KyleeKopriva

SkeletalLabReport

Part1:BoneHistory
Bonesaremadeupfrommineralsandproteins.Thisallowsthebonestohavestrengthandreducethe
chancesofbreaks.ThefirstboneisPhalangesthesmallbonesthatarerepresentedinthefingersand
toes.ThisnamewasdiscoveredbytheGreekbattleformationphalanx.Forexample,soldiersgathered
theirranksandshieldswithlongspearsoverlapping.Thefirstthreefingersaremadeupof3Phalanges.
Meanwhile,thethumbonlyconsistoftwoPhalanges.They'rethreePhalangesdistal,middleand
proximal.Thesecondboneistheskullewhichweknowastheskull.Thisoriginatedfromthe
AngloSaxonwordscealu,whichmeanscup.Asyoucanseefromlookingattheskullithastheshape
ofacup.Thelastboneisthepatella.Thewordpatellabecomesfromthelatinrootwordpatina.This
meansashallowdishorpan.ThekneecapboneorthepatellawasfirstusedinmedicinebyCelsus.

Figure1:Picturesrepresentingthephalanges,patella,andtheskull

Part2:BoneHistology


Figure2:ThisdiagramrepresentstheTrabecularboneandshowswheretheyellowbonemarrowis
located.
BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.

Figure3:Thisdiagramshowstheperiosteumthathastheinnerandouterlayerthatrepresentthe
osteoblastandosteoclast.
BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,
2015.


Figure4:Thehistologyofthecompactbone.ByKyleeKopriva

Part3:BoneMatrix

Normalbonematrixhomeostasisisduetogenes,diet,andrightamountofcalciumandphosphorus.
Theboneremodelingprocessgoesthroughseveralsteps.Arestingandactivationperiod.Then,the
osteoclastandosteoblastofthematrixthatcreatesmineralization.Factorsthatcaninfluencebone
remodelvaryfromhormonestomedications.Thefactorsthatcanhelpboneremodelisexerciseanda
balanceddiet.CalciumandPhosphorushelpthebonesmaintainstrong.
Boneimbalancesfoundindiseasedbonescanvaryfromgeneticinformalities,orjustthelackoftheright
nutrientsandvitaminstomaintainstrongandhealthybones.
Acommonbonediseaseisosteoporosis.If

apersonhasosteopetrosistheirbonesbecamebrittlebecausetheunsuccessfulremodelingduetothe
osteoclastwhichdestroysthematrix.Instead,oftheosteoblastthatbuildsupthematrix.Forexample,
thiscreateslargerholesthatisbeingfilledwithyellowmarroworfat.Thisprocessisreplacingthebone.

Figure5:Thethreechickenbonesandthetoolsweusedtoparticipateinourlab.

Normal

CollagenMatrix

Highlevelofcollagen
Collagenlevelisevident. present

Notpresent

MineralSalts
Matrix

Mineralsaltlevelremains
normal.
Notpresent

Highlevelofmineralsalt
present

Osteoporosis,Rickets

Osteogenesisimperfecta
(Brittlebonedisease)

Sameformofabone,
flexible,yellow,soft,moist

Notflexible,hard,dry,
spongyboneisbrittle

Diseaseor
Disorder
Characteristics

Red/bloody,semisoft,
semiflexible

VinegarSoakedBone

CookedBone

Figure6:1 Thechartshowsthedifferenceinthenormal,vinegarsoakedbone,andcookedbone.

CurrentBoneResearch:Proteininterface
Thegoaloftheresearchprovidedistoexploredifferenthierchcialstructuresandfunctionsfromagroup
offibers.Intheproteininterfaceprocesscollagen,chitin,andcellssupportthehierarchy.Throughout
tissueformationfibrousmacromoleculesgothroughachange.Thekineticcharacteristicshelpestablish
stepsthatproducenonequilibriumstructures.Thecollagenoftype1producesacolorlesstissuefrom
1

collagenfibers.Then,themineralizationprocessgoesunderwaytocreatecompositefibers.For
example,theprimaryreasonwastodevelopaselftemplatingassembly.Thefiberbeingusedduringthe
researchwasananofiberbecauseofthefiberswillingtobestretched.Italsoallowedpeptidesto
appearonthesurface.Theresearchersfoundthreeexamplesnematicorthogonaltwists,cholesteric
helicalribbonsandsmectichelicoidalnanofilaments.Theendresultshowchangesincolorandthe
functionality.Asaresult,theyfoundthatthematerialsproducedbothsoftandhardtissuegrowth.This
processhelpedthestructureofthehierarchical.Thepurposeofthisresearchistohighlightthestructure
andthefunctionsinnature.

ForensicCase
Throughouthistoryboneshaveplayedahugeroleindecidingcharacteristicsofaperson.Justfrom
bonesyoucantellsomeone'sage,sex,andheight.InTheModernCaseFiletheremainsweredugback
upbecausethefirewasruledanaccident.Anautopsywasnotrequiredorwanted.Yearslater
evidencewasfoundthatputanintrestbackonthecase.Theanthropologistrealizeditwasamanbythe
pelvicbonethatwasfound.Thedifferencebetweenamanandwomanisthatthewomanpelviscavity
ismoreflaredforthebirthingprocess.Meanwhile,themalepelviscavityissmaller.Fromtheskullthey
sawseveralharshinjuriesbyalargersharpknife.Thechangesinthebonesexplainedthatthebodyhad
beenburned.Theexaminerthenstudiedthecranium.Somecluesthatcanbefoundinthecraniumare
cranialsutures,thereforethiscantelltheageoftheunidentifiedbody.Thesuturesarequitenoticeable
onchildrenandyoungeradults.Incomparison,toanoldermanwerethecranialsuturesstarttoerase
withtime.Theexaminersoonrealizedthatthecutsthatweremadehappenedduringtherecentautopsy.
Thetraumaresemblanceofthecutedgeandthebonecolorshowsthisdidnothappenpostmortem.
Sinceexaminersnotedtheerosiononthebonesthishelpedwiththepositionofthebodyinthegrave.
Theinformationoftheautopsyhelpedbringinasuspecttotrialandfoundguilty.

Figure9:PhotocredittotheSmithsonianInstitution.(
(2009).WritteninBoneForensicCaseFilesAnthropology.
RetrievedOctober22,2015,from

http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/forensic_files.html
.)

Citations

1. (2009).WritteninBoneForensicCaseFilesAnthropology.RetrievedOctober22,2015,
from

http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/forensic_files.html
.
2.2004byJaneLian,JeffreyGorskiandSusanOtt(
BoneStructureandFunction.(n.d.).Retrieved
October22,2015.
3.
BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
4.TheSeungWukLeeGroup.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015
5.
(
n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/Bones%20Student%2
0Name%20Activity%202C.pdf
6.
(
n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/Bones%20Teacher%2
0Name%20Cards%202C.pdf
7.n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45504/
8.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
http://www.iofbonehealth.org/whatisosteoporosis
9.
(
n.d.).RetrievedOctober22,2015.
http://classes.kumc.edu/sah/resources/handkines/bone/phalanges.html
10.WhatisOsteoporosis?(n.d.).RetrievedOctober23,2015.