vlaniundr Appendix ‘STATIVE VERBS (Unit 1, page 8) Stative verbs are verbs that are not normally used in the continuous tense. These verbs relate to senses, mental state, appearance, possession, emotion and amount. Look at the list below. adore contain envy have mean prefer suit appeal cost equal hear measure realise suppose appear depend exist include ming recognise suspect appreciate deserve expect involve need resemble taste be desire fear lack notice satisfy trust belong despise feel like owe see want concern detest fit look own seem weigh consider dislike forgive love pity smell wish consist doubt hate matter possess, sound ‘Some of these verbs may be used in the continuous form with a different meaning ‘The house appears to be empty. (stative: appear = seam) ‘The group is appearing at the London Arena all this week. (action: appear = perform) How many CDs do you have now? ‘Are we having dinner at 6.00 as usual? | think the new realty show on TV is outrageous. (= believe) Dana is thinking of moving to the suburbs. (= considering) My luggage weighed exactly 20 kilos. Iwas weighing the sugar for the cake when she walked in. (= action of weighing) GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (Unit 7, page 57) Verbs followed by a gerund admit consider dread finish (oot) ming recollect suggest adore delay endure imagine miss recommend tolerate advise deny enjoy involve postpone resent understand appreciate detest excuse justify practise resist avoid discuss face keep quit risk commence dislike fancy ‘mention recall save Alice and Jim dislike shopping at the new supermarket. Expressions followed by a gerund burst out have a good time / a hard time / a dificult time (it's) no good can't help have fun / trouble / difficulty (it’s) no use ‘oath + pronoun / noun it's (not) worth spend / waste time {91 like leave + pronoun / noun spend / waste money find + pronoun / noun look forward to ‘They caught the thief going through my desk ‘We had fun trying out the new software, | found Peter waiting in my office | had trouble finding the correct files. We had a hard time explaining why we were late. Leslie spends most of the time chatting at work Verbs followed by an infinitive afford, beg dormand hope neglect refuse volunteer agree care deserve intend offer seem vow aim choose expect learn) plan struggle wait appear claim fail long prepare swear want arrange consent happen manage pretend tend wish ask decide hesitate mean promise threaten would tke | can't afford to buy a new car right now. Verbs followed by object (pronoun) + infinitive advise cause enable force need remind urge allow challenge encourage hire order require want ask ‘convince: expect instruct permit teach warn beg dare forbid invite persuade tell would like ‘Ann advised me to leave. 216Adjectives followed by an infinitive afraid content eager glad amazed dangerous easy happy anxious delighted ‘essential hard ashamed determined foolish hesitant astonished difficult fortunate important clever disappointed funny impossible We were sorry to hear that the concert had been cancelled. Nouns followed by an infinitive ability decision determination ambition demand eagerness attempt desire effort The programmer promised to come up with more user-friendly software. Verb + infinitive / gerund with littie or no difference in meaning begin bother can't bear can't stand commence continue hate PASSIVE VERB FORMS (Unit 9, page 73) Present Simple: am / is / are + past participle Past Simple: was / were ~ past participle Present Continuous: am / is / are + being + past participle Past Continuous: was / were + being + past participle Present Perfect: has / have + been + past participle Past Perfect: had + been + past participle Future Simple: will + be + past participle be going to + be + past participle Future Perte Modal and semi-modat: modal / semi-modal + be + past participle Modal Perfect: modal + have been + past participle will + have + been + past pantciple REPORTED SPEECH (Unit 11, page 89) tomorrow ~ the next day, the following day, the day after next week / month / year ~ the following week / month / year; lucky proud sensible upset motivated ready shocked willing only fair relieved silly only right reluctant. sorry pleased ridiculous stunned Propared sad surprised failure promise scheme offer refusal willingness: plan request wish intend love profer like permit start Visitors are taken to the museum. Visitors were taken to the museum. Visitors are being taken to the museum, Visitors were being taken to the museum. Visitors have been taken to the museum. Visitors had been taken to the museum. Visitors will be taken to the museum. ‘The visitors are going to be taken to the museum. By noon, the visitors will have been taken to the museum. Visitors must / should / could be taken to the museum. Visitors have to be taken to the museum. Visitors must / should / could have been taken to the museum. a week / month / year later last wook / month / year -+ the day / week / month / year before; the previous day / week / month / year ‘a week / month / year ago — the week / month / year before REPORTING VERBS (for examples see Unit 11, page 89) Vert + infinitive agree demand guarantee prefer propose threaten vow decide expect offer promise refuse volunteer Verb + that + clause add believe confirm estimate insist promise reveal think admit claim consider expect mean reassure say threaten agree comment declare explain. ~—smention remark == shout understand announce complain decide foo! observe repeat state vow answer conclude deny hope point out reply suggest. warn argue confess doubt imply predict report swear whisper GRAMMAR APPENDIX 217Verb + object + infinitive advise beg encourage force order remind urge allow challenge. ‘expect instruct permit teach want ask ‘command, forbid invite persuade tell warn Verb + gerund admit mention recommend report deny Propose regret suggest MAKING COMPARISONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS (Unit 23, page 186) Adjectives ‘Comparative (two things) ‘Superlative (three or more) one syllable thinner than the thinnest adjectives ending in -er, -y, or -y cleverer than the cleverest funnier than the funniest adjectives ending in -ful more / less doubtful than the most / least doubtful more than two syllables ‘more / less attractive than the most /least attractive Compound adjectives long-lasting longer lasting than the longest lasting {g00d-looking better looking than the best looking highly priced more highly priced than the most highly priced Adverbs one syllable harder than the hardest two or more syilables ‘more successfully than the most successfully Inregular adjectives / adverbs 900d / well better than the best bad / badly worse than the worst many / much more than the most little less than the least far farther / further than the farthest / furthest old older than / elder the oldest / eldest Notes 1. Farther / farthest and further / furthest are used as adjectives and adverbs for distance. ‘The village is the farthest point on the map from Edinburgh. | can't go any further. Further / furthest are used with abstract nouns such as instruction, delay, discussion, enquiry, suggestion, point, thing Further discussion of the campaign would be pointless. 2. When we use superlative adjectives, the is sometimes replaced by a possessive. This is his latest invention. 3. Superlative adjectives may be qualified by numbers. | can't bear being second best. It's the third largest country in Europe. 4. The + superlative + of is used in formal language. ‘We've tried to provide the best of Europe's dishes and wines. 5. In addition to superiatives, most is also used to mean extremely in polite, more formal language, ‘You've been most helpful 218 GRAMMAR APPENDIXSpelling Appendix ONE CONSONANT OR TWO? (Unit 3, page 27) + In words of one syllable ending in consonant + vowel + consonant, before adding the sutixes ~ed, -er, est, -ing, -able, -y. stop stopped hug hugged sad sadder sim slimming win» winnable star -» starry |n words of more than one syllable, we only double the consonant in a stressed syllable, ‘we double the final consonant (b, d gy hm, n, Prt) ‘cover -+ covering fulfil + fultited ‘open + opening widen ~» widened develop developed happen -» happening _refer + referred Exceptions to this rule ae: travel travelling equal + equalled kidnap ~+ kidnapped worship ~» worshipper ‘AmE In American English, the last letter “" is not doubled if the stress ison the fist syllable: traveling, equaled. ‘canceled, etc. ‘+ Double consonants are often formed by adding a prefix or a sulix, legal ->itegally ‘mortal -* immortal satisfied -» dissatisfied mean + meanness logical logically real + really financial ~» financially Other common words follow no particular rules. You just have to learn to spell them correctly, For example: personnel accept address. appreciate college committes happiness necessary successful access apparently balloon commercial follow immediately possible suggestion. IE OR EI? (Unit 7, page 60) ‘+ Remember the rule: / before e except after c when these two vowels aro receive but foreign (not pronounced as ee). Exceptions to this rule are: Keith, seize. pronounced as ee. For example, relieve, thief. * This rule does not apply to words where the two vowels are pronounced separately science SILENT LETTERS (Unit 11, page 92) * Certain leters are not pronounced in some words, making it dificult to remember their speling. Typical examples are B_ climb debt doubt dumb lamb plumber © descent scenery science different literature several vegetable design foreign resign sign bright caught daughter eight high ought through weight ghost heir honest honourable hour knee knife knit knowledge calm half palm, column condemn environment government psychiatrist psychologist castle Christmas listen often whistle bisouit buy guess guitar league answer wrap wrestle wrinkle write wrong *see Words with Greek origin below ™ ec4yzrxzgQ0 ‘+ Other words cause spelling difficulties because their pronunciation seems unrelated to their written form. enough island unique Wednesday + Words ending in -re are pronounced as ifthe spelling were er: theatre meagre fibre AME These words are spelt er in American English: theater meager fiber WORDS WITH GREEK ORIGIN (Unit 15, page 123) The following letters / letter combinations may cause spelling problems because the words are Greek in origin, Letters Greek origin Example ps w psychology psychiatry psychic y (as vowel sound) y rhythm “myth dystunction cycle ch x archive technique archaeology _choreograph ph ® Photograph phobia phantom amphitheatre philosophy a6 al aesthetic paediatrician eu EY euthanasia pneumonia pseudonym — therapeutic 219