II.

Domains and Kingdoms

A. Two main types of cells

1. prokaryote
* cells do not have a nucleus
* bacteria

2. eukaryotes

* cells have a nucleus

* protists, fungi, plants, animals

IV. Looking Inside of Cells

* organelles tiny cell structures
that
carry out specific functions in the
cell

A. Enter the Cell

1. Cell Wall
cells

cell
wall

a. rigid layer that surrounds the

of plants and some organisms

b. helps to protect and support the
c. animal cells do not have a cell
d. made mostly out of cellulose

e. water and oxygen can pass

through

2. Cell Membrane
a. all cells have cell membranes
b. plant cells = inside of the cell wall
c. cells without cell wall = outside boundary
that separates the cell from its
environment

d. controls what substances go into and

out of a cell

What is the function of the cell

wall?

To help protect and support the cell.

B. Sail on to the Nucleus

1. Nucleus
* the brain of the cell
* controls all of the cells activities

2. Nuclear envelope
a. membrane that surrounds the nucleus
b. material passes into and out of the
nucleus
through pores in the nuclear envelope

3. Chromatin
a. thin strands floating in the nucleus
b. contains genetic information (DNA)
* the instructions for directing the cell functions

4. Nucleolus
a. structure found within nucleus
b. where the ribosomes are made
* ribosomes produce proteins

Where in the nucleus is genetic

material found?

In strands called chromatin.

C. Organelles in the Cytoplasm

* cytoplasm - region between the cell
membrane and the nucleus made of a
clear,
thick, gel-like fluid
* many organelles are found in the
cytoplasm

1. Mitochondria
a. powerhouses of the cell
b. convert food molecules into energy that
the cell can use to carry out its functions

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

a. passageways that carry proteins and
other materials from one part of the
cell to another

b. 2 types:
* rough ER
- has ribosomes
* smooth ER
- NO ribosomes

3. Ribosomes
a. location:
* attached to rough ER
* floating in the cytoplasm
b. function = produce proteins

4. Golgi Bodies
a. cells mail room
* receives proteins and other newly formed
materials from the ER
* packages the proteins and materials
* distributes them to other parts of the cell

5. Chloroplasts
a. floating in the cytoplasm of plant cells
b. capture energy from the sunlight and use
it to produce food for the cell

Chloroplast

6. Vacuoles
a. large water filled sac floating
in the cytoplasm
b. storage area for cells; food, water,
waste products, and other materials
c. most plant cells have one large vacuole

7. Lysosomes
a. small round, structures containing
chemicals (enzymes) that break down
certain materials in the cell

What organelle captures the

energy of sunlight and uses it
to make food for the cell?

The choloroplast.

D. Specialized Cells
1. multi-celled organisms have cells that
are specialized to perform specific
functions
2. cells are often organized into tissues

They are organized

Cell EX: neuron
Tissue EX: nerve tissue
Organs EX: brain
Organ systems EX: nervous
system

CH 2-4 Section Review

Pg. 67 #1a-3c