Chapter 1

Introduction to the study

Background of the study and theoretical framework:

Every individual is a sex being, and a human sexual behavior fascinates us

all.

The students taking Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering must not be

deprived of the opportunity to explore human sexuality, after all, this area
constitutes an important part of psychological knowledge which we should not be
ignorant with.

Premarital sex or commonly known as PMS is a serious issue confronting

college student. Sexual temptations certainly exist in students. Students are more
cut-off from familial restriction. They are confronted with peer pressure some
students fall into promiscuous behavior with cut even; at fist; recognizing just how
far they have fallen. For them sex is reduced to an easy source of pleasure and
release, totally divorced from love and marriage. Other student, however, may find
someone special, perhaps the person they hope to marry, and feel that their “love”
legitimizes PMS with in a monogamous relationship like never before, students in
this situation may begin to ask question and examine the sexual values they have
been taught.

Aside from that, to probe deeper about the influence of certain views and
awareness on premarital sex of John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University
Molo students, the study will be conducted.

This study is conducted in order to determine the level of awareness on the

effect of premarital sex among marine engineering students at John B. Lacson
Foundation Maritime University Molo.

The conceptual framework is summarized in figure1.

Independent Dependent
variable Variable
 Year level  Level of awareness on the
 H.S of origin effects of premarital sex
 Type of residents
 Gender
Figure1. Students level of awareness on the effects of premarital sex as influenced by
certain related factors.

Part II

Statement of the problem and the hypotheses; This study will be conducted
primarily to determine or the level of awareness on the effects of premarital sex
among Marine Engineering students at John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime
University Molo. During 1st semester 2009.

Specifically; this study aimed to answer the following question:

 What is the level of awareness among Marine Engineering student when
group according to: (a) year level, (b) high school of origin, (c) type of
residence, and (d) gender.?
 What is the level of awareness on the effects of premarital sex among Marine
Engineering student when taken as an entire group?
 Part III

Significance of the study; this study will be conducted primarily to determine

or to know what are the views or perception of John B. Lacson Foundation
Maritime University Molo Students on premarital sex.

The findings of this study maybe beneficial to the following.

The JBLFMU-Molo administrator can benefit from the findings of this study.
The result of the study will make him/her aware of the reason why a certain Marine
Engineering students engage in premarital sex and have a different view around it
in this regard, the administrator maybe awaken regarding PMS. The findings of
this study can guide him/her in the improvement of the schools guidance program if
it’s so applies and practical, it will be integrated to the present school sex-education
set-up.

The JBLFMU-Molo faculties will certainly find the results of this study
significant; the findings of the study can give them information with records on how
to employ instructional strategies most in promoting the morale of the students.

The present JBLFMU-Molo students themselves will greatly benefit from this
study. The results of the study will lead to their real understanding about the
consequences of engaging in premarital sex to their studies.
 Part IV

Definition of terms; definition provided withier conceptual or operational

to facilitate clear and accurate understanding among the readers of certain
important terms used in the study,

 BSMAR-E- refers to Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering, the course

of the respondents or participants that they have taken.

In this study, BSMAR-E the same definition is being adopted.

 JBLFMU-Molo- refers to John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University –

Molo.

In this study, JBLFMU-Molo is the venue of the study.

 Perception- refers to the capacity for comprehension and awareness of the

elements of environment through sensation.

In this study, perception is being measured on the level of awareness on the

effects of premarital sex among JBLFMU-Molo students.

 PMS or Premarital sex- refers to having sex before marriage as define in

Webster’s dictionary.
 Part V

Delimitation of the study; this descriptive study will be conducted

primarily to determine the level of awareness of the effects of premarital sex among
marine engineering students an JBLFMU-Molo there were 100 participants all
came from JBLFMU-Molo 2nd year students of Marine Engineering department.
Purposively chosen descriptive statistics to be used are the means and standard
deviations.
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter deals with conceptual and related major topics:

(1) The Psychologists Views on Premarital Sex and

(2) Motivation.
 PART I

Psychologists Views on Premarital Sex

Psychology was taken from two Greek words “psyche” (soul) and “logos”
(mind study). To the Greeks, psychology is a study of the soul. A long time ago this
Greek interpretation of the term psychology prevailed. However, due to
philosophical and scientific trends presented in the field of psychology different
definitions of psychology were presented.
 Nature of Psychology

Psychology is concern with human behaviour. The early psychologists

defined psychology as “the science of mental life”, “ the study of mental activity”, or
“ the study of internal experiment experience”. Later, with the advent of
behaviourism, a school of psychology whose main concern was to study only those
phenomena that could be objectively observed and measured, psychology was
redefined as “the study of behaviour”. In this definition the word “behaviour” is
limited to gestures, actions, and speech-all of which are observable and measurable.

In the course of time, psychologists expressed their definitions of psychology

so as to include both covert behaviour, which can not be directly observed (for
example, thoughts and feelings), and overt behaviour, which can be directly
observed (for example, actions and speech).
In the view of Bootzin, et al (1983), the most accepted definition of
psychology today is that it is “the study of behaviour”. This definition is different
from that given by the behaviourist who limits “behaviour” to what can be observed
and measured, such as gestures, actions, and speech. In the contemporary
definition, the word “behaviour” includes actions, speech, thoughts, feelings, images,
dreams, and physiological states.

Values of Psychology:

 It makes a person’s keenly aware that no two individuals are exactly alike.
 It helps him develop greater personal efficiency.
 It helps him gain an insight into the significance of the complex human urges.
 It helps him develop himself into a well integrated and happy individual.
 It makes him understand that the way in which we interpret over
environment depends upon a great number of things.
 Part II

Motivation

It is virtually impossible to determine a person’s motivation until the person

behaves or moves. There are times when people know why they do things; there are
times however, when their motives remain in their subconscious.

Motivation theories are generalizations about the “why” and “how” of

purposeful behaviour. In this regard, individuals must be fully aware in identifying
the different factors that motivate them to things.
 Theories of Motivation

There are a number of motivation theories that have helped explain people’s
behaviour and action. Despite variations, these theories have made one thing clear –
that milled acts are motivated and people would generally have reasons for their
actions.

The following theories of motivation are based on Hilgard’s (1997) presentation:

Hedonism Theory. It believes that the underrating causes of all behaviours

are man’s tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Rationalism. This view believes that a person is responsible for his own
behaviour. Each person is free to choose, and his choice ca either be good or bad,
depends on his intelligence and education.

Instinct theory. William McDougall advocated this theory. He believed that a

person’s thoughts and behaviour are the result of his inherited instincts which are
sources of his conducts but can be changed by learning and experience.

Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Freud’s theory stressed the importance of life

and death instinct. Life instincts include sex drives and life maintaining drives such
as hunger and thirst. Death instincts include wish to die, as well as inward and
outward aggression. Both life and death instincts as presented by Freud manifest
unconscious or inmate behaviour. Both these two kinds of instincts function as
drives that impel to govern behaviour.

Drive reduction. A drive is an aroused state that results from some biological
needs (need for food, water, oxygen, or avoidance of painful stimuli).

Homeostasis. This helps an individual to maintain a constant environment.

Any balance that an individual environment should be kept balance always since it
serves as motivating force of behaviour.

Incentives. The external stimulation known as incentive pushes an individual

to achieve his goal. It can be either be positive or negative. Positive incentives cause
behaviour toward an object, while negative ones cause the individual to avoid the
object.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow made a hierarchy or motives ascending form the basic

physiological needs present to more complex psychological motives that become
important after the basics needs have been satisfied. Maslow believed that human
needs could be arranged in a hierarchy ranging from the most necessary
requirement for survival at the bottom to most profound expressions of human
potential at the top.

Biological needs. The lowest form of these is easily satisfied most of the time.

Safety needs. This important to children because at their age they need to be
in a environment where they feel safe, or even to everybody. As human beings, we
always want to be safe in everyday work.
Love needs. When a person achieves biological and safety needs he is now ready to
get along well with others.

Acceptance and love form others are considered important.

Self-esteem needs. Approval and recognition from others of one’s self worth
and individuality are important.

Self-actualization. This is the highest level of motivation. Individuals who

satisfy these needs feel a sense of completion. In some, cases there are some who
cannot reach this level due to some problems they meet in achieving the basic task of
other levels in the hierarchy.