‫اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ‪ Rectification‬واﻻﺳﺘﻌﺪال اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ‪Georeferencing‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ إﻃﺎر اﻟﻌﻠﻮم اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻡﺼﻄﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻡﺪﻟﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻡﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻮهﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ هﻤﺎ‪:‬‬
‫•اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺱﻲ ‪Rectification‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ‪Georeferencing‬‬ ‫•اﻻ‬
‫اﻻﺱﺘﻌﺪال اﻟ ﻐ اﻓ‬
‫ال‬

‫أوﺝﻪ اﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﻄﺎ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻡﺘﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫واﻻﺱﺘﻌﺪال اﻟ ﻐ اﻓ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺱﻲ اﻻ ﺘ ال‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟ ﻨ‬
‫ﺕﺆدي إﻟإﻟﻰ اﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺕﺆ‬
‫اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺨﻮارزﻡﻴﺎت اﻟ ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨ ا ز ﺎ‬
‫أوﺝﻪ اﻻﺥﺘﻼف‬
‫ﺕﺆدي اﻟﺨﻮارزﻡﻴﺎت اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺱﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة إذا آﺎن اﻟﻬﺪف ﻡﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺕﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬
‫أﺑﻌﺎد ﺥﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪ Pixels‬أو أن اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻡﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺕﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕﺸﻮهﺎت‪ .‬أﻡﺎ إذا‬
‫آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻻ ﺕﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕﺸﻮهﺎت ﻓﺈن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻮارزﻡﻴﺎت ﺕﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻡﻮاﺿﻊ ﺥﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻰ ﻡﻮﺿﻊﻊ ﺁﺥﺮ وهﻮ ﻡﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻻﺱﺘﻌﺪال اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻡﻦ ﻡﻮﺿﻊﻊ إﻟﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ – ﺹﻔﺤﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪ - 6‬اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻼﺡﻘﺔ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
 ‫ﺧﻄﻮات ﺕﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬

‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎت ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺕﺤﺪیﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﺕﺤﻜﻢ أرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬
‫ﺕﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ‬

‫ﺕﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺨﻄﺄ‬

‫ﺕﻘﻴﻴ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺘ ﻴ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ – ﺹﻔﺤﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪ - 7‬اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻼﺡﻘﺔ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
 ‫اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﺎﻥﺎت ﻣﺮﺝﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬

‫ﺹﻮرة ﻗﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺤﺤﺔ •‬

‫ﺹﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫دﻗﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺕﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ •‬

‫ﺕﺎریﺦ ﻗﺮیﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺕﺎریﺦ اﻟﺘﺼﻮیﺮ أو •‬

‫ﺧﺮیﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻮاهﺮ واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة •‬ ‫ﺕﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة •‬

‫أأﺟﻬﺰة ﺕﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫هﺎﻣﺶ ﺧﻄﺄ ﺕﺤﺪیﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ •‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﺮیﻘﺔ ﺕﺤﺪیﺪ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط •‬
‫‪GPS‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ – ﺹﻔﺤﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪ - 8‬اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻼﺡﻘﺔ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
 ‫ﺕﺤﺪیﺪ ﻥﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺕﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻡﻌﻠﻮﻡﺔ اﻹﺡﺪاﺙﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢﻢ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ‪ :Ground Control Points‬هﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡﻬﺎ ﻡﺤﻠﻞ اﻟﺼﻮر ﻓﻲ ﺕﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬

‫ﻡﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﺥﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻷرض‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺕﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط واﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺮﺝﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ﺕﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫رؤوس ﺑﺤ ﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ اﻟﺰﻡﻦ آﺄن ﺕﻜﻮن ؤو‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﺕﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﻳﺸﺘﺮط أن ﺕﻜﻮن ﻧﻘﺎط ﺙﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻡﻊ اﻟﺰﻡﻦ آﺄن ﺕﻜﻮن ﺕﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎت ﻃﺮق‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﺎم ‪1999‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ‪ USGS‬ﻨﺬ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﻻیﺎت اﻟ ﺘ ة‬
‫اﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻻ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟ ﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﺕﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﺕ ﺘﺨ‬
‫ﻠ ﻇﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت أرﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻹﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻣﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرض آﻜﺘﻞ ﺧﺮاﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺕﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻮر اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ IKONOS‬و‪ QBird‬ﻟﺘﻴﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺕﺼﺤﻴﺢ اﻟﺼﻮر‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ – ﺹﻔﺤﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪ - 9‬اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻼﺡﻘﺔ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬
 ‫ﺕﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻥﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ اﻷرﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‬

‫أو ًﻻ‪ :‬ﺡﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻡﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﺱﺘﺨﺪام أﺝﻬﺰة ﺕﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﻲ ‪Viewer‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻡﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ‪ Raster‬أﺥﺘﺎر ‪ Geometric Correction‬ﺕﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫‪ Polynomial‬ﺙﺙﻢ ‪OK‬‬
‫‪P l‬‬ ‫أﺥﺘﺎر ‪i l‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬أﺥﺘﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ – ﺹﻔﺤﺔ رﻗﻢ ‪ - 10‬اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻼﺡﻘﺔ – اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬