CHAPTER 18 - TWO-PORT NETWORKS List of topies for this chapter : Impedance Parameters ‘Admittance Parameters Hybrid Parameters ‘Transmission Parameters Relationship between Parameters Interconnection of Networks Computing Two-Port Parameters Using PSpice Applications —_—_—_—! =) IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS Problem 18.1 Determine the Z parameters for the following circuit. 12 19 12 ‘The solution for this problem is straightforward and involves a series of exciting the circuit with a current source at both the input and the output and then measuring the voltage at the input and the output. (a) To find 21; and 21, consider the following circuit. 12 12 L vi 12 Vz 319By voltage di I, and we then get aye vel (6) To find zz and z2 we need to use the following circuit, 1Q 12 sw ? vi S12 h - - Zn 2 141=2 Problem 18.2 [/8.3]_ Determine the z parameters of the two-port circuits in Figure 18.1. jo jo jo — 7 19 gin 12 19 (@) Figure 18.1 320(@) — Tofind 2,, and z,,, consider the circuit in Fig. (c). JQ h=0 e To get 2 and 2,5, consider the circuit in Fig. (). ja + vi gis S10 v2 h qd) =1G-)=0 Thus, 321(©) To find 2, and 2, consider the circuit in Fig. (e). ia iQ h=0 To get Z3_ and 2, consider the cite h=o ja + 322ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS Problem 183 Determine the Y parameters for the following circuit. (3)Q (1B)Q j (13) 2 (@) To find yj and yo) we consider the circuit below. 03)2 (3)2 vi (18) Q hb 1, if} + (/3)(1/3) } 3*[a/3)+0/3) From this we see that I = 2V,, In addition, from current division we get A 2 ~G73)+073) -W/2h, /2)1, 323(b) The following circuit will allow us to find yap and yrs @3)2 (13) 2%, L ©» 1, 1 ve ft ,[ waa) 22 13 "Lav3)+0/3)|) 3 6 I; = 2V2. Inaddition, we can use current division to get I. _{ a3) : cl “0734/3? gh 1/2) Vv, @/2)1, Ya= Problem 18.4 8.21] _Find the y parameters for the circuit in Figure 18.2. i, 42 Lh ew << + + Vi OLY: Y>21 Sway, Figure 18.2 324Consider the circuit in Fig. (a. h 42 hh >— WV ++ a vi O1V> 201,=5V, —> yn= Consider the circuit in Fig. (b). te bh WN + + e Vi=0 01V2C5 {> 2011 =o V2 (b) Thus, ‘Comparing these with the equations for the h parameters, show that hy =-0.1, hy =20, hy =O. 325Using Table 18.1, as above, HYBRID PARAMETERS Problem 185 [18.27] _ Obtain the h and g parameters of the two-port network shown in Figure 18.3. 3000 AW 102 502 —wW. AW + v, = 1009 > 10. + - ° Figure 183 Refer to Fig, (a)t0 get hy, and hy. 300 WW 102 — Wr 1 AW + h vi v, = 1000 10V. 326At node 1, Vs, Ms=9 __, 3001, =4V, @ 700 * 300 = 300 = But To get hy and hy, , refer to Fig. (b). 300.0 AM =9 100 502 4] & —>—w— 1 AM + + vi = 100 | > 10 Vs V2 @) At node 2, Vy, V) +10Y, Samana =9V, +809, 25400) es en 100, _ Vs, But Vu = 400 ¥: =4 Hence, 4001, = 9V; +20, =29V, 1,29 hy = Fr * Gop 7 0.07258 \, wave y= b 852 ere W1=| 1475 0.07258 3273002 -—w———— 1 109 502 4] n=0 W— 1 AW- + + + vi v, = 1002 <> 10 Vx V2 © To get g,, and g,,, refer to Fig. (c). y, 10V, =~ 7 3501, = 14.5V, LUCE 7 , 2 ies foe ve But Leg > LEV or v, =¥,-101, ® ‘Substituting (3) into (2) gives 3501, =14.5V,-1451, —> 4951, =14.5V, = 1.145 _o.029095 Bu Vy > 495 > V, = (50 (Hv) 10V, =-8.4286V, . = 60) 325, }-10V, = -84286V, 14.5 Vz = 84286, + 84.2861, =-8.4286, + (84.286)( (5 |V, v2 V, =-5.96V, —> gn = =-5.96 1 To get g,, and g,,, refer to Fig. (d). 3000 i Q 1 502 I + WN AM + + + viz0 v, = 1000 SV, Ve L @ 32810||100=9.091 1 = HO% v, 2= 50 *300%+9,091 309.0911, = 7.1818Y, +61.818V, «@ vy, = et 0.02941, But = 309.0912 =" 2 6 Substituting (5) into (4) gives 309.0911, =9V, Va By = 7 734342 V, 34341, ° = 309.091 309.091 1 =100, -34.341, "= T10 -° ~ (.1)G09.091) 0.101 ‘Thus, 0.029298 -0.101 ] (el -596 34340) 329—— —?. e: TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS. 1 Problem 18.6 [18.41] Obtain the t parameters tor the network in Figure 18.4. 42 12 vy BO : —W { ° ' nog gic Figure 18.4 To get a and ¢, consider the circuit in Fig. (a). 12 YY Boa Lb : 330To get b and d, consider the circuit in Fig, (b). iQ “BOQ bh Va For mesh 1, G For mesh 2, V, = 1, G-33)- ih, '@ V, =I, Q-DGD)-jh =(2-I9, ‘Thus, RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARAMETERS, Problem 18.7 [18.45] __ Prove that the g parameters can be obtained from the 7 parameters as 1 1 tn Zn 331For the z parameters Vy th t2nl, a V2 =2nl+2nh, Q) From (1), ) or V, =o Oy ‘Comparing (3) and (4) with the following equations I =8uVi+8nl, indicates that Zn Zn Su = Su > Buty) Bn " Za 2 as required. INTERCONNECTION OF NETWORKS Problem 18.8 Connect two of the circuits from Problem 18.1 in series as shown below. Determine the z parameters. 19 19 —w wv 1Q 19 1Q 1Q 332@ > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. ‘The problem is clear if all that is being asked is to find the z parameters. > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. This is basically a linear circuit with resistors. > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. Itis clear that all we need to do is to excite the circuit with a current source and make open circuit measurements as we have done earlier in this chapter. > ATTEMPT a problem solution. The first thing we need to do is to use circuit reductions to make our calculations easier. The following circuits are reductions of the above, Please note that the two I-ohm resistors are in parallel. 12 esas 19 12 12 12 S250 333(a) To find 21 and z; requires the following circuit 19 12 h a) 252 V2 (b) The following circuit can be used to generate 222 and 2p. 12 12 ¥ Hn e + 10425) 45 > EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. Our check for accuracy was successful. > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? Ifo, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. 334This problem has been solved satisfactorily. However, a concem is raised as to why we would want a circuit where some of the resistance is lost. So when you report the solution, you should point out that this looks like something that needs further investigating. Problem 18.9 Your boss now comes back and asks you to connect the two circuits together in series as shown in the following circuit. 12 12 12 12 19 10 Itis clear that the two circuits are connected by a short, which produces the following circuit. 12 12 19 12 19 19 ‘The two 1-ohm resistors can be combined into a 2-ohm res circuit 33512 10 22 19 12 (a) Tosolve for 23: and 21 we use the following circuit (b) We now use the following circuit to determine zm and 2. 19 19 + f vi 22 Vr h 12 192 33642 ide [: A Clearly this is a different answer. We again take our results to the boss, Problem 18.10 Our boss now asks us to determine how to successfully cascade, in series. > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Now, after trying two different configurations, which, if either, is correct. PRESENT everything you know about the problem. ‘Most of what we know is represented in the two previous problems and the fact that the two circuits need to function in series, We look at some textbooks and find that when two circuits are connected in series, the z parameters add. Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. ‘The two previous problems represent two alternatives for connecting the circuits together. Clearly one of these is not correct. There is a third way of connecting the circuits in series and that is to connect the two tops together in the center. However, that results in a dead short from the input to the output. This then is not the answer. We could add the z parameters together and see what we get. ATTEMPT a problem solution. 2 1)_[4 2 [2] = (1) + fa) = 2a) - i-(: ip EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. ince this agrees with the solution from the second form of the circuit, itis clear that itis very important how circuits are cascaded. It can be concluded from this that when two circuits are cascaded in series, they each must have a common reference. Furthermore, when the circuits are interconnected, their commons need to be connected together. 337> Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. e This problem has been solved satisfactorily and the results will be presented to the boss. Problem 18.11 Using two cirenits identical fo the one in problem 18.3, connect them in parallel so that the outputs and inputs are connected as shown in the following figure. (13)2 (13) AW WW Wy Mv aya | a3)2 = asaya = (1/3) Q Now, calculate the y parameters for th Our work is made easier if we reduce the circuit through circuit reduction techniques. Since all of the resistors have the same e value, we can treat them as if they are in parallel with each other. This gives the following equivalent circuit. (6) 2 | (1/6) Q (1/6) 2 (a) The following circuit is used to calculate ys: and yn 1,06)2 (16) Q © bb 338&) on 1 1 (aoa )) (1,1 ife+(aoeer) Ga (ey (1/6) + (0/6) since, V,=(/4)1, and Ty -{ 1, _-d/2, Vv, aay, The following circuit will help us solve for ya2 and yx, @3)2 (13) 2% uk (1/6)(1/6) ) (+3) 6 @/6)+0/6)) \6 12 (1/6) Sines, Vs = Bi and y= =d/2)1, aay, lsh a Yo= 339)Problem 18.12 Using the circuit in Problem 18.3, connect two of them in parallel so that the @ top of one is directly connected to the bottom of the other as shown in the following circuit. aajQ @3)a AW AW (3) 2 (1B) 2 AM AW (13)Q2 (B)Q Calculate the y parameters for this ircuit. (Our job will be easier if we first reduce the circuit using circuit reduction techniques. It is immediately cleat that the input is directly connected to the output by two shorts. This produces the circuit below. = aa «0 i This makes This produces a set of y parameters equal to [y] = [ sense since the short circuit conditions with ideal voltage sources creates infinite currents. Problem 18.13 Using the circuit from Problem 18.3, determine the proper manner of connecting two of these circuits in parallel. Our textbooks tell us that if we connect circuits together in parallel, their y matrices add. Thus, soatod=ayae a? el 4? fy] = bil +b y= 2 Flo 4 Clearly the first attempt at combining two circuits in parallel (Problem 18.11) produces the above results. Again, it does make a difference how circuits are cascaded. In this case, both circuits must have a common and those commons are to be joined together in order for the cascaded circuit to work. 340& COMPUTING TWO-PORT PARAMETERS USING PSPICE Problem 18.14 [78.09] Using PSpice, find the transmission parameters for the network in Figure 18.5. 1Q AW Ww Vo 12 12 - Wy AW + S20 Dvn S20 Figure 18.5 (a) Since A = V. The schematic is as shown below. After simulation, we obtain A= UN, = 10.7143 = 14 c 0 IyV2 = 1.0/0.7143 = 1.4 RI 714.29mV 341(6) Toget B and D, we short-circuit the output port and let V; = 1. The schematic is shown @ below. After simulating the circuit, we obtain B = -V\fl, = -1/1.25 = -08 Thus [° a . (rs “18 -18 APPLICATIONS Problem 18.15 [18.81] __Design an LC ladder network to realize a lowpass filter with, transfer function H()= 1 s*+2.613s' +3.414s? +2.6138+1 ‘This is a fourth-order network which can be realized with the network shown in Fig. (a). Li Is 18H ——T09-— “T Cs S10 @) r ) 342,A(s) = (s* +3.414s? +1) + (2.613s° + 2.613s) = —2:6138! +2.6138_ Ho) = 14 3 t3414s? +1 2.6138" +2.6138 which indicates that i Ya = 3613s) +2.613s st+3.414s+1 2613s +2.6138 We seek to realize Y2.- By long division, 2.4145? +1 2613s +2.6135 ~S°# * Ya Yan = 0.3838-+ 2.4148? +1 ie, C, = 0.383 F ce 2.6138 + 2.6135, as shown in Fig. (b). (b) Yn 1 2.613s* +2.613s 2.4145? +1 By long division, Z, 1,082: eee L,+Z, ‘8 S* 2 aids 41° * “8 1531s ie, L, =1.082H and Ly 5g 343as shown in Fig, (c). ie, C, =1577F and Thus, the network is shown in Fig. (d). 1.5310 1.082 H THD TEED 1.577F 0.383 F @ 344