vi cc vt liu t c cha tin cht dioxin thng l cc cht hu c
c nhn thm v d t clo, qu trnh chy xy ra khng hon ton cng vi s c mt ca clo s dn n phn
ng gia tin cht vi clo hnh thnh dioxin v furan. Thc trng nhim dioxin trong nc thi t hot
ng thiu t rc thi t ra yu cu mi cho cc l t v vic kim sot hm lng dioxin trong nc
thi, trc ht l m bo cng ngh t hn ch s hnh thnh dioxin v sau l u t cng ngh x l
nc thi bng cc phng php nh chiu tia UV, dng vi sinh vt hay vt liu hp ph.
4.2.3. Mc pht thi DRCs trong cht thi rn cng nghip
Cht thi rn cng nghip l mt i tng c th v nhim DRCs trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc
nhau. Cc mu cht thi rn thng c ly phn tch l mu nguyn liu u vo, mu tro bay, mu tro x
y l,trong mu tro bay (hay cn c gi l bi trong kh thi) c cho l mi trng tch ly mnh i
vi nhiu i tng nhim khc nhau t cc ion kim loi nng n hp cht hu c, trong c cc hp cht
nhm DRCs. Trong cc l t, l nung xi mng, l luyn kim th tro x y l sau mi m t hoc m sn xut
s c ngui ri ly ra khi l, hng x l tip theo l chn lp hoc dng lm vt liu cho xy dng c s
h tng sau khi b sung thm mt s ph gia. i vi c 2 hng x l ny u khng th khng tnh n nguy
c pht thi cc cht c hi (nu c) trong tro x ra mi trng theo thi gian v khi lng tch ly ca cht
thi. Tro bay trong kh thi ca hu ht cc l t u c gi li bi mt h thng lc bi, mc pht thi
cc DRCs ra mi trng trong i tng ny ph thuc vo hiu sut lc bi v cch x l phn bi c gi li
trong b phn lc. Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu cht thi rn cng nghip ca cc ngnh luyn kim, x l rc
thi, ni hi, sn xut xi mng, sn xut gch v nhit in c th hin trn Hnh 9.
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Hnh 9. Hm lng TEQ trong cht thi rn ca mt s ngnh cng nghip

Theo cc s liu phn tch c, hm lng TEQ trong mu tro bay ca mt s nh my luyn kim c gi tr
cao hn ng k so vi cc nh my luyn kim khc v cc hot ng cng nghip nh thiu t rc thi v sn
xut xi mng. Hot ng cng nghip c mc nhim dioxin trong tro bay cao th hai l thiu t rc thi,
tip l hot ng ni hi, sn xut xi mng v thp nht l sn xut gch v nhit in. So snh tng i
v mc hm lng TEQ trong i tng cht thi rn ca cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau c s khc bit so
vi cc i tng kh thi v nc thi (trong 2 i tng ny, hm lng TEQ cao nht thuc v hot ng x
l rc thi).
nh gi mt cch tng i mc nhim DRCs trong cht thi rn cng nghip trong khi Vit Nam
cha c cc qui nh v ngng cho php ca dioxin trong i tng ny, chng ti tham kho tiu chun
ca M v hm lng TEQ ti a trong bn thi kh t hot ng s dng hoc x l nc bn thi l 0,0003 mg
TEQ/kg bn thi kh (tng ng 300pg TEQ/g). Theo gii hn ny, cc mu cht thi rn thuc hot ng x
l rc thi v sn xut xi mng u cha vt ngng, ch c mt s mu tro bay ly ti ng khi ca nh my
thp s dng cng ngh l EAF c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng. Hm lng TEQ trong mt s mu cht
thi t hot ng luyn kim c gi tr tng ng vi cc mu t thu thp ti cc im nng v cht da cam/
dioxin ti Vit Nam c 1000 pg/g, y l mt thc t rt ng lo ngi v mc nhim dioxin trong cht thi
rn cng nghip.
Hm lng TEQ trong tro bay ph thuc nhiu vo cng ngh ca l t, trong cc kt qu kho st c
trnh by trn, nh my luyn kim s dng cng ngh l EAF th hm lng TEQ cao gp nhiu ln so vi cc
nh my luyn kim s dng cng ngh l thi. y l mt thng tin tham kho cn thit cho cc c s sn xut
ang vn hnh cc l EAF phi c nhng ci tin tch cc c v cng ngh sn xut ln cng ngh x l cht thi,
i vi cc c s sp i vo hot ng cn nghin cu k la chn cng ngh cho ph hp, hng ti vic
hn ch ti a s hnh thnh DRCs.
DRCs l nhm cht cc c, d tn ti trong mi trng vi nng ch c ppb hay ppt cng c th gy ra
nhng tc ng c hi, lu di cho sc khe con ngi v cc loi ng vt nn cc nghin cu v dioxin trn
i tng l mu sinh phm ngi c thc hin t nhng nm 1970, vi phm vi nghin cu tri di trn
c 3 min Bc, Trung, Nam. Hai ngun pht thi chnh cc dioxin ra mi trng hin nay ti nc ta l cc im
nng nhim dioxin t chin tranh v cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng hnh thnh dioxin. Hm lng
70 |
dioxin trong cc i tng mi trng ti khu vc im nng v cht da cam/dioxin cng nh trong cc i
tng cng nghip c cng b trong cc bo co ca Vn phng Ban ch o 33, B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng, B Quc phng. Trong bo co ny chng ti ch trng trnh by, bn lun v nh gi mc nhim
dioxin trong cc i tng mi trng khng lin quan trc tip n hai ngun pht thi ni trn. Mt trong
nhng kh khn c bn nh gi tnh trng nhim dioxin trong mi trng ti Vit Nam hin nay l c s
d liu v s tn ti, phn b v mc hm lng dioxin trong cc i tng mi trng cn rt hn ch.
S liu v s phn b, hm lng, c trng ng loi ca PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong hai i tng l t v
trm tch chng ti s dng trong bo co ny l nhng kt qu nghin cu c thc hin bi cc nh khoa
hc ca Vit Nam v Nht Bn trong vng 10 nm tr li y. Phn ln cc nghin cu ny thc hin trn i
tng mi trng ti min Nam nc ta v y l khu vc chu nh hng nng n ca cht c ha hc, ng
thi y cng l trung tm kinh t ln nht ca c nc vi nhiu khu cng nghip, khu ch xut vi cc hot
ng c tim nng hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin. c bit, chng ti c s dng cc kt qu phn tch hm
lng PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong cc i tng mu khng kh, t, trm tch v tro do Trung tm Nhit i Vit
Nga, B Quc phng thc hin trong nm 2013 vi a im kho st l cc tnh min Bc. y l b s liu c
ngha quan trng trong vic nh gi tnh trng nhim mi trng bi cc DRCs ti Vit Nam vi ngun pht
thi khng lin quan n cht c ha hc trong chin tranh.
tng tnh khch quan ca cc bn lun, nh gi, chng ti tham kho ti liu ca nhiu nhm nghin
cu trong v ngoi nc trong vng 3 thp k qua, cc nghin cu ny c thc hin ti Vit Nam v c cc
nc khc trong khu vc v trn th gii. Cc s liu chng ti s dng c tnh cp nht cao, phn no c th
a ra c nhng nt phc ha u tin v bc tranh nhim dioxin ti nc ta. Tuy nhin, c c cc
nh gi ton din v su sc hn v mc nhim dioxin trong mi trng ti Vit Nam, vic thc hin thm
cc nghin cu vi s m rng c v i tng (nh mu nc, mu khng kh), s lng mu, phm vi nghin
cu l rt cn thit.
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72 |
Phn 5
TNH TRNG NHIM DIOXIN TRONG

MI TRNG TI VIT NAM
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5.1. Hm lng dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin trong cc i tng mi trng ti

Vit Nam
5.1.1. Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam
Dioxin hin din trong nc c th thng qua 3 con ng l ngun thi trc tip vo nc, s lng ng v
ri xung ca cc ht l lng trong khng kh c tch t dioxin v s ra tri dioxin t vng t nhim ra ngun
nc theo nc ma hoc nc ti tiu. Dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin u c tnh k nc cao, tan
trong nc rt thp nn xu hng ca chng l lng ng v tch t lu di trong mi trng trm tch. Nu mi
trng nc l dng chy th dioxin c th theo dng chy ny tri v cc vng thp trng, cc vng h lu, ca
sng v cui cng i ra bin, lng ng xung lp trm tch bin.
Hm lng dioxin trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc Vit Nam c chng ti tham kho trong 2 nghin
cu c thc hin bi nhm tc gi Shiozaki v cs. (2009) v nhm tc gi Kishida v cs. (2010). Mu trm tch
c ly trong khong thi gian t nm 2003 n 2005, trn phm vi nghin cu kh rng t min Bc, min
Trung n vng bin ng Nam B, i tng nghin cu bao gm cc loi trm tch sng, bin, rng ngp
mn, m ph v y h.
Nhm tc gi Shiozaki v cs. (2009) tin hnh ly mu v nh gi hm lng 7 ch tiu PCDDs, 10 ch tiu
PCDFs v 12 ch tiu dl-PCBs trong 12 mu trm tch mt dc theo dng chy ca sng Si Gn, ca sng M
Kng v trm tch bin ly ti vng bin gn thnh ph Vng Tu; thi gian ly mu trong 2 nm 2004 v 2005.
Nhm tc gi Kishida v cs. (2010) tin hnh ly mu v nh gi hm lng cc ch tiu PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs
trong 10 mu trm tch ti khu vc rng ngp mn thuc huyn Cn Gi, thnh ph H Ch Minh; 3 mu ly ti
cc m ph ti Hu (vng nng thn) v 2 mu ly ti cc h H Ni ( th); thi gian ly mu trong 2 nm
2003 v 2004.
Hm lng cc ch tiu PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong cc mu trm tch (gi tr trung bnh v khong) ca 2
nghin cu trn c a ra trong Bng 23.
Bng 23. Hm lng DRCs trong mt s loi trm tch (pg/g trng lng kh)
ti Vit Nam [Shiozaki v cs., 2009; Kishida v cs., 2010]
TT
a im
(s lng mu n)
Hm lng DRCs (pg/g t.l. kh)
Sng Si Gn
(n=5)
PCDD/Fs: 1560 (890 2400)

dl-PCBs: 2500 (110 8400)
Sng M Kng
(n=2)
PCDD/Fs: 370 (220 510)

dl-PCBs: 350 (300 400)
Bin Vng Tu
(n=5)
PCDD/Fs: 590 (340 970)

dl-PCBs: 1020 (25 4700)
Cn Gi
(n=10)
PCDDs: 350 160; PCDFs: 36 42

WHO-TEQs: 2,7 1,7
Hu
(n=3)
PCDDs: 980 1100; PCDFs: 26 11

WHO-TEQs: 2,9 2,4
H Ni
(n=2)
PCDDs: 390 14; PCDFs: 140 71

WHO-TEQs: 9,6 0,35
74 |
TLTK
Shiozaki v cs., 2009
Kishida v cs., 2010
Trong nghin cu ca Shiozaki v cs. (2009), hm lng ca dioxin, furan v dl-PCBs cng nh t l furan trong
TEQ trong trm tch ti ni a cao hn cc mu ngoi khi. T l cao ca cc furan trong ni a c th l do cc
ngun pht thi PCDD/Fs t hot ng thiu t. Trong khi , cc mu c hm lng dl-PCBs cao t bin
c ly ti cc v tr khc nhau c trong ni a ln ngoi khi, iu ny ch ra rng cc im nhim nng PCBs
nm tng i tn mn. Cc hot ng s dng PCBs k thut c th b coi l ngun pht thi dl-PCBs ph thuc
vo thnh phn ng loi ca cc hn hp PCBs k thut.
Dioxin v furan c pht hin trong tt c cc mu trm tch mt. Hm lng tng PCDD/Fs nm trong
khong 250 n 1800 pg/g trng lng kh, hm lng trung bnh 650 pg/g; hm lng trung bnh trong trm
tch sng v trm tch bin tng ng l 1560 pg/g v 520 pg/g. c trng ng loi ca PCDD/Fs trong mu
trm tch sng v bin tng t nhau vi ng loi chnh l OCDD; t l OCDD trong hm lng tng t 53 n
65% trong ni a v 59 n 81% ngoi khi; y l c trng ng loi ca cc khu vc khng b nhim nng
i vi PCDD/Fs.
Hm lng tng cc dl-PCBs nm trong khong 18 n 8400 pg/g trng lng kh. Hm lng dl-PCBs trung
bnh trong mu trm tch sng l 2500 pg/g v trm tch bin l 830 pg/g. Tng t nh cc PCDD/Fs, hm lng
dl-PCBs trong ni a cao hn so vi khu vc ngoi khi. Ti cc v tr ly mu khc nhau th c trng ng loi
PCBs l kh tng t, ng loi chnh l PCB 118, tip l PCB 105 v PCB 156; y cng l cc ng loi ph
bin c mt trong cc hn hp PCBs k thut.
Gi tr c tng ng trong cc mu trm tch nm trong khong 0,73 n 16 (trung bnh 3,9) pg TEQ/g
trng lng kh (tnh theo I-TEF) hoc 0,73 n 17 (trung bnh 4,1) pg TEQ/g trng lng kh (tnh theo WHOTEF). Gi tr TEQ ny tng ng vi kt qu nghin cu trn mu trm tch ly ti min Bc Vit Nam (H Ni)
v thp hn so vi mt s nc cng nghip pht trin khc.
Trong nghin cu ca Kishida v cs. (2010), Cn Gi c la chn kho st v c cc rng ngp mn
b phun ri cht da cam trong chin tranh Vit Nam, cc mu trm tch ly ti Cn Gi l i tng chnh trong
nghin cu ny (s mu n = 10); mt s lng mu t hn c ly ti Hu v H Ni c th coi l cc khu vc
so snh.
c tng ng trong trm tch ti Cn Gi c gi tr 2,7 1,7 ng/kg trng lng kh, tng ng vi
cc mu ti vng nng thn Hu (WHO-TEQ = 2,9 2,4 ng/kg trng lng kh) v thp hn so vi mu ly
ti H Ni (WHO-TEQ = 9,6 0,35 ng/kg trng lng kh). So snh gia hm lng dioxin trong trm tch ti 2
khu vc chu v khng chu nh hng ca cht c ha hc l Cn Gi v H Ni cho thy s suy gim mc
nhim dioxin trong mi trng bi hot ng phun ri cht khai quang. Nguyn nhn ca s suy gim ny l
cc qu trnh phn hy v chuyn ha ca dioxin di cc tc ng ca nh sng, nhit , tc nhn ha hc v
sinh hc trong mt thi gian di. Ngc li, s hnh thnh dioxin t cc hot ng cng nghip li c xu hng
gia tng v tr thnh ngun pht thi dioxin ng lo ngi v cn kim sot cht ch hin nay.
Cc nhm ng phn dioxin chnh trong mu ti Cn Gi, Hu v H Ni l OCDD, HpCDDs v HxCDDs, trong
OCDD chim t l cao nht trong hm lng tng, t l ca HpCDDs v HxCDDs tng ng nhau; ng loi
c nht 2,3,7,8-TCDD chim t l rt nh. OCDD tn ti vi t l cao trong trm tch c th do 2 nguyn nhn,
mt l do cc ngun t nhin v nguyn nhn quan trng hn l s hnh thnh t pentaclophenol (PCP). PCP
l mt cht kch thch tng trng cho la v trng rng, tuy nhin ti Vit Nam cht ny khng c s dng
rng ri cho trng trt m c dng ch yu x l g. Hm lng tng furan nh hn ng k so vi dioxin;
cc nhm ng phn chnh trong mu ti Cn Gi l PeCDDs, HpCDDs v OCDD; ti Hu l TeCDDs, PeCDDs,
HxCDDs; ti H Ni l TeCDDs, PeCDDs, nh vy khng c qui lut chung chi phi c trng ng loi ca furan
trong trm tch r rng nh i vi dioxin.
Hm lng tng dl-PCBs trong trm tch ti Cn Gi v Hu tng ng nhau v thp hn ti H Ni. Nng
dl-PCBs trung bnh ti H Ni cao hn so vi ti Cn Gi xp x 40 ln. T l ca cc dl-PCBs trn tng PCBs
trong cc sn phm PCBs thng mi thng chim khong 1% trong khi ngun pht thi t cc hot ng
thiu t li cho t l ny xp x 50%. Ngun pht thi dl-PCBs c c on da trn t l ca tng hm lng
cc ng loi PCB 126, PCB 169 i vi tng hm lng cc ng loi PCB 77, PCB 126, PCB 169. T l (PCB 126 +
PCB 169) / (PCB 77 + PCB 126 + PCB 169) ti Cn Gi nm trong khong 13 n 50%, trung bnh l 19 15%; t l
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ny cho thy ngun pht thi dl-PCBs vo trm tch ti Cn Gi va do hot ng s dng PCBs thng mi, va
do hot ng thiu t. T l (PCB 126 + PCB 169) / (PCB 77 + PCB 126 + PCB 169) trung bnh ti Hu v H Ni
ln lt l 3 3% v 8 0%; t l ny cho thy ngun pht thi dl-PCBs ti 2 khu vc ny ch yu l do s dng
PCBs thng mi. Hm lng dl-PCBs ti H Ni cao hn ng k so vi Hu c th gii thch l do PCBs thng
mi cng nh cc sn phm in t nhp khu cha PCBs c s dng nhiu hn ti cc th ln nh H Ni
hoc TP. H Ch Minh. Cc ng loi PCBs chnh c pht hin trong trm tch l PCB 118, PCB 105 v PCB 156.
Trong 2 nm 2013 2014, Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga tin hnh kho st, ly mu v phn tch hm
lng 29 ch tiu PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu trm tch (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a ra trong Bng 24.
Bng 24. Hm lng DRCs trong trm tch (pg/g trng lng kh) ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha
TT
a im
(s lng mu n)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/g)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
Mt s c im v khu vc ly mu
- 02 mu ly ti x Ct Qu, Hoi c: lng

ngh c hot ng s dng ni hi v l t.
1
H Ni
(n=6)
4,28
(0,92 6,70)
- 02 mu ly ti sng Nhu v th trn Kim Bi,

Thanh Oai: hot ng chnh l sn xut nng
nghip.
- 02 mu ly ti sng T Lch v phng Nam
ng, ng a: trung tm H Ni.
Thi Nguyn
(n=5)
Thanh Ha
(n=3)
1,69
(0,81 2,80)
- 02 mu ly ti cng thi sau khi x l thi

ra mi trng ca 1 nh my luyn kim.
- 01 mu l b trm tch sau khi x l nc thi
ca 1 nh my luyn km.
- 01 mu ly ti nh my gch.
- 01 mu ly ti cng ty luyn st v hp kim.
0,68
(0,43 0,86)
- 01 mu ly gn khu vc c l t rc ti Nga
Vn, Nga Sn.
- 02 mu ly ti Nga Bch, Nga Sn: hot
ng chnh l ng nghip.
Ti H Ni, mu trm tch c ly i din cho 3 khu vc vi cc hot ng sn xut khc nhau. Trong ,
mu c hm lng TEQ cao nht c ly ti sng T Lch, con sng nhim chy qua trung tm H Ni (6,70
pg/g); mu trm tch ly ti ao rau mung thuc a phn x Ct Qu, Hoi c c hm lng TEQ cao th 2
(6,64 pg/g), a im ly mu ny gn mt c s sn xut ko mch nha. Cc mu c hm lng TEQ thp nht
c ly ti mng La Kh, Kim Bi, Thanh Oai (0,92 pg/g) v mu ly ti h c Di, Nam ng, ng a (1,29
pg/g), h ny c no vt sch 2 nm trc thi im ly mu. T l TCDD/TEQ trong hu ht cc mu u
thp t 8,6 n 21,2%; duy ch c mu ly trn mng gom nc thi x Ct Qu, ra sng y c t l ny ln
n 67,9%. T l cc dl-PCBs/TEQ cng rt thp, tr mu ly ti sng Nhu c t l ny ln n 39,6%. ng loi
PCDD/Fs ph bin nht pht hin c l OCDD v 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs ph bin nht l
PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 126, PCB 77; t l cao ca PCB 118, PCB 105 c lin quan n vic s dng v thi b cc
76 |
sn phm cha hn hp PCBs thng mi.

Ti Thi Nguyn, 4/5 mu trm tch c ly ti khu vc cc nh my luyn kim, y l hot ng cng nghip
in hnh ti Thi Nguyn v cng c cho l hot ng c kh nng hnh thnh v pht sinh DRCs vo mi
trng do s dng nhit cao, s t chy nhin liu v vai tr xc tc ca kim loi trong phn ng hnh thnh
dioxin. Cc mu c ly ti khu sau x l nc thi v trc khi thi ra mi trng nn c hm lng TEQ tng
i thp, t 1,34 n 2,801 pg/g; trong mu ly ti nh my luyn km (hm lng TEQ thp nht 1,34 pg/g)
s c s dng lm nguyn liu ng gch. T l TCDD/TEQ nm trong khong 8,7 n 37,6%; t l dl-PCBs/
TEQ nhn chung u rt thp. ng loi PCDD/Fs ch yu trong cc mu l OCDD v OCDF, trong cc dioxin
chim t l cao hn so vi cc furan. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs chnh pht hin c PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 156.
Mt nh my gch ti Thi Nguyn cng c ly mu trm tch, hm lng TEQ xc nh c l 0,81 pg/g,
thp hn so vi cc mu trm tch ly ti cc nh my luyn kim. Trong mu ny, t l TCDD/TEQ l 24,1%; ng
loi dioxin chnh l OCDD vi hm lng 1110 pg/g v gn nh khng pht hin c cc ng loi furan. Cc
dl-PCBs pht hin c ch yu l PCB 118, PCB 105.
Ti Thanh Ha, hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong cc mu (0,68 pg/g) nhn chung thp hn so vi cc mu ly
ti Thi Nguyn v H Ni. Trong mu c cho l gn ngun pht thi dioxin nht c ly ti g t gia
ao gn l t rc thi sinh hot x Nga Vn, Nga Sn li c hm lng TEQ thp nht (0,43 pg/g). Trong mu ny,
t l TCDD/TEQ khng cao (22,9%), ng loi ch yu l OCDD (43,9 pg/g) v khng pht hin c cc Penta
v HexaCDD, cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB 118 v PCB 105. Cc mu trm tch cn li c ly ti khu vc Nga Bch,
Nga Sn vi hot ng ch yu l ng nghip c hm lng TEQ tng i thp (0,76 v 0,86 pg/g); t l TCDD/
TEQ l 17,7 v 31,4%; cc ng loi dioxin chnh l OCDD; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD v hu ht cc ng loi furan
u di gii hn pht hin; cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 156; khng pht hin c cc PCB 77,
PCB 81, PCB 123.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu trm tch thu thp ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha so snh vi ngng
dioxin trong trm tch ti cc im b nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN 8183:2009 c th hin trn Hnh 10.
Hnh 10. Hm lng TEQ trong mu trm tch ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha
Nh vy nu so snh vi ngng hm lng TEQ cho trm tch b nhim nng dioxin l 150 pg/g th khng
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c mu trm tch no ca t kho st ny c hm lng vt ngng; mu nhim dioxin nng nht (6,70
pg/g; c ly ti sng T Lch) cng c hm lng TEQ thp hn so vi ngng hn 20 ln. Tuy nhin, hng
n vic xy dng mt gi tr ngng dioxin cho trm tch ti cc khu vc khng b nhim nng th cc s liu
trnh by trn l mt c s d liu rt c gi tr.
5.1.2. Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng t ti Vit Nam
5.1.2.1. S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cht c ha hc
Trong nhng nm 1961 n 1971, qun i Hoa K tin hnh 19905 v phun ri cht c ha hc, phun
ri gn 80 triu lt cht dit c, m ch yu l cht da cam/ dioxin, gy nh hng n gn 20600 thn bn, lng
mc, trn din tch 2,63 triu hecta min Nam Vit Nam. Trong c n 86% din tch b phun ri trn 2 ln v
11% din tch b phun ri trn 10 ln. Cc khu vc chu nh hng trc tip ca cht c ha hc l Bc Trung
B, duyn hi Trung B, Ty Nguyn, ng Nam B v Ty Nam B; trong min ng Nam B l vng chu
nh hng nng n nht chim 56% din tch t nhin b phun ri cht c ha hc. Nhng ni b phun ri cht
da cam nhiu nht l ng mn H Ch Minh, on i qua cc huyn Hng Ha (tnh Qung Tr), A Li (tnh
Tha Thin - Hu), Sa Thy v k Glei (tnh Kon Tum); v khu vc min ng Nam B c chin khu C, Bi Li
(tnh Ty Ninh); chin khu , Tam Gic St (tnh Bnh Dng); Cn Gi (thnh ph H Ch Minh).
Cc dioxin trong cht dit c sau khi pht tn vo mi trng khng kh nu ri xung t s b hp ph
ln b mt cc ht t, ct v kh ngm su vo lng t. Dioxin thng ch c pht hin trong lp t dy
t 0 10 cm, lp t t 10 30 cm th kh nng tm thy dioxin l rt kh v nu c pht hin c th nng
cng rt thp. Tuy nhin cc khu vc t ti xp, d ngm nc th dioxin c th di chuyn xung cc lp t
su hn. t c thnh phn c gii nng (nhiu st) c kh nng hp ph dioxin cao hn. Thi gian bn hy ca
dioxin trong t nu di tc ng phn hy ca nh sng l 1 nm. Trong cng iu kin b phun ri cht c
ha hc, theo thi gian th hm lng dioxin trong t rng gim chm hn ng k so vi t nng nghip
thng xuyn b tc ng bi hot ng canh tc v s tip xc thng xuyn vi nh sng mt tri.
S nhim dioxin trong t rng ti Vit Nam lin quan ch yu n cc hot ng phun ri cht c ha hc
trong chin tranh. Sau khi phun cc cht khai quang lm tri l, qun i M cn tip tc ri bom napalm t
chy cy ci b kh ho, nhit cao ca qu trnh ny l nguyn nhn dn n s hnh thnh dioxin th cp.
Dioxin trong t rng b phn hy chm do iu kin tip xc vi nh sng khng nhiu bi sau nhiu nm cy
ci c trng li lm tng che ph, c nghin cu cho thy trong t rng ti cng khu vc vi 2 ln ly
mu cch nhau n 9 nm m hm lng 2,3,7,8-TCDD thay i khng ng k.
Mc nhim dioxin trong t rng Vit Nam c nh gi thng qua cc nghin cu c tin hnh ti
khu vc b phun ri cht c ha hc in hnh min Trung l huyn A Li, Tha Thin Hu t nhng nm
1996 n 1999. Mc nhim dioxin trong t ti A Li trong nhng nm 1990, tc l khong 2 thp k sau
khi cuc chin tranh ha hc kt thc, vn cn tng i nghim trng. Cc im nhim nng nht l Sn
Thy, A So, T Bt, Ph Vinh nm trong thung lng A Li, y l cc x tng c sn bay qun s ca M hoc
c cc khu vc b phun ri cht c da cam. T l rt cao ca cc PCDDs trn tng PCDD/Fs, cng nh t l 2,3,7,8TCDD ng gp vo TEQ trn 80 n 99% ch ra ngun pht thi cc dioxin vo mi trng ti khu vc ny
l do hot ng phun ri cht khai quang.
T nm 1995 n nm 2000, mt s trung tm nghin cu ca Vit Nam nh Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga,
y ban 10-80, Phng th nghim VH1 i hc Quc gia H Ni, vi s hp tc ca Cng ty T vn Hatfield,
Canaa v Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Nga phn tch 255 mu t cc tnh ng Nai, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh,
Tha Thin Hu. y l cc tnh chu nhiu nh hng ca hot ng phun ri cht c ha hc trong chin
tranh. Cc nghin cu pht hin dioxin vi nng trung bnh l 17,16 ppt su tng t t 10 30 cm,
cn trong bn lng cc sng ng Nai (Bin Ha), sng Ci (Nha Trang), vnh Nha Trang, h Bin Hng (Bin
Ha), h G Vp (TP. H Ch Minh) c hm lng dioxin trung bnh l 10 ppt.
78 |
Theo kt qu kho st ca Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga 8 a im ca nhng vng b nhim c trong
chin tranh cc tnh ng Nai, Nng, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh cho thy dioxin c th di chuyn theo su
n 2,5 m ty thuc tnh cht ca t. Mt kho st ti x Bnh M, huyn Tn Uyn, tnh Bnh Dng nm 1998
trn cc lp t vi su 30, 60, 90, 120 v 150 cm cho thy khng c qui lut no gia hm lng dioxin vi
su ca lp t, nhng mt pht hin quan trng khc ca nghin cu ny l n su 150 cm cn pht
hin thy 2,3,7,8-TCDD vi hm lng 8,4 ppt.
Mt kho st khc ti x Tn Bnh, huyn Tn Bin, tnh Ty Ninh nm 1998 cng khng tm ra c qui lut
phn b dioxin theo chiu su nhng pht hin c su 2,5 m hm lng TEQ ln n 30,86 ppt; hm
lng 2,3,7,8-TCDD l 29,4 ppt; trong khi lp t gn b mt khong 30 cm ch pht hin TEQ mc 9,35 ppt.
Cc kho st trn y cho thy dioxin c kh nng di chuyn theo chiu su khng phi ch n 20 30 cm m
cn c th n hng mt, iu ny ph thuc vo cht lng ca t, c bit l hm lng mn v st trong
t, hm lng mn v st thp trong t s lm tng kh nng thm su ca dioxin xung tng t su. Vn
cn quan tm y l thi gian bn hy ca dioxin chu nh hng su sc ca chiu su ca lp t, vi lp t
b mt (0,1 cm) th thi gian bn hy ca TCDD l 1 n 3 nm; lp t 0,1 n 20 cm l 9 n 15 nm v lp t
su hn 20 cm th thi gian bn hy l 25 n 100 nm; dioxin di chuyn cng su vo cc tng t th thi gian
tn ti trong mi trng cng lu di, ko theo l nhng mi e da cho h sinh thi v sc khe con ngi.
5.1.2.2. S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cc hot ng khc
Tnh trng nhim mi trng bi cc hp cht DRCs ang c xu hng gia tng v tr thnh mi e da i
vi sc khe con ngi v cc loi ng vt. Cc hp cht ny c hnh thnh mt cch khng ch nh trong
cc qu trnh thiu t hoc l tp cht trong cc ha cht clo hu c c s dng vi lng ln nh thuc
dit c hay ha cht x l g. Ti Vit Nam, ngun pht thi ng lo ngi nht cho n nay vn l lng tn d
ca cht c da cam/dioxin m qun i M s dng phun ri trn mt din tch rng ln min Trung v
min Nam nc ta nhm mc ch pht quang rng rm. Gn 4 thp k qua, ti cc khu vc b phun ri cht
c ha hc, cc dioxin, furan gn nh b phn hy di tc ng ca nh sng, iu kin canh tc n cc
ngng nng nn; tuy nhin ti cc im nng nh sn bay Nng, Bin Ha, Ph Ct tng l kho cha,
ni np cht dit c v ra my bay th hm lng dioxin trong mi trng vn mc cao.
Ngoi ngun pht thi dioxin t cht dit c th s t chy v cc hot ng s dng nhit cao vn c
bit l qu trnh chnh dn n s pht thi PCDD/Fs vo mi trng. Mi trng t xung quanh cc nh my,
x nghip, c s sn xut c s dng nhit cao nh thiu t rc thi th, rc thi y t, luyn kim, nng
lng, cng phi i mt vi nguy c nhim dioxin. Hot ng thiu t sinh khi nh g, rm r cng c kh
nng pht thi dioxin mc nng thp, nhng vi lng sinh khi ln, tin hnh thiu t mt cch ty tin
v nhit v iu kin tip xc vi oxi khng c kim sot th khng th khng quan tm n lng dioxin
pht thi ra mi trng. Ti cc bi chn lp rc thi l thin mt s quc gia ang pht trin, trong c Vit
Nam, mt lng ln cht thi rn th c tp trung cng vi s chy m v khng kim sot l nhng iu
kin thun li hnh thnh dioxin, furan.
Nhm tc gi Nguyn Hng Minh v cs. (2003) trong cc nm 2000 n 2001 tin hnh kho st, ly mu
t ti 2 khu vc tp trung rc thi H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh. a im ly mu ti H Ni l bi rc x Ty M,
T Lim, thi gian hot ng t nm 1997 n 1999, din tch 50000 m2 cng sut 1360 tn/ngy v s chy
khng c kim sot. a im ly mu ti TP. H Ch Minh l x ng Thnh, huyn Hc Mn, bi rc ny hot
ng t nm 1990 n thi im ly mu nm 2001, din tch 300000 m2, cng sut 4000 tn/ngy, rc thi
y c x l bng cch t nhit thp. Mu t c ly su 0 n 10 cm ti 5 im trn din tch
25 m2. Mu i chng c ly ti khu vc th hoc nng thn cch khu vc tp trung rc thi t nht 30 km.
Hm lng TEQPCDD/Fs v TEQdl-PCBs trong mu t ti Ty M c gi tr trung bnh 95 (0,4 850 pg/g) v 7,30
(0,22 59pg/g); cao hn ng k so vi cc hm lng ny trong mu ly ti khu vc so snh (1 pg/g TEQPCDD/
v 0,097 TEQdl-PCBs). Trong khi , hm lng tng PCDD/Fs trong t ti ng Thnh ch cao tng ng vi
Fs
khu vc so snh H Ni (trung bnh 370 pg/g). Hm lng TEQPCDD/Fs v TEQdl-PCBs ti khu vc tp trung rc thi
v khu vc so snh ti TP. H Ch Minh khng c s chnh lch r rt nh ti H Ni, mc d c v thi gian hot
ng, din tch v cng sut ca bi rc thi ng Thnh u ln hn ti Ty M.
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Trong mu t c hm lng PCDD/Fs cao nht ti H Ni, t l ca nhm dioxin v nhm furan tng ng
nhau, trong mi nhm ny cc hp cht c 4 nguyn t clo trong phn t chim t l cao nht. Trong khi , cc
mu cn li H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh u ch ra ng loi ch yu l OCDD, chim n trn 60 n 80% so
vi tng PCDD/Fs; y cng l c trng ng loi kh ph bin cho cc mu mi trng khng lin quan n
ngun pht thi dioxin trong cht dit c. Trong hu ht cc mu t, ng loi PCB chnh c pht hin l PCB
126, ng loi ny ng gp n trn 95% vo gi tr TEQdl-PCBs. Cc ng loi PCBs ph bin trong cc hn hp
PCBs thng mi l PCB 77, PCB 105, PCB 118 v PCB 156, cn PCB 126 c mt vi mc thp hn, iu ny
cho thy ngun pht thi cc dl-PCBs chnh l hot ng thiu t.
Trong 2 nm 2013 2014, Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga tin hnh kho st, ly mu v phn tch hm
lng 29 ch tiu PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong t ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha. Hm lng TEQ trong cc
mu trm tch (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a ra trong Bng 25.
Bng 25. Hm lng DRCs trong t (pg/g trng lng kh) ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha
TT
a im
(s lng mu n)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/g)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
H Ni
(n=7)
2,26
(0,57 7,83)
Thi Nguyn
(n=1)
0,45
Thanh Ha
(n=2)
1,97
(0,79 3,41)
- 01 mu ly ti x Ct Qu, Hoi c: lng ngh

c hot ng s dng ni hi v l t.
- 04 mu ly ti cc khu vc sn xut nng nghip:
Phc Din, T Lim v Kim Bi, Thanh Oai.
- 02 mu ly ti phng Nam ng, ng a:
trung tm H Ni.
Mu ly ti nh my gch.
Mu ly ti Nga Bch, Nga Sn: hot ng chnh l

ng nghip.
Ti H Ni, mu t c ly ti cc khu vc c v khng c hot ng thiu t, cc a im ly mu thuc

huyn Hoi c, huyn T Lim, huyn Thanh Oai v qun ng a. Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu t li c
gi tr trong khong t 0,57 n 7,83 pg/g. Mu t ly ti khu vc c l t ca c s sn xut ko mch nha c
hm lng TEQ cao nht (7,83 pg/g); cc mu cn li u c hm lng TEQ rt thp, c 1 2 pg/g. T l TCDD/
TEQ trong hu ht cc mu u thp t 8,1 n 20,5% (tr mt mu t ti phng Nam ng, ng a c t
l ny ln n 41,8%). T l cc dl-PCBs/TEQ cng thp t 1 n 10 %. ng loi PCDD/Fs ph bin nht pht
hin c trong cc mu t l OCDD v 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; cc ng loi dl-PCBs ph bin nht l PCB 118,
PCB 105, PCB 156. T kt qu phn tch trn y, c th nhn thy mc nhim dioxin trong t ti H Ni
khng c tnh c trng cao cho khu vc c v khng c hot ng thiu t, hm lng TEQ trong cc mu
nhn chung u thp. Hm lng TCDD thp trong khi hm lng cc ng loi c nhiu nguyn t clo nh
OCDD hay HpCDF cao hn cho thy ngun pht thi dioxin ch yu l do hot ng thiu t. Hm lng cao
ca cc PCB 118, PCB 105 v PCB 156 trong cc mu t chng t c lin quan gia s nhim mi trng bi
cc dl-PCBs v vic s dng v thi b cc sn phm cha hn hp PCBs thng mi.
Trong 02 mu t ly ti khu vc c hot ng chnh l ng nghip Nga Bch, Nga Sn, Thanh Ha, hm
lng TEQ c s khc bit kh r, mu nhim hn c hm lng TEQ cao gp hn 4 ln so vi mu cn li
80 |
(3,42 v 0,79 pg/g), tuy nhin vi s lng mu cn hn ch nn cha th a ra kt lun v ngun nhim. Cc
ng loi dioxin chnh l OCDD v 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; trong mu c hm lng TEQ cao pht hin c tt
c cc furan trong khi mu cn li khng pht hin c cc Penta v HexaCDF; cc ng loi dl-PCBs ch yu
l PCB 118, PCB 105 v PCB 156. T l TCDD/TEQ trong 2 mu u thp (cng bng 15,3%) cho thy mi trng
ti khu vc ny khng b nhim dioxin t ngun gc cht c ha hc; t l dl-PCBs/TEQ trong 2 mu ny rt
thp, ch c 3%.
Ti Thi Nguyn, mu t c ly ti khu vc gn nh my gch c hm lng TEQ thp nht so vi cc mu
khc ti H Ni v Thanh Ha (0,45 pg/g). Trong mu ny ch pht hin c mt s cc ng loi dioxin nh
TCDD (0,21 pg/g); 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (0,99 pg/g) v OCDD (114,7 pg/g); v ng loi furan duy nht TCDF (0,29
pg/g); cc dl-PCBs pht hin c gm PCB 7 PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 167 v PCB 156, ng loi c hm lng
cao nht l PCB 118 (14,5 pg/g). T l TCDD/TEQ trong mu ny c gi tr cao (38,0%), cao hn so vi 02 mu ly
ti Thanh Ha v hu ht cc mu ti H Ni; trong khi t l dl-PCBs/TEQ li tng i thp (6,1%).
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu trm tch thu thp ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Thi Nguyn so snh vi ngng
dioxin trong t ti cc im b nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN 8183:2009 c th hin trn Hnh 11.
Hnh 11. Hm lng TEQ trong mu t ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Thi Nguyn

Tt c cc mu t c thu thp v phn tch trong t kho st ny u c hm lng TEQ khng vt
qu 10 pg/g, c ngha l thp hn so vi ngng dioxin trong t b nhim nng khong 100 ln. Theo QCVN
45:2012/BTNMT v gii hn cho php ca dioxin trong mt s loi t th cng khng c mu no c hm lng
TEQ vt ngng; theo qui chun ny, ngng dioxin trong t trng cy hng nm c qui nh kht khe
nht l 40 pg/g, cc loi t khc nh t rng, t trng cy hng nm, t nng thn, t thnh th, t vui
chi gii tr, t thng mi v t cng nghip c gi tr ngng TEQ t 100 n 1200 pg/g.
5.1.3. Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam
Mi trng nc khng phi l mi trng tch ly ng k cc DRCs v cc hp cht ny c phn cc km
nn tan ca chng trong nc rt thp. Cc nghin cu c cng b cng nh c s d liu v hm
lng v s phn b cc DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam cn rt hn ch. c th phn tch c
DRCs vi hm lng siu vt trong nc cn c cc k thut tch chit, lm giu mu v s dng thit b c gii
hn pht hin thp, ch mt s t cc phng th nghim nc ta c th p ng c cc yu cu ny. Hn na
trong nc cc DRCs d dng lin kt vi cc ht l lng hoc tch t trong lp trm tch v cn lng nn kt qu
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phn tch cn ph thuc vo phng php ly mu v lng cn lng.

Nm 2013, Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga tin hnh kho st, ly mu v phn tch hm lng 29 ch tiu
PCDD/Fs v dl-PCBs trong nc ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Nam nh. i tng phn tch bao gm nc mt
(nc sng, nc mng, nc ca bin), nc sinh hot ly ti cc h gia nh, nc dng cho nui thy sn
Thanh Ha v nc ti b cha sau x l ca mt bnh vin Nam nh. Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc
mi trng (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a ra trong Bng 26.
Bng 26. Hm lng DRCs trong nc (pg/L) ti H Ni, Nam nh v Thanh Ha
TT
a im
(s lng mu n)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/L)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
H Ni
(n=9)
0,79
(0,48 1,44)
Nam nh
(n=2)
0,60
(0,58 0,63)
- 05 mu nc sinh hot ly ti cc h gia nh

Ty M, T Lim; Kim Bi, Thanh Oai v Nam
ng, ng a.
- 04 mu nc mt ly ti sng Nhu, mng
La Kh (T Lim); sng T Lch (Thanh Xun) v
h X n (ng a).
Mu nc ly ti b cha nc sau x l ti mt
bnh vin Nam nh.
- 01 mu ly ti Lch Xung, ca bin Nga Bch,
Nga Sn.
Thanh Ha
(n=3)
0,77
(0,42 1,25)
- 01 mu ly ti m nui tm, Nga Bch, Nga

Sn.
- 01 mu nc sinh hot ly ti h gia nh
Nga Bch, Nga Sn.
Ti H Ni, hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc sinh hot c gi tr trong khong t 0,48 n 0,85 pg/L. Mu
nc sinh hot c hm lng TEQ cao nht (0,85 pg/L) c ly ti mt h gia nh ti khu vc trung tm H Ni,
thuc phng Nam ng, ng a; mu c hm lng TEQ thp nht (0,48 pg/L) ly ti h gia nh th trn
Kim Bi, Thanh Oai. Cng ti Kim Bi, mt mu nc ging khoan s dng cho sinh hot cng c thu thp
phn tch, hm lng TEQ khng cao (0,65 pg/L) cho thy khng c s nhim dioxin ng lo ngi trong nc
ngm khu vc ny. Trong cc mu nc sinh hot ti H Ni, hu ht u khng pht hin c cc ng loi
dioxin/furan (tr mt s mu c cha OCDD); cc dl-PCBs ch yu pht hin c l PCB 77, PCB 118, PCB 105.
i vi cc mu nc mt thu thp ti H Ni, hm lng TEQ nm trong khong 0,58 n 1,44 pg/L, nhn
chung cao hn so vi cc mu nc sinh hot. Mu nc mt c hm lng TEQ cao nht l nc sng T Lch,
on chy qua khu vc Ng T S, qun Thanh Xun (1,44 pg/L), con sng ny b coi l ni hng nc thi ca
thnh ph v cng l mt trong nhng im nng v nhim mi trng ca H Ni. Trong mu nc sng T
Lch pht hin c TCDD (0,81 pg/L) v OCDD (1,50 pg/L); cc dl-PCBs ch yu l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 77. T
l TCDD/TEQ tng i cao (42,4%). Trong cc mu nc mt cn li pht hin c rt t ng loi dioxin/furan
(tr mt s mu c cha OCDD) v cc dl-PCBs chnh l PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 77.
Trong 2 mu nc ly ti Nam nh, hm lng TEQ nhn chung u thp (0,58 v 0,63 pg/L). Trong 1 mu
82 |
pht hin c cc ng loi 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD; 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF; 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF v

OCDF; trong khi mu cn li pht hin c cc ng loi OCDD; 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF v OCDF. T l TCDD/TEQ
trong 2 mu ny l 23,0% v 33,8%. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs ch yu l PCB 118, PCB 105, ngoi ra cn pht hin
thy mt s ng loi khc nh PCB 114, PCB 167, PCB 156 trong 1 mu vi hm lng thp.
Ti Thanh Ha, mu nc mt c ly ti Lch Xung, ca bin Nga Bch, Nga Sn c hm lng TEQ cao
nht (1,25 pg/L). Trong mu ny pht hin c 27/29 ch tiu DRCs (ch tr 2 ng loi dl-PCBs l PCB 126 v
PCB 169); ng loi c nht TCDD c hm lng 0,67 pg/L v chim t l 50,8% so vi TEQ; ng loi dl-PCBs
chnh l PCB 118 v PCB 105. Mu nc ly ti mt m nui tm v mu nc sinh hot ti Nga Bch c hm
lng TEQ thp (0,42 v 0,64 pg/L), nhiu ch tiu dioxin/furan c pht hin nhng hm lng khng cao, cc
dl-PCBs chnh vn l PCB 118 v PCB 105.
So snh tng i hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc thu thp ti H Ni (n=9), Thanh Ha (n=3) v Nam
nh (n=2) c th hin trn Hnh 12.
Hnh 12. Hm lng TEQ trong mu nc ti H Ni, Thanh Ha v Nam nh

Hm lng TEQ trong a s cc mu nc u khng vt qu 1,0 pg/L; ch c 2 mu nc, mt ly ti sng
T Lch, H Ni v mt ly ti ca bin Nga Bch, Thanh Ha c hm lng TEQ ln lt l 1,44 v 1,25 pg/L. Nhn
chung hm lng TEQ trong cc mu nc u mc thp (trung bnh 0,76 pg/L) v khng mu c hm lng
dioxin cao bt thng. Ti Vit Nam, gi tr hng dn v ngng dioxin trong mi trng nc (bao gm c
nc thi v nc mi trng) u cha c ban hnh nn cha th a ra kt lun v mc nhim dioxin
trong nc.
5.1.4. Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam
Khng kh l i tng mi trng tc ng trc tip n con ngi v cc loi ng vt thng qua con
ng ht th, s nhim mi trng khng kh c tc ng nghim trng n sc khe con ngi nn quan
trc mi trng khng kh l cng tc cn thit v phi c tin hnh thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, trong phn tch
th mu kh l i tng kh thu thp nht, ly mu kh cn u t cc thit b chuyn dng, iu kin ly mu
phc tp v tn thi gian; vic phn tch cc mu kh cng gp nhiu kh khn nh mc hm lng qu thp v
b nh hng bi cc hp cht d bay hi khc. S liu v hm lng v s phn b ca cc ch tiu DRCs trong
mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam l rt hn ch, cc s liu c trnh by di y l kt qu ca cc nghin
| 83
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cu, kho st ca Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga trong 2 nm 2013 v 2014 ti cc tnh, thnh ph l H Ni, Thi
Nguyn, Nam nh, Hi Dng, Qung Ninh v Thanh Ha.
Ti H Ni, mu khng kh c ly ti cc a im c hot ng khc nhau, nh mu kh c ly ti rung
ang t rm, khng kh ti mt s c s sn xut nh c hot ng s dng ni hi v l t, khng kh ti
khu vc lm vic ca mt cng ty x l mi trng c l t rc thi ang hot ng, khng kh trong h gia
nh cc khu vc nh trung tm thnh ph hay vng ngoi vi hot ng chnh l sn xut nng nghip. Ti
cc tnh cn li, khng kh c ly trong khu vc cc nh my c hot ng sn xut cng nghip khc nhau
nh luyn kim, ni hi, t rc thi, nhit in, hay h gia nh ti khu vc c hot ng chnh l sn xut ng
nghip.
Hm lng TEQ trong cc mu khng kh mi trng (gi tr trung bnh v khong) c a ra trong Bng 27.
Bng 27. Hm lng DRCs trong khng kh (pg/Nm3)
ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn, Nam nh, Hi Dng, Qung Ninh v Thanh Ha
TT
a im
(s lng mu)
Hm lng TEQ (pg/Nm3)

I-TEQ
WHO-TEQ
- 01 mu kh ly ti rung ang t rm
c Giang, Hoi c.
H Ni
(n=7)
0,23
(0,07 0,37)
0,21
(0,06 0,36)
- 02 mu ly ti cc c s sn xut ko v
u Ct Qu, Hoi c.
- 01 mu ly ti cng ty x l mi trng
T Lim.
- 03 mu ly ti h gia nh Ty M, T
Lim; Kim Bi, Thanh Oai v Nam ng,
ng a.
- 02 mu ly ti nh my luyn kim.
Thi Nguyn
(n=4)
1,66
(0,21 5,56)
1,39
(0,17 4,63)
Nam nh
(n=1)
0,43
0,41
Mu ly ti sn khoa kim sot nhim

khun ca mt bnh vin.
Hi Dng
(n=1)
0,13
0,11
Mu ly ti cng ty nng lng c ni hi

ang hot ng.
Qung Ninh
(n=2)
0,052
(0,048 0,056)
0,052
(0,050 0,054)
Thanh Ha
(n=2)
0,23
(0,14 0,31)
0,20
(0,13 0,28)
- 02 mu ly ti nh my luyn km bng
phng php in phn.
Mu ly ti nh my nhin in.
- 01 mu ly ti khu vc l t rc Nga
Vn, Nga Sn.
- 01 mu ly ti h gia nh Nga Bch,
Nga Sn.
Hm lng WHO-TEQ trong 07 mu khng kh ti H Ni c gi tr nm trong khong 0,06 n 0,36 pg/Nm3.

Mu c hm lng TEQ cao nht (0,36 pg/Nm3) l loi kh openburning c ly ti rung ang t rm ti
84 |
huyn Hoi c. Mu c hm lng cao tip theo l mu c ly ti khu vc lm vic gn l t rc thi ang
hot ng vi hm lng 0,33 pg/Nm3. Cc mu cn li u c hm lng TEQ rt thp, hm lng ny trong
mu thp nht l 0,06 pg/Nm3 ti th trn Kim Bi, Thanh Oai, khu vc c hot ng chnh l sn xut nng
nghip. Trong cc mu kh c phn tch, khng c mu no c hm lng TEQ cao t bin. T l TCDD/TEQ
trong cc mu u thp t 5,8 n 24,3%; gi tr ny ph hp vi t l TCDD/TEQ ca cc i tng mi trng
khc nh t v trm tch trong cng t kho st. Khng c qui lut v phn b hm lng cc ng loi
cho tt c cc mu; trong mt s mu th OCDD l ng loi chnh pht hin c, cc ng loi PCDD/Fs cn
li c hm lng rt thp; phn b hm lng PCDD/Fs trong cc mu cn li phc tp hn, nh trong mu
kh ti c s sn xut ko mch nha Ct Qu th cc furan c nng cao hn cc dioxin, ng loi chnh l
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF v OCDD; trong mu ly ti khu vc lm vic ca cng ty mi trng T Lim v mu Kim Bi
th 2 ng loi chnh l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD v OCDD. Trong mu khng kh ly ti mt cn h tp th ti ph X
n, Nam ng, ng a pht hin c tt c cc ch tiu dioxin/furan, cc ng loi c hm lng cao nht
trong mu ny l 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF; OCDF v OCDD. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs ph bin nht trong khng kh l
PCB 118, PCB 105, PCB 77, y cng l cc ng loi thng c mt trong hn hp PCBs thng mi.
Ti cc tnh cn li trong t kho st, hm lng TEQ cao nht (4,63 pg/Nm3) c pht hin trong khng kh
ti nh my luyn km bng cng ngh in phn Thi Nguyn. Cc mu khc c hm lng TEQ thp, t 0,050
n 0,48 pg/m3; hm lng ny tng ng vi cc mu kh ti H Ni trong cng t kho st. T l TCDD/TEQ
ca hu ht cc mu u thp, nm trong khong 3,3 n 20,5%; tr 2 mu c t l TCDD/TEQ tng i cao l
mu ti khu vc c l t rc Nga Vn, Nga Sn, Thanh Ha (32,2%) v c bit l mu ti Nam nh (62,0%), t l
cao ca ng loi c nht 2,3,7,8-TCDD t ra vn cn ci tin cng ngh cng nh kim sot cht ch ngun
nguyn liu u vo cho cc c s c s dng l t. Cc ng loi PCDFs chnh pht hin c trong cc mu l
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF v 2,3,7,8-TeCDF. Cc furan nhn chung c hm lng cao hn cc dioxin. Cc ng loi dl-PCBs
ph bin nht cng l cc ng loi c s dng nhiu trong cc hn hp PCBs thng mi, l PCB 118, PCB
105, PCB 77 v PCB 156; cc ng loi PCB 126, PCB 169, PCB 189 c mt trong cc mu vi hm lng rt thp.
So snh tng i hm lng TEQ trong cc mu khng kh c thu thp ti Thi Nguyn (n=4), Nam nh
(n=1), H Ni (n=7), Thanh Ha (n=2), Hi Dng (n=1) v Qung Ninh (n=2) c th hin trn Hnh 13.
Hnh 13. Hm lng TEQ trong mu khng kh

ti Thi Nguyn, Nam nh, H Ni, Thanh Ha, Hi Dng v Qung Ninh
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Trong tng s 17 mu khng kh c thu thp v phn tch th 16 mu c hm lng TEQ thp hn 1 pg/Nm3,
ch c duy nht mt mu kh ti Thi Nguyn (ly ti khu vc ca mt nh my luyn km bng phng php
in phn) c hm lng cao bt thng (5,56 pg/Nm3). Ti cc a im khc nh H Ni, Nam nh hay Thanh
Ha th cc mu c hm lng TEQ cao hn so vi cc mu cn li thng c ly ti khu vc c cc hot ng
thiu t, nh ti Nam nh v tr ly mu l sn ca mt bnh vin gn l t rc thi y t, ti H Ni mu c
ly trn mt cnh ng ang t rm r v khu vc mt l t rc thi cng nghip hay ti Thanh Ha l khu
vc gn l t rc thi th.
5.2. nh gi mc nhim dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan trong mi trng ti Vit Nam
5.2.1. Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam
Trm tch c cho l mi trng tch ly tng i mnh cc hp cht DRCs v cc hp cht ny c tan
km trong nc nn mt khi chng b thi vo ngun nc th c xu hng tch t vo lp trm tch. Trong trm
tch, cc DRCs vn c th pht tn tr li vo mi trng qua hot ng ca cc loi sinh vt cng nh c vn
chuyn cng vi trm tch theo dng chy ca sng. Cc ch tiu DRCs c pht hin, d ch vi hm lng
nh trong trm tch bin ni ln kh nng pht tn rt cao ca cc cht POPs. DRCs tn ti trong trm tch s
nh hng trc tip n cc sinh vt tng y, qua nh hng gin tip n sc khe con ngi thng qua
chui thc n, c ngha l nu con ngi tiu th cc loi ng vt thy sinh ti cc khu vc nhim DRCs th
nguy c b phi nhim i vi cc hp cht ny l c th xy ra.
S phn b hm lng TEQ trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam c th chia tng i thnh 3 nhm khu
vc: (1) khu vc nhim nng dioxin cn li t chin tranh, (2) khu vc nhim nng dioxin t cc hot ng
cng nghip v (3) khu vc c hm lng TEQ mc nn. Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong cc mu trm tch
i din cho cc khu vc trn so snh vi ngng 150 pg/g theo TCVN 8183:2009 c th hin trn Hnh 14.
Hnh 14. Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc Vit Nam
so snh vi ngng trm tch nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN
Hm lng TEQ trong trm tch ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha trong t kho st nm 2013 v 2014
c so snh vi hm lng TEQ trong trm tch ti Cn Gi, Hu v H Ni (Kishida v cs., 2010); trong trm tch
sng Si Gn, sng M Kng, vng bin Vng Tu (Shiozaki v cs., 2009) v mt s im nhim nng dioxin
86 |
t chin tranh, l cc mu trm tch ly ti h Sen trong sn bay Nng, khu vc pha bn ngoi sn bay
Nng v cc ao h trong khu vc Z1 thuc sn bay Bin Ha (Vn phng Ban ch o 33, Ban 10-80, Cng ty
CDM, Cng ty Hatfield). Vi ngng 150 pg/g th ch c mu trm tch trong khu vc cc sn bay qun s tng
l kho cha, np cht c ha hc v ra my bay sau khi phun ri c nh gi l trm tch b nhim nng
dioxin. Cc mu trm tch khc, k c cc mu ly bn ngoi nhng gn khu vc sn bay, cc mu ly gn khu
vc c hot ng cng nghip hay cc khu vc khng chu nh hng trc tip ca cc hot ng c kh nng
hnh thnh v pht sinh dioxin ti Vit Nam u cha b xp vo nhm trm tch b nhim nng dioxin.
c nhng nhn xt mang tnh khch quan v ton din hn, chng ti tham kho thm cc gi tr TEQ
trong mu trm tch ti nhiu khu vc khc nhau trn th gii. Hm lng TEQ trong trm tch ti mt s khu
vc c a ra trong Bng 28. Theo bng s liu ny, hm lng dioxin trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam
(tr khu vc b nhim nng dioxin ti mt s sn bay qun s) nhn chung c gi tr thp v mc nng
nn, tng ng vi mc hm lng ca mt s quc gia khc chu nh Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Hng Kng.
Bng 28. Hm lng DRCs trong trm tch ti mt s khu vc trn th gii
Hm lng WHO-TEQ (pg/g)
Khu vc
Gi tr nh nht
Trung bnh
Gi tr ln nht
Vnh Homebush
667,8
2094,9
4352,5
Cng Jackson (whole)
31,5
711,5
4352,5
Ca sng Umber, Vng quc Anh
14
ND
24
ND
ND
570
Vng Venice, Knh Brentella
427
ND
2857
St. Laurensharbour, H Lan
352
ND
1849
Phn Lan
0,7
ND
100
6234
ND
19.444
ND
150
Nam Phi
0,2
ND
22
Flordia
0,5
ND
78
Lower Great Lakes
3,3
ND
18
Cng NY
23
ND
880
Sng Passaic, Ca sng NJ-NY
310
ND
1400
Vnh Maine-Casco
Cng New Bedford, MA
1
10
ND
ND
27
761
0,3-34
ND
1200
ND
ND
2000
ND
33
Vnh Toyko
3,3
ND
52
Vng ven bin Hn quc
0,01
ND
5,5
Frierfjorden, Na Uy
Sng Elbe, c
Sng Lower Roanoke , NC

Brazil, Vnh Guanara
Cng Hong Kong
Ghi ch: ND khng pht hin c.
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5.2.2. Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng t ti Vit Nam

t khng phi l mi trng tch ly mnh i vi cc DRCs, trong t dioxin thng ch c pht hin
trong lp t dy t 0 10 cm, lp t t 10 30 cm hoc su hn th kh nng tm thy dioxin l rt kh v nu
c pht hin c th nng cng rt thp. Trong iu kin kh hu nhit i vi cng chiu sng mnh
nh Vit Nam, dioxin tn ti trong lp t mt s b phn hy di tc ng ca nh sng v cc hot ng
canh tc ca con ngi vi thi gian bn hy c tnh l 1 nm. Tuy nhin cc khu vc t ti xp, d ngm
nc th dioxin c th di chuyn xung cc lp t su hn. t c thnh phn c gii nng (nhiu st) c kh
nng hp ph dioxin cao hn. Dioxin cc tng t su hoc b hp ph mnh trong t nhiu st th tn ti
bn vng v gy ra nhng nh hng lu di i vi mi trng v h sinh thi, nh hng n sc khe ca
con ngi sng trn t v tiu th cc thc phm t t.
Tng t nh i vi mi trng trm tch, hm lng TEQ trong t ti Vit Nam c th chia thnh 3 nhm
khu vc: (1) khu vc nhim nng dioxin cn li t chin tranh, (2) khu vc nhim nng dioxin t cc hot
ng cng nghip v (3) khu vc c hm lng TEQ mc nn. Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong t ti mt s
khu vc, so snh vi ngng 1000 pg/g theo TCVN 8183:2009 c th hin trn Hnh 15.
Hnh 15. Hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong t ti mt s khu vc Vit Nam
so snh vi ngng nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN
Hm lng TEQ trong t ti H Ni, Thi Nguyn v Thanh Ha trong t kho st nm 2013 v 2014 c so
snh vi hm lng TEQ trong t ti 2 bi tp trung rc thi Ty M, H Ni v ng Thnh, TP. H Ch Minh
(Nguyen Hung Minh v cs., 2003) v mt s im nhim nng dioxin t chin tranh, l cc mu t ly ti
khu vc kho cha, ni np v ra my bay trong sn bay Nng, sn bay Ph Ct v khu vc Z1 thuc sn bay
Bin Ha (Vn phng Ban ch o 33, Trung tm Nhit i Vit Nga, Cng ty Hatfield).
i vi khu vc b nhim dioxin do cht c ha hc ti cc sn bay Nng, Ph Ct v Bin Ha, hm
lng TEQ trong mu t ly ti cc kho cha thng cao nht, tip theo l t ti ni trn v np ha cht ln
my bay, hm lng ny gim r rt trong t ti cc vng vnh ai, ln cn v pha ngoi sn bay. Cc mu t
ti sn bay Bin Ha thu thp nm 2008 cho thy mc nhim dioxin nng n, hm lng dioxin trung bnh
88 |
trong cc mu t ti khu Z1 l 115000 pgTEQ/g, cao hn so vi ngng 1000 pg/g n hn 1000 ln, ngay c
mu t ly ti vnh ai ca khu ny cng c hm lng dioxin tng ng vi ngng (1100 pgTEQ/g). t
ti khu vc kho cha ca sn bay Ph Ct, kho cha v ni trn v np ca sn bay Nng u c hm lng
dioxin trung bnh cao vt ngng.
i vi cc mu t ly khu vc khng phi l im nng v cht c ha hc, hm lng TEQ u khng
vt qu ngng 1000 pg/g. Cc mu t thu thp ti H Ni, Thanh Ha, Thi Nguyn trong cc nm 2013,
2014 v mu t ti bi tp trung rc thi ng Thnh, TP. H Ch Minh c thu thp nm 2000, 2001 u c
hm lng dioxin trung bnh rt thp, khng vt qu 3 pg TEQ/g. So snh vi qui nh v hm lng dioxin
trong t ti mt s quc gia khc nh Canada (t s dng < 4 pgTEQ/g); c (< 5 pgTEQ/g); New Zealand (t
nng nghip < 10 pgTEQ/g); Thy in (< 10 pgTEQ/g) v Nht Bn (<1000 pgTEQ/g) c th nhn xt hm lng
dioxin trong t ti cc khu vc ny ch mc nng nn, nm trong gii hn cho php v hm lng dioxin
ti a ca cc quc gia c qui nh rt kht khe nh Canada, c. Ring cc mu t ti bi rc thi Ty M, H
Ni hm lng dioxin trung bnh khong 100 pg TEQ/g, tuy cha phi l t b nhim nng dioxin theo TCVN
nhng hm lng dioxin cao bt thng cho thy nhng nguy c nhim mi trng bi dioxin hnh thnh do
s chy m v khng kim sot ti cc bi tp trung rc thi.
Khi p dng ngng 1000 pg/g theo TCVN c th phn loi t b nhim nng dioxin bi ngun gc t cht
c ha hc vi cc hot ng khc v ch c mu t khu vc cc sn bay qun s c mi c hm lng TEQ
cao n hoc vt qua ngng ny. Tuy nhin, i vi cc loi t ngoi khu vc im nng cn xy dng v
ban hnh gi tr ngng ph hp hn, da trn c s hm lng dioxin ti cc khu vc chu nh hng ca cc
hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin v hm lng dioxin nn.
5.2.3. Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam
S tn ti v mc hm lng ca dioxin trong mi trng trm tch h, sng v bin c nghin cu ti
nhiu khu vc trn th gii tm ra xu hng tch ly v lch s nhim cc hp cht ny. Trong khi , s
lng cc nghin cu c cng b v s nhim dioxin trong mi trng nc li rt hn ch do hm lng
ca cc hp cht ny trong nc rt thp, pht hin chng trong mu nc mi trng th ngoi vic ly th
tch mu ln cn cn phi s dng thit b phn tch c nhy cao. Nng dioxin trong nc l mt vn
rt ng quan tm v mt trong nhng con ng phi nhim dioxin chnh i vi con ngi l n ung thc
phm, c v cc ng vt thy sinh c kh nng tch ly sinh hc cc DRCs trong c th chng. Ngoi ra, nng
dioxin trong mi trng nc cn l d liu quan trng nghin cu s phn b v cn bng ca dioxin
gia mi trng nc v trm tch cng nh gia mi trng nc v sinh vt.
Hm lng dioxin trong mi trng nc ti cc khu vc c kho st H Ni, Thanh Ha v Nam nh
trong nm 2013 c gi tr trung bnh 0,76 pgTEQ/L v khong hm lng tng i tp trung (0,42 n 1,44
pg/L). a ra nhn xt v mc nhim dioxin trong nc ti Vit Nam, chng ti tham kho mt s
nghin cu c thc hin ti Trung Quc, i Loan v Nht Bn. Nhm tc gi Lirong Gao v cs. (2014) phn
tch 8 mu nc ti h ng nh, pha ng bc tnh H Nam, Trung Quc; thi im ly mu nm 2004; gi
tr trung bnh v khong hm lng dioxin trong nc ca h ny l 0,28 (0,17 0,37) pgTEQ/L. Nhm tc gi
Ngo Thi Thuan v cs. (2011) phn tch 21 mu nc ngm, nc mt v nc sinh hot ti i Loan; khong
hm lng 0,001 0,265 pgTEQ/L. Ti Nht Bn, hm lng dioxin trong mu nc ti mt s khu vc c gi tr
nh sau: m Kahokugata, thi im ly mu 2002 2004, s lng mu n=10, khong hm lng 0,11 1,6
pgTEQ/L; sng Unoke, thi im ly mu 2002 2004, s lng mu n=9, khong hm lng 0,20 1,6 pgTEQ/L
(Masao Kishida, 2013); sng Kanzaki, s lng mu n=12, hm lng TEQ trung bnh trong pha ht l lng cao
hn trong pha ha tan (1,6 0,51 pg/L v 0,14 0,05 pg/L, tng ng) (Hitoshi Kakimoto v cs., 2006). Nh vy
hm lng dioxin trong mu nc ti Vit Nam c gi tr tng ng vi mt s quc gia khc ti chu .
Ngng dioxin trong nc theo Tiu chun mi trng ca Nht Bn l 1,0 pg/L; nu p dng ngng ny th
c 2/14 mu nc thu thp c c hm lng dioxin cao vt ngng. Cc Bo v mi trng i Loan qui
nh hm lng cho php ca dioxin trong nc l 12 pgTEQ/L, nu s dng gii hn ny th tt c cc mu nc
trong t kho st ny u c hm lng TEQ mc an ton. xy dng ngng hm lng dioxin trong mi
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trng nc Vit Nam cn da trn cc s liu phn tch mu thc t, xc nh mc nng nn ti Vit Nam,
so snh vi mc hm lng trong i tng tng t ti cc quc gia khc v c bit l tham kho cc qui nh
ban hnh ca mt s quc gia a ra c gi tr ngng ph hp.
5.2.4. Mc nhim DRCs trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam
Dioxin, furan v cc PCBs c xp vo nhm cc cht hu c bn bay hi (SVOCs) vi h s phn b gia
octanol khng kh (Koa) nm trong khong t 7 8 (i vi nhm ng phn Mono-CDD/Fs) n khong 11
12 (i vi nhm ng phn Octa-CDD/Fs), khong gi tr Koa ny c nh hng ln n s phn b ca cc
DRCs gia pha ht v pha kh trong mi trng khng kh. Khi cc hp cht ny b pht tn vo mi trng
khng kh, phng thc tn ti ca chng kh phc tp, ty theo tnh cht ca tng ng loi chng c th tn
ti trong pha kh hoc pha ht, c th ri xung t, nc sau tch t trong trm tch hoc xm nhp trc tip
vo c th sinh vt qua con ng h hp hoc tip xc qua da. Ngoi ra, hm lng dioxin trong khng kh cn
ph thuc vo yu t ma trong nm, thng th hm lng tng cc Tetra n Octa-CDD/Fs trong khng kh
vo ma ng cao hn so vi ma h t 2 n 3 ln.
Mi trng khng kh b nhim DRCs s c nhng tc ng xu v trc tip i vi con ngi nn rt cn
thit phi c cc qui nh ph hp v mc hm lng an ton cho php ca dioxin trong khng kh xung quanh.
Tuy nhin, c s d liu v hm lng dioxin trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam cn rt hn ch v hin
chng ta cha c qui nh v mc hm lng ti a cho php ca dioxin trong mi trng khng kh. c
c s so snh, nh gi mc nhim dioxin trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam, chng ti tham kho
ngng dioxin trong khng kh ti Nht Bn l 0,6 pgTEQ/m3. Theo qui nh ny, ch c duy nht mu khng kh
ly ti ti mt nh my luyn km ti Thi Nguyn c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng. Hm lng TEQ trong
cc mu khng kh ti mt s tnh thnh khc min Bc nc ta nhn chung u thp, k c nhng mu khng
kh xung quanh ly ti cc khu vc c hot ng cng nghip nh l t rc thi, ni hi, nh my nhit in.
Theo cc nghin cu c cng b, mc hm lng TEQ tng i trong mu khng kh xung quanh c
chiu hng gim dn t khu vc th v khu cng nghip, n khu vc nng thn v thp nht ti cc vng
xa xi ho lnh. C th, khong hm lng TEQ trong khng kh ti cc th v khu cng nghip l 0,1 n
0,4 pg/m3; vng nng thn l 0,02 n 0,05 pg/m3 v vng xa xi ho lnh l di 0,01 pg/m3. Nu khng tnh
n mu khng kh c hm lng TEQ cao bt thng ti nh my luyn thp th hm lng TEQ trung bnh
trong cc mu khng kh cn li l 0,22 pg/Nm3, gi tr ny hon ton ph hp vi khong hm lng 0,1 n
0,4 pgTEQ/m3 v tng ng vi khu vc th ca cc quc gia khc trn th gii nh , B, c, Nht Bn v
Anh (R. Lohmann v K.C.Jones, 1998). Cc gi tr hm lng TEQ tham kho ny cng vi s liu phn tch thc
t c trnh by trong bo co ny s l c s xut v xy dng ngng hm lng dioxin trong mi
trng khng kh ti Vit Nam.
90 |
Phn 6
KT LUN V KIN NGH
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6.1. Dioxin t cc ngun pht thi trong cng nghip

6.1.1. Kt lun
Cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, vi nguyn liu u vo, cng ngh sn xut v cng ngh x l kh thi
khc nhau th mc hnh thnh v pht thi DRCs s khc nhau v c trng cho tng ngnh. Chng trnh
kho st v o c hm lng dioxin trong cc loi mu kh thi, nc thi v cht rn thi trong cc ngnh cng
nghip: l t rc thi, luyn kim en (sn xut thp) v mu (luyn km), l nung xi mng, ni hi, sn xut giy,
nhit in c tin hnh trong hn 2 nm (2012 - 2014) ti hn 20 c s cng nghip trn c nc. Kt qu
cho thy nh sau:
- Hot ng x l rc thi cc l t v cc c s trong lnh vc mi trng c lng dioxin/furan c hnh
thnh nhiu nht, trong nhiu mu c hm lng TEQ cao vt ngng, thm ch c mu ly ti ng khi l
t rc thi c hm lng TEQ cao hn gii hn cho php n 100 ln, c bit l cc l t cht thi nguy hi
cng nghip qui m va. Ngnh c pht thi DRCs cao th 2 l sn xut km v sn xut xi mng. Cc ngnh sn
xut nhit in, giy v luyn kim en nhn chung c hm lng TEQ trong kh thi khng cao, nu so snh vi
gi tr tham kho 0,6 ngTEQ/Nm3 ca kh thi l t th khng c mu no vt ngng.
- Hm lng TEQ trong hu ht cc mu kh thi ca l t rc thi cng nghip ti Vit Nam tng ng
hoc cao hn khng ng k so vi cc quc gia ang pht trin v cc nc cng nghip mi ti chu . Tuy
nhin mt s mu kh thi c hm lng TEQ cao bt thng (n 50 ng TEQ/Nm3) cho thy s hnh thnh v
pht thi dioxin trong cc l t ca Vit Nam l phc tp v kh kim sot, cng ngh x l kh thi l t cha
c quan tm v u t ng mc. Nu so vi hm lng TEQ trong kh thi ti quc gia chu u th mc
pht thi dioxin trong hot ng thiu t rc thi ti nc ta cao hn nhiu v a s mu phn tch u cho kt
qu cao vt ngng tiu chun ca mt s nc chu u l 0,1 ngTEQ/Nm3. y l mt thc t ng lo ngi v
lng rc thi cng nghip ngy cng gia tng cng nh s lng cc n v hot ng trong lnh vc x l rc
thi ngy cng nhiu hn. Nu nh cc qui chun v ngng pht thi dioxin khng c tun th mt cch
nghim ngt, hot ng thiu t rc thi khng c qun l mt cch thng xuyn bng cc quan trc nh
k v bn thn cc c s c l t khng m bo c cng ngh t, cng ngh x l ngun thi tin tin
kim sot v hn ch ti a s hnh thnh v pht thi dioxin th trong mt tng lai khng xa, s nhim mi
trng bi cc hp cht DRCs s c th gy ra nhng hu qu lu di i vi h sinh thi v sc khe ngi dn.
- Nc tuy khng phi l mi trng tch ly mnh i vi cc hp cht khng phn cc nh cc DRCs c
quan tm trong bo co ny nhng trong tt c cc mu nc thi c thu thp v phn tch ca cc hot ng
cng nghip khc nhau u pht hin cc DRCs vi hm lng TEQ mt s mu nc thi l kh cao. Hm
lng dioxin trong nc thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip nh nhit in, sn xut giy, luyn kim v sn xut xi
mng ti nc ta nhn chung u thp v khng c mu no vt qu ngng 10 pg/l (tiu chun ca dioxin
trong nc thi ca Nht Bn). i vi mu nc thi thuc nhm ngnh l t rc thi cng nghip v cc c
s x l nhim mi trng, hm lng TEQ cao nht trong cc ngnh c kho st, nhiu mu c hm lng
TEQ cao vt ngng 10 pg/l v c bit c mu b nhim nng (ln n trn 50000 pg/l, cao hn gii hn ti
a tham kho hn 5000 ln). S nhim nng cc hp cht DRCs trong nc thi ti mt s l t xut pht t
nguyn nhn ch yu l cc vt liu u vo ca l t c ngun gc rt phc tp, a phn l cc cht thi cng
nghip, cht thi nguy hi. Thc trng nhim dioxin trong nc thi t hot ng thiu t rc thi t ra
yu cu mi cho cc l t v vic kim sot hm lng dioxin trong nc thi, trc ht l m bo cng ngh
t hn ch s hnh thnh dioxin v sau l u t cng ngh x l nc thi bng cc phng php nh
chiu tia UV, dng vi sinh vt hay vt liu hp ph.
- Cht thi rn cng nghip l mt i tng c th v nhim DRCs trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc
nhau. Cc mu cht thi rn thng c ly phn tch l mu nguyn liu u vo, mu tro bay, mu tro x
y l,trong mu tro bay (hay cn c gi l bi trong kh thi) l mi trng tch ly mnh i vi nhiu
i tng nhim khc nhau t cc kim loi nng n hp cht hu c kh phn hy, trong c cc hp cht
nhm DRCs. Hm lng TEQ trong mu tro bay ca mt s nh my luyn kim c gi tr cao hn ng k so vi
cc c s cng nghip khc nh t rc thi v sn xut xi mng. Hot ng cng nghip c mc nhim
dioxin trong tro bay cao th 2 l thiu t rc thi v thp nht l sn xut xi mng. Cc mu cht thi rn thuc
92 |
hot ng x l rc thi v sn xut xi mng u cha vt ngng tiu chun 300 pg/g TEQ trong bn thi ca
M, ch c mt s mu tro bay ly ti ng khi ca nh my thp s dng cng ngh l EAF c hm lng TEQ
cao vt ngng ny. Hm lng TEQ trong mt s mu cht thi t hot ng luyn kim c gi tr tng ng
vi cc mu t thu thp ti cc im nng v cht da cam/dioxin ti Vit Nam c 1000 pg/g, y l mt thc t
rt ng lo ngi v mc nhim dioxin trong cht thi rn cng nghip.
6.1.2. Kin ngh:
- Chng trnh kho st mc pht thi ca dioxin trong cng nghip Vit nam do Vn phng 33, B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v UNDP tin hnh l mt trong nhng nghin cu su v rng nht t trc n nay ti
Vit nam. Kt qu ca chng trnh ny s l c s gip cho vic xy dng v sa i cc qui nh, tiu chun
quy chun lin quan n ngng pht thi dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip ti Vit nam. Kt ca ca nghin
cu cho thy cc ngnh cng nghip lin quan n qu trnh t rc thi v cc c s x l nc thi hoc cht
thi rn v luyn kim c bit l luyn kim mu, l nhng ngnh c tim nng pht thi dioxin cao v cn tip
tc c u t kho st v nghin cu.
- V mt k thut, cn tip tc kho st v mc pht thi dioxin trong cc c s x l cht thi c l t
hot ng vi tn sut quan trc nhiu hn, c bit l kt hp tin hnh cc th nghim v vic p dng cc
k thut BAT/BEP (k thut tt nht hin c v kinh nghim mi trng tt nht) i vi cc l t cht thi
tin n xy dng mt m hnh l t cht thi c hiu qu tt v kinh t v l trnh gim pht thi dioxin v
cc hp cht c hi khc.
- i vi l t cht thi, cc vn sau y cn c xem xt trin khai thc hin:
L t cht thi cng nghip v y t
- Hin c quy chun v mc hm lng pht thi dioxin trong cc l t cht thi cng nghip v y t. Hin
cc c quan chuyn ngnh v doanh nghip mi trng ang quen v p dng nn duy tr lm tiu ch o
kim v nh gi, c s mi trng cng c c s quy chun phn u. Cc quy chun trn l c th kh thi
d c th hi nng i vi c s x l mi trng v thc t c nhiu ln o kim khch quan nhiu l t cng
c bn t c gii hn cho php iu ny ph thuc mt s yu t sau:
+ Thit b t cn mi hoc va ci to hon thin
+ Vn hnh tn trng quy trnh nht l khu pha ha cht cng on x l kh
+ Duy tr tt, n nh nhit cc bung t
+ Phi trn v np cht thi ph hp chng loi, gim thiu ngun vo c nhiu cht c kh nng gy
nhim
- Nn khuyn co cc c s x l mi trng duy tr tnh trng thit b tt, xy dng quy trnh x l cho cc
nhm cht thi r rng, o to i ng chuyn nghip, dy tr p dng cc bin php k thut sn c tt nht
v kinh nghim mi trng tt nht (BAT/BEP) u n ti c s, lch trnh o kim n nh.
- i vi l t cht thi y t, hin nay vic t rc thi y t ti cc c s y t (bnh vin) hin cn rt t do l c
cng sut nh, vic t rc khng hiu qu. Nn tp trung u t pht trin m hnh x l rc theo cm: xy mi
i vi cc a phng tuyn tnh, huyn v nng cp cc c s x l rc thi hin c i vi cc thnh ph ln.
L t rc th
- Xu th hin nay qua tip xc gn y vi cc a phng v doanh nghip mi trng thy rng mong mun
c cc l t rc sinh hot th l ang ph bin cho hin ti v tng lai. Nhiu a phng v doanh nghip
mong mun c c l t c cng ngh ph hp trong x l t rc th.
V vic s dng l t rc sinh hot l cn thit tuy nhin nn phn nhm i tng cho vic ny:
- i vi th trn th t hoc th x nh v va vi lng thu gom rc ngy m t 40 100 tn nn chn tng
bc u t t 01 02 Module l c cng sut ti thiu 25 tn/ng tr ln, vic u t l nn chia ra cc giai on
ty kh nng ti chnh, trnh cng ngh ca doanh nghip, lng tng pht thi . . . .trong dy chuyn x l
nn phi hp cc phng php khc gim thiu lng rc phi a v l t.
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- i vi cc thnh ph ln lng thu gom rc ngy m t hng trm tn n hng nghn tn nn chn 01
03 Modul l c cng sut ti thiu 40 tn/ng tr ln
- V cng ngh l nn chn loi l quay c ghi (Rotary stoker) l tn si hoc l bc thang ghi ng. Khng
nht thit nhp ngoi ch cn c cng ngh, ch to lp t trong nc gi thnh thp hn nhiu vn m bo
yu cu.
- Trn th gii hin nay vic t rc sinh hot vi cc loi nh trn vn ph bin, nht l cc nc ln cn nh:
Hn Quc, Trung Quc, Nht Bn .... v vy vic u t l t cht thi trong thi gian t 5 - 10 nm v lu hn vn
l ng hng.
- t rc sinh hot u t l c cng sut di trong khong 300 - 1000 kg/h
V l trnh quan trc v theo di
- Nn c hng dn k thut nhm tin hnh cc trnh din chun hoc c s t nguyn tham gia vi iu kin
c l t chun th nghim o kim ghi chp s liu y ri mi a ra l trnh th mi c c s khoa hc.
- a ra l trnh l phi c c quan theo di nhc vic, bm st xuyn sut tng giai on thc hin, iu ny
thc t hin ti l kh vi c quan qun l nh nc v c cc doanh nghip mi trng. Hin ti v tng lai gn
nn duy tr Quy chun hin hnh mi ngi lm quen vi tiu ch lm cn c phn u ca doanh nghip
mi trng v c quan qun l nh nc lm c s qun l, thanh kim tra.
- V quan trc ch nn quan trc cc l t c cc iu kin sau:
l .
+ L t phi m bo c bung t s cp v th cp
+ V nhit l khi t n nh phi m bo nhit bung s cp v th cp theo h s thit k ca
+ V cng on x l kh d l cng ngh x l kh hoc t song phi m bo nhit kh sau bung

th cp trc khi vo cng on x l l bao nhiu, khi thi ra mi trng l bao nhiu theo h s thit k. Cng
on x l kh phi c t nht t hai cp thit b tr ln
+ Chng loi cht thi t ti thi gian quan trc o kim phi ng nh chc nng thit k ca l v d
l t cht thi y t.
+ V cng sut l ti thi im o kim phi m bo vn hnh n nh t ti thiu 60 % cng sut t
+ V thi gian ti thi im o kim l phi vn hnh n nh c khng di 10 gi lin.
- V cc ch tiu quan trc, ngoi cc thng s dioxin v furan, nn quan trc thm cc ch tiu kim loi nng nh
Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, p dng cc phng php ly mu trong kh thi theo tiu chun ca Cc bo v mi trng M
(US EPA).
- Vic quan trc o c phi gn vi vic p dng cc k thut BAT/BEP ty theo iu kin ca c s x l rc
thi. Nu theo ng cc hng dn v tiu ch nu trn, vic o c c th tin hnh t nht 2 ln i vi mi
chng trnh p dng k thut BAT/BEP vi mc tiu gim pht thi.
- i vi cc ngnh cng nghip c tim nng pht thi tng i cao nhng yu cu chi ph u t ln nh
luyn kim, cn tip tc kho st cc c s sn xut vi cc ngun nguyn liu u vo khc nhau c c
bc tranh tng qut nht v thc trng pht thi dioxin. Cn tin hnh v p dng cc qui trnh sn xut sch
hn nhm tit kim nng lng, gim pht thi kh nh knh, ng thi kt hp vi cc bin pht BAT/BEP nhm
gim pht thi dioxin v cc cht nhim hu c c hi khc.
- Vic xy dng TCVN v Dioxin l cn thit v nn lm trc, trc khi xy dng thnh QCVN v thng s ny
theo quy chun pht thi ngnh thp, n 2017 s bt u kim sot. Thc t n lc cc DN luyn thp EAF
c p ng c yu cu QC hay khng cng vn cn l mt du hi.
- xy dng c mt tiu chun v pht thi Dioxin v cc thng s ha cht c hi khc nn c cch tip
cn h thng nh sau:
+ Kho st thc trng pht thi mt s ngnh cng nghip c tim nng pht thi ln nhng quy v cc
qu trnh nhit: L t cht thi, ni hi, luyn kim (en/mu), xi mng (l ng, l quay) ch khng cn c theo
ngnh.
+ Cc nh my luyn kim theo cng ngh l h quang in EAF cn kho st ti cc nh my s dng 100
94 |
% thp ph;
+ T thc trng pht thi xy dng l trnh ct gim a vo TCVN.
+ Vi luyn kim mu, cc kho st ban u cho thy mt s c s luyn km c tim nng pht thi cao.
- Cn tip tc kho st cc doanh nghip luyn kim mu nh luyn ng, thic c mt thc trng r hn,
ng thi vi vic tin hnh cc chng trnh sn xut sch hn v k thut BAT/BEP. Vic kho st nn phi hp
cht ch vi c s cng nghip, gn vi cc chng trnh ci tin hoc thay i qui trnh cng ngh ca nh my.
Vic kho st c th tin hnh 1-2 ln/nm.
- i vi mt s ngnh khc, tim nng pht thi dioxin c th cao ti cc khu vc lng ngh, hin c rt nhiu
ti min Bc Vit nam, c bit l cc lng ngh lin quan n cc qu trnh nhit nh ti ch kim loi, v cc h
thng ni hi quy m nh trong cc lng ngh ch bin lng thc thc phm. Cc hot ng t l thin nh
t rc thi sinh hot ti cc khu chn lp, t vng m, rm r, l gch th cng, .... cng c th c tim nng
pht thi dioxin cao. Cc o c kho st nn tp trung thm vo cc hot ng ny.
- Tm li, vic ban hnh cc tiu chun v quy chun v ngng pht thi dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip
cn c thc hin song song vi vic xy dng v trin khai hng dn k thut chi tit hoc tiu chun i vi
vic vn hnh cc dy chuyn, c s cng nghip nhm gim pht thi dioxin, v cc ha cht c hi khc, v
cc hot ng o to nng cao nhn thc v vn pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip. Vic o c quan trc
cn kt hp cht ch vi cc chng trnh kho st nh gi hiu qu ca vic p dng k thut BAT/BEP ti cc
c s hoc ngnh cng nghip c tim nng pht thi dioxin.
6.2. Dioxin trong mi trng

6.2.1. Kt lun
Chng trnh kho st hm lng dioxin trong cc mu mi trng c tin hnh ng thi vi chng
trnh kho st mc pht thi trong cng nghip. Mu phn tch c thu thp t cc khu vc gn cc hot
ng cng nghip khc nhau v khu dn c nhm nh gi hin trng nhim dioxin mc nn v vai tr ca
cc hot ng cng nghip n vic nhim dioxin trong mi trng xung quanh. y l mt nghin cu ton
din nht t trc n nay Vit nam, nht l trong i tng mu nh khng kh xung quanh. Kt qu nh sau:
- S phn b hm lng dioxin trong mi trng trm tch v t ti Vit Nam c th chia tng i thnh
3 nhm khu vc: (1) khu vc nhim nng dioxin cn li t chin tranh, (2) khu vc nhim dioxin t cc hot
ng cng nghip v (3) khu vc c hm lng dioxin mc nn. Hm lng dioxin trong trm tch ti mt s
c s x l rc thi v khu cng nghip nh nh my luyn kim cao hn nhiu so vi mc nn v c nhng mu
c nng tng ng v cao hn cc mu c ly ti cc im nng v cht da cam/dioxin. Dioxin trong
trm tch ti cc khu vc ny cng nm trong khong ca cc nc cng nghip pht trin nh M, c, H Lan, .
- C s d liu v hm lng dioxin trong mi trng khng kh ti Vit Nam cn rt hn ch v hin chng
ta cha c qui nh v mc hm lng ti a cho php ca dioxin trong mi trng khng kh. Ni chung, ch c
1/13 mu khng kh ly ti mt s tnh pha Bc nc ta c hm lng TEQ vt qu ngng 0,6 pg/m3 theo qui
nh ca Nht Bn. Hm lng TEQ trong khng kh ti Vit Nam nhn chung u thp. Mu c hm lng TEQ
cao nht (4,63 pg/m3) c ly ti mt nh my luyn km. Nhn chung, khng kh xung quanh ti cc khu vc
cng nghip tuy mc thp nhng u ln hn so vi khng kh ti cc khu vc nng thn hoc khu dn c
xa cc khu cng nghip. c bit, cc kho st ban u cho thy khng kh b nh hng trc tip t hot ng
t rc l thin (rm r) ti cc vng nng thn c hm lng dioxin cao gp 3 ln trong khng kh ti khu vc
ln cn khi khng c hot ng t rm r. t rc l thin l mt trong nhng hot ng c tim nng pht
thi dioxin v cn c nghin cu kho st k hn trong tng lai.
6.2.2. Kin ngh
- Hm lng dioxin trong cc mu trm tch, t v khng kh ti cc khu vc nn xa vi cc ngun nhim ni
chung mc thp. Tuy nhin trm tch ti mt s khu cng nghip nh luyn kim v x l rc thi c l t c nng
dioxin kh cao, vt ngng tiu chun nhiu ln. Cc khu vc ny cn c tip tc nghin cu kho st, c
bit l vn x l, c lp lng trm tch v t nhim dioxin do cc hot ng cng nghip gy ra.
| 95
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- Vic xy dng tiu chun, quy chun v mc dioxin trong cc mu mi trng cn c nhiu s liu kho
st hn na ti nhiu khu vc khc nhau trn c nc. Trc mt, ch nn a ra nhng gi tr tiu chun cng
vi nhng khuyn co, hng dn k thut nhm t ti gi tr tiu chun. Cc kho st ban u cho thy vai tr
quan trng ca hot ng cng nghip i vi hm lng dioxin nn ca cc khu vc xung quanh. Vic p dng
cc bin php BAT/BEP i vi cc ngnh cng nghip s lm gim thiu pht thi dioxin v ng thi gim mc
nhim dioxin trong mi trng xung quanh.
Vic o c v kho st s pht thi ca dioxin (v mt vi ch tiu ha cht c hi khc) trong cng nghip
v mi trng c tm tt trong bng sau y.
6.3. xut v k hoch o c kho st pht thi dioxin trong cng nghip v mi trng
Ngnh cng nghip
Nguyn tc/nh hng kho st
Tn sut
- Kt hp vi chng trnh p dng BATBEP

L t rc thi
- Ch o c vi cc l t quy m t 250
kg/h tr ln, thng thng t 250-1000
kg/h, l phi mt s iu kin v k
thut, cng sut t ...
- 2 ln/1 chng
trnh kho st
- Kh thi, tro
thi, nc thi,
khng khi xung
quanh
- 1 nm/ln
- Kh thi, tro bay,

bi, kh xung
quanh
- T 1 - 2 ln /
1 chng trnh
kho st
- Kh thi, khng
kh xung quanh,
tro thi, nc
thi, trm tch
- Kt hp vi chng trnh sn xut sch

hn, p dng BAT-BEP
Luyn kim en v mu
- L h quan in v l thi: quan trc cc

c s s dng nhiu thp ph
- Kim loi mu: quan trc cc c s luyn
kim mu chnh trn c nc
Ni hi th cng quy
m nh ti cc lng
ngh ch bin lng
thc thc phm
- Kt hp vi chng trnh kho st kh

nng ng dng BAT/BEP, nng cao nhn
thc trong vic gim pht thi
Chng loi mu
Lng ngh ti ch nha

v kim loi (nhm,
ng, thic, st ...)

- T 1 - 2 ln /
1 chng trnh
kho st
- Kh thi, khng
kh xung quanh,
tro thi, nc
thi, trm tch,
sinh vt (c, tm
... ) ly ti cc ao
h ca a im
kho st
t l thin: rm r,
rc thi rn ti cc bi
chn lp rc thi th
l thin

- T 1 - 2 ln /
1 chng trnh
kho st
- Khng kh xung
quanh, tro, nc
thi, t/trm
tch
96 |
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98 |
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VN PHNG BAN CH O 33

Ban Bin son:

CC THNG TIN CHUNG

D n X l dioxin ti cc vng nhim nng Vit Nam

Bo co HIN TRNG NHIM DIOXIN TRONG MI TRNG VIT NAM

GII THIU V DIOXIN V CC HP CHT TNG T DIOXIN

Khi nim v cu trc ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin

Tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha - sinh, s tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng ca

Tnh cht ha sinh

S tn ti v chuyn ha trong mi trng

c tnh, c ch gy c ca dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin v tc ng ca

Cc c ch hnh thnh dioxin

S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh t chy v qu trnh nhit

S hnh thnh dioxin trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip

Cc hot ng cng nghip c kh nng pht thi dioxin

Cc hot ng dng nhit cao v thiu t

Hot ng sn xut cng nghip

Phng php phn tch dioxin v cc hp cht tng t dioxin

Ly mu thi cng nghip

Phng php phn tch

CC QUI NH HIN C V NGNG DIOXIN

Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin ti Vit Nam

Cc qui nh php l v dioxin ti Vit Nam

Cc Tiu chun, Qui chun k thut quc gia v dioxin

Cc qui nh lin quan n dioxin trn th gii

Qui nh cho l t ca ni hi trong lnh vc sn xut giy bt giy

Qui nh cho l t cht thi

Qui nh v ngng dioxin trong mi trng

Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong hot ng t cht thi rn

Qui nh v pht thi dioxin trong cc ngnh cng nghip

Nhn xt chung v qui nh ca cc quc gia v dioxin

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng x l rc thi

Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca hot ng x l rc thi

Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca hot ng x l rc thi

Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn l t cht thi

HI N TRNG NHI M DIOXIN

Hm lng DRCs trong i tng thuc hot ng sn xut xi mng

Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my xi mng

Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my xi mng

Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn nh my xi mng

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng luyn kim

Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my luyn kim

Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my luyn kim

Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my luyn kim

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut giy

Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my giy

Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my giy

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng nhit in

Hm lng DRCs trong kh thi ca nh my nhit in

Hm lng DRCs trong nc thi ca nh my nhit in

Hm lng DRCs trong cht thi rn ca nh my nhit in

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng ni hi

Hm lng DRCs trong cc i tng thuc hot ng sn xut gch

nh gi mc pht thi v nhim mi trng ca dioxin v cc hp cht lin quan

Mc pht thi DRCs trong kh thi cng nghip

Mc pht thi DRCs trong nc thi cng nghip

Mc pht thi DRCs trong cht thi rn cng nghip

TNH TRNG NHIM DIOXIN TRONG MI TRNG TI VIT NAM

Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng trm tch ti Vit Nam

Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng t ti Vit Nam

S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cht c ha hc

S nhim DRCs trong mi trng t c ngun gc t cc hot ng khc

Hm lng DRCs trong mi trng nc ti Vit Nam

HI N TRNG NHI M DIOXIN

HI N TRNG NHI M DIOXIN

HI N TRNG NHI M DIOXIN