Footing Subjected To Biaxial Moments

POINT OF VIEW
Analysis of isolated footing subjected to axial load

and high biaxial moments and numerical
approach for its solution
Bijay Sarkar
& &
In this paper a rigid isolated foundation of square or

rectangular shape is analyzed on the action of a vertical
load and high biaxial moments at centre. The pressure
intensity corresponding to any given set of above loads on
footings resting on elastic soils has been found through a
general method of analysis and solution is made through
a comprehensive numerical procedure. The common
assumption of linear contact pressure in footing-soil
interface is adopted for the solutions. Special attention has
been given where there are inactive parts of foundation,
without contact with soil and necessary equations on
case to case basis are deduced. Flow Chart for computer
procedure is also provided at end. The solution for these
cases is not yet given in any Indian Standards.
Introduction
&
&&
area
coincides
with
the footing. The
the
centre of
&
=
.
=
;
=
.
=
Parameters
P,
,
and
dimensions
of the foundation
along
=
. properties are known and we get
== with
;its
; sectional
= .
=
. the foundation at any location
pressure
,
distribution
under
, , ,
(X,
Y) with respect to centroidal axis of the footing by
,, , ,
using
bending equation
:
, ,following

= =

;
==
=

=

==

= ....
=
(1)
....
(
==
....
(1)
....
(1)
=
... (1)

.... (1)

When a rectangular/square isolated footing of size L x B

where

is subjected to a set of forces comprising of compressive
L=
of the footing
Length

axial load P and bi-axial moments Mx & My at centre of
of
the footing

B = Breadth
footing, load P alone may equivalently beconsidered
&
= Perpendicular
X
distance
from the Centroidal

at eccentricities in X & Y directions from origin
at the
point
the
of
on
the Cross-Section at which pressure

;
Y-axis
following location from centre of footing :
to
. be determined.
; =
=
is

= distance from the Centroidal X-axis of

=
Y
=
Perpendicular
; =
.
on the Cross-Section at which pressure is to be

the
=point
=
, ,
= = =
determined.
When pressure at any location under the footing is

P ==Vertical
Force
Acting on the section at centre.
=
compressive in nature, Centroid of the effective
footing

60 The Indian
Concrete Journal
June 2014

+ <=
>=
, or,>= , or,
+ <=
= =

=

POINT
+
= , assuming =
OF VIEW
....

(1)

=

= ....
(1)
A
=
Compressive
area
of
the
section
=
BL
Due
to
uplift
of the footing area from soil, Neutral Axis

= .... (1) and yaxis at .
M y = Bending
moment
remain at the
aboutthe

(1) equation (1), do not
= Y-axis
=
Centroidal
....
as calculated
(1)from

....
....
(1)
calculated
location,
however,
it
gets
shifted
to
other
P
e
(1) ....
(1)
(1)
x ....
....

=

....

location to adjust the phenomena of uplift
(1)

redistributing

....

(1)
on xaxisan
and
e
moment
about
the
Centroidal
X-axis
=
the
base
pressure
under
the
footing
for
obtaining
xBending
M
y

moment of
area
Xequilibrium.
about Centroidal

Ix = Second

axis
=

First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.

moment ofarea
Centroidal Y-axis =
Iy = Second
about

Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P

e
=
alone may be considered acting at in the upper
x = Eccentricity of Load
along
X-Axis

= =
rightmost quadrant wrt centre. Thereby, the lower
left most corner of the footing will experience the least

Eccentricity
of
Load
along
Y-Axis
e
=

=
y
=

= =
+ > , the lower left most
pressure. When
=
=

=
=

= =
corner of the footing starts to uplift i.e. the neutral axis
=
=
However, above equation remains valid till

whole
starts to enter into the footing area from lower left most

,
>=
corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the

+
+<= <=

>= , or, or,
area
of
footing
remains
cross-sectional

of
axis with the sides of the footing,
intersection
neutral
+

>= , or,
<=
underneath foundation is
the
, or,
scenario
+ bearing
>=
<= pressure

under
compression
i.e.
,
or,

+ <=
, or,
different cases :
>=
<=
>=
, or, +
divided

>=
into five
or,
>=
,
or,
+
<=
,
assuming
,
,
+
<=
+
=
>=
,
or,
+
<=
,
assuming
,
=

, or,
+ = which
can
= be
represented
as
a
general
>=
>= ,or, + +<=<=

+
= , assuming
When
= , NA
= lies outside the footing area. Effective
1.

=
+ = , assuming

= , =
line
+
= , assuming
assuming
form
= , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is

of
straight
equation
.+ = , ,assuming
yaxis
and
at
and
yaxis
at
.
,
assuming
,
+
=
+
= , assuming
assuming
= , = = , =
Issue is already discussed above
applicable.
ng = , =

ssuming = , =
i.e. intersecting the
x-axis
at and
yaxis
at
.
(Case
I).
at
.

and yaxis
at at

. .
and
and yaxis
yaxis
on
xaxis and
on yaxis.
yaxis
at
Considering
opposite
quadrant,
the
.
yaxis.
atand
. and
on
. the adjacent two sides of
xaxis
yaxis
and
axis
y-axis
.ataton
2. When NA intersects
.

xis at .
and lower
most corner of the footing. Contact area

xaxis
on yaxis.
and
on
left
x-axis
we
can get the co-ordinates
onxaxis
on yaxis.
on
and
=Issue
is. discussed
= ;shape.
reduces to apentagonal
and

on
xaxis
yaxis.
on xaxis
on yaxis.
and
on
on
xaxis
and
on
yaxis.
on yaxis.
we
axisand
Connecting
on xaxis

and
onyaxis.
under Case II.
on
these co-ordinates,

on y-axis.
nd
yaxis.
xis and on yaxis.
geta diamond
+ shorter
+
shaped bounded zone around the centre
the
3. When NA intersects
+ two opposite
+
=
of the footing which is called KERN or Central Core

Contact
sides of the footing.
area
reduces to a non

of the footing. So as the load is located

rectangular shape. Issue is discussed under
within this zone,
whole
cross-sectional
area
is
effective
in
transferring
Case III.
loads to soil as compression.

Problem Definition
When the eccentricities are such that the load location
crosses the boundary of the KERN, equation (1) shows
a negative pressure i.e. tensile pressure at some zone
under the footing. As underneath soil can not resist such
tensile forces, the footing area in that zone gets detached
& uplifted from soil and thus the above equations for
base pressure calculation do not remain anymore valid.
4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides

Contact area reduces to a non-rectof the footing.
angular shape. Issue is discussed under Case IV.
5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up

per right mostcorner of the footing. Contact area
reduces to a triangular shape. Issue is discussed
under Case
V.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014
61
POINT OF VIEW
By assuming,
Analysis of the foundation
+
For Case II to Case V, analysis of footing has been
= +
=
done and general equations on case to case basis are
= Constant for given section and

+

deduced here. In all the cases, aim is to find out the
=
loads
effective
area,
CG
of
the
effective
area,
sectional
properties

+
>
,
of
the effective
+
area wrt centroidal axes system i.e. through

+
of the
CG
effective
area.
As
we
are
not
using
principle
= Constant for given section and
+
>
+
>

we are to

axis
+to calculate
> , the sectional properties,
=
the
product moment of area of the effective
loads
calculate
footing
also and use all such data in General Form of
=
Equation
Bending
and assembling all the cases into a
= = Constant for given section and loads

P, M , M are acting
graph.
Assumed that a set of forces
b
l
i s o l a t e d

at
the
centre
of a rectangular
,

Am + Bn + C = p. This is the General Form
, We can write,
footing
of size (L x B). P is acting in the vertically

+
+
+

Equation
of =pressure
underneath
foundation
subjected to
M
downward,
is
acting
along
B
(from
down
to
top
of
,

b
+ +
high
Bi-Axial
This
is
a
straight
line
equation.
Eccentricity.

+ +
this paper)
and M l is acting along L (from left to = + +

at some combinations of
Further,
it can be observed
that
=
+
right
respectively.
When a portion of
of this paper)
+
+
+
and n,pressure
constant.

remain
m
pmay
+
footing
area is lifted, CG of the effective compressed =
++

+
=
centre
footing
and as CG is

.area shifts away from the
know

..(3)
axis is equal
to0.

+ we

= Now,
+ at+neutral
+ that
pressure
changed,
the equivalent eccentricity of load also changes

..(3)
= Therefore,
+
for
any
Co-Ordinate
+ (m, n) being on
valueof
from
say,
Therefore,
. .

=
. el , e;b to
= the +neutral
axis,weget,
+ Am + Bn + C = ..(3)
is nothing
. Moments

0. This
Revised
acting at revised CG location are
=
=
but a straight
= line equation representing the

Neutral
= ; = .
= ; = .
Axis.
= ;
=
.
+ Bending
Stress
+of
Dimensional
General
Form
Two
=
+
+
..(2)
= ( ) = where =
Equation
will
:
be

= ( Substituting
=
, , for moments in
)
thewhere
valuesof=

,,
+
+

+
+
equation
(2),
we
get
..(2)
= + + + = + +
= (+ ) =
..(2)
where =

+ + +
..(2)
= + + ...(2)
+

+
+

= =
where
= ++
= + +
=
= =
=where
where,
= = where =
p = Pressure
Centroidal

) wrt
at co-ordinate (m, n
+
+

= + = where
= + + +
Axis
+ =
= = = +where
+
+
+
= + +
= +
P
+
=
Vertical
Load
at
centre
of
the
footing
...(3)
where
Ar = Revised Effective area of the foundation

= equations
= where
=
for Sectional
Eccentricities
= Revised Moment at Revised CG location about
= General
= where
= Properties,

Revised Centroidal Axis YY
& co-ordinate of Maximum Pressure Location wrt Revised

= = where =
=
Revised
Moment
at
Revised
CG
location
about

Centroidal Axis are found out and used in the above
+equation
=
+=finding
( =)on
)
where
where
(= ) = where

Revised Centroidal Axis XX
case==to
case
= out the location

= + = (
basis
= + for

where
I y
where
=
as wellas Maximum
Bearing Pressure :
= Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area +of Neutral Axis
+
=
= where =

about Revised Centroidal Axis YY
I x =

I xy
=
m
=

n =

62
Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area =

CASE
where
= = = where =
= =-II
where
=
= =
where
=
where

about Revised Centroidal Axis XX
NA cuts AB and AD.
When
Here
uplift
portion
is
APQ

= = where =
Product Moment of Inertia of the effective area
effective
+ portion is PQDCBP.
considered that
and
+++is
where
= +
== where
==This
= where =
X-Axis Co-ordinate of the location where pressure
=
=
NA
cuts
AB
at
P
&
AP
=
yB
and
NA
cuts
AD
at Q & AQ
= = where =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis

=
=
xL = where =
Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location

where pressure

=
= where =
is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis
= = where
= =
= where
= = where
=
The Indian Concrete Journal
June 2014
++
= +

++
=

==
= +
+

= =
= +

VIEW
POINT OF

= +
=
=

+
== fraction
in side
Therefore, uplift
AB is y & in AD is x and
=

= =
ineffective
neglecting the
triangular uplifted portion APQ,
,
=
PQ is the location of NA
properties of effective portion PQDCBP
all the sectional
=
AP = yB ; PB = vB = (1-y)B ; v = 1-y
,
foundation
=
of the
calculated as follows :
= area are
AQ = xL ; QD = uL = (1-x) L ; u = 1-x
+
+
+

,
O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY
= +
,
,

Revised
+ and
+
+
of the
1.
Effective
Area
Section
Centre
of
+
,=
+
+
, :
Gravity
+ ++

+ +

+
B
+
,,
= +
C

++
= =
++
+axis
at
+system

..(3)
+origin
orthogonal
Considering
an

located
+
+
+

=
+
CG
area
+of
the
foundation
+ +
O
effective
of
O+
+
at

A,
co-ordinate
= = +
..(3)
+ +
+
+

=
R
=
+
PQDCBP
follows
calculated
is
+ : +
S
as

..(3) P
+ +
= + + + +

..(3)
..(3)
= = + +
+ + + +

..(3)

(i)
Effective
Area
PBCS)
:
=
+(Rectangular
+ +

+
+
..(3)
= +

+
+
+
+
Y
A
Q
D
..(3)
=
..(3)
= = (+ )
+ where
=

= ( ) = where =
( )
(( ))
( )
( () )
( )
Centre
from
:
= of
Gravity

= AB
where =
=
where= =

= =
=
Figure 1. Effective area of the section and revised centre of gravity
= wherewhere
=
= = where
=
= =
=
=
= where
where
=
= where =
=
=
where
= = where
+
= = +where
=
where
=
where
=
where
= ofGravity
:=
= from AD
Centre
(ii)
= where =
=& (iii),
From
(i),
where
=
where
=
=
= where
=
=
= where =
==
=
+where
=
==+ where
= =
=
= where =
+
= == where
= +
=
where
+
TotalEffective
Area,
==where
where
= where
=
=
== +
= where =
= = where
=
+ = = =
+=

(Rectangular
= where
where =
+ =:
QRSD)
= + + = = Where =

++
= =
=
where
(ii)
= Effective
Area
where
= where
=

==

=
=
= where =
where
==
where
= +
=
where
where
=
= =
where
+

where = =
+
+ = =
=
where
Where =
= =
=
= + + = =
Where
=
where =
= + = where +=

+ +

where
=
where
=
=
= Centre

=
where
+ + =

= AB:
=
where
= = =Where
=+

==
from

from

Gravity
+
=
== of
=+
where

Therefore,
Distance
of
revised
AB
+
Where
=
Centre

of Gravity
where
+ =
+
=+
= +

where
= = + = ===where
= = +=
where
:

+ +
=
=
=
where
+= = =
=
=
where

+
= = = Where
+
=
+ = where =
+
=
+ +

== +====where
== =+
where
where
+ + = =
+
Centreof Gravity
+
where
from
==AD:
where
=== = Where,
== =
= =
=
= =

= =where
=

where
= =

where
=
=
+ =

+

where
where

=
+
=
===
= AD

distance
:
Similarly,
of revised
Centre
of
Gravity
from
= where = =
=
=
=
where =

=
=
where
=
where
=(Triangular
(iii)Effective
:
Area
+ PQR)
=
=
=

=
= =
== where
= where
=
where

= = where

=

Where,

=
+
Centre of Gravity from AB:
=
+

= +

=
= where =
wrt
revised
Centroidal
Moment
ofInertia
2.=Second
Axis
= = +=
where

XX
:
from AD:

=
Centre of Gravity
+

=
+
=

where
=
= = +
and
simplifying,
Putting
the
value
of

of Area
XX-axis
MI
about
of
Area
APQ
ABCD
Ix = MI
=
=
=
where =

+
XX-axis
Putting

+
about
the
(and

value
ofand
simplifying,
of
simplifying,
)
the value
Putting
= + +
= = Where
+

=

=

The
Indian

Journal
= Putting
Concrete
= + = + = +
= Where
simplifying,
the value
of and
Putting thevalue

of and simplifying,
June 2014
63
Where =

= + + = =
= Where =
+ +

= =
++
=
+
== +++
=
=+ + +
===
=
=
== =+
VIEW

OF
=
+
+
POINT
=

=

Moment of Inertia (PMI) of the effective

4. Product
+ +
==
wrt revised Centroidal Axes :

+
section

+ +
= = If NA lies outside the section, Centroidal Axes are
=

=
=
=+
symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such
+

condition, Centroidal axes are the principle axes, Product

Moment of Inertia of the section becomes zero. But, when

NA lies within the footing area, the Centroidal Axes may
of
simplifying,

and
==
Putting
+
the
++value
=+
=
+
not be symmetrical or in other words, the Vertical and

+
=

Putting
Horizontal
are no more the principle axes

and simplifying,
the valueaxes
of atCentroid
= +

(
)
of the section. Principle axes may be in other orientation
the
value
of
value
Putting
and
simplifying,
+simplifying,
=and

of

he
ofPutting
simplifying,
Putting
the
value
of
simplifying,
the
value
of
simplifying,
and
Putting
value
and
simplifying,
Putting
the
and

= the the
+value
of
thanthe vertical
and horizontal axes.

and
simplifying,
Putting
value
of
Therefore, when we

of and
(
)
Putting
the
value
simplifying,
Putting
value
of and
simplifying,
are
+
the
= considering
Vertical
and Horizontal

axes at centroid
(
)
)

( )

(
)
of
the
effective
section,
we
must
consider
the Product
(
)
==
+ =
+
and
( )
+

Putting
+
simplifying,
the
value
of
the effective
area which
Inertia
of
of
( ) contact
=
( ) Moment

=
+=
Putting
the
value
of
and
simplifying,
Putting
willsimplifying,
take
if pressures
calculated with
Putting
value
of
of of
thecare
as
and simplifying,
are
being
and
thevalue
of
and simplifying,
thevalue
Putting
==
(
)
respect
to
Principle
Axes.
=
mplifying,
=

())
Putting
the
value
of
and
simplifying,
+
=
(+
Where,
+ of the Revised
)
=+
=
=

= =Moment

Effective
of Inertia
+
= +Product
+ (PMI)

+
=
=
+
) =
Where,
Footing
Area,

( )
=
Where,
=
Where,
= = +
= =PMI

of
ABCD
Ixy

wrt
revised
CG
PMI
of APQ wrt
= = +
ABCD wrt revised CG PMI of APQ wrt revised CG

CG
Ixy revised
= PMI
Inertia
of

3.
Second
Moment
of
wrt
Centroidal
Axis YY:
Where, =

=
Where,
+ =
Where,
ofrevised
of

++of

APQ
Whole
CG
Ixy
ABCD
PMI
=
wrt
CG
PMI
wrt+revised
of
ABCD

CG
=PMI
revised
of APQ
=MI
CG
+
I=
Area
about
YY-axis
MI

Ixy
=
ABCD
wrt
PMI
of
wrt
revised
y==
=
+
== +

+
APQ

YY-axis

about
Triangular
Area
Where, =
+
+wrt
C
revised
in above
and
wrt

Putting
Ixy
+
revised
, =PMI
CGPMI
=
simplifying,

of APQ
of
ABCD

ofAPQ
=== +
++

Ixy
ABCD
wrt
PMI
ABCD

wrt
of
Ixy
=
of
revised
CG
PMI
wrt
revised
wrt
CG
PMI
CG

revised
of APQ
= PMI
revised CG
+
=
+

++
simplifying,
in above

and
Putting
=
+
G
Putting
,
in
above
and
simplifying,
G
Putting
,
in
above
and
simplifying,
x
y
Ixy
=
PMI
of
ABCD
wrt
revised
CG
PMI
of
APQ
wrt
revised
CG
simplifying,
+ +
+ =Putting
in
and
and
,
above
=
=
Putting
,
in
above
simplifying,
Putting
,
in
above
and
simplifying,

= +

andsimplifying,
simplifying,
Puttingthe
thevalue
valueofofand

Putting

Putting
in
above
and
simplifying,
Putting
the value
of F
and
simplifying,
gx

= =
+
+ ( )

=
==
+ = =
+

+

+
==

=
; =

and
Where,
+

=
=
and

+

+=
= =
and
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ocated due on
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nd
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e new
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ocated Eccentricity
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where
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evised
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he new Centroid
the
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where
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where
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where
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where RELATIONSHIP
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and

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(
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and
and

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:
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(ii) Revised
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Eccentricity
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=
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(ii)
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LIFTED
and
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along
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(ii)
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points
and lie on NA, Pressure
+) As
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and
) Revised
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L :+along
&
=
For

(ii)
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&
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= ++ along
==
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(i)
coordinate
as
, substitut

form
&
for
locations.
at these
Now
general
of
NA
for
NA
&
and
p is(i)0For
in

=
two
coordinate
and
as
, subs
substitu
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For
====
bending
====&
&
for
NA
coordinate
and
asas
,,, ,substitu
For
for
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coordinate
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substi
pressure
(i)
for
NA
coordinate
and
as
(
)
(i)
For
for
NA
coordinate
and
as
substitu
dimensional
equation
(3),
we
put
the
= =for NA coordinate and

, substitu
+ = + = + (i)For
as
and
and
(i)
= NA
NA coordinate
by, substitu
for
= =of
for
coordinate
asand
, substituting
a

one
Forco-ordinates
+ = =+along
and
and
&and
as
+ (i)
For
=
and
points

+L :
=
=
=+ =
+
NA
evised
an
(
+= =
=
(i)
For
; =
)for
forNA
NA
coordinate
a
(i)
coordinate
Eccentricity
For

== ++ Where,
Where,
(
=
; =
+of(
)+) area
effective

sectional
one
and
other
properties
the
of
+
+
+
&
For
=
=+++
for
for
NA
coordinate
as
(coordinate
+
+
+as
)))+++and
=
+For
NA
(i)
and
(i)
+and
&
the

+
=
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&
(&
&equate
same
to
+
+
+
+
+
footing
+
+
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(
)
(
+
+
+
+
==

=== + Where,
;; ;
+
=
+
Where,
+
;==

+ ++
+
+ +
+
+
and
Where,
==
(substit
+=
+ +
+
+
(i)
For
for
NA
coordinate
and
as
,
+
+
= for
and
coordinate
(i) For =
NA
as
,)substitu
=as
NA
For
NA
co-ordinate
and
(
(
)
+
+
(i)
(i)
For
For
=
=
for
for
NA
coordin
coord
(i) For =
+
=+ for
NA
and
,
as
coordinate
++in
+
+ +
(3), we simplify
substitu
substituting
all
the
terms
eqn
to
get,
&
Where,
;
++( ( ))

(g
+
+
+
+
(
)
+simplify
+ +, substituting
as
all
we
to
(i)
For
for
NA
coordinate
and
the
terms
in
eqn
(3),
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

where
==
where
==
==
6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting

the
+ ( )
footing
side
AB
&
AD
wrt revised

==
where
=
=

( )
where
+ = +
where

= =
+
+
==
== (())where

where

=

+ + =
.......(4)
... (4)

=
(
)
where
=
where
where
(
)
=
where
=
=
( )
65
POINT
OF
VIEW
+
+ =
.......(4)
( )
+ (
=
( )

+
+

... (6)

+ + = .......(4)
= + ; + = = ..(5)
.(6
+ = .......(4)
+ ( )
( )

Where
; ; =
Where =
+
)
( ) Where = ( )
= .......(4)
+

+ (.......(4)

( ) ;(6),
, seen that all right hand side
=
=it(may
)be
=(
.......(4)
=)
=
Where
++
( );
In
equation

are
) ( ) terms
+ (
in x & y only.
=
+
) )
= = where, =
++
)
) ) (
(
(()

CASE
III
(
.......(4)
( )
+
=
;
=
Where
Where
.......(4)
=
;
;+

( )
=
=
+

)+
+
=
(=
.......(4)
(

+) +
+

When
NA cuts
AB and
DC.
Here
uplift
portion
is APQDA
+
= = where, = ; = = wh
and effective
Similarly,
at= =
portion is PQCBP. This
is considered
that
for NA
location

( )(ii)
(
)
.......(4)
(()) ) ((()))NA

cuts AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q
===.......(4)
+ Where
+ ;
; =
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
+(ii)
where,

+DQ

NA
=;+
+ ==xB
=
Where
=

Similarly,
for
location
at
+
=
=
;
+=( )
for NA
at
location
where,
=
+ = =
+ + ( ) + + ( ) Therefore,
considering
effective fraction in side AB is v

= .......(4)
+

+
uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,

(= () ) ( ; )=
+
& in DC is u, and
)Where
;
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
for
and
(ii) Similarly,
location
+Similarly,
+=at +
for
NA
+=
(ii)
Similarly
NA
location
we
have

at at
(ii)
for
location
=
= (+ ) ; = = ( ) , where x, u and y, v are
+
)
NA
=+
+
)
(
)
for
at
(
)
(
NA
(location

+

(3),
eqn
=
parts of B & B respectively. We will now involve
=
the
substituting
all

we
+get
fraction
+terms
+ +in
=
..(5)

+
( +
( )
onlythe effective
+

fractions u & v to ease formation of the
=
;
=
+
)
(
(
)
equations
(
)
(
)which
=
= can
= in terms of
as
follows
transferred
( )( ) (
(
bewhere,
+
)+
+=
(++() )
(
)
)
nat
=
=
+
+
=
..(5)

(
)
+
+
+
=
+location

(ii) Similarly,
NA
at
=;
==
+
+
+
x=&
= for
above.

+

..(5)
y
from

+Where
for NA

=
location
at
Similarly,
(ii)
= = where, = ; = =
Effective
+ ( () ) (
Area of
the Section and Revised
Centre of
) + ( 1.
)

++
(
)
Where
;
=
+
(
)
+
)
)(
(ii)
Similarly,
location
= + = Gravity

=+)at
..(5)
+ ( : )

+NA
= =
+
for
(
+
++
==

location
)..(5)
arly,
for
NA
at
=
..(5)
+
+
=
(
)
+ + + ( )
+
)
+ = axis system origin located at
+
Considering

anorthogonal
=
+
+ A, co-ordinate

)

= area
of=the
effective
where,
)
CG atO
(
foundation
(
) =of

)
(
(
(
)
( Where
( )
)
Where

;
= +
(=
;=
)

( )PQCBP
)(iscalculated
NA
at
)=
:

(location
(
=rly,
for
..(5)
+)=
;=
+
+ as=follows

...(5)
()=+ ++=++..(5)
+(
) + +=

++
=
..(5)
+
+

.(6)
=
=
;
(
)

) (((+))=)..(5)
(++()(() ) )
+
(
=+
+
+
Where
=
=
+( =) +
(
)
(
)
(
)
+ +=
+
+
+
PQ is the location of NA
=
..(5)

+
Where
;
Where

;
=
=
+
+

AP = yB ; PB = vB = (1-y)B ; v = 1-y

.(6)
=
=
;

; =
.(6)

DQ = xB ; QC = uB = (1-x) B ; u = 1-x
,
(
)
= ( ) ;
(= ()
= + ( ) ; + (= )
+)=
( Where
+=
..(5)
)
(
)
++

=
=(

(
)

=
)
+.(6)
( )+
.(6)
,
(
;
=) ;

=
=
Y
; =
= +
.(6)
==
=
where,
,

+

=
( ( )
(
)
;
=
=
C
+ ( ) B
( )
= where,
=
)

++
+
)
(
where,
;
where,

= =
X

O
;+
(), ), = +
=)
=
.(6)
X
= =
(
(
)=where,
=)(;=
,
= (
=
=
;
.(6)
=

=
.(6)
P
;
= ) =
=
= + ;
( )
where,
=
(

where, =
where,

=;
Q
= where,
where,

=
=

where,
=
where,
=
=
where,
= =
.(6)
=
=
=
( );, .(6)
);
Y
(;

==

),
= ( ); =(

=
= =
where,
= ; = ;=
=where,
== =where,
where,
&(5),
=
Solving
(4)

where,
=
; =
= where,
= =
where,
=
=

ere,
=
==
=
=
where,
where,
Figure
2.
Effective
area
of
the
section and revised centre of gravity
= (; ) ; == ( ) ,
.(6)
=
) ; =( ) , ==
where,

==
=
= where,
= =
where,
e, = ; =
where,
;
where, =
where,
where,
=
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
June
2014
66
==
==
where,
== ; = = where, =
where,
; ==(
=)
) ,where,

=
+ = + = + =

=

.(6)
+ = =
= +
.(6)
==
= == where,
; ;;
.(6)
=
where,
+
=
=
=
where,
=+ + (++ ) +
(
)
+
= =

=
+
OF
.(6)
VIEW
+
=
where,
=POINT
;
where,
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++=

=
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;
.(6)

==((
=
=
)
;
(
)
,
), ) ,
= =
= where,
= ( );)
; ==((
(
) =
+) +
+ ++(
+where,

=
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular PBCS) :
==

= ==
=
+
where,
+
(
)
(
=
+
+
+
) =
=
where,
=
=
=
=
where,
where,
(
) , = ==
==
) =; ===
where,
where,
=
(
= = + ( ) + + ( ) =
=++
==
) =
(
=)+
+ + (=
=
where,
where,
=
where,
where,
where,
==
where,
= ; ;; =
where,
where,
where, =
== =
=== +
= )
====where,
=
=
=
=

=
=
= where,
+=( ) (=

= = + ( ) + where,
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
=
(
)
(
)
=
+
+
+
= Moment

where, 4.
of+the
Inertia
(PMI)
)
(
)
Product
==
++ ((
++ )
effective
section
==
of
here, =
; = = where, =
)
(
)

=
= = where, = ; =
= ==where,
(revised
+ ( )( ) =
)(
Centroidal
) Axes
:
== where,
wrt
=
where,
(
)
where,
=
+
+
+ ( ) =
=
=
=
=

where, =
Revised
=B

+ ( )+(i)
Eccentricity
along
:
(
)
=
+

(ii) Effective Area (Triangular PQS)
) =
= +
( ) +
+ ((
= (

)( ) + ( )(
)

where, =
))
+
= = Revised
+; (Eccentricity
== ) +++(along
==
( =B+:))+++(
+)((
=

=

== where,
= = where,
(i)
=
+

+ (
=
=
+ ( )
= = where,
= ;
(
) +
= where, == ;;
==
===( where,
)(
+ (
=
=) ;

)( )

where, = ;
= = = where,
) ++ along
+(B:=) +
=+Revised
== +
=
= = where, =
(
=
= where,
(i)
Eccentricity
;
=
))
(

(
= + (
+ +)()(( )) ) =++
==)((
(
( =)()(+)

= where,
=
=5.Revised
;
Where,
Eccentricities
of
Load
with
respect
to revised
== = ;== where,
==
=
) ( ) + ( )(
= = where,
where,
= along
where,
= where,
where,
Revised
Eccentricity
=
= ; (i)
(
)(
==
==
B
:
= + Axes
Centroidal
=

: = +
= where,
=
= + +
+
(
)
= + =
=
= ( +
Where,
)
(;
=)( ) =
= +
)(
)
(i)
Revised
Eccentricity
along
B
:
Revised
(i)
Eccentricity
+ (B: )( ) =

where,
++ = =
+
(i)
) + along
==
)(Revised

Eccentricity
=(i)
(+
=

From
&

=
+
=
=
+
(ii),
where,
= =
along
=
= =+ +
=
(i)
Revised
Eccentricity
B
:
=
= + = =where,

; =
=
+
Where,
Eccentricity
== ++ along
=B= : ++ == ++
Total Effective Area
(i) Revised
+
where, =

+ == + +
where,
where,
(i)
Revised
Eccentricity
along
B
:
=
+
=
+
=+
+ =where,
where,
=
= =

= + =
= +
Where,
where,
=
=
= = ; =
= + = +
=
+
+ +

++

++
+ =
=
++
+
+
=
+=
= +
+=
Where,
==
=
Where,
=
=
=
+
;;

=

=
, = where,

=
=

+ =+ =
= =
=
==
where,
=
Where,
;
+
+

++ where,
= + Where, = ; =
= + +
+ ++
=+
== +=
where,
=
=
+

where,
+
where,
=
=+
= where, = =

=
+
where,
; =
Where, =
+
+

++

=
+=
+
+=
+
=
==

= = +
=
=
==
=
+ == +
+

+
, = where,

= = = where,
(ii)
Revised Eccentricity along L :
(ii) Revised
Revised Eccentricity along

(ii)
along LL ::
+
+ +
=
+ ++ where,
(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :
= == +=
where,
= + where,
where,
where,
=
= = (ii)
Revised
Eccentricity
= + along
=L : + = +
2.
revised CentroidalAxis
Second
Inertia
= + = +
Moment
= of
where,
wrt

+ ( ) +
+ (= +
)
=
=

XX :
(ii) Revised
= along
+ L: = + = +
Eccentricity
+ + = + ( )+
= ++(
= ) +
=
+

=

))
++ ((
, = where,
== ++ =(( )) ++
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+

+ (
+ (

=
=
+ Where,
=
; = +
) +
)
+

= = +
=
+
+
Where,
= ; =
= + ( ) +
+ ( = )
=

+
= +
) =
) +
=
Where,
; +
Where,

(
(
+

) + = ++ (( ) )+
==+
=
(+) Where,
+ (
=

=
= ; =

))
+
==
)) ++
((
++ ((
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+ ( ) =
= + ( ) +
=Axis
(+
=Where,
= ; = +
3. Second
Moment
of
Inertia
wrt
revised
Centroidal
= ( )( )

YY
+ ( )( ) =
:
= ( ) =
( )()
+ )(+ =(()+
+=(( )() ) =
+ (=) ++ (
)
(
)
=
=
)=+() )( ) =
(
=(==
==
( )()( ))
( )++ (( )()(
))
(
)(
)
)(
)
(
)(
)
=((
(
)
+ ( )( ) =
)
= ( )(
= ( )
(i)
Revised
Eccentricity
=along
B=: (
)
67
) (i) Revised
(
)
Eccentricity
B=: = ( )
along
)(
)
(
)(
)
Revised
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
( (i)
= )
Eccentricity
along
B

= (
(i) Revised
Eccentricity
along
B ::

Revised
Eccentricityalong
alongL L: :
(ii)(ii) Revised
Eccentricity

+ ( )
+
+
+
+
= +

= + = + = +
= + = + = +
= (ii)+ Revised
of
= + P &
Q
NA
Wherefrom,
the
points
we get
=
Eccentricity
6. Co-ordinate
Eccentricity
along
:intersecting
+
(ii)
along
L
(ii)
Revised
along
L=
:=of
=
Eccentricity
(ii)
+L:Eccentricity
Revised
+Eccentricity
=along
:+

= = + +

Revised
Revised

along
(ii)
L:L+
wrt revised Centroidal
footing side AB &

DC
Co-ordinate

(7)
System

+ + = .......(7)
=+
= ;
Where,
=: = + +
= +
+

+
++
+ =

=
=
=
== + =
+
Where,
;=+
=
=

+
= +
++ Where,
+=
+ ;
=
== ++= =+=

=
=
; the
Co-ordinate
= +

++
P where
L : (i)
+ ( )
footing
Where,
is=intersecting

of
point
NA
=
Where,
Where,
==

==
++
=Where
; ;
;+ ( )
= Where
side

AB :
(
+
= )
; ;

Where
Where
=

+ (
+
= ; =
+ Where,
= = +

+
+
Where,
Where
=
;
=
;
+
=
= ==+
Where,
= =
=
Where,

= =)
; ;
Where,

= =+

+
(
; )
=
Where
=

= (
=)
=

( )
=
= ( )
=
(
)
(
)
= ( ) +
( )
(
)
; ===((
(
)
)
)

=
Co-ordinate
of
NA is intersecting
the
; =
=
=
point
Where =
Where
Q=where
(ii)
;
=
=

(
)
footing

side CD :
(
)
= ( )
=
Where
=++(()) ; ( ( ) )

)
)
== ((==(()
( )
)))

=
= + +;
(= (
Where
( = Where
= ( )
= (=
; +
(
)
)
+
(
)
= (
)
)
=
=()(
Where
;
(
)

= (

=
=
= ( )

= ( )
+ (
) ) ( )
()))
==(
(

=
+
= (
==(())
( + )
= (=
(
)
)
(
)
)
(
)
(
7.
Co-ordinate of maximum pressure location C :
== = =
=
( )=

(
)
==
)
+ ( )
=
= =

= =((
(
)
(
)
)
=
= (

= ( )
location
+
+
=
(ii) Similarly,
at = ) = and
=
(NA
(
=

for
( )
) + (

(
)
(
+
+
(
substituting
terms
+
in( eqn
the
)
= (
(3),
we
get
==((

++
all
)
))
(
)
(
)
=
+
(
)
(
(

+

) +
+)
=
=
(
)
)+
=
+

=+
= ( )

+
(
)
(
(() ))

==(()==
=
+(
(
) +
)
(
)
)
(
)
= (
(
)
(
= (=
)
)
(DIMENSIONLESS
RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN

+

+
+ + + +
=
=
..(8)

AND

ECCENTRICITY
RATIOS
=
(
= ..
(
)
FOOTING
LIFTED
= (=
DIMENLESS
= =+ + = ..(8)
(FRACTIONS
) )
x & y :
and

(
( )
) + ( )
( ) +
and
=

and
+ + =
= = = + = ..(10)

+
+
(
)
(
)
and
+ +

));+ ( )

on
= = ( = ) +..(8)
Where
and
As
and
and
points

&
lie
=..(8)
(

NA, Pressure
&
Where
)+)+
( )
+

+
((
Now
in
general
& form
of two
(
)
p is 0 at these locations.
Where
;
+
+

( ) + +
+)
(

&
)
)
+
(

Wherefrom,
we
get
dimensional bending
and
&&pressure
equation (3), we put the
Where
=
Where
;
=
(
)
(
)
=and
for NA
and as ,

coordinate

==and
+ +
NA
coordinate

(
)
(
)
and
and
for
and
as
,
co-ordinates
of
NA
points
&
one
by
one
Where
=
for
NA
coordinate and as
, ) +
( )
+ + == ..(8)
;
=allother
=
coordinate
, areaof
and
sectional
ofand
theaseffective
for NA properties
(
)
(
)
forforNA
NAcoordinate
coordinate
andasas , ,
(
and
=&=&
&
==

)+(==(..(8)
) )
to
zero.
&

footing
and
equate
the same
(

+
)++
&
...(8)
) +
..(8)
)
(
)
(
+
(
)
(
)
+ +

= ..(8)
=
+
(
)
;
=
Where
+
+
+
+
and
and
=
=NA
for
NAcoordinate
coordinate
as
,+
(
+) +
(
)+
=+
for
,
)
..(8)
and
(=
(i)
for
NA
co-ordinate
as
For
= +
coordinate
and
as
,+

as
coordinate
+

( )
==
NA

)
(
for
for
NA
coordinate
and
and
as
as
,
,
( ))

(+

+
=
))
+
++
=(
in
((()+)+)++)
=)((
to

+ all
+ the
+
substituting
eqn
(3),
simplify

(+get,

terms
Where
; (

=(
we
(
)
(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
() +)
+;
))+)

( ) +

=

((
Where
(=
=
Where
(
)
(
)
(
) +
(

)
(
Where
;
Where
;
(
)
)
(
)
+
(
(
)
))) (
(
)
nate and as
,
= +++

+++
= .......(7)
+
==
(+
+
) )
))
+++
=((
+
+
.......(7)
+
( ) + (
(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
)
(
)
)
)+ ( )
+
+
=.......(7)
=
+

+ + = .......(7)

(
))+( )
) + (
++
== .......(7)
.......(7)

++
; = =
=
=
) .(9)

;) + (=

= (

( )

+ ( )
=
=
=
;
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

+
=
=+ +

+
; =
=

=
+
=
.......(7)
=.......(7)
.......(7)
++
+ +
=
.......(7)
.......(7)
=
;
( )
( ) +
;
,
)
(
)
= (=
)+
((
( ()
=
= ( )+ .(9)
;
( ), )
= ( ) ; =
+ ( )

(
(
)
;
(
)
,
......(7)
,
= ( ) ; = ( )

= ( ) = where, =
= ( ) ; = ( ) ,
The Indian
68
=Concrete Journal June 2014
=
;
.(9)

POINT
= + OF
VIEW
= +
= ..(10)
+ +
+
( )

= =
where, = ; = = wh

=
where,
= where, =
= ==where,
POINT
OF
VIEW
; = = w
+ ( )
( )

=
+
+ = ..(8)
+
where,

( ) + ( )
+ ( )
where,
= ; = = w

where,

===
= =
==where,
;
=
+
( )+
(
) where,
=
)

(
= ( ) +(
where,
) +
)
+ = where,
+
CG
: =
of
= Area
== where,
A2
Where
=

= =

Solving (7) & (8),
where,
where,
= == = where,
==
where,

= = =
=
=
===;;
=
where,
=
where,
= ; = = where,
( ) + ( ) (

)
)
(
+
= + (.(9)
= where,
) + + =
(
= ) +
+ = ..(10)
=
;
.(9)

...
(9)
From
(i)
&
(ii)
above,

=
= where, =
+
+
+ where
=
=where,
==
= where =
where,
===
=
+=
+
=
= =where,

= Effective
= = where, =
Area
x
In equation (9), see that all right hand side terms are
Total
in
& y.
,
) + ( ) ( =+)+= +(+
)= +
+ +(
=
..(8)
+ where
=++
+
;

= where,
=
=
=
( ) ,
where,
= ( ) ; =
=

; =
= where,
=
= =
=
= w
= =
= where,

CASE IV

+
= where =
= + =
( ) + ( )
CG of
total
Effective
Area
: +
When NA
cuts BC and AD. Here uplift portion ;is ABPQA

=
=
=
= where, =
ere, =Where
+
This is considered
+ +
+ + where
and effective portionis

PQDCP.
that

+== =+
= ( ) = where,
=
=
=
=

+

where,

=
+
= = + ; =
=
+
where

where,
NA cuts BC
at
P
where,
BP
=
yL
and
NA
cuts
AD
at
Q
=
== where,
==
= =

=

;
.(9)
where, AQ==xL
( ) + ( )
++ +
+
where,
+ ==
= +
=
== +where,
=
===
where,

=
=
Therefore, considering
fraction in side
v =
effective
where
=BC
is
+
=
= +
) + =+
) = =
=
= + ( =
& in AD is u, and uplift part in BC is y & in AD is x,
=
+ ( ) +
(where,
+ (
we have = ( ) ; = ( ),, where x, u and y, v are

(

) +
(

fraction parts
of(L &L )respectively.

) now
) =)where,
will
+
+ ( We
+
+
+ ==
=involve
+==(
+

= +
where,
(=+
+ where,
=
=
+
= =
= )
only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the
in ( ) ( )
equations as follows which can be easily transferred
(= ) ++) + ( +)+ (+ )+)
=
= = + +(
(=
= ( ) = where, =

terms of x & y from above.

+ +
+
( ) ++=(( ) )
=
where,
= == ) +++((=
+
=
+
) )(
(
)
=
+
1.
Effective
Area
of
the
Section
and
Revised
Centre
of
=
=
;
.(9)
Gravity :
( ) ( () +

( ) )((
=
= + ((=)()+( ) )(+
) ) +=
Considering
an
orthogonal
axis
system
origin
located
at
( ()
) )= ( ) =
= + (
(+PQ
(is+)the
(
+
)==+) +(
+location
() of
+ )NA
A, co-ordinate of CG at O of the effective foundation
)(
(
)

= area
+
+=
BP =yL ; PC
= vL
(
)( )
;v =1-y

= (1-y)L
PQDCP
is
calculated
as
follows
:
B :
= 1-x)
= ( ) ; = ( ) ,
AQ =BxL: ;
QD = uL = (1-x)L(
; u
= (
)
)(
(
)(
Axes XX & YY
O is the
origin
of Centroidal
(i) Effective Area (Rectangular QSCD) :

( )
=

=)=
(
)Y(
= + ( B: )+ = +(+
=)
+
)+
)
=
+
=
+
(
)(
(
)(
=
)

= ( )(
+ (
)(
) =
= ( ) = where, =
B
:
S C
P
= + B = + = +
CG of Area A1 : = = where, = ; =
= where,
=

(
)
X

B
:
O
X
B=: ( )( = ) + += (+ )(
= ) + =

= ; = = where,
=
= where,
= where, = ; = = where,
=
=
+ + = +

+ = = + +
= =

where,
=
=
Q D
A
B :

PQS) :
(ii) Effective Area (Triangular
( ) + ( )
where,
where, =
=
= + = + = +
revised
centre
and
= = where,
Figure
3. Effective area of the section
of gravity

= where,
=
== where, ; = = where, =
69
=
= where, = =
+ =
= + Where,
= = where
= = ;
=
; = =
= where,
=
+ Where,

==
where,
; = = where, =
where,
+
+
= + =
where
=
+

= +
+
+
=
+ Where, = ; =
=where,
= =where,
where,
= OF
= +
= where,
=
+ ; VIEW
POINT
= where,
L=:L :+
=+
+
= +
=+
= where
= where,
+
+
= =
=
where,
=
where,
2. Second
Moment
of
Inertia
wrt
revised
Centroidal
Axis
= where,
= + = +
=
=
+
L
: =
: + +
+
+
+
=
XX

=+
where,

where

=
=
== +=
= = +
=
where,
+
=

=where,
where,
(= =
= + (; =)=
=
=
+
+
; ) =
=
=
= +where,
= where,

= + +++
= =+

+=
= +
=where
Where,
; ; ==
=
+ =
+ == ++Where,
=
== ;
Where,
where,
=

= = = ; +
=
=
= where, = = +
+
+

)
( = ) ++ =+ +
(=
where
++
+
=
=
+
+
= +
=
where,
== +where
; =
+ (
)
Where, =
+ ( where,
) + =
= = =
)
) Where,

+
+
; =
+ ( ) +
=(
=+ ( ) ==(L+:=
+
where

=
; =
= += =
++
Where,
=
+
+
= Moment of =Inertia
=
= =Centroidal
where, = =
where,
Where, =
Second
3.
wrt revised
+
Axis
+ +
=
+
=
(
)
Where,
;
=
+
=
=
intersecting
=
where,
(
)
=
Co-ordinate
6.
of
points
P
&
Q
of
NA
YY
:
) + + ( )
+ ( +
(
)

= + = + = + the
=
=
+ (+ ) +=
+
Where,

( (
= AD
Centroidal
)where,
)++(==)( = )footing
) wrt+revised
)BC
&
= ; =
(LL:: =(side
Co-ordinate
=
()==)
=
= =
)(where,
:
= + ( ) +
( ) (=
System
+

+ +
L :
+ ( )= =
+
)
+
=
L
=
where,
) +
== + ( =
=
(
+ =
=
Where,
where,
=
+
;
)
( )
=
=
ofpoint
the
Pwhere
NA
is
intersecting
footing
=
+
=
+
=
+

(i)
Co-ordinate
L
:
=
+
=
+
=
+
)
(
)(
)
( )(
( ) ( )

)

+
+

+ + +
B
:
(
+
side
= + = + =
)= + + =(
BC :
=
=
where,

( ) + ( )( = ) = = + = + = +
= ( )( () )
= (
() )= )+ = + = +++
=
=
(
+ ( ))
==
)
== ++ ((
+
; =
=
+
=
Where,
) Where,

= ( +
=
= +
)
+ Moment
=
; =
=
+
+ = (
+
=(()
+)
=
4.
Product
the
(PMI)

effective
of
of Inertia
Where,
section
( Axes
) (( )() ) = = ( )= + Where,
Centroidal
=
= ;
(+)()(wrt
+ :
)
+
)

=
+=
= =
( )
)(+

(
)

B :
(=)) + Where, = ; =
=
= (
(
+ = + = ( (+) )
)
=
NA is intersecting the
(
=
of)point
(ii)
Co-ordinate
Q where
)(=( )footing
) + ) ++( ()
== (+ ()(
= = ( )

)
AD
:
= + (

= )
+ = (side
) +
=)()

=
=
+
=
+
and
( ) + ( )
and
= (

)
=

= ) + ( ( ) ) (+
(

+

)( ) =
(( =()) )=() )
=
=

( )
B :
& &
= ( )
= =
+
=
+
and
(
)(
)
(
)(
)
=
( )===+((= )(()()) ) =
(
)(
)
=
= =
respect
=)
Revised
Eccentricities
of Load
with
to
revised
=
==( =)(
5.
=
&

=
+
) =7.Co-ordinate
( )(Axes
= Centroidal

)
+ ( )(
maximum
:
pressure location C :
= of
,
B :
= = , = (
along B:
(i)
Revised
Eccentricity
(
)
= + = +

) = ( )

= ((
B :
=
)
) ( )
= (
= + = + = + , and
+=((
))+
= + = + =
(=
)(+
(
() ) (
+++
+

+ KNOWN

BETWEEN
)

= + = + = +
&
RELATIONSHIP

ECCENTRICITIES
AND
FOOTING
) + x &( y : )

(FRACTIONS
( ) +

+ LIFTED
+
+
and
=
= and
+
and

= + Where, = ; =
.......(10)
As
+ lie
on NA, Pressure p is 0
&

points
;+
and
==.......(10)

+

== +
;
=Where,

= + Where,
=
&
and

at these
Now
and
in
general
&
of two
dimensional
form
locations.
+
equation
& (3),
we put the co-ordinates of

+ L : Where,
= ; =
+ bending
=
= +pressure
=
= = .......(10)

NA points
&
= one
= by one and all other
L : Revised
(ii)
Eccentricity along LL::
sectional
properties
of
the
effective
( offooting
) and
,
( ) + area

equate
,
+
+
=
the same
to zero.
=

= + = + = +

+ ,
+ = + =
= + = + = =+
,

) + ( )
+

((
+ = +=
+
) + ( ) +
+
=
; =
Where,
=
+
+
( +
+

)
(
+
.......(10)
+
=
( )
=
; =+(
) +
=Where,
= + Where, == + ;
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
June
2014
70
+
+ +

)
+ (
+

( )
= ( ) +

(+
)
( ) +
++
& +
+
+

= =

+ + = ..(11)

( ) + ( )
POINT
VIEW
= =
= = OF
Where
=
+ ( ; )
&
( )
and
+
+ + ++
=
..(11)
(
)
..(11)

; =
+
,
, = = for NA co-ordinate and
as
(
)
(i) For
Where
&
( + ) +
+ () +

substituting all the terms in eqn (3), we simplify to get,
(
+
= = ,

Where
;
=
(
=
(
)
(
) ) + (
..(11)
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
;

Where
+
+ +
+=+
( )
=
+(

..(11)
)+ ( ) (
+(=
=
)+ ( + )

( ) + ( ) ( ) ( ) + (
+
+
(;
=
=
( ) + ( Where
)
)
+

)

)
=
+
(
)
(
+ +

+(

) + +
+ (+

=)+ .......(10)
+
=.......(10)

)+ ( =)
Where
;
+
+
+
+
=

= =

;
=
( ) + ( )
we
get,
+ + = .......(10)
Wherefrom
+ ( ) +
(10)

( ; )

+ (

=
= .(12)
...(10)
=
;

+ + = .......(10)

) ,
=( ); =(
&
and

( ) + ( )
) )+

Where = ( )+((
; (
)
Where = Where
= ; ; ;
= + +.(12)

=
(
) , = ..(11)
; =
=
(
)
=
= where, =
= (
) ; = ( ) ,

= ( )
=
;
(
)
...(12)
) ( ) + ( )

) + (
Where
;
=
(( ) +
) (
= (; (
) +
( )

) + (
) )
=
=
=
= = where, =
Where
;
=

Where
==(
) , = = = where,
) ; = = ( where,

)
( ) + (
( )
In
equation
= (see
that
) , all right hand side terms are in
=
(
) ;(12),
=
)
(
)
(
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

y.
(
x
&
) +
) (+( where,
+
=
where,
= ( )+(())+
) )

(=
) +
=
= )(
(

+
(
=
= ;
+
+
(
)
(
)
where,
=
+
;
Where =

CASE

=
= where, =
( ) +
( )
( )
) + )( = )= ( ) + (= )( ) +When

NA cutsBC
and DC.
Here uplift portion
is ABPQDA
+
( )
+(
) + (
+(=
=
)
)
where,
=
and
+ is PQC. This isconsidered
that NA
effective portion

= ) +
= ( ) +
= = (
=
P
where,
DC

cuts
BC
yL and NAcuts
atQwhere,
at
BP
(
)
=
=
;
where,
( )
+=xL(
DQ
(
)
)
( +)
+
+
=
)

(+
Similarly,
+ for
+ = +
(ii)
location
and
=+

+
=
NA
at =+
+ +
+in
(

)= =all
)
terms
we
(the
( substituting
)
equ
(3),
get

considering
effective
fraction
in side BC is v
+
( ) +
+ ( ) +Therefore,
( )
( )
+
in DC
is u, and
part in
DC is x, we

BC
isy+&in
=
+
uplift

)
( )
)
) ( &

+(+

+
+
+
=
+
+
+
=
have
where
x,
u
and
y,
v
are
),
; )= (

)
(
= )

+ (=
(

+
+
..(11)
+
=
+ +

+
+
= ..(11)
fraction parts of B & L +respectively.
We will now involve
+

= +..(11)
only
the effective
fractions
u & v to ease formation of the
= =
transferred in
equations as
follows which where,
+ ( = ) = can be easily
=
(
)
..(11)
( ); ) += ++ =terms
+)
y
above.
= (
=..(11)
) from
ofx+&
Where
)
(
+ = = (+
+

(
;
+ =
Where
)
(
)
;
= =
=
+

..(11)

++ Where
+ Section
= and Revised Centre of
+ + 1.
Area
ofthe

Effective

( )Gravity
: = =where,
+ ( )
(
)
) Wherefrom
we
get,
Where
;
;
= ) )
(+( )) )
+

(
(((
)

(
= +
=
+
+
..(11)
)
(
)
;
=
Considering
an
orthogonal
axis
system
origin
located at
Where
+
=

+ +
+
=
(11)
+ =
+
..(11)

the effective foundation area
of CG at Oof
A,co-ordinate

PQC is calculated as follows :
( )
+ ( )

+ (
)
)
+
(
)=
( ) + +
; + =
(
+
() )
2014
71
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
June
(
)
= +
Where
;
=
=
=

;
.(12)

Solving (10) & (11),

=
= +
Where, = ;

B :
= + Where, = ; =
= ( ) ; = ( ) ,
L :
POINT
OF
VIEW
B
:
L :
= ( ) ; = ( ) ,

= + = + = +

= + = + = +
Total Effective
Area :

L :
where,
=
=
=
+= + = + = +
=
+= +

=
= where, =
= + =
= + == +
Where,
; = +
+

= + Where, = ; = +
= = where,
Where, = ; +=
= =+ + Where,
= ; =

= = where,

L : Where, = ; = +

= ; = = where, = = +
=( )
= ( L : )

= ; = = where, =
==( + ) = + = +
6. Co-ordinate
P & Q of NA intersecting
2. Second
Moment
ofInertia
Centroidal
of points
; =
wrt
= revised
where,
=Axis
the
=
= ( =() )

side
XX :
footing
BC
&
DC=wrt+revised
Centroidal
Co-ordinate
=
=
+
=
= where,
=
System:

;
where,
= (
)
= ; = = where,
+
where,
= = =where,
= ;
=
= =
( )+ = Where,

= ; =
=
(i) Co-ordinate of point
the footing
=
P where NA is intersecting
= ( )
= where,
;
where,
of Inertia wrt
revised
side
BC
: + Where,
3. Second

Moment
; =
Centroidal
(
)
=
=
where,
where,
=; YY

= ==
=
= Axis
where,
=
:
=
= =( )( )

;
where,
=
===
;
where,
= where,
===
== ( )
= where,

= where,
; =
where,
=

= = where,

= ( )= ( )
where,
= =
where,
= ( )
= =

==
where,
= 4.
where,
where,
==
= =
=
=the effective
Moment
of

Product
of
Inertia
=
(PMI)

where, ==(
where,
==
=
=
where,
=
=
= :
=
where,
where,
(ii)
Co-ordinate
section
wrt
revised
Centroidal
Axes
of point Q where NA is intersecting the

where,
=
=
footing
side AD :

=
=
= ( )
where,
where,
B: =
where,
=
=
= where,

= =
where, =
: = where,
B =
==
= where, ===((
: Eccentricities
BRevised
with
respect to
revised
of Load
)
5.
=
=
= where,
:== where,

Axes
= Centroidal
+
=
+
where,
=
+ = ( )
= +
= +
==
where,

where,
BB: :== +
=+
=
=

= along
+ B::
=
Eccentricity
(i)
Revised
where, =

=
B: = + = +
+
= +
PQ is the
locationof NA
+ = + = ;
== + + =Where,
B :
; += =+ = BP+ =yL ;PC=vL= (1-y)L ; v = 1-y
= =
= +
Where,
B :
DQ = xB ; QC = uB= (1-x)B ; u = 1-x
Where, B: = ; = +
= +

= + = +
= +
= + = + = +

=+
= = ;+
L:== + +
= Where,
=
+
=
+
= + +
=
L: = + Where,
=
;
= ; =
= + Where,
+ L : = + = +

+

P
= =
= Where,
C
;+ +=
L: ==++
=
+
= =+
Where,
;

+

= ; + =
:=
+
+
L
+ = Where,

L
:
=
=
Where,
= ; =
=
+
O
X

+ Where,
= ; =
+
= + = +
L:=
= + = + = += + = + + = +
Q
L :
= +

Where,

=
= + +
;
L : = +
LL::= = ; ; = =
Where,
= Eccentricity
+
(ii) Revised
along

D
Where,
+
= + =
= +
+
= + = + = +
= Where,
===(+
+ ==
= = + + = + +
+ ;

= +)Where,

= 4.
Figure
Effective
area
= + Where,

;
=of the section
and revised centre of gravity
+ ===(+
) = +
+

= ( )
Where, = ; + =

=
+

)
Where,
= =+=(
) = ; =
+
)Journal
(
Concrete
Where,
=
The
Indian
June 2014
72
==
(
)
Where, = ; =
= +
= ( )
( ) + ( ) ( ()
= ( )
(
(
() +)+
((
(=)
)+
((
)+
) )+ ;
Where
=
=
(
(
)
)
( ) + ((
)
)
(
)

Where
+ =
;
= +
=
++
.......(13)
=
+ ++ + = .......(13)
Where =
;

= OF VIEW

POINT
(
(
((
)( (
()) ) ()( (
)
()) )
) (( ( ))
+
+
+

Where
=
and
= +
=
+; =
Where
7. Co-ordinate of maximum
pressure
location
C
:
(ii)
for
NA
location
at
Similarly,
+ +
=+
.......(13)
+
=
==
=

substituting
all
the
terms
in
eqn
(3),
we
get
=
=
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
()+( () ) ) ( () +
= ( ) = ( )
()+ )+
(( ))++ (( ) ( (
= ( )
=
+
; = ( ) +
(= )() Where
(++ ++)
) =( = )
== (
= += +
+ +
= ( )
)
= ( KNOWN
RELATIONSHIP

= ( )BETWEEN

AND FOOTING
ECCENTRICITIES
+ + +

y:
LIFTED FRACTIONS
&
+ +
x
++
+
+
+ + + =

+
+ = ..(14)

= +
+ and
+
+
and

+

and
on
NA,
Pressure
lie
As points and
p is
0

= and
=
&
and
+ + +
of
at these
locations.
Now
andingeneral
& form

dimensional
two

+ = ..(14)
+
+
bending
+ +
++
+
=
+
+=
&
& (3),
equation
+
Where
=co-ordinates
+ of
pressure
put
the
= (14)
=
we
..(14)

=

;
= & = = +
+
= ..(14)
Where
&
=
by

NA points
one
andall other
& one
NA
for

for
NA
for
NA
sectional
properties
of
the
effective
area
of
footing
and
NA
= = for
+
the
=
same
= to zero.
NA
=
+..(14)
for
NA
equate
(i)
For
for
NA
= += for
=..(14)
+
+
,

+
++
= ,
;
Where
=
+
+
Where
;

=
+
all the terms
in ;
, =, , substituting
co-ordinate
andWhere
as

and

,and

, to get,
(3), we simplify
eqn
+
+

=
&

++ +
++
+
+
+
&
;+
..(14)
Where
=
=
Where
;
+
+
+
=
+ +
+
++

+
+
+
+=+
=
+

=
=
+

+ +
++

+
+

and
+
+
+
+
for
+ NA
=
for

+ +
== ==

NA
+

(
(
)
)
(
(
)
)
( ( ( ) ) )( ( (
(
) (
(
)
)
(
((
() ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ) ( ) )
) ))
)
)) (
()
(
) ( ( )( ( )
(
(
) (
)
(
) (
)
)( ( ( ) ( )() ( ( ) ) ) )( ( ( ) ( ) (((()( ))()() () (( ()() ) ( )) )) ( ) ) ( ( (
) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ()
( ) ) (
() ( ) ) ( ( )

( )+
+ +
=
.......(13)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
) ) (
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
&
; =
+
+ .......(13)
= = .......(13)

+ +
+Where
=

,,
( )+ (
)
(
.......(10)
.......(13)
+ =+ = .......(13)
+

.......(13)
+ +
=
( ) + ( )
= = for
( ) + ( )
NA
Where =
)()+ )( ; (())(+)++()+(())+ ) ( )
( ()+
)
+
(
()++
(
)+=
)(
)
Where
Where
=( ) ) ( ) + ( )
(
;
=
=) +
(
)
(= ) ==
( =)
+
+
=++
+
++)+
++ ,
+)+=
( (

Where
;
(
=
=
=
Where
;

;

(13) Where
Wherefrom, we get,

( )

(
)
(
(
(=
( )+ ()+ )( ) (+
)(+ ()+
(
)
)
( ( ) +
(
(
((
)(
+ ) +
)+)(13)
)+
+)
()
)++
+
)++
)+)(
)
(
()
++
+
(
)
+=
=
.......(13)
&
()
(
= +
.......(13)
(
(
)
)+ = ( )
(
)
)
(
)
(
Solving
(13)
(14),
+
+
+

+
+
=

...(15)
=
=
;
+
)
)
( =) +
( ) ++
= (
Where
;
=
Where
;
=
=
) (+(

) .......(13)
)+) +=(===.......(13)
) ( ) + (
=
+
+
(+
= += +
=
= =

( )+ ( )
(+ )+ (

( ) + ( )
)
) + ( )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
+
+
+
+
In
equation
(15),
see
that
side)(

in =
terms are
()) (++
(all
+
right
)+hand
)(+
=
+

=
+
;
(
()
)
)+
= ; +
Where

+
+
+
+
(
+
) +
) ( = )+= (
( )
+(

(
(
x)
&
+y
+ +
(
+

())+
) +
=(

(
)
= .......(13)

+
+
+ + + +
+
+
Solution
Problem
=

=
;
Lor
B.
and
(
= (..(14)
)
(
)
)
(
)
)
(
)
) + ( ) (
=
=
;
)
(
)

) +
( +
+=
+
..(14)
=
+..(14)
(==
)+==
+
+
for
generating
(A)Method
thewhole
graph
(
) + ; =+(= ..(14)
+( )
for
all cases
)

= + = ..(14)
..(14)
+
+
( ) + ( )
( ) + ( )
; (

)=++
)
=
+
(
(
Where
(+
(
(
(
+(
)
+)+
)
)

)++ ++) (
( )+)(
( = ++)Where
) +
()+
()
==)of x and y which
= ++
(
all
functions
Where
=(
=
(
)
are
;

) (+
(=;
+
= ) +
)
)
(
)
(
) +(=;) = ( ;) +=( ) ) + ( )

.(14)Where

=
(

;
= Where

=
Where
turn
are
Lor
or B.
B. and
in
the
are known
)
(
fractions
)of+ L
)
(
(
(
+
( ) + ( ++) ++( (===)..(14)

(
)
(
)
L
or
B.
and
+
+
(()+)(+)+()( ) )
+)(+
( )
(
()++)
+
..(14)

+ =)+

+
+ =
=
+
+
(
(
)
(
)
)
)
(
&
(
()
)+)
)

(
)++ ( )
(
)
(
(
)
(
(
;
+ +

The Indian Concrete Journal

73
June 2014
=
=

+

.(15)
=
; =

; =

= .(15)
.(15)
=
=

.(15)
=
; ;
.(15)

; =

and

.(15)
L or B.
=
=
;

POINT
OF
VIEW

=
=
= and
; L or B.
.(15)

known

parameters. Equations involving
on
(the
right
)+ ( )

( ) + ( )

Where
L
or
B.
and
=
+
+
+
= side
and
= y on
;
.(15)
terms
involving
hand
x,
the
right
hand
L or B. and
.(15)
LB.or B.and and

are
all the cases
deduced
for
L or(Case
IItoL Case
side
or B. V).
and
,
and
Right
hand
side
parameters
shall
on
be calculated
L or B.
and
Equations
involving
known
on
the
left
hand
side
case
to
case
basis
depending
on
the
NA
location.
After

, , and
and
L or B.
and
generating
numerous
sets
of dimensionless
parameters
terms
and
involving
x,
y
on
the
right
hand
side
are
also
&
in Xaxis and
two
of x and y, and
,
and against different sets
deduced for all the cases (Case II toCase
V).These
,
and
&
equations with two

x& y for
case
unknowns
and
one particular
inXaxis
in
Xaxis
and
considering of
in
X-axis
and
in Y-axis, we can

L or B.
and

and
Kmax
,
non-linear
are
simultaneous
equations
and
can
be
used
&
, and
corresponding
and Kmax values.

plot
yand
values

in Xaxis and
x values,
,
&
Kmax
in Xaxis and
for
generating
the
graph
as
a
whole
by
assuming
various
&
K
K
max
max

thex-curves,

get
After plotting manyof
y
such sets, we
& finding
&
,
and
in
Xaxis
and
combination
of
x
&
y
and
the
corresponding
&
Kmax
& ,
Kmax & K -curves
max
plotted
and
in K
Xaxis
, . 8 (Eight)
curves
againstKmax
and
max
&
and
in Xaxis
&
. However, for a particular
and known
,
example
hand
calculations
for
each case
max
K
max
using the above

be adopted
Kmax
& efficient trial and error
& method
&shall
values,
,
,
in Xaxis and
Kmax
,
&
ina tabular form
&
K
basis
equations on casetoKcase
are placed
theand
max
the number of
decrease
to
iterations.
From
equations,
,
max

and
,
&
2 for
,
(Annexure
Table
Kmax 1 for Case II, Table
and
,
, Case III,
can see
we
that
though
it
is
an
iterative
process
to
find
K
max
max
Table
&
Table 3 for Case IV,
V) atAnnexure-A.
&
,
and , and
,, 4 for Case
and
,
,
and
and
,
whole
graph showing
for
out
values
of
Here, the curves
NA locations
the values
of x and y for known
,

and ,
K max

and
,
,
contours
and x and y are known

, are drawn
, however,
think
and
in ,respect
of

in reverse, if we
that
Pressure
&
and
,
,
and ,

and
and
,
and unknowns
parameters
, the problem
x, y, , and by
, preparing a computer
are Knowing
program and is, presented in
and
,
and
,
and
,
Knowing
x,
y,
and
,
gets
much
easier.
For
several
such
known
values
of
x
and
Figure.
5
above.

and
and ,,
and and

by using
y,we canfind out corresponding

and
,

intensity
and (B)
To
(for
(
)
(
find
out
+ the
maximum

) pressure
a ) +
,
and (6) for Case-II, (9) for Case-III,(12)

,
= Case+
+
Knowing
equation
for
x, y,+ and
given set of
:
)
( )+ ( )

( )+
and

(
and
,
Knowing
x,
y,
and
,
x,y,Knowing
=
+
+ ,
+
x, y,
,
IV, (15) for
we
can
+

and
Case-V. Knowing
Knowing
x, y,
, y,
and
, : Onceafull
Knowing
x,
and
,
1.
MANNUAL
METHOD
graph
is
with
calculate x,
corresponding
maximum
pressure on the base
Knowing
y,
and
,
ready,
design
use this graph for our
future
can
( )
, (we

footing
by
) + ( )
of
putting all known parameters

corner
C
the
=
+
+
+
of
Knowing
and
,
=
values
off
and x, y,
purpose
by reading
maximum
)
with
with
(
()+pressure
()quantity
) +
+
)+) (
of C in pressure
along
)+) (
with
coordinates
equation
(3)
,K
and
(
)
(
(
coefficient
NA

(
)
(
( + )).(1+
and
uplift
= = +=
+
+
max
(
)
(
)
+ +
+

+
, +
(
simplifying :
=
+
=

+ (
,)

(
with
)

(
+
) +
(
)
,
.(
against

) +
with
given
set
of
for
design
purpose
(
)
(
)
.(16)
= x, y, and
+ ,
+ +

Knowing

)+
+
Where
=
+
(
)
(
)
(
)
(

to
+ and
this
with
(get
)
.(16)
the
maximum
)
with
,)+ (
+
=+(+
=

,K
+
(multiply

)
max
.
,
.
=
+
+
+
with
Where
pressure
under
footing.

with

,
.
,
.
) + ( )
( ()+PROCEDURE

)

() +: A)computer
(
+ (
2. COMPUTER
with
(
==
program
.(16)
+
+
+
( )
(
)
(
)
Where
=
+
+
+
, .
...(16)
+ .(16)

(

+ +=

may
created
the
non-linear
of
(
)
(
( )+

)+) (
)for
solution
)+)be

,
(
(
(
)
(
)
(
)
( + ))+
)

Where
= +
+ ) +
=

(+

+

.
Where

Pmax
(
+.
(
Where
=
+
+
+

equations
for
finding
out
the
uplift
fractions
of
the
Where
) = +
+

( )+ ( ) +

( ) + (
Where = +
+
+
& y

Once
footing
against
the
known
values
of x
,
.
P
.
P
.

max
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
max

=
+

Where
+ +
+

the
uplift
fractions
i.e.
the
neutral
axis location is
xx
&&
yy
Pmax.
) + ( )

(
=
+
(
)
(

+

+ +

( )Where
74
Pmaximum
max
=. a
n
known, we can calculate the Kmax and

Chart for
x
yunder
+
Pfooting.
. A Flow
pressure
the
&
max
x
&&
yyprev
+
+ +

xprev
framing a program
. n
aany
a computer
=
in=
language is
Pmax
n

x &Pmax
y
x &xprev
y
&&
yprev
yprev
xprev
n = a
n
= a.
Pmax
x & y
xprev & yprev

n = a
n = a
&y
yprev
xx
prev&
POINT OF VIEW
Location of NA and maximum pressure chart of highly eccentric foundation

0.5000
0.4500
0.4000
0.3500
Eh / B
0.3000
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
0.1000
0.0500
0.0000
0.0000
0.0500
0.1000
0.1500
0.2000
0.2500
0.3000
0.3500
0.4000
0.4500
0.5000
EL / L
Figure 5. Location of NA and maximum pressure chart of highly eccentric foundation
shown later in Figure 6. Following notes may be

read in conjunction with the flow chart :
1. Sets of Equations used in the Flow Chart are all
taken from the above discussion in the paper and
are provided at the end of the flow chart. Different
variable names have been used in the Equation
Sets with that of the paper for use in VB Macro.
2. As the final equations are dimensionless (as

discussed above), L or B of the footing are not
necessary to use in a program and hence, equations in the given Equation Sets are provided as
independent of L or B except for calculation of the
Maximum Pressure Pmax.
3. For each of the Equation Sets, different function
may be created and called as necessary by passing
75
POINT OF VIEW
FLOW CHART
START
Case 2 : Calculate Eff.

Sectional Properties
from Eqn Set (2)
Read Mx , My, P, B, L
Calculate Eb/B = Mx /(P x B)
Calculate E /L = My/ (P x L)
1
Assume x = 1 ; Y=0.1
Calculate E bB y B and
E1B y L from Eqn. Set (A)
Initialise p=0, q=0, r=0, s=0, x & Y=a small value

Consider a less value of x & y for each new iteration
Y prev = Y
Yes
Equal
if E 1B yL < E 1/ L
No
Increase y = y + y
p=p+1
Decrease y = y q=q+1
If p> 0 and q = 0
or
If p = 0 and q >0
No
Yes
If x < = 1 and y < = 1
Yes
Case = 2
x=x-0
y=y-0
Use Eqn. Set (2)

To Calculate Eff.
y = y prev
No
If x > 1 and y < = 1
Yes
Case = 3
u=2-x
v=1-y
Use Eqn. Set (3)

To Calculate Eff.
No
If x <= 1 and y >1
Yes
Case = 4
u=1-x
v=2-y
Use Eqn. Set (4)

To Calculate Eff.
No
If x > 1 and y > 1
No
Yes
Case = 5
u=2-x
v=2-y
Use Eqn. Set (5)

To Calculate Eff.
ERROR
Mark -A
76
Calculate E 1B L and
EbB yB from Eqn. Set (A)
Mark - B
POINT OF VIEW
x prev = x
Mark - B
Mark -A
Yes
If Eb By B < Eb /B
Equal
No
Increase x = x + x
r=r+1
Decrease x = x - x
s=s+1
If r > 0 and s = 0
or
If r = 0 and s > 0
No
Yes
If x < = 1 and y < = 1
Yes
Case = 2
x=x-0
y=y-0
Use Eqn. Set (2)

To Calculate Eff.
No
If x > 1 and y < = 1
Yes
Case = 3
u=2-x
v=1-y
Use Eqn. Set (3)

To Calculate Eff.
No
If x <= 1 and y >1
Yes
Case = 4
u=1-x
v=2-y
No
Yes
If x > 1 and y > 1
Case = 5
u=2-x
v=2-y
Use Eqn. Set (4)

To Calculate Eff.
Use Eqn. Set (5)

To Calculate Eff.
Calculate E1B yL and

EbB yB from Eqn. Set (A)
No
If E1ByL - E 1/L < n

and
If EbByB - E b /B < n
Calculate Pmax from eqn. Set (B)

Print Case No, x, y, K max, P max
x = x prev
END
77
POINT OF VIEW
parameters for necessary calculations and getting
the result.
4. The values of fractional part x & y have been varied from 0 to 2 (considering x= 0 to 1 for edge AD
& x= 1 to 2 for edge DC and y= 0 to 1 for edge AB
& y= 1 to 2 for edge BC).
5. A check is to be kept on x & y so that calculated
eccentricity always falls on the first quadrant
(+ve) i.e. upper rightmost quadrant of the footing.
6. Different values of x & y may be chosen by
calling a function for the same. For each new iteration, x & y shall be less than the x & y values
of the previous iteration to gradually converge
into the solution.
7. Mark-A and Mark-B of one page of the Flow
Chart shall be considered merged with the same
Mark of other page to study the Flow Chart.
8. Abbreviations Used in Flow Chart : P = Axial
force, Mx = Moment about x-axis, My = Moment
about y-axis, Eb/B = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.)
along y-axis, El/L = (Actual ecc. / fdn. Dimn.)
along x-axis, ElByL and EbByB = Ecc./fdn dimn
based on assumed x & y i.e. NA location to compare the same with the actual ones to reach at a
solution for x & y. n = a negligible predefined
number to verify whether a solution is reached or
not. p, q, r, s = variables keeping record whether
y or x is increasing or decreasing. xprev & yprev
are keeping the values of x & y which are being
changed in the later part of the program.
Set Of Equations for Use in Flow Chart :: Equations given below may
be directly used in computer program in excel sheet (VB macro) with
the same variable names and suitable changes of operators are required
for other languages ::
Case II : Equation Set (2) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = 1 - x * y / 2 ; CGX = (3 - x ^ 2 * y) / (6 - 3 * x * y) ; CGY = (3 - x *
y ^ 2) / (6 - 3 * x * y)
Icgx = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x * y ^ 3) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * y) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgy = 1 / 12 * (1 - (x ^ 3 * y) / 3 + x * y / 3 * (3 - 2 * x) ^ 2 / (x * y - 2))
Icgxy = Abs((CGX - 0.5) * (CGY - 0.5) + ((x ^ 2 * y ^ 2 / 72) - (x * y / 2 *
(CGX - x / 3) * (CGY - y / 3))))
X1 = -CGX ; Y1 = (y - CGY) ; X2 = (x - CGX) ; Y2 = -CGY
78
Case III : Equation Set (3) : Effective Sectional Properties

Area1 = v ; cgx1 = 1 / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 - v / 2 ; Area2 = (u - v) / 2 ; cgx2 = 2 /
3 ; cgy2 = (3 - 2 * v - u) / 3 ; Area = Area1 + Area2 ;
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
Icgx = v ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (u - v) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
(CGY cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = v / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (u - v) / 36 + Area2 * (CGX
cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (u - v) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = -CGX
Y1 = 1 - v - CGY
X2 = 1 - CGX
Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
Case IV : Equation Set (4) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area1 = u ; cgx1 = 1 - u / 2 ; cgy1 = 1 / 2 ; Area2 = 1 / 2 * (v - u) ; cgx2 =
(3 - 2 * u - v) / 3 ; cgy2 = 2 / 3
Area = Area1 + Area2
CGX = (Area1 * cgx1 + Area2 * cgx2) / Area ; CGY = (Area1 * cgy1 +
Area2 * cgy2) / Area
Icgx = u / 12 + Area1 * (CGY - cgy1) ^ 2 + (v - u) / 36 + Area2 * (CGY
- cgy2) ^ 2
Icgy = u ^ 3 / 12 + Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) ^ 2 + (v - u) ^ 3 / 36 + Area2 *
(CGX cgx2) ^ 2
Icgxy = Abs(Area1 * (CGX - cgx1) * (CGY - cgy1) - (v - u) ^ 2 / 72 + Area2
* (CGX - cgx2) * (CGY - cgy2))
X1 = 1 - v CGX ; Y1 = 1 CGY ; X2 = 1 - u CGX ; Y2 = -CGY
Case V : Equation Set (5) : Effective Sectional Properties
Area = v * u / 2 ; CGX = 1 - v / 3 ; CGY = 1 - u / 3
Icgx = v * u ^ 3 / 36 ; Icgy = v ^ 3 * u / 36 ; Icgxy = Abs(v ^ 2 * u ^ 2 /
72)
X1 = 1 - v CGX ; Y1 = 1 CGY ; X2 = 1 CGX ; Y2 = 1 - u - CGY
Equation Set (A) : Stress Equation on NA for calculating EbByB and
ElByL :
Feccb = 0.5 CGY ; Feccl = 0.5 CGX ; a = 1 / Area
P1 = (Icgx * X1 + Icgxy * Y1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q1 = (Icgy * Y1 +
Icgxy * X1) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
R1 = (a + Feccl * P1 + Feccb * Q1)
P2 = (Icgx * X2 + Icgxy * Y2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; Q2 = (Icgy * Y2 +
Icgxy * X2) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
R2 = (a + Feccl * P2 + Feccb * Q2)
ElByL = (Q2 * R1 - Q1 * R2) / (P2 * Q1 - Q2 * P1)
EbByB = (P2 * R1 - P1 * R2) / (P1 * Q2 - Q1 * P2)
Equation Set (B) : Max Pressure Equation at Corner of footing :
X3 = 1 CGX ; Y3 = 1 - CGY
a3 = (Icgy * Y3 + Icgxy * X3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2) ; b3 = (Icgx * X3 +
Icgxy * Y3) / (Icgx * Icgy - Icgxy ^ 2)
Max Pressure Coefficient Kmax = a + ((EbByB + Feccb) * a3 + (ElByL +
Feccl) * b3)
Max Pressure = Kmax * P / (B * L)
References
1. Foundation Design by Wayne C. Teng published by Prentice Hall
of India Private Limited, New Delhi-110001 Published in : 1979 pp
130-133
POINT OF VIEW
Annexure Table 1. Calculation of pressure co-efficients
CASE - II (Short Side & Long Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part is uplifted
Annexure Table 3. calculation of pressure co-efficients

CASE - IV (both the long sides intersected by na)
Example No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Notations used
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion and y<1 in AB portion
in paper
x
0.000
0.000
1.000
1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.300
y
0.000
1.000
0.000
1.000
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
a1
1.000
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
c1
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
d1
0.500
1.000
0.500
1.000
0.850
0.800
0.750
0.700
a2
0.000
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.070
0.120
0.150
0.280
c2
0.500
0.500
1.000
1.000
0.950
0.900
0.850
0.650
d2
0.000
0.500
0.000
0.500
0.350
0.300
0.250
0.200
a3
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.500
0.315
0.240
0.175
0.060
c3
0.000
0.000
0.667
0.667
0.600
0.533
0.467
0.200
d3
0.000
0.667
0.000
0.667
0.467
0.400
0.333
0.267
ar
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.500
0.685
0.760
0.825
0.940
Fgx
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.667
0.592
0.574
0.557
0.526
Fgy
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.667
0.623
0.595
0.571
0.523
Fix
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.028
0.042
0.050
0.057
0.074
Fiy
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.028
0.051
0.058
0.063
0.073
Fixy
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.019
0.019
0.017
0.009
Feccl
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.167
-0.092
-0.074
-0.057
-0.026
Feccb
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.167
-0.123
-0.095
-0.071
-0.023
x1
-0.500
-0.500
-0.500
-0.667
-0.592
-0.574
-0.557
-0.526
y1
-0.500
0.500
-0.500
0.333
0.077
0.005
-0.071
-0.123
x2
-0.500
-0.500
0.500
0.333
0.308
0.226
0.143
-0.226
y2
-0.500
-0.500
-0.500
-0.667
-0.623
-0.595
-0.571
-0.523
x3
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.333
0.408
0.426
0.443
0.474
y3
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.333
0.377
0.405
0.429
0.477
P1
-6.000
-6.000
-6.000 -24.000 -13.209 -11.326 -9.900
-7.543
Q1
-6.000
6.000
-6.000
0.000
-4.132
-4.168
-4.195
-2.594
R1
1.000
1.000
1.000
6.000
3.181
2.545
2.069
1.317
P2
-6.000
-6.000
6.000
0.000
0.630
0.039
-0.468
-4.047
Q2
-6.000
-6.000
-6.000 -24.000 -14.519 -11.854 -10.094 -7.552
R2
1.000
1.000
1.000
6.000
3.182
2.436
1.952
1.344
el/L
0.083
0.167
0.000
0.250
0.170
0.149
0.130
0.139
eb/B
0.083
0.000
0.167
0.250
0.227
0.206
0.187
0.103
Kmax
2.000
2.000
2.000
6.000
4.108
3.560
3.143
2.496
Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
Example No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in AD portion, y<1 in BC portion, x>y to keep the
eccentricity in first quadrant.
x
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
y
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
u
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
v
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
a1
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
c1
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
1.000
d1
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
a2
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
c2
0.267
0.367
0.467
0.567
0.667
0.767
0.867
0.967
d2
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
ar
0.750
0.650
0.550
0.450
0.350
0.250
0.150
0.050
Fgx
0.624
0.674
0.724
0.774
0.824
0.873
0.922
0.967
Fgy
0.511
0.513
0.515
0.519
0.524
0.533
0.556
0.667
Fix
0.062
0.054
0.046
0.037
0.029
0.021
0.012
0.003
Fiy
0.035
0.023
0.014
0.008
0.004
0.001
0.000
0.000
Fixy
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.000
Feccl
-0.124
-0.174
-0.224
-0.274
-0.324
-0.373
-0.422
-0.467
Feccb
-0.011
-0.013
-0.015
-0.019
-0.024
-0.033
-0.056
-0.167
x1
-0.424
-0.374
-0.324
-0.274
-0.224
-0.173
-0.122
-0.067
y1
0.489
0.487
0.485
0.481
0.476
0.467
0.444
0.333
x2
-0.324
-0.274
-0.224
-0.174
-0.124
-0.073
-0.022
0.033
y2
-0.511
-0.513
-0.515
-0.519
-0.524
-0.533
-0.556
-0.667
x3
0.376
0.326
0.276
0.226
0.176
0.127
0.078
0.033
y3
0.489
0.487
0.485
0.481
0.476
0.467
0.444
0.333
P1
-11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000 -2400.000
Q1
7.267
8.252
9.535
11.267
13.695
17.164
20.923
0.000
R1
2.662
4.084
6.486
10.927
20.294
44.782 140.615 1140.000
P2
-9.912
-13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000
0.000
Q2
-8.685
-10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154 -240.000
R2
2.663
3.941
6.013
9.634
16.659
32.557
77.231
60.000
el/L
0.249
0.282
0.316
0.349
0.382
0.414
0.446
0.475
eb/B
0.022
0.026
0.030
0.037
0.047
0.066
0.107
0.250
Kmax
2.840
3.307
3.956
4.918
6.486
9.474
17.143
60.000
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
Annexure Table 2 . calculation of pressure co-efficients

CASE - III (both the short sides intersected by na)
Annexure Table 4. calculation of pressure co-efficients

CASE - V (Long Side & Short Side Intersected) - A Triangular Part remains effective
Example No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions and x<1 for DC portion, y<1 in AB portion, x<y to keep the
eccentricity in first quadrant
x
0.000
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
y
1.000
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
u
1.000
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
v
0.000
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
a1
0.000
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
c1
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
d1
1.000
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
a2
0.500
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.050
c2
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
0.667
d2
0.667
0.267
0.367
0.467
0.567
0.667
0.767
0.867
ar
0.500
0.750
0.650
0.550
0.450
0.350
0.250
0.150
Fgx
0.667
0.511
0.513
0.515
0.519
0.524
0.533
0.556
Fgy
0.667
0.624
0.674
0.724
0.774
0.824
0.873
0.922
Fix
0.028
0.035
0.023
0.014
0.008
0.004
0.001 0.0003426
Fiy
0.028
0.062
0.054
0.046
0.037
0.029
0.021
0.012
Fixy
0.014
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
Feccl
-0.167
-0.011
-0.013
-0.015
-0.019
-0.024
-0.033
-0.056
Feccb
-0.167
-0.124
-0.174
-0.224
-0.274
-0.324
-0.373
-0.422
x1
-0.667
-0.511
-0.513
-0.515
-0.519
-0.524
-0.533
-0.556
y1
0.333
-0.324
-0.274
-0.224
-0.174
-0.124
-0.073
-0.022
x2
0.333
0.489
0.487
0.485
0.481
0.476
0.467
0.444
y2
-0.667
-0.424
-0.374
-0.324
-0.274
-0.224
-0.173
-0.122
x3
0.333
0.489
0.487
0.485
0.481
0.476
0.467
0.444
y3
0.333
0.376
0.326
0.276
0.226
0.176
0.127
0.078
P1
-24.000 -8.685 -10.138 -12.165 -15.185 -20.139 -29.638 -54.154
Q1
0.000
-9.912 -13.032 -17.884 -26.016 -41.143 -73.846 -160.000
R1
6.000
2.663
3.941
6.013
9.634
16.659
32.557
77.231
P2
0.000
7.267
8.252
9.535
11.267
13.695
17.164
20.923
Q2
-24.000 -11.327 -15.204 -21.461 -32.520 -54.857 -110.769 -320.000
R2
6.000
2.662
4.084
6.486
10.927
20.294
44.782 140.615
el/L
0.250
0.022
0.026
0.030
0.037
0.047
0.066
0.10714
eb/B
0.250
0.249
0.282
0.316
0.349
0.382
0.414
0.44643
Kmax
6.000
2.840
3.307
3.956
4.918
6.486
9.474
17.143
Max pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
Example No
Assumed x, y are +ve fractions ; x<1 in DC portion, y<1 in BC portion

x
y
u
v
a1
c1
d1
a2
c2
d2
ar
Fgx
Fgy
Fix
Fiy
Fixy
Feccl
Feccb
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
P1
Q1
R1
P2
Q2
R2
el/L
eb/B
Kmax
0.300
0.200
0.700
0.800
0.280
0.733
0.767
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.280
0.733
0.767
0.008
0.010
0.004
-0.233
-0.267
-0.533
0.233
0.267
-0.467
0.267
0.233
-53.571
0.000
16.071
0.000
-61.224
19.898
0.300
0.325
10.714
0.400
0.300
0.600
0.700
0.210
0.767
0.800
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.210
0.767
0.800
0.004
0.006
0.002
-0.267
-0.300
-0.467
0.200
0.233
-0.400
0.233
0.200
-81.633
0.000
26.531
0.000
-95.238
33.333
0.325
0.350
14.286
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.150
0.100
0.060
0.030
0.800
0.833
0.867
0.900
0.833
0.867
0.900
0.933
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.150
0.100
0.060
0.030
0.800
0.833
0.867
0.900
0.833
0.867
0.900
0.933
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.000
-0.300
-0.333
-0.367
-0.400
-0.333
-0.367
-0.400
-0.433
-0.400
-0.333
-0.267
-0.200
0.167
0.133
0.100
0.067
0.200
0.167
0.133
0.100
-0.333
-0.267
-0.200
-0.133
0.200
0.167
0.133
0.100
0.167
0.133
0.100
0.067
-133.333
-240
-500
-1333.333
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
46.667
90.000 200.000 566.667
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-160.000 -300.000 -666.667
-2000
60.000 120.000 283.333
900
0.350
0.375
0.400
0.425
0.375
0.400
0.425
0.450
20.000
30.000
50.000 100.000
0.900
0.800
0.100
0.200
0.010
0.933
0.967
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.933
0.967
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.433
-0.467
-0.133
0.033
0.067
-0.067
0.067
0.033
-6000
0.000
2700
0.000
-12000
5700
0.450
0.475
300
0.800
0.900
0.200
0.100
0.010
0.967
0.933
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.967
0.933
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.467
-0.433
-0.067
0.067
0.033
-0.133
0.033
0.067
-12000
0.000
5700
0.000
-6000
2700
0.475
0.450
300
Max Pressure p = Kmax * P/BL
79
POINT OF VIEW
Bijay Sarkar holds a degree in Civil Engineering from Jadavpur University, Kolkata. He is a Superintending
Engineer (Civil) in Engineering & Planning Cell of Project Department at DVC Head Quarters, Kolkata.
He has a long experience in civil construction and design for more than last 25 years in Damodar Valley
Corporation (DVC), a PSU under Ministry of Power, Govt of India. He is experienced in structural design
works for power house & boiler building structures, mill & bunker structures, coal conveying structures
of power plants for 500MW capacity & above owned by DVC. His keen interest is on preparing software
modules in respect of civil engineering aspects.
80

Footing Subjected To Biaxial Moments

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Footing Subjected To Biaxial Moments

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POINT OF VIEW

Analysis of isolated footing subjected to axial load

In this paper a rigid isolated foundation of square or

= distance from the Centroidal X-axis of

on the Cross-Section at which pressure is to be

When pressure at any location under the footing is

First we divide the whole footing into four equal quadrants.

Assumed, biaxial moments are such that vertical load P

left most corner of the footing will experience the least

However, above equation remains valid till

corner intersecting the footing sides. Depending on the

>= ,or, + +<=<=

= , = shape remains rectangular and equation (1) is

of the footing which is called KERN or Central Core

of the footing. So as the load is located

loads to soil as compression.

4. When NA intersects the two opposite longer sides

5. When NA intersects the adjacent two sides of up

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014

Analysis of the foundation

area wrt centroidal axes system i.e. through

= Constant for given section and

= = Constant for given section and loads

.area shifts away from the

= line equation representing the

Ar = Revised Effective area of the foundation

= out the location

Second Moment of Inertia of the effective area =

is to be found wrt Revised Centroidal Axis

Y-Axis Co-ordinate of the location

The Indian Concrete Journal

Figure 1. Effective area of the section and revised centre of gravity

Centre of Gravity from AB:

wrt revised Centroidal Axes :

symmetrical at the centre of the footing. As in such

Moment of Inertia of the section becomes zero. But, when

not be symmetrical or in other words, the Vertical and

of the section. Principle axes may be in other orientation

ABCD wrt revised CG PMI of APQ wrt revised CG

is relocated due to uplift

Centroid to find out the revised moments :

(i) Revised Eccentricity

= =for NA coordinate and

6. Co-ordinate of points P & Q of NA intersecting

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014

cuts AB at P where, AP = yB and NA cuts DC at Q

uplift part in AB is y & in CD is x,

O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY

(ii) Revised Eccentricity along L :

footing side AB &

Co-ordinate of maximum pressure location C :

and effective portionis

we have = ( ) ; = ( ),, where x, u and y, v are

only the effective fractions u & v to ease formation of the

terms of x & y from above.

(i) Effective Area (Rectangular QSCD) :

3. Effective area of the section

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2014

we put the co-ordinates of

of point Q where NA is intersecting the

O is the origin of Centroidal Axes XX & YY

==)of x and y which

( ) + ( ++) ++( (===)..(14)