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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Kuliah 02 : Pembentukan Citra Digital


(beberapa slide diambil dari catatan kuliah Richard Alan Peters)

Yeni Herdiyeni
Departemen Ilmu Komputer IPB

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Image Formation

projection
through lens

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image of object

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Image Sensing and Acquisition


Single Sensor

Line Scan

Array Sensor

Other (MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging),


Ultrasound)

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Jenis Sensor
CCD (Charge Couple Device)
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semi
Conductor)
Infra Red
X-Ray
Radar
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Radio Telescope
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Fundamentals

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

CCD = Charge Couple Device

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Fundamentals

Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

CCD = Charge Couple Device

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Persepsi Visual Manusia

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Citra : Fungsi Kontinyu


Citra kontinyu diperoleh dari sistem optik yang menerima
sinyal analog, seperti mata manusia, kamera analog
Citra diskrit/digital : dihasilkan dari proses digitalisasi
terhadap citra kontinyu

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Image Sampling

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Tahapan Sampling

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling and Quantization

real image

sampled

quantized

sampled &
quantized

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling and Quantization


column index

row index

pixel grid

real image

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sampled

quantized

sampled &
quantized

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling

Take the average


within each square.

I C ,

I S ( r, c )

continuous image

sampled image

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling

Take the average


within each square.

I C ,

I S ( r, c )

continuous image

sampled image

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling

Take the average


within each square.

I C ,

I S ( r, c )

continuous image

sampled image

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling

Take the average


within each square.

I C ,

I S ( r, c )

continuous image

sampled image

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Sampling dan Quantization

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Hasil Sampling dan Quantization

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Spatial Image Resolution:


Resolution
Ukuran area citra yang direpresentasikan dengan piksel
Different Resolutions are possible (256x256.16x16)

Lower resolution leads to data reduction!

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Digital Image

Color images have 3 values per


pixel; monochrome images have 1
value per pixel.

a grid of squares,
each of which
contains a single
color

each square is
called a pixel (for
picture element)

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Pixels
A digital image, I, is a mapping from a 2D
grid of uniformly spaced discrete points, {p
= (r,c)}, into a set of positive integer values,
{I( p)}, or a set of vector values, e.g., {[R G
B]T(p)}.
At each column location in each row of I
there is a value.
The pair ( p, I( p) ) is called a pixel (for
picture element).

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Pixels
p = (r,c) is the pixel location indexed by
row, r, and column, c.
I( p) = I(r,c) is the value of the pixel at
location p.
If I( p) is a single number then I is
monochrome.
If I( p) is a vector (ordered list of
numbers) then I has multiple bands (e.g.,
a color image).

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Pixels

Pixel Location: p = (r , c)
Pixel : [ p, I(p)]

Pixel Value: I(p) = I(r , c)


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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Pixels Pixel : [ p, I(p)]

red 12
I ( p ) green 43


blue 61

p r, c

row # , col #
272, 277

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Tipe citra digital

Citra Keabuan

Citra Biner

Citra Berwarna

Citra Indeks

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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Ukuran Citra
Jika diasumsikan sebuah citra biner berukuran
512 x 512, maka jumlah bit yang diperlukan
untuk menyimpan citra ini adalah
512 x 512 x 1 bit = 262.144 = 32.768 bytes
= 32, 768 Kb = 0.033 Mb (asumsi 1 Kb = 1000
byte).
Bagaimana jika citra berwarna?
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Pengantar Pengolahan Citra Digital

Departemen Ilmu Komputer -IPB

Elemen Citra Digital


1. Kecerahan (Intensitas Cahaya)
2. Kontras : sebaran terang (lightness) dan gelap
(darkness) di dalam sebuah gambar
3. Kontur : keadaan yang ditimbulkan oleh
perubahan intensitas pada pixelpixel yang
bertetangga
4. Warna: persepsi yang dirasakan oleh sistem
visual manusia terhadap panjang gelombang
cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh objek.
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