ELEMENT OF AERONAUTICS

111305

PARTS OF AEROPLANE
THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF AN AROPLANE

WINGS
FUSELAGE
EMPENNAGE
LANDING GEARS
CONTROL SURFACE
ENGINES

PARTS OF AEROPLANE

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

1. CLASSIFICATION BY CONFIGURATION
POSITION OF THE WING
LOW WING
MID WING
HIGH WING

NUMBER OF WINGS
MONO PLANE
BI PLANE
TRI PLANE

SHAPE OF THE WINGS

DELTA WING
DIAMOND WING
SWEPT WING
GULL SHAPED WING

POSITION OF THE WINGS

CONVENTIONAL WING
NO TAIL OR TAILESS
HORIZONTAL TAIL LOCATED AOVE THE VERTICAL TAIL
CANARD TYPE

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

2. LOCATION AND TYPE OF LANDING GEAR

RETRACTABLE
NON RETRACTABLE
TAIL WHEEL
NOSE WHEEL

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

3.

CLASSIFICATION BY POWER PLANTS

A. POWER PLANT TYPES
PISTON ENGINE
TURBO PROP
TURBO SHAFT
TURBO JET
TURBO FAN
ROCKET
B. NUMBER OF ENGINES

SINGLE ENGINE
TWO ENGINE
MULTI ENGINE

C. LOCATION OF THE ENGINES

NOSE
FUSELAGE
JET ENGINE SUBMERGED IN WING
PYLON MOUNTING

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

4. TYPES OF FUSELAGE
ROUND
SQUARE
OVAL

AIRCRAFT : CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS

5. CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE
A. CIVIL
B. CARGO
C. MILITARY
I.
BOMBERS
II. FIGHTERS
III. INTERCEPTORS

FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE

PRIMARY GROUP
AILERON
ELEVATOR
RUDDER

SECONDARY GROUP
TRIM TAB
SPRING TAB

AUXILIARY GROUP

WING FLAPS
SPOILERS
SPEED BRAKES
LEADING EDGE FLAP
SLOTS

AILERON
Longitudinal axis extends lengthwise from the nose through the tail.
Movement about the longitudinal axis is called roll. Roll is controlled by
the ailerons.

ELEVATOR

Lateral axis extends crosswise from wingtip through wingtip.

Movement about the lateral axis is called pitch. Pitch is controlled
by the elevator.

RUDDER
Vertical axis passes vertically through the center of gravity (when the
aircraft is in level flight). Movement about the vertical axis is called yaw.
Yaw is controlled by the rudder.

AIRCRAFT ENGINES
DIFFERENT TYPES OF AIRCRAFT ENGINES ARE
PROPELLER WITH PISTON ENGINE
JET ENGINE

TURBOPROP

TURBOFAN

TURBOJET

RAMJET
ROCKET ENGINE

TURBOPROP

PUSHER

TURBOFAN

TURBOJET

TURBOJET WITH AFTERBURNER

ROCKET ENGINE
LIQUID FUEL

SOLID FUEL

AIRFOIL
AN AIRFOIL IS A SURFACE DESIGNED TO OBTAIN A
DESIRABLE REACTION FROM THE AIR THROUGH
WHICH IT MOVES
AIRFOIL GEOMETRY

CHORD LINE
MEAN CAMBER LINE
ANGLE OF ATTACK
ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT

DRAG
DRAG IS THE RESOLVED COMPONENT OF
THE COMPLETE AERODYNAMIC FORCE
WHICH IS PARALLEL TO THE FLIGHT
DIRECTION (OR RELATIVE ONCOMING
AIRFLOW).
IT MUST ALWAYS ACT TO OPPOSE THE
DIRECTION OF MOTION.
IT IS THE UNDESIRABLE COMPONENT OF
THE AERODYNAMIC FORCE WHILE LIFT IS
THE DESIRABLE COMPONENT

TYPES OF DRAG

DRAG POLAR

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
Why should we study properties of
atmosphere?
Variation of Temperature with Altitude
Variation of Pressure with Altitude
Variation of Density with Altitude
Tables of Standard Atmosphere

Why should we study

Atmospheric Properties
Engineers design flight vehicles, turbine
engines and rockets that will operate at various
altitudes.
They can not design these unless the
atmospheric characteristics are not known.
For example,

CL

L
1
2
V S
2

What is a standard
atmosphere?
Weather conditions vary around the globe, from
day to day.
Taking all these variations into design is
impractical.
A standard atmosphere is therefore defined,
that relates fight tests, wind tunnel tests and
general airplane design to a common reference.
This common reference is called a standard
atmosphere.

Powered Controls
May take one of two basic forms:
Servo-assisted
Hydraulic pressure transmitted to servo actuator
which assists mechanical linkage to move
surface.
Linkage still available if power is lost but system
then very heavy to operate.

Fully power-operated
Control signals transmitted hydraulically,
electrically (fly-by-wire) or optically (fly-by-light).

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE VERY FIRST AIRCRAFT HAD LITTLE TO NO
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
ALL WEATHER FLYING WAS RISKY
NAVIGATION DEPENDED ON PILOTS ABILITY TO
USE LANDMARKS

AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
ENGINE INSTRUMENTS
NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION
INSTRUMENTS

THE COMMON FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS

ALTIMETER
AIRSPEED INDICATOR
VERTICAL SPEED INDICATOR
HEADING INDICATOR
ATTITUDE INDICATOR (ARTIFICIAL
HORIZON)
TURN COORDINATOR

AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION

TRUSS

MONOCOQUE

SEMI MONOCOQUE

THANK YOU