كتاب الرياضيات-اعدادى هندسة

( )

.(" - $% & $' ( ) *+ , -" #
"
!
4' ! 3/ % $" ' $" "2 ./ "01 0 $% 1 2
.56" 1) $% " )5

( )
..
.
! " # $% .
&
)
&'

2014/2013
ii
+

, !- '

)*

'+
.! !
" "# $%& '

- 2
+ ' .

.
, /

"
0 '+ !
1
: ;0 89
.'
, 5 6
,7 5 :!
3
,
2

!
" <"9

" +<7 >
& 89
;
, =+<7
.+<7" ?*
!

#9 & /, '0
"0 /
." '+ #

@ 2 '+
@
# 89"
! '+
A!
'

< 6 ' ",

"
B , ? ",
/ , .! '
/ "
.,& C
$1
/ 3 A '+
!
9D 2

! '
< $"
!

G ! ') ! / ,
! ' +
A : # E 9 F)
< + 1
.

? G 1 '+ K3 /
9 *
. ,7 . + " J"
H /I
.
"
,
.. //, + /<
- &1
! '+
&
/ * H /I . '+ ?
" ?" $ ? '+ $#
J
.J<M J, GM

:'&
$" "
!

-,. I , ,
sherif.rabia@gmail.com
.
! " # $% .
2013 1434 ?
7
B
iii
-, ,
1
. -
.1
,
0 .2

)*
.3
13
0
E9 N# .4
23
",

27

29
0
1&
&/ -
29
.1
29
6
,7 5I
, K< .2
31
'
, 5I
, K< .3
44
",

48

49
345 2/ -
49
.1
52
+<7 : 2 .2
55
+<7 $"

" .3
97
",

100

105
6 7) ! -
105
.1
105

#9 & .2
107
+<7 9
#9 & /
0 .3
109
+<7 5 9

#9 & /, .4
112

#9 & /,
- .5
iv
131
?*
! ?*
.6
140
5 >,
# .7
149
",

159

163
-, ,

Partial Fractions
.1
.

!" ! #
!$
R(x) =
3x + 5
2
x + 4x + 3
, +# % & ' (! )"*

R1(x) =
1
2
, R2(x) =
x +1
x +3
.- ./!" ! +#

, &/
!$
,& ) 0! 1!0 $ , +# ! &/
0! 8 ( 15! +# , .(!6 345 14
! 1!
)"* 9 !& +# 1"! # .R(x)
$ (
!
$) "

+# 8 ("-
R1(x), R2(x)
0! +# 8 (15! > ,

<) ( < )"- =# .:!" 9 ;$ 5%
..?! R(x)
5% % " .! ./!" ! (! # , >"
;4 ;@" ;$ 1@ >" =# ;$ 1$
. 8 , ! , ' >
Polynomials
.2
. ,
Pn(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . . + an xn, an 0

!$
.n .$
P2(x) = 1 + 3 x + 5 x2
!" ."!$ .$ ,

P4(x) = x4 + x2 + 3 x
. .$ ,

Rational function

$ ! !&< A!@ * Pn(x), Qm(x) ,$ !" ! #

3x + 5
R(x) =
x + 4x + 3
! % % , . .$ 1"! # )"% /4
Long ' ) !& +# * ;! , . .$
.;!

<% !& B@% . $ (division
.(! +# , !& @" , !& /4 +# C0 ,!
!$
1
@
3
R(x) =
x + 3x + 2 x + 2
x 2 + 4x + 3

" 8*
x 1
x 2 + 4 x + 3 x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 2
x 3 + 4 x 2 + 3x
x2 x + 2
x 2 4x 3
3x + 5
* ,!!
R(x) = ( x 1) +
3x + 5
2
x + 4x + 3
Polynomials factorization

1$

E ; % (! ' . 1$
D ; "
$ "!$
x2 + 4 x + 3 = (x + 1) (x+3)
x2 6 x 7 = (x + 1) (x 7)
x2 4 = (x 2) (x + 2)
x2 + 2 x + 1 = (x + 1)2
$ !& 'F

(! ; =#
x3 1 = (x 1) (x2 + x + 1)
x3 + 1 = (x + 1) (x2 x + 1)
D !" 1$

!@ (! 1! E0" % " D

(1)
a x2 + b x + c
! # ,- ! (0

!
b2 4 a c 0
! # !%
b2 4 a c < 0
-
! , ) ,- ! (0
! !& 5 +# .$ *
.(
.$ b2 4 a c < !" #
!$

x2 + x + 1
! (0

! !& 5 +# .$ ,!! 3 G! +!"
.$ b2 4 a c < !" # !% .,-
x2 6 x 7
! (0

! !& +# . $ ,!! 64 G! +!"
!" =#
' < .,-
x2 6 x 7 = (x + 1) (x 7)
; , ! #"

!
;4 !"" # (2)
.! , "!$ % .$ G%" % , (!" !&!$ #
! 5)
5 $!$ .$
!$
."
<% 1! 1$ (0
!
,) .@- +# ."!$ B@% ,- .$ (0
! !&"%
=# ? 5 ! - ,$ (0
! ! < ("!$
.$ (0
! !&"% ! $!$ .$ % =# .!F"J !"0 !
.- 1$ K4$ (0
! !&"% % "!$ B@% ,-
. 1$
$!

(! =

<% 1! 1$ (0
! . !&0 5 .$ G% (3)
! , )
<% 1! 1$ (0
! . !&0 % #* L
!
! " , +!" ! =# !"F0% #* .
! " ( -
:%
- .$ ! ,

ax+b
!& 5 "!$ .$ %

a x2 + b x + c,
b2 4 a c 0
.% 1 "!$ % .$ G% !%
% 1! 1$

!& @ , ' > C0 ,!
!$
."!$
2
%
.$

x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1

, ! ;!
+#

4
(x3 + 1) + (3 x2 + 3 x) = (x + 1) (x2 x + 1) + 3 x (x + 1)
= (x + 1) (x2 + 2 x + 1)
= (x + 1) (x + 1)2
= (x + 1)3
x = 1 90 )"% " .! .$ !"/" # .! B@%
!& N +#
% G% ..! .$
% (x + 1) * ,!! F G! .$ <
x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 = (x + 1) P2(x)
N" P2(x) !O .!&" ( "!$ & .$ P2(x) K
x 2 + 2x + 1
x + 1 x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1
x3 + x 2
2 x 2 + 3x + 1
2x 2 + 2 x
x +1
x +1
0
% "
P2(x) = x2 + 2 x + 1
% G%
x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 = (x + 1) (x2 + 2 x + 1)
.! " 3F"

"

! *
$
< !" !""% '!
!$ , . @-
, (! /4
# 9< , . +# ; E D # !
P . F G! .!
!""% , . !< !" ," % !"F 15!
C ;! ( ) 3 (
P
!" ;!<- !"" - ) .! $ , '
!"< #
$
<
" ! % .!?*
+#
% > (0
.=# C0 ,!
!$ . F G! .!
3
%
.$

x3 + 4 x2 + x 6

; ! x > ( " % !"" D! 1, 2, 3
" ) 6 !" '
* ,!! F G! .$ < x = 1 90 )"% " .1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 6, 6
% G% ..! .$
% (x 1)
x3 + 4 x2 + x 6 = (x 1) P2(x)
Q! = N" P2(x) !O "!$ & . $ P2(x) K
'
P2(x) = x2 + 5 x + 6
% G%
x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 = (x 1) (x2 + 5 x + 6)

"

! *
x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 = (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
#$
F G! .! .$
< '!
!$ , !!" ,
. ! !" ! # )"% )"% R" , ; , /"
xn + a1 xn1 + . . . + an = 0
.r
an % 4 ! +# # % x = r ,

%&

' ()
!
)"% ! ) , Q! ;
x2 4 x + 3 = 0
. !
- E , . .$
;" !""*
(x 1)(x 3) = 0
.x = 1, x = 3 , # !&"
6
x2 4 x + 3 .$
( ! #* . N /"" D
% :"" !&" x = 1, x = 3 , ! D ; @! x2 4 x + 3 = 0 ! #
x2 4 x + 3 = (x 1)(x 3)
!& @ , ! D Q! L

, (- # C0 ,!
!$
.15 !
, !& @ F
4
:! D ! @ %
D 1$

x3 + 4 x2 + x 6
.%
x2 + 2 x + 1
.(
x3 + x 2
.A
x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2
2 x3 x2 2 x + 1
.

* ,!! 1, 2, 3 , x3 + 4 x2 + x 6 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .%

x3 + 3 x2 + 3 x + 1 = (x 1) (x + 2) (x + 3)
! +# 1 , x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .(

L)! ,"!$ % ," # * # ! D !" ! " L# !& % 5 "!$
,!! !! # !& !!
x2 + 2 x + 1 = (x 1) (x 1) = (x 1)2
; @D !% x = 1

- :$4$ x3 + x 2 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .A
% ," # ( i = 1 @ G)
x3 + x 2 = (x 1) P2(x)
! ) ; @" P2(x) L

5 "!$ .$ P2(x) K

" (Synthetic division
$) B@% G% % (2
!$ ,
x3 + x 2 = (x 1)(x2 + x + 2)
D ! &

, # ; @ ! B @% P2(x) Q! = )
(.!
+# % ! (1, 2) !"$ x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .

% G% L # # % % 4 $!$ !
(x + 1) (x + 1)(x + 2)
%
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 2)
.$ , ' 9 ("!$ , 4 - , 2) ! , ' "! C0

* ,!! L , - ! % (2 G! ) .!
x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2 = (x + 1) (x + 1)(x + 2) = (x + 1)2(x + 2)
,!! 0.5, 1, 1 , 2 x3 x2 2 x + 1 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .
.
!
(x 0.5)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0
. $ , x
! (1 G! & ) 3 <- +# = " x3
! E4@ &/ !"
3
(0 ;" 1!$ , (0 $N 5 ! % ! L(2 G! ) -

2 , ! .
2 (x 0.5)(x 1)(x + 1) = 0

2 x3 x2 2 x + 1
= 2 (x 0.5)(x 1)(x + 1)
= (2x 1)(x 1)(x + 1)
3<- (0 ;" 1 G! 5 .! .$ , .< %

! ! # ! F #
.
! # , # !"

* .3
+# !&4@
" , $- > % " . 1@ D >"
.1@
5
%
3x + 5
2
x + 4x + 3
8

.
" !& % 6 $ ;! % " .! /"!
3x + 5
( x + 1)( x + 3)
N , @- . +#

3x + 5
A
B
=
+
( x + 1)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 3

.!$ D !" , .
& 1!$ , % !"0 <
, ! <4 , (0" =#
(x + 1) (x + 3)
<4
"
3 x + 5 = A (x + 3) + B (x + 1)
!

" F@ x >" x ;< 9 <4 +# % ! D
(S#!) !@" & .A, B & ,
x = 1, x = 3

"
A = 1, B = 2
,!&" :!"! ,!!

3x + 5
2
x + 4x + 3
1
2
+
x +1 x + 3
. , +#

;!
5% ;" ! F !O )"%
!$ # :"" %
;!
$ ;! ,
!
%
? >F" ;$ %

.!0 . ,!
!$ .1$ ;" !&" , ;$
6
%
x+2
x3 1
10

" %
!& % 6 $ ;! % " .! /"!
.
x+2
( x 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
. N , @- . +#

x+2
( x 1)( x + x + 1)
A
Bx + C
+
x 1 x2 + x + 1
."!$ ;! - - ,"!$ !"0 !""% !" /4"
, ! <4 , (0" =#
.1$ D !" ,
<4
" (x 1) (x2 + x + 1)
x + 2 = A (x2 + x + 1) + (B x + C) (x 1)
D 15 !

" x = 1, 0, 1 >!
3=3A
2=AC
1 = A 2 (B + C)

" 15 ! +#

A = 1, B = 1, C = 1
,!&" :!"! ,!!

x+2
( x 1)( x + x + 1)
1
x +1
2
x 1 x + x +1
. , +#

.
! > , !&!" < , !0O 1@ % C0 ,!
!$
7
%
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 2
x 2 + 4x + 3
10
11

5% N" ;! % % " .! /"!

" L1
!$ , !" < !
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 2
= ( x 1) +
3x + 5
2
x + 4x + 3
x + 4x + 3
5
!$ , =#
; < - E , ; D
, !&" .
x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 2
2
= ( x 1) +
x + 4x + 3
1
2
+
x +1 x + 3
., ! 1@ R@ D !"" ! $- 8!"

* +)

8 !" ;! G! % % 1"! # (1)
.;!
<% !& B@% .$ .!
.. ! 1@ ;
.% 1$ (0
! ;!
(2)

? ( 1
, . # ! !"
? > (3)
.;!
& 1$ ;< (4)

- .& / :1
#

(
%&
*
A
ax + b
Ax + B
ax+b
a x2 + b x + c
(a x + b)n, n 2
(a x2 + b x + c)n, n 2
ax 2 + bx + c
A1
A2
An
+
+ ... +
2
ax + b (ax + b)
(ax + b) n
A1x + B1
A n x + Bn
+ ... +
2
ax + bx + c
(ax 2 + bx + c) n
12
4 L3 ! !% ! $- !" 1

, 2 L1 ! % Q! /4
.
(!
(a x + b)n, (a x2 + b x + c)n
.;! ! # 5 ! = C0 ,!

!$
8
%
3x + 5
x + 4 x 2 + 5x + 2
3

, !& ; ;! , .$ . 8 A!" 4 ;!
<% !"
:!" ! 4
!$
x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2 = (x + 2)(x + 1)2
. #@N ,!!
3x + 5
( x + 2)( x + 1) 2

? 1
, . # !
3x + 5
( x + 2)( x + 1)
A
B
B2
+ 1 +
x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
, ! <4 , (0 ;" .1$ ! !" D

(x + 2) (x + 1)2
<4
"
3 x + 5 = A (x + 1)2 + B1 (x + 1) (x + 2) + B2 (x + 2)
!&" A 1!$ G !

" x = 2 >!
A = 1
!&" B2 1!$ G !

" x = 1 >!
B2 = 2
!""% ! !"" B1 , ! G P T >" % 4 B1 "!

" x = 0 90" .B1 (! & A, B2 4 !"
5 = A + 2 B1 + 2 B2
12
13
!&"
B1 = 1
,!&" :!"! ,!!

3x + 5
( x + 2)( x + 1)
1
1
2
+
+
x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
. >F" #! # !

P D ("
B1
B2
+
x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
. >F" 5 ;! , (x + 1)2 ./!"

Bx + C
( x + 1) 2
:!" % ' ,"!$ >F! '!

. ! Q! ="
P # !U
.
3x + 5
( x + 2)( x + 1)
1
x+3
+
x + 2 ( x + 1) 2
, ! +!@ - E @-

x+3
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) + 2
( x + 1) 2
x +1
2
=
+
2
( x + 1)
( x + 1) 2
1
2
=
+
( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
# 9< , .

< ) !" G# :!" 3F"
" !&" . +#& >!
;< . ! 1"! ;$ (a x + b)n, n 2 ;! B # ! +P !@5
.1
, 4 ;< . ! 1"! '" 3F" .1
, 3

*
0)! 1+ .4
,- , ;! R@ x T ; > ! $- , !"
!" #"
! 9 C ! +# .1$ =#
! !&" ! !0% , (14! .!) - .1$ +# B@% !<
>
! , 1$ (!#F" :!"
& ) /" ! &"N
14
!& (/" T) @- !% .x T ;< !@ A! , !
.1$ ;< , !& ! !&" "
! ?- ! !!@ !
Coefficients equating method $*
+
+# 8 . F ,!

!$ C0 14! .! , - ! D % "
.
9
%
3x + 5
x + 4 x 2 + 5x + 2
3

% !" 8
!$ , ) !"! % ' G# ,
3x + 5
3x + 5
A
B
B2
=
=
+ 1 +
2
2
x + 4 x + 5x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 1)
x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
3
.
" , ;! R@ >
3 x + 5 = A (x + 1)2 + B1 (x + 1) (x + 2) + B2 (x + 2)

" - E , 3<- =F" x T ; >" D
3 x + 5 = A x2 + 2 A x + A + B1 x2 + 3 B1 x + 2 B1 + B2 x + 2 B2
x2
! .! . , 14! .! ;" E x ;< 9 !! % !
!
"
0 = A + B1
!
" x
! .!
3 = 2 A + 3 B1 + B2
!
" ' .!
5 = A + 2 B1 + 2 B2
1$ ;<
" 15 ! +#

A = 1, B1 = 1, B2 = 2
,!&" :!"! ,!!
14
15
3x + 5
( x + 2)( x + 1)
1
1
2
+
+
x + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
Covering method +2

+
.;! , ,-

G , (!" , T , !
. +# C0 ,!
!$
10
%
x +1
2
x 3x + 2

;! , "!$ .$ . 8 A!" 4 ;!
<% !"
! !&
x2 3 x + 2 = (x 1) (x 2)
. #@N ,!!
x +1
( x 1)( x 2)

? 1
, . # !
x +1
A
B
=
+
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
, ! <4 , (0 ;" .1$ ! !" D

(x 1) (x 2)
<4
"
x + 1 = A (x 2) + B (x 1)
A 1!$ G ! - E B 1!$ E# x = 1 >!
A=
x +1
= 2
x 2 x =1
!&" !" , .@- <4 K T < ! , , , .@- ! <
;$ A 1!$ ;! G# (x 1) (T) E# ,- , A 1!$ <
. F G! A 1!$ ;! ,
, G% x = 1 >
16
<4 ( B 1!$ < N

$!
B=
x +1
=3
x 1 x =2
;$ B 1!$ ;! G# (x 2) (T) E# ,- , <4 +#
. F G B 1!$ ;! ,
, G% x = 2 >
@- :!" ;$
x +1
3
2
+
=
( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2
N 3F" , $ % ; @ E ! !0 T ,!

!$
.1$
11
%
x
x x + 3x 3
3

!& ;! , .$ . 8 A!" 4 ;!
<% !"
;! &
x3 x2 + 3 x 3 = x2(x 1) + 3(x 1) = (x 1)(x2 + 3)

" 1
, . # !
? > .@ D ,N
x
( x 1)( x 2 + 3)
A
Bx + C
+
x 1 x2 + 3
, ! T! + ! A 1!$

A=
x
2
x + 3 x =1
1
4
.

x
2
( x 1)( x + 3)
1
Bx + C
+
4( x 1) x 2 + 3
=) !&" 14! .! N" .T! !&" 4 B, C !!$ !%
<4 , , ;! R@! 5% % " .(> ; @! :!" 3F"
Q!

" !
16
17
x = (1/4) (x2 + 3) + (B x + C) (x 1)
!

" ' x2 14! .! 3<- =F
0 = (1/4) + B
0 = (3/4) C
% " !&"
B = 1/4, C = 3/4
,!&"
?
x
( x 1)( x + 3)
1
3 x
+
4( x 1) 4( x 2 + 3)
,!
!$ .;! , ,-
G , (!" T % !" #
.;! , (a x + b)n
! ! , T ; @ E C0
12
%
x+3
x 3x 2
3

A! ;! , .$ . 8 A!" 4 ;!
<% !"

" (4
!$ /") ! D! "!5! =#

x3 3x 2 = (x 2)(x + 1)2
1
, . # !
? >
x +3
( x 2)( x + 1) 2
A
B
B2
+ 1 +
x 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
(0 # )"- T! )" 4 B1 1!$ !% T! !&" A, B2 !!$ !"

" E ;! , ! <4 ,
x + 3 = A (x + 1)2 + B1 (x 2) (x + 1) B2 (x 2)
; @! D ;" .A, B2 !!$ 3 B1 1!$ , ! , x T < 5 !"
, ! T
A=
x+3
2
( x + 1) x = 2
5
9
18
B2 =
x+3
2
=
x 2 x = 1
3
.

x +3
( x 2)( x + 1)
5/9
B
2/3
+ 1
x 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
<4 , (0 ;" .> 8 T! )" 4 B1 1!$ !%

" ;! , !
x + 3 = (5/9) (x + 1)2 + B1 (x 2) (x + 1) (2/3) (x 2)
,!&"
? D .5/9 G! , B1 <
" x = 0 90
x+3
( x 2)( x + 1)
5/9
5/9
2/3
x 2 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
n +/!"
! # * (a x + b)n
! ;! B # )"% C0 '!
!$
(1
9)
A1
A2
An
+
+ ... +
2
ax + b (ax + b)
(ax + b) n
.T! )" An 1!$ T! 5 !& 1$ +#

Inspection method #
+
+# ./" , 5% 1$ , B@% ;4 D
""
+# V? .(x2 + a) . "!$
!&! , ! !@
.,!
!$! % "
13
%
4
2
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3)

4 % !& ;! , 1$ 8 A!" 4 ;!
<% !"

" 1
, . # ! .?!
? > 5
4
2
( x + 1)( x + 3)
18
Ax + B
2
x +1
Cx + D
x2 + 3
19
, 1$ ;< % '

! Q! =
A = 0, B = 2, C = 0, D = 2
.
y = x2 >F" .
, B@% D N" !""
4
( y + 1)( y + 3)

" 1
, . # !
? >F
4
A
B
=
+
( y + 1)( y + 3) y + 1 y + 3

" K T! !&" !&" A, B !!$ D
A = 2, B = 2
(y = x2 > ) ,!&"

?
4
2
( x + 1)( x + 3)
x +1
2
2
x +3
.
, $
&% .@- % Q! /4
./" 1!<4 ! , ! 1!<4 '!
!$ W" E D
. .?! 1!<4 +# ; @
1
( x 2 + a )( x 2 + b)
x2
( x 2 + a )( x 2 + b)
1 1
1
b a x 2 + a x 2 + b
1 b
a
b a x 2 + b x 2 + a
' ! $- C0 .'!

!$
3F" ! 1!<4 1!$ Q! =
./"
14
%
2x + 1
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4)

!" #
1
2
( x + 1)( x 2 + 4)
20
/" < - . ! ) '" )"*

1
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4)
1 1
1
3 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 4

" (2 x + 1) , (0
2x + 1
2
( x + 1)( x + 4)
1 2x + 1 2x + 1
3 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 4
15
%
x2 + 1
( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)

, ! ;" /" < '
x2
2
( x + 2)( x + 3)
1
2
( x + 2)( x 2 + 3)
- . ! ) '" ,"!$ /" < "!$ . ! ) '"
-

" +# '
x
2
( x + 2)( x + 3)
1
( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)
x +3
1
x2 + 2
2
2
x +2
1
x2 + 3
, !&" . !" 9

x2 + 1
( x 2 + 2)( x 2 + 3)
1
x2 + 2
2
x2 + 3
.
y = x2 >F" .B@% !! :!" 3F"

y +1
( y + 2)( y + 3)
.:!" 3F"

! Q! = T ; @! & ) #
16
%
20
21
5
2
( x + 1)( x 2 4)

.?! :!" /" < - . ! ) '"
5 1
1
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 4) 5 x 2 + 1 x 2 4
1
1
+
=
2
2
x +1 x 4
5
. )!
,"!$ % Q! )" % (
1
x2 4
1
( x 2)( x + 2)
(T ; @! 1$ Q! =) #& ! D
.
1
1/ 4
1/ 4
=
( x 2)( x + 2) x 2 x + 2
,!&"

5
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 4)
1
x2 + 1
1/ 4
1/ 4
x2 x+2
17
%
1
3
x ( x 2 + 2)

5% ;"
1
x 2 ( x 2 + 2)
/" < - . ! ; @!

"
1
2
x ( x + 2)
1 1
1
2
2
2 x
x + 2
(
x , ;! (0" =#
1
3
x ( x + 2)
1/ 2
x
1/ 2
x ( x 2 + 2)
/" < ; @ ;$ x , 5% ;! (0 ) ,"!$
22
1/ 2
x ( x 2 + 2)
1
x
2 2
2 x ( x + 2)
1 1 x
x
2 2
2 2 x
x + 2
1 1
x
2
4 x x + 2
,!&" :!"
1
3
x ( x + 2)
1/ 2
x
1/ 4
x/4
+
x
x2 + 2
1# /" ; @
0!F ; @
$ 1$ B@% ' )"% #" (! #& !!@
0! : ; % Q! /" 1F" .(! # , ' +#& >" !""
$
Derive, Mathematica
. 8 !&"
22
23

(2009 !")
7 x 2 + 12
x 4 16
7 x 2 + 12
x 4 16
/" % (1)
7 x 2 + 12
( x 2 + 4)(x 2 4)
7 x 2 + 12
1
1
2
2
4 (4) ( x 4) ( x + 4)
1 7 x 2 + 12 7 x 2 + 12
=
8 ( x 2 4) ( x 2 + 4)
1 7( x 2 4) + 40 7( x 2 + 4) 16
=
8 ( x 2 4)
( x 2 + 4)
1
40
16
= 7 +
7+
2
2
8
( x 4)
( x + 4)
1
40
16
=
+
8 ( x 2)(x + 2) ( x 2 + 4)
1 40 1
1
16
+
=
8 4 ( x 2) ( x + 2) ( x 2 + 4)
5
5
2
4
4 +
=
2
( x 2) ( x + 2) ( x + 4)
.B@ 1@

(2009 !")
2x 2 + 2x + 1
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2
2x 2 + 2x + 1
2
( x + 1)(x + 2)
2x 2 + 2 x + 1
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2
% (2)
2x 2 + 2x + 1
x 2 ( x + 2) + ( x + 2)
Ax + B
2
x +1
C
x+2
2x 2 + 2 x + 1 = (Ax + B)(x + 2) + C( x 2 + 1)
1$ ;<
" >!
x=2
5 = C (5)
C=1
x=0
1 = B (2) + 1
B=0
x=1
5 = A (3) + 2
A=1
2x + 2x + 1
3
x + 2x + x + 2
1
x +1 x + 2
2
24
2 x 4 + 5x 3 + 7 x 2 + 6 x + 2
x3 + x2 + x +1
% (3)
(2008 ")

2x + 3
x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 2 x 4 + 5x 3 + 7 x 2 + 6 x + 2
2x4 +2x3 + 2x2 + 2x

3x3 + 5x2 + 4x + 2
3x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 3
2x2 + x 1
= 2x + 3 +
2x 2 + x 1
( x + 1)(x 2 + 1)
( x + 1)(2 x 1) (or
A
Bx + C )
= 2x + 3 +
= 2x + 3 +
+
2
( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
( x + 1)(x + 1)
2x 1
= 2x + 3 +
x 2 +1
(2008 ")

3x
2
x ( x + 1)
x +x
3x 1
1
1 x 2 x 2 + 1
3
3x
x x2 +1
(2008 !")
6
4
x + x2 2
1
6
1
2
2
1
)
( x 1)(x + 2)
x 1 x + 2
2
2
=
2
2
x 1 x + 2
2
2
=
2
( x 1)( x + 1) x + 2
2 1
1
2
=
2 x 1 x + 1 x 2 + 2
1
1
2
=
x 1 x +1 x2 + 2
6
/"
(4)
24
+ ,D

(5)
25
8x 12
% (6)
( x 1)( x 2 1)
(2007 ")

8x 12
2
( x 1) ( x + 1)
( x 1)
B
C
+
x 1 x + 1
8x 12 = A(x+1) + B(x1)(x+1) + C(x1)2
1$ ;<
" >!
x=1
4 = 2A
A =2
x = 1
20 = 4C
C = 5
x=0
12 = 2 B + (5)
B=5
5
5
+
2 x 1 x + 1
( x 1)
(2007 ")
x ( x + 3)
/"
(7)
1
1x
x 1
1 3
= 3
2 2
2
2
x ( x + 3) 3 0 x
x +3 x x2 +3
(2007 !")
x +4
4
+ ,D

(8)
x + 4x + 3
x2 + 4
2
( x + 1)(x + 3)
x2
2
( x + 1)(x + 3)
4
2
( x + 1)(x 2 + 3)
1 3
1
4 1
1
3 1 ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 1) 3 1 ( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 + 3)
=
3
12
2
+
( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 1)
26
3)

.

1@
. 8 ; ;! G! % % 1"! # (1)
.% 1$ (0
! ;!
(2)
.!"
? > (3)
.& 1$ ;< (4)
.;! , ,-
G , (!" T
: .?! ! /" 1!<4 ; @
1
2
1 1
1
2
b a x + a x + b
1 b
a
2
b a x + b x + a
( x + a )( x + b)
x
2
2
2
( x + a )( x + b)
26
27

:D ! %
x2
(2 )
x3 1
x+2
(4 )
x 3 + 3x 2 x 3
4x 2 + 11x + 3
(6)
7 x 3 + 6x 2 + 6x 1
4x
(8)
3
x + x2 x 1
x3
(10)
3
2
x 5x + x 5
x 5 x 4 3x + 5
(12)
x 4 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 2x + 1
x +1
(14)
x 4 + 8x
6
4
x +x 2
(16)
x +1
(18)
x 3 2 x 2 + 3x 2
x4 + x3 + x 2 x 1
2
x ( x + 1)
(20)
x
(1 )
x + 2x 3
2
1
(3 )
x + x2 + x
3
x+2
(5)
6x x 1
1
2
(7 )
x 3 3x 2 + 2 x
6x + 7
(9 )
2
( x + 2)
x 3 + 4x 2
(11)
x 2 + 4x + 3
7x + 3
(13)
x 3 3x 2 7 x 15
2x + 4
( x 2 + 1)( x 1) 2
8x 12
( x 1)( x 2 1)
(15)
(17)
5x + 8
(19)
2 x 3 + x 2 + 5x 8
:D ! /" ; @

x2 + 4
4
x + 4x + 3
6
2
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x 2 + 3)
(22)
(24)
7 x 2 + 12
(26)
x 4 16
4x + 5
(21)
2
x ( x 2 + 6)
( x 1) 2
( x 2 + 3)( x 2 + 13)
(23)
1
(25)
3
x ( x 2 + 1)
x2
( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
(27)
28
28
29

Binomial Theorem
.1
" .
n (x + y)n

(1 + x)n " %& '(

$" )* ( .
#$
"
#$ )* +,
% ' - ( .) n
.) ./ 0 )*
$ 1 ( 12 . ./ 0 )*
. # ' )* $" 13 $ 1 3(

.2
0,4 %( #25 0 6
) (x + y)2 1

(x + y)2 = x2 + 2 x y + y2
0,4 %( #2 (x + y)3

+2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3 x2 y + 3 x y2 + y3
(x + y)n

((, +2 )6* 0 0
#$ 08(
"
( $" n = 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .
( x + y) n = x n + n C1x n 1 y + n C 2 x n 2 y 2 + L + y n
0,4
*
)* #4
n
Cr =
n!
r! (n r )!
0,4 :$ n 9 " n!

n! = 1 2 3 . . . n, n 1
0! = 1
0 ; )* 3
#$
(, 0

n
( x + y) n = n C r x n r y r
r =0
.
( $" 13 = $ 0 02/ .)9 < ( - 13 1
( $" #2
30
1
(2 a b)3
#$

+ (* n = 3
' b y + 2 a x + >
#$
(, 13 (
(2a b) 3 = (2a ) 3 + 3 C1 (2a ) 2 (b)+ 3 C 2 (2a )( b) 2 + (b) 3
0?6( ; + ( # 3- @A

(2 a b)3 = 8 a3 + 3 (4 a2) (b) + 3 (2 a) (b2) b3
= 8 a3 12 a2 b + 6 a b2 b3
2
(1 + 2 x2 x3)5 )* x7 +

; >9(
#$
(, 13 [1 + (2 x2 x3)]5
y + 1 x + >

#$
(, 13 (
B
(2 x2 x3)
+ (* n = 5
'
[1 + (2 x 2 x 3 )]5 = 1+ 5 C1 (2 x 2 x 3 )+ 5 C 2 (2 x 2 x 3 ) 2
+ 5 C 3 ( 2 x 2 x 3 ) 3 + 5 C 4 (2 x 2 x 3 ) 4
+ (2x 2 x 3 ) 5

> )* * x7
( 0 * ;8( x7 + " *
B
; %
:$
5
C 3 (2 x 2 x 3 ) 3 = 10 x 6 (2 x ) 3
+ ( C3 ;

#$
(, 13 $"
10 x6 (2 x)3 = 10 x6 (23 + 3 (22) (x) + 3 (2) (x)2 + (x)3)
120 : x7 +

*
30
31

.3
' ( % .) .D
#$ ' 5
B + ((
% ' $"
13
( '(
+, .) n (1 + x)n
E(9 :$
(" % '( :$
) * 5 = 8( #(
(

n (x + y)n

0 (9 ( )* . ( )*
)(F (
( $" 13 . $"
;& %3
:$
( ($
(,
14 ( ( $5 .G ( 3 12 #
n %( )* (x + y) 9

#
)(F
(, @5 .* ) n (1 + x)n

0.5 1 42 : n #( $5 .,/ E$" +2 - %(/ 3- .,/ *
0
x )* 0?6(- C, 0 ;
(1 + x)n 0

1 ( 0 )* ((
;
a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + . . .
" I9 $" .sin x, cos x +2 (1 + x)n H C3 + ( $"
& f(x) 0 :
1 I9 $6 '
. +9 1 )* %
14 J * (" .x )* 0?6( - C, 0 0?" 6(
0(
.(1 + x)n 0
("
( $" $( (1 + x)n 0
%3
:$
(
B (
.+9 1 )* I9 = 0 #2K ( #25

A* |x| < 1
$5
(1 + x ) n = 1 + n x +
n (n 1) 2 n (n 1)(n 2) 3
x +
x +L
2!
3!
0 B ; 0

n (n 1)(n 2) L (n r + 1) r
x
r!
r =1
(1 + x ) n = 1 +
32
(") !"#

$" . |x| < 1 "
$"
& :
= 84
+ ;3/ 0 . ; * $ 0
; ; $" &
I $"

D
- )? 6(- )* * .; E$6
F 0,
12
.42
- 0( 0 0 (
) : )?6(4
/ )* )?6(4 I

$"
9 1 < x < 1 : |x| < 1 ; )* x

* ; E$" )* > - x F 0, #( $5 .
/ 0, (
) :
#$ #9
I9 .
/ )* )?6(4 I
.0?6(4 #4 I9 % ( = % ' #9 1 )* 0F 0"/
. 0
; *
0
( #3 9 0 02/
3

1+ x
. 0
; *

+ (* n = 0.5

( )* '(
(1 + x )1/ 2
1 1
1 1 3
( )( )
( )( )( )
1
= 1 + x + 2 2 x 2 + 2 2 2 x3 + L
2
2!
3!
; 5 + ( G ( 3

(1 + x )1 / 2 = 1 +
1
1
1
x x2 + x3 +L
2
8
16
.|x| < 1 )" ; *

4

1
2 + 3x
32
33
. 0
; *

; >9 - (

( 13 > (
1
1
3x
= (2 + 3x ) 1 = (1 + ) 1
2 + 3x
2
2
+ (* 1 0 n 0,

x + (3 x / 2) +
( 13
B 1( 12

2
1
3x
1
3x (1)(2) 3x
(1 + ) 1 = [1
+
+ L]
2
2
2
2
2! 2
1
3
9
= [1 x + x 2 + L]
2
2
4
.
J
=
()?6(4 )
0242 +
* ( ,
) * 0
; *

3x
|< 1
2
3
| x |< 1
2
2
| x |<
3
|
2
2
<x<
3
3
5

1+ x2
. 0
; *

+ (* 0.5 0 n 0,

x + x2 +
( 13 1(
1 1
1 1 3
( )( )
( )( )( )
1
(1 + x 2 )1 / 2 = 1 + x 2 + 2 2 ( x 2 ) 2 + 2 2 2 ( x 2 ) 3 + L
2
2!
3!
1
1
= 1+ x2 x4 +L
2
8
) * 0
; *

34
| x 2 |< 1
x2 < 1
1 < x < 1
6

1
( x 3) 2
. 0
; *

; >9 - (

( 13 > (
1
( x 3) 2
= ( x 3) 2 =
1
x
(1 ) 2
9
3
+ (* 2 0 n 0,

x + (x / 3) +
( 13
B 1( 12

2
1
x
1
2 x (2)(3) x
(1 ) 2 = [1 +
+
+ L]
9
3
9
3
2! 3
1
2
1
= [1 + x + x 2 + L]
9
3
3
.
J
=
()?6(4 )
0242 +
* ( ,
) * 0
; *

x
|< 1
3
x
| |< 1
3
| x |< 3
|
:
3 < x < 3
7

5+ x
(1 x ) 2
34
35
. 0
; *

- ( 12
(5 + x) (1 x)2 ; %9

) (1 x)2
(1 x ) 2 = 1 + 2 x +
(2)(3)
( x ) 2 + L
2!
= 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + L
+ (* G ( > (5 + x) )* G ( 9

B 1( 12
(5 + x )(1 x ) 2 = (5 + x )(1 + 2x + 3x 2 + L)
= 5 + 10x + 15x 2 + L
+ x + 2x 2 + L
= 5 + 11x + 17 x 2 + L
.
J
=
()?6(4 )
0242 +
* ( ,
) 6
(1 x)2 )?6(4 )6* 0
; *

| x |< 1
| x |< 1
8

1
(1 x )(2 x )
. 0
; *

( 9 12 (1 x)1, (2 x)1

+ A

A @ )" C3 ; * (" > ( (( .0 E$6 +
= 3-
+& $3D 0?J . 0?J
1
A
B
=
+
(1 x )(2 x ) (1 x ) (2 x )
+ ( 0F
2

36
1
| x =1 = 1
(2 x )
1
B=
| x =2 = 1
(1 x )
A=
:
1
1
1
=
(1 x )(2 x ) 1 x 2 x
; 3/ >9(

B
1
1
= (1 x ) 1 (2 x ) 1
1 x 2 x
1
x
= (1 x ) 1 (1 ) 1
2
2
+ (*
( 13 ( 12
1
x
(1)(2)
(1 x ) 1 (1 ) 1 = [1 + x +
( x ) 2 + L]
2
2
2!
1
x (1)(2) x 2
[1 + +
( ) + L]
2
2
2!
2
+ ( 0 0 # 3- +

1
x
1
x 1
(1 x ) 1 (1 ) 1 = [1 + x + x 2 + L] [1 + + x 2 + L]
2
2
2
2 4
1 3
7 2
= + x + x +L
2 4
8
0 ; *
+/ * .
?6(4
4 )6* 0
; *

)"
1 < x < 1
)" 0 ; *
)(2
2 < x < 2
- ( :)
)

B .G ( E$"

> )" 0
; * 12
.( :)
4

1 < x < 1,
2 < x < 2
)"
*
1 < x < 1
36
37
!&' ( )*
.0 02/ )* #- E$" 1" N3( 6 * +6 6 '
9

(1 x)1

+ (
(, 13
(1 x ) 1 = 1 + x +
(1)(2)
(1)(2)(3)
( x ) 2 +
( x ) 3 + L
2!
3!
;6& ; + ( 3-

(1 x)1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .
; 0

* 1
9 (( (( (" 84(
(1 x ) 1 = x r
r =0
10

(1 + x)1

;6& ; + ( x x + >
13
(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + . . .
; 0

* 1
9
(( (" 84(
(1 + x ) 1 = (1) r x r
r =0
11

(1 x)2
38

.C3 0 D( (( .0 E$6 +
=
( 13 G (

(
(1 x)1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .
+ (*
* +9 1( 12
(1 x)2 (1) = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 + . . .
;6& ; + ( 3-

(1 x)2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 + . . .
; 0

* 1
9
(( (" 84(
(1 x ) 2 = (r + 1) x r
r =0
12

(1 + x)2

;6& ; + ( x x + >
13
(1 + x)2 = 1 2 x + 3 x2 4 x3 + . . .
; 0

* 1
9
(( (" 84(
(1 + x ) 2 = (1) r (r + 1) x r
r =0
xr * *"
+
( (( : 1
( 0 ;6& O )* (( = 84
' )( .)?6(- )* ( x50 x10 +2) : +
%
:$ xr
5) 06 ;
)* xr +
%( = $( .xr +
6*
) C3/ 02/
. $ + 6*
) 02/ ' 5 &( .6 (

38
39
13
)* xr +
1
1 2x

; %

1
= (1 2 x ) 1
1 2x
+ > 9 +2 G ( 13

(= $ ()
( 13

+ (* ;3/ 0 D( (2 x) x
(1 2 x ) 1 = 1 + x + (2 x ) 2 + (2 x ) 3 + L
.r 0 2r " xr +

* (2 x)r " 1
G( ( 6(
14
)* xr +
1
(3 x ) 2
.x50 +
12

; %

1
1
x
= (3 x ) 2 = (1 ) 2
9
3
(3 x )
2
+ > 11 +2 G ( 13

(= $ ()
( 13

+ (* ;3/ 0 D( (x/3) x
1
x
1
x
x
x
(1 ) 2 = [1 + 2 + 3 ( ) 2 + 4 ( )3 + L]
9
3
9
3
3
3
" 1
G( ( 6(
r +1 x r
( )
9 3
" xr +
*
r +1 r
3 ,r0
9
: x50 +

r = 50
'
40
51 50
3
9
15
)* xr +
x
1 2x

"
13 +2 G ( 13
x
= x (1 2 x ) 1
1 2x
= x [1 + 2x + (2x) 2 + (2 x )3 + L + (2 x ) r + L]
" 1
G( ( 6(
x (2 x)r 1 = 2r 1 xr
.r 1 2r 1 xr +

*
16
)* xr +
5+ x
1 2x

"
C3 ; 13 +2 G ( 13
5+ x
= (5 + x ) (1 2 x ) 1
1 2x
= (5 + x) [1 + 2x + (2x) 2 + (2 x ) 3 + L + (2 x ) r + L]
= 5 + [5 (2 x ) + x ] + [5 (2 x ) 2 + x (2 x )] + L
" 1
G( ( 6(
5 (2 x)r + x (2 x)r 1 = [5 (2r) + 2r 1], r 1
xr +
*
2r 1 (10 + 1) = 11 (2r 1)
.5 : 6* 0 3 0 (r = 0)

40
41
17
)* xr +
1
(1 x )(2 x )

>( 12 + xr +
12 0?J
- ( xr +

( 8 +2 )* 1 0?J
.0 ( #4
1
1
1
=
(1 x )(2 x ) 1 x 2 x

B
1
1
1 x 2 x
1
x
= (1 x ) 1 (1 ) 1
2
2
= [1 + x + x 2 + L + x r + L]
1
x
x
x
[1 + + ( ) 2 + L + ( ) r + L]
2
2
2
2
" 1
G( ( 6(
1 x
1
x r ( ) r = [1 r +1 ] x r
2 2
2
xr +
*
1
1
2
r +1
18
)* xr +
1
(1 x ) 3

;
%( (
(, )* 1 5 I
n ( n 1) (n 2) L (n r + 1) r
x ,r1
r!
)* 1 + ( x x + n = 3

' > ; E$" 13
;

42
(3) (4) (5) L ((r + 2))

( x ) r
r!
) 0 0,4 )* xr + 3

B
(1) r (3) ( 4) (5) L ( r + 2)
( 1) r
r!
( 1) 2 r (1) ( 2) (3) ( 4) (5) L (r + 2)
=
(1) (2) r!
=
r! ( r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 1) ( r + 2)
=
r! ( 2)
2
63 ?

() / )* 1 5 I )") 0 E$"
8 4(
)(F 1713 02/ )* ((
;6& 0(

C( (( xr +
0
.#-
2 )*
" # +,"-
. )* %3 (0 0 )

#$ 0/ ?

.0 02/ )* $ 9(
19
1.1 0 0,
#$
0242 13

+ (*
#$ %3 ( ) (1 + 0.1)0.5 ; %9

(1 + 0.1) 0.5 = 1 + (0.5)(0.1) +
(0.5)(0.5)
(0.1) 2 + L
2!
0 0 0 + ( * 0242 13

(1 + 0.1) 0.5 1 + 0.05 0.0013 = 1.0487

;J %( = %(( .1.0488 )" (0& 1, >/) 09 0
, 0 0

/ )*
/ $ . ; J
#$
.0 0
(, J J * 0
42
; * )* 14 (,
43
20
1
0 0,
#$
0242 13
6

;& %*
- $"
(" 84( (1 + 5)1 ; %9

. 0
; * )* ; H E$" x = 5

(9( ((/
#$ 13
+ ( ((A* x = 5
4* (9 $5 (( (" ;&K
(1 + 5) 1 = 1 5 + (5) 2 (5) 3 + L
$" ; ;J J % 0(

/ 0( 0,
-
/ )*
K .)?6(- 5 ( 0
; * & ;9 = 9

; >9( (
1 1
(1 + 5) 1 1 +
5 5
= 0.2(1 + 0.2) 1
0 0 0 + ( * 0242 13

0.2(1 + 0.2) 1 = 0.2(1 0.2 + (0.2) 2 ) = 0.1680
21
8 0 0,
#$
0242 13

>9( ( K (9 1)0.5 ; %9

;
(9 1)
0.5
1
= 31
9
0.5
2.8287 )" 0 0 0 +
( * 0242 13
$(* ( .) ./ ./ :%&

#$ I9 (9 6 ( $6
)* (x + y) 9
)(F
(, " ./ 0 )*
D =
0

(, 6* ) ./ 0 )* .G ( 3 12 #
n %(
. +9 1 )* % " .x )* 0?6( - C, 0 0?" (1 + x)n
44
. "
x+2
(1 + x )

xr
; *
/ 0/ (1)
+ G ( 0
(2009 ()
( x + 2)(1 + x ) 2 = (2 + x )(1 + (2) x +
(2)(3) 2 (2)(3)(4) 3
x +
x +L
2!
3!
= (2 + x )(1 + 2 x + 3x 2 4 x 3 + L + (1) r (r + 1) x r + K
= 2 3x + 4 x 2 5 x 3 + L
0
; *
|x| < 1
1 < x < 1
" xr +
(1)r (r+2)

#$
/ 0242 (2)
1
1
+
1 + x (1 + 3x ) 2
(2008 *()
xr
+ G ( 0
; *

(1 + x)1 + (1 + 3x)2
= (1 x + x2 + . . . . . (1)r xr +. . . )
+ (1 2(3x) + 3(3x)2 +.. (1)r (r+1)(3)r xr + . . .)
= 2 7x + 28x2 + . . . .
0
1 < x < 1
and
; *
1
1
<x<
3
3
1
1
<x<
3
3
xr +
(1)r [1 + (3)r (r + 1)]
44
45
. 3 7 0 0,

#$
/ 0242 13 (3)
(2008 *()
(8 1)
= 2(1 18 )
= 2(1 0.125)
( 1 )( 2 )
= 2[(1 + ( 13 )(0.125) + 3 3 (0.125) 2 + L = 1.9131944
2!
. 0
; *

2
3
8 2x
)* / 0242 (4)

(2008 ()
2(8 2 x 2 )
= 2(8)
(1 14 x )
= 1 + ( 13 )( 14 x ) +
1 x+
= 1 + 12
= (1 14 x )
( 13 )( 43 )
2!
( 14 x ) 2 + L
1 2
x +L
72
0
; *
1
x2 <1
4
1 2
x <1
4
x2 < 4
2< x < 2
23 0 0,

#$
/ 0242 13 (5)
(2007 *()
(23)
= (25 2)
= (25)
= 5(1 0.08)
2 (1
2 ) 12
25
( 1 )( 1 )
= 5[(1 + ( 12 )(0.08) + 2 2 (0.08) 2 + L = 4.796
2!
0
; *

2x 4

#$
/ 0242 (6)
x 4x + 3
2
(2007 *()
2x 4
A
B
=
+
( x 3)(x 1) x 3 x 1
xr
+ G (
46
1
1
+
x 3 x 1
= ( x 3) 1 + ( x 1) 1
= (3) 1 (1 13 x ) 1 + (1)(1 x ) 1
2
1 1
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... 1 + x + x 2 + L
3 3
3
4 10
28 2
= x
x + ...
3 9
27
]
0
1 < x < 1
and
; *
3< x < 3
1 < x < 1
xr +
. 0
3 r +1 + 1
3 r +1
; *

1
4x
)* / 0242 (7)

(2007 ()
(4 x )
1
1
(1 x ) 2
2
4
1
( )( 3 )
1
2
= [1 + ( 12 )( 14 x ) + 2
( 14 x ) 2 + L]
2
2!
1 1
31 2
= + x+
x +L
2 16
256
= (4)
2 (1
1
x)
4
0
1
x <1
4
4< x < 4
46
; *
47

/ ,.

( $" ;& (x + y)n ((,
.D
#$
:"
( x + y) n = x n + n C1 x n 1 y + n C 2 x n 2 y 2 + L + y n
- C, 0 0?" (1 + x)n 0

((, ) .D
#$
:(|x| < 1 ) "
( $" x )* 0?6(
(1 + x ) n = 1 + n x +
n ( n 1) 2 n ( n 1)( n 2) 3
x +
x +L,
2!
3!
:)" ) .D

#$ ;6& O '
(1 x)1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . .
(1 + x)1 = 1 x + x2 x3 + . . .
(1 x)2 = 1 + 2 x + 3 x2 + 4 x3 + . . .
(1 + x)2 = 1 2 x + 3 x2 4 x3 + . . .
48
"
. (7 + 5x 2 ) 4 :
#$ (1)
. 3x +
1
:
#$ (2)
2x
. (1 + 2x ) 6 :
#$ (3)
.(3 5 x2)70 )* x50 + (4)
.(1 + 3 x2 x3)5 )* x7 + (5)
. 0
. 0
. 0
1
)* / 0242 (6)
9x
1
; *
2
)* / 0242 (7)
( x 5) 3
1
; *

; *

)* / 0/ (8)
( x 2) 2 x
1 + 2x
.0 ; *

1 + 3x , :
#$ (9)
(1 3x ) 3
1
. 0 ; *

)* xr + (10)
2
(3 x )
.
0
x+2
xr + G ( 0 ; *
/ 0242
(3 x ) 2
1
x +1
; *

+ 2

#$
/ 0242
1+ x x + 2
(11)
(12)
. x 20 + G (

x
)* xr +
(2 x 1) ( x + 5)
6
. 2
)* xr +
( x 1)( x 2)
(13)
1
xr + G ( 0 ; *
/ 0/
x + 3x + 2
x2 + 1
.
x 2 r + G ( 0 ; *
/ 0242
2 2
2+x
1
.(1.02)5 S
S 3 65 0 0,
#$ 08( 13
23
(15)
. 0
; *

48
(14)
(16)
(17)
49

Matrices
.1
$
#
! ")

1.' * 2" & +
/0
- ."
.& '(
) *" +
(

.' / .(6"

4
0 2
5
0
03
")
78 +'

& 93 +

*"

1.& & :

1.' *8 >

7 .&3 = 7 0
+' ;8

<
*

.' + +3 .= "

&
2:
" 0
8 3 .- . &
?

@A" B
&' 0
- . +E ?A .0

*
D
3
3 ?A .&
C ) @:5
! & "

/03 .
1.' /0 0

C
'
;
2 *G
3
* F3E .
;
D$
+
.0
) 78 9.

8 *" H 0
& +
03
1.' .03
* 2 &3E 0

.' I$
A
.(78 0 *" H) ;
*" H "

8 8
.0
1 2 3
A=
0 1 4
5 + 2i 1 3i
B = 4
2 + i
1 i
3
cos sin
C=
sin cos
.

.' + F 3
.' A, B, C
0 =3 338 A
1.' + JK3
A 0 .0
* @
*
9 (; &0 ) 0
*8 $8 JK3
50
C 0

8 * 0 AKA 9 B 0

2A @8 AKA *0 9
&3) 2 A 0 0

= @
0
*

.' .* *0 9
.B3 2 , C2 2 " 2A A2 3 + " 0

38 " 2 3 =
*
* m 9 +
0
.0
1.& 3"
@
0
'

.Am n " m n =
* &3) 2 @
* n 0
" *L
".3 0
= ' 0
" " 0
+' *L
3
+
03
*G m n =
* A 0 3 *"
.) .0
2
03 ) :3
0
3 *"
.G .aij = F ) = j
i 0
1 2 3
A=
0 1 4
*G
a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3
a21 = 0, a22 = 1 a23 = 4
@0
m n =
* +
A 0
" 0 .A
+H +
."'
Amn = [aij]mn
@0
1.' ?

*" " I$
A
.0 ?
03
aij

.0
" *
C + @0
1
aij = i + j M 0 @0 + A22 0
"8

203 i, j
B
? C
a11 = (1 + 1) = 2, a12 = (1 + 2) = 3
a21 = (1 + 2) = 3, a22 = (2 + 2) = 4
@0
0
*"
2 3
A=
3 4
50
51
2
M 0 @0 + B33 0
"8
bij
= 1,
i=j
= 0,
ij

0
@ 0 2 03 (- . 2 > -) i, j
B
? C

1 0 0
B = 0 1 0
0 0 1

1.' * ".3 . "
2
3
2A & < :

& 0
:*
* A
Digital images !" "

.
@= &8 @ " @ "

. 98 + 8 0
/
8 "
@ "
. + 0
*=
B0
O=
P@
0
* " ) @0
? ? H

"
8 2
?
B0
O=

.' .(pixel) 2" 0 ! +
@0
*

@0
* +
0
*" F3" + F3= F (gray level) 9
7

* ?H8 AKA *= 2" 2" ? 3
0
8 .3
< 0
+ - .
A
1.' + @0
*" (=
$

+')
MKA
*
7
.0 MKA
Adjacency matrix "#
.
&3 +

(nodes) 3
* * *" ($
" :
+ ") ;0;
" :
1 3
* @: 2) *" F38 3 I$ 2":

.' * .(directed links) &

8 P5 3
) 3 3
* @ : 2) *" F38 73 - ." .6" 2 3
)
4 3
)
2) * K (3 3
) 5 3
*) +"
1;
+ 25
.(2 F * : < 20
-3' *") 3 3
) '
G ' ? +' ;8
.(1 2 3 4
') 3 F 1 3
) 4 3
* 25
52
1.' ! "
2 +" *" I$
2":
) J3 & 20
*"8
1.'
@0 ) 2":

.' 2 * K (3
* ;Q & +
" :
+ F3 ') E
" : '

0 &
.' P$ @0 & 2
&3= *"
0 $
0
1
A = 0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
.) aij = 0 !$3 j 3

) i 3
* F
-3' *"
.) aij = 1 !$3 338 JK3
.aii = 0
!$3 - ." P

.' ?
$

0 * *" " 6 0
! ?K"
O3A8 73
.*3 * * 2 *

P" :
+ *3 * 0H8 2

$% &' .2
& C +

.' 2K 3 +
@&:
0
2":8 C ) *L
C3
. 0 F

3 >
Row Matrix )

1
L
0
&$ .

0 9 +
+' 0
0
A13 = [1 1 3], B12 = [0 1]
1n =
* 0 +' 0
0
52
53
Column Matrix '
2
L
0
&$ .

9 +
+'
0
1
1
A 3x1 = 2, B 2x1 =
7
3
m1 =
* 0 +'
0
*+
. 0 +33 33G 0 3
+ & 3".
.G .F &
0
Square Matrix ' "
3
L
0
&$ @
0
& 9 +
+'
0
1 0 2
1 1
A 2x 2 =
, B 3x 3 = 1 1 3
3 0
0 1 4
mm =
* 0 +'
0
*+
+

03 a11, a22, a33, . . . 03
*G (Amm) 3"
.) 0
+' A 0 +

03 *" 3Q @".

0
A8 + .0
a11 = 1, a22 = 0
+' B 0 +

03 *" 3
b11 = 1, b22 = 1, b33 = 4
Upper Diagonal Matrix ,' ,
4
+

03
! & *" 0 +'
AA
0
0
D
38 * D3

.' 3 3 =
* 2A
0
0
2 3 5
A = 0 1 4
0 0 0
M A = [aij] @0
& " *" Amm
AA
0

54
aij = 0, i > j
Lower Diagonal Matrix -, ,
5
+

03
! & *" 0 +'
AA
0
0
D
38 * D3

.' 3 3 =
* 2A
0
0
3 0 0
A = 4 2 0
5 7 3
M A = [aij] @0
& " *" Amm
AA
0

aij = 0, i < j
Zero Matrix "

6
2A
2 Omn = & = 08 '03 ! 0 +' 0
0
0 0
0 0 0
O 2x 2 =
, O 2x3 =
0 0
0 0 0
.

+ 0
F( 9.

63 9( 0
1.' *8 73
Diagonal Matrix ".
7
9 & +

! ; +
03
! 0 +'
0
0
D
38 * D3

.' 3 3 =
* 2A
0
.
0
2 0 0
A = 0 3 0
0 0 4
*"
.) H 0 *" Amm = [aij] 0

aij = 0, i j
Unity Matrix /
8
03
! I0

9 +
'H 03 0 +' @
0
2A
2 Im
0
" Imm = & = 08 7
54
55
1 0 0
1 0
I2 =
, I 3 = 0 1 0
0 1
0 0 1
*"
.) @ 0 *" Amm = [aij] 0

aij
= 1,
i=j
= 0,
ij
.

+ I0

F( 9.

63 9( 0
1.' *8 73

-,0 " # ,' .3

* ?K"
) *L
3 &
38 C 3". 0
3 *8
1.' /0 ".3 ?A 0

1.' O
) " #:
8 3 .0
&

0

1.' O
) * K;
F8 F :
F8 ) :3
.(3" - . *" 3)

1 1
03
! 3" =
63 * 3"
.) A = B " * &3) 2 A, B *0
=
63 * &3 * < *
*0
2A
2 . @J3
1 1
1 0
0 1, 0 1
2 1
& @J3

03
! *" =
63 * & *
*0
8
$8 * < *0
1 2 1 2
1 0, 3 1
* 0 & @J 3

03
! =
63 * & *
* 0
8
*
1 3 1 3
0 2, 0 2
56

2# 2
F3E *0 ! 20 .=
63 * 3" *8 K *0 ! 3 +"
*"
.) 2A
2 .*0
+ @J3
03
! * 3
0
1 2 3
0 1 2
A=
,B =
0 1 2
7 2 3
*G
1 1 5
C=A+B=
7 1 5
*"
.) 0
Amn = [aij], Bmn = [bij]
M Cmn = [cij] @ 0 +' A + B *G

cij = aij + bij

2# ,0 34

! + @
- J3 /0
1.' .L
/0
0
!
.&$ /0
1.& A) ".3 * .

:Commutative Operation 2
5
(1)
HK
=
63 * A,B *0 9
A+B=B+A
.0
! O
) @ ; F38 +3 0
1.'
:Associative Operation 4
(2)
HK
=
63 * A, B, C 0 MKA 9
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
.* O
: ; M *0 * A"8 ! *" " I$ 0
1.'
:Additive Identity +

(3)
; Q 03 98 F
.) 9.
03
- . ' 0
? + +

0
' 0
+

.' 9( 9.
*8 I$

* .
03

.' H B
56
57
+ 8 0

' 03 '

+ +

*8 3' >
F 33 *" .0
K &3" @

0 1.' 0
0
' +
0
.Omn
0
0
' +

*" mn =
* +
0
! =
:Additive Inverse +

6"
(4)
F
.) Q 03 F3E 03 +
6"
0
? +
+
6"
+' 3 *)

+ 23 " .+

' 43
*" 2
03
63 * 78 0 ' 0 +

6"
*8 3 3
63 . 3 + (3) = 0 * 3
0 +
6"
2A
2 .03
! @:) B ! =
1 2
1 3
0
'
1 2
1 3
@
0
43 M A 0
' A 0 +
6"
*) 23 0
.1 + A 0
03 ! $ *
0
"5 3
.

.' + 0
03 ! $ ? &3E + 0
$
*"
.) 2A
2
1 2
A = 1 3
0 2
*G
3 6
3A = 3 9
0 6
*"
.) 0
A = [aij]
*G
k A = [k aij]
58
.=
63 * @ 0 + + 0
$ *8 JK
3
*"
.)
2 1
0 1
1 0
A=
,B =
,C =
0 1
2 3
1 2
2 A 3 B + 5 C E

- . 5 + C 0
$ 3 + B 0
$ 2 + A 0
$ ;8 ?3
(43
*
> -) '

*" 3
0
!3
9 1
2A3B+5C=
11 17
$
0
! + * K" * =
63 * 43
*8 JK *8 >

.=
63 * 0 +

"5 4
? 0
$ *8 >
JK .*0 $ * ?K"
) *L
3
$ *8
-
;
2 0
?

?K"
3 .3
0 A, B *0 $ .0
?

; 3
1.& 0
+ " HK
1.' " C @
Cmp = Amn Bnp
+')
@8 *" *8 K *0 $ 3 +" F38 HK
1.' + JK3
.(
1.' + B 0
+') 3A
0
0 (
1.' + A 0
9 0

*
9 (
1.' + C 0
+') 3
0 - ."
.) - . * ") 3A

0
@8 9 @
*

0
0
0 *3 9.

* 3 !H

+ +' &" JK

.' .(C 0
= ) 3J3
.*L
F$
) >
? $ *8 2$)

! 3 Bnp 78 0 + Amn 0 $
:(+
4 2A + &

1.' C

58
59
03 * J3

03
+ A 0
+ 2
0
03 * 03 2" $3 (1)
2
0
03 ' 43
*" $
20
! ?3 ?A B 0
+ 2

+ 2
0
$3 33E @
1.' / *" .C 3
0
* 2

.C 0
* 2
03
203 B 0
+ 2

+ A 0
63 * +3A

B 0
+ 2

2

! *" (1) ?H @
"3 (2)
1.' / *" .C 3
0
* +3A

2
0
+ 43
!$ 0
203 B 0

+ +3A

+ A 0
+ 2
0
$3 33E @
.C 0
* +3A
03
0
* F" 2
0
203 B 0
@8 +H (1) ?H @
"3 (3)
.C
0 A 0
+ 2
0
2

! *" (3) (2) (1) ?H

"3 (4)
.C 0
* +3A
0
+ 4
3
!$ 0
63 * +3A
C 0
2 03 A 0
0 +H (3) (2) (1) ? H

"3 (5)
."
F$ " B 0
@8 + A 0
0 $3 33E

1.' / *"
.+
2A
4
*"
.) A B $
20 8
2 1 0
1 3 1
A = 1 2 1 , B = 3 1 2
0 1 2
1 0 1

20
! ?3 ?A B 0
+ 2

+ A 0
+ 2
0
$ ?3
203 C 3
0
* 2

2
0
03 ' 43
*" $
1
C =
0
2" B 0
@8 +H A 0
+ 2
0
*
63 "3 ?A
C 0
* 2
60
1 5 0
C =
* +3A
0
*" B 0
@8 ! + A 0
+ +3A
0
$ ?3 ?A
203 C 0
1 5 0
C = 6 5 4
0
2" B 0
@8 ! A 0
+ M A
0
*
63 "3 ?A
C
1 5 0
C = 6 5 4
1 1 0
$ 0 F 3) 2 3 *8 *L

33" * 0 $ >
*8
*0
Amn = [aij],
Bnp = [bij].
M Cmp @ 0

n
c ij = a ik b kj
k =1
5
*"
.) A B $
20 8
1 1
1 2 1
A=
, B = 3 0
2
1
0
1 2

.0
$ * ?K"

+ ".
$
: * *0
*8 JK3
*
> -) HK 2 2 =
* *" 3
0
*8 73 - ."
(?H
0
60
61
8 3
C = AB =
1 2
6
.(5 2A)
2A
+ *
*0
' A, B M B A $
20 8

* ?K"

+ ".
$
: B A $
20 ' 3'
*8 JK3
."' " 3 3 =
* D @ 0 203 F38 3 0
$
D33 = B32 A23
(?H
0 *
> -) HK D 0

1 3 1
D = BA = 3
6 3
3 4 1
*+

) < 0
$ *8 *
* A
* & 43 *8 > *"
0 ') B A $
20 9 ; (22 =
* 0 ') A B $
20 *
* " < $
*" 0
$ 3
.) F38 >
F 33 .(33 =
*
*0
2A
2 + .K08
1 2
1 0 1
A=
,B =
1 0
2 3 4
/0 * ?K"

) *L
3 JK
1.' .B A * *" ; A B * &3 *"
.0
$

"5 ,0 34

$ +
J3 &3 /0
1.' .L
/0
0
$
* .0
$ D$
/

3 0
F 3 &3

.
/0
1.'
>
?A
62
:
) < (1)
.$
:
) < 0
$ *8
JK
+ 3
:
(2)
?A ;8 *0 * $
O
) * K 0 MKA $ 20 3 *8 38
.)
3' .0 MKA * A" $
*"
.) 2A .A A
0
+ 3
0
$
*L
&$3 +
4
0 S43
+ A( 0
1.'
2' 2
( *'.
9 F38 98 .4
0 0
$ *8 A) *" .2(

.' *
0 MKA
A, B, C
HK
($
3") : '= )
(A B) C = A (B C)
43
63 + C 0
+ 3
0
$ ?A A B *0
$ O
*8 98
0 + .3
0
+ A 0
$ ?A B C *0
$ 38
.)
?A &3 $
O
G 8 3 *0 98 *H !$3 0
* 98 $
338 JK3 .0
2" $ +&3 +
*0
*" $
43 !$3
< 0
$ * (A, C *0
$ KA 3' 8 3 K) $
B3 ;
.3H "
)
7
L
0
8
.)
1 1
1 2
1 0 1
A=
, B = 2 3 1, C = 0 1
0
3 2

0
$ 0 *8 * A B C $
20 E

$ 20 ;8 8 3 (A B) C @0
F$3 A B C $
20 5
+ " C 0
+ 3
0
$3 ?A A B *0
6 1
3
AB =
2 3 1
62
63
1 1
6 1
3
(AB)C =
0 1
2 3 1 3 2
0 5
=
1 3
;8 8 3 A (B C) @0

F$ A B C $
20 3 4
0 *
+ " 3
0
+ A 0
$3 ?A B C *0
$ 20
2 1
BC =
1 3
1 2 2 1 0 5
A (BC) =
0 1 1 3 1 3
.43
63 K 30 338 JK3
*+
1.'
+H C F3" 4
0 A) $
J3
& * ;
2A
3' 2
! K 0
1.& I0
+$
A5
8 .0
$ + 0
.F$
:!
$
!= 3") (3)

$ != 0 ) F : 0
$ /0 * 0
1.'
HK
x, y, z
8 9 F38 ? 3" !
x (y + z) = x y + y z
* 33

.G .!
$
!= 3")
? + & 3 +
+' 0
1.'
$
!= 3") 0 0
*8 A) *" F3) 23 0
)

HK
A, B, C 0 MKA 9 F38 98 .!
A (B + C) = A B + A C
@8 *" *8 ; (S

. ) =
63 * B, C *0
*" *8 ; F38 3' JK
+
3
338 $8 JK .(S
. ) B 0
0 A 0

HK
" (- . I 0
= *")
& * $
*"
.G $
@0

(B + C) A = B A + C A
64
.0
1.' ?

I$ +
2A
8
*"
.)
1 2
1 0 1
2 1
A=
,B =
,C =
0 1
2 3 1
0 2
E
2AB+CB
2
@0

" *" !
$
!= 3") 0 ?

2 A B + C B = (2 A + C) B
203 *

*

;8 8 3
4 5
2A+C=
0 4
203 B 0

+ 43
$3 ?A
15 1
6
(2 A + C) B =
8 12 4
$

! *" !
?A 2 A B, C B * K" 43
63 20
*"
. @
0 $ *$ &3 2$8
:+ $

(4)
*G nn =
* 0 A 3"
.)
In A = A In = A

? ? & + $
In @
0 - . . & - . *
*"
6 F38 * 0 +

?K"
+ 13". >
".3 .

+ I0
! + $
3' ?K "
6 3 " ( 0
* ? 2": * " )

03
.
."' I3 ' 33 =
* 0
! + $

PI2 ' 22 =
* 0
HK
* A, B *0
3"
.) (5)
AB=O
64
65
1.' A5 .0

0
+' O M B = O 8 A = O *8 T3
) 9(;
.' F3G
*0
3

.) .;A +3 *8 +" 0
0 2
3 0
A=
,B =
0 0
0 0
1.' *8 JK3 .0 0 *0

* K" *8 ! A B = O *8 I$

*
x *" *8 ; F3G x y = 0 *" * * x, y *"
.) F3

+ &A * 0
.y = 0 8 = 0
0

) *L
233 0
$ C &3
0
1.&
.6 0
! +' ;8 $ +

;
+'
*+
.& C3 .+ $

6"
* 0
$
/0
+ ?"3 ?
.

.' + 2 3 + 0
6" * ?K"
3 ?&
D$
# 6
78
2 " 5
A 3"
.G .( I0) 6 0
! * 33" 0
$
& 0
A2 *G 0
A2 = A A
! *G + $

O
) 3 3 + A 0
*" * ; F38 JK3
& 0
A3 2A .
0 6 0
A3
=AAA
= (A A) A
= A2 A
HK
* $8 & *" A3 * "E
> - 4
0 3

>
JK
A3 = A A2
0
An = A A . . . A (

* n)
66
9
3"
.)
2 1
1 0 1
A=
,B =
3 0
2 3 4
A2 B E

203 A2 ;8 8 3
2 1 2 1 1 2
A 2 = AA =
3 0 3 0 6 3
@0

*" A2 B 3 ?A
1 2 1 0 1 3 6 9
A 2B =
6 3 2 3 4 0 9 18
10
3"
.)
cos sin
A=
sin cos
*8 AE
2 cos 2 sin 2
A =
sin 2 cos 2

203 A2 3
cos sin cos sin
A2 =
sin cos sin cos

cos 2 sin 2 2 sin cos
=
cos 2 sin 2
2 sin cos
+'
=
$ 0
AA
HK
?

cos 2 = cos2 sin2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
.
203
A 0
0 F38 (+$
T3;
8 A5
) A) * 3' ".3
HK
@
66
67
cos n sin n
An =
sin n cos n
11
HK
A B = B A M A, B =
63 * * *0 9 F38 A8
(A + B)2 = A2 + 2 A B + B2

6 !
?3
8 3
(A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
!
$
!= 0 ?3 *L

(A + B) (A + B) = (A + B) A + (A + B) B
78 @ !
$
!= 0
(A + B) A + (A + B) B = A2 + B A + A B + B2
*G A B = B A *8
A2 + B A + A B + B2 = A2 + 2 A B + B2
.
*

'
78
2 " ,0 34

$ +
J3 /0
1.' .L
/0
6 0
!
.1(
) & > *" & A

HK
m, n * *0 * 9 A 0 9 (1)
Am An = Am+n
HK
m, n * *0 * 9 A 0 9 (2)
(Am)n = Amn
"#
-,0 9 .
$
" :
*8

.'
+ 3".
68
+'
0 & *"
0
1
A = 0
0
0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
203 0

1.' ! 3
.G
1
0
B = A2 = 1
0
1
0 0 0 1
2 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
2 0 1 1
0 1 0 2
+ *3 98 * 20 +

2 & +

2A 0
1.' *8 A) *"
1
') 5 3
) 1 3
* 2 F
+3 b15 = 1 KA P" :
; F38 P4 3

) 1 3
* 2 F ; F38 +3 b14 = 0 - ." .(5 2
0H8 2 ' *L
2
( (a14 = 0) 4 3
) 1 3
* 1 F - ."
3 6 !
+ 3 2
(

.' U S4 3
) 1 3
*
0
2
C = A3 = 1
2
0
2 0 1 0
0 1 0 3
2 1 1 2
1 1 1 3
4 0 2 1
5 2 1 ') 4 3
) 1 3
* 3 F F38 +3 c14 = 1 *8 3 &3
+3 c41 = 2 *8 $8 JK3 " .3 ' 4 3
) 1 3
* 0H8 2 *" (4
4 1 2 3 4 ') 1 3
) 4 3
* (3 &3 2" 2) *
F38
68
69
J3
!$3 *L
.'3 C 0
03 +H ! *" 2A .(1 2 5
.
"#
" "
! '
*G " :
0 +' A 3"
.)
i 3
* n & +

2A An 0
* j
i 0
+ 03
.1
.j 3
)
:

! 3 j 3
) i 3
* 0H8 2 * .2
.1 F *" 0H8 *G aij 0 *"
.) .8
j
i 0
+ 03
2 +
."' A3 ?A A2 * + 3 aij = 0 *"
.) .
.0
68 0H8 2 *"
0 9 ; H )
12
* 8 0

?
?A $
" :

0 "8
:L

.3 3
) 5 3
* P5 3
) 2 3
* 0H8 2 8 .8
.3 9 &3 2" 2 +
1 3
) 4 3
*

.

+'

0
70
0
1
A = 0
0
1
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
9 F38 3 a25 03

;8 8 3 5 3
) 2 3
* 0H8 2 .8
203 A2 *L
3 .*3
*' * : 20
-3' 6 + 0
0
0
B = A 2 = 1
1
1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
2 0 1 0
0 0 1 0
4 2 '

.') *3
*' * 2 F -3' F38 +3 b25 = 1 *8 3 &3
.(2
63 Q -3' 6 5
A3 * T3 b53 = 0 - ." a53 = 0 *8 3 A
0
1
C = A3 = 1
2
0
0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0
2 1 1 1
0 1 2 1
0 1 0 1
') 3 3
) 5 3
* (3 9 F )
F38 433 c53 = 1 *8 3 &3
.(3 4 2 5
') 3 9 &3 2" 2 1 3

) 4 3
* *
-3' *8 433 c41 = 2 *8 .
.(1 2 5 4 1 2 3 4
*+
* 0H8 2 *

0

?

*" " 38
1(
) *" ;

.& 3"
3
* *8 >
J3 3 P" :
+ *3
+
F
3 >
F / ?=
) T *" 0

.(Operations research)

M
70
71
!
+' 0

*
1.' * ?K"
&3
H *"
.&
* +'

+ J3 & 6 0 0 ) *L
233 6
.0

Matrix Transpose
" 6
@
2 ?A * @ 0
2 * E:3 98 0 ' 0
0
.0
0
3 *"
.) 2A
2
1 2 0
A=
1 3 7
0
' 0
1.' *G
1 1
A = 2 3
0 7
t
0
3 *"
.

B = [7 0 9]
0
' 0
1.' *G
7
B = 0
9
t
*+
) @:U

.' +
=

.' ?3 At = A 0
3= (1)
.
.n m =
* *" At *G m n =
* A 3"
.) (2)
.' ) *" 0 9E 0
* : ; (3)

" 34

:L
/0
0

HK
A 0 9
(1)
72
(At)t = A
HK
=
63 * A, B *0 9
(2)
(A + B)t = At + Bt
HK
k + A 0 9
(3)
(k A)t = k At
HK
$
: * A, B *0 9
(4)
(A B)t = Bt At
* 0
&38 +3
0 .#$
< +
MKA
/0
* K" V" 43

?A *0 ! *8 +3 3A
0
8 .3" "
* ') @
0
8 .A A
0
2A .*3
*0
! ?A ;8 *0
; *" ) 0

1.' I$ 2A +"3 .20 A) ) T (&
/0
.(& A)
13
*"
.)
1 2
1 0 1
A=
,B =
1 0
2 3 1
(A B)t = Bt At *8 *

AB ;8 3
;8 8 3
3 6 3
AB =
1 0 1
(A B)t 3 ?A
1
3
(AB) = 6 0
3 1
t
At, Bt * ;8 *

8
1 2
1 1 t
A =
, B = 0 3
2 0
1
1
t
Bt At 3 ?A
72
73
1
3
B A = 6 0
3 1
t
.* Bt At (A B)t *3

*8 I$

*
0

* ?K"
) 233 0
* ?K"
-3 *8 2 H
D
38 +H ! &$ 3 3 *" ? 0
1.' .0
* &
D
3
C C3
.0
*$ &0 *

.'
+ 0
Symmetric Matrix ,

*"
.) AA &3) 2 A
0
A = At
.0
* D3

.' +
2A
' +
2A
3 I$
14
A A 0
2'
7
2 3
A = 3 5 4
7 4 1

At 3 2A
5
7
2 3
A = 3 5 4
7 4 1
t
.A A 0
*8 98 A = At *8 I$

*
*+
.+

2 ?
+ KA 3
2A
+ A 0
)
3J3
.) (1)

+3A
0
+ 98) a21 03
9 (+3A

2
0
+ 98) a12 03
A 0
O 3' * .03
+H +
."' a13 = a31 2A (2
74
(& ) J3
) A
0 + .0 +

2 ?
+ 2A
.2A

.'
1 6 9
A = 6 7 5
9 5 2
0 .Q E A

0
<0 (1) ?H JK
O3 *" (2)

Ann = [aij]
*"
.) AA &3) 2
aij = aji
.(S
. ) *" *8 ; A
0
(3)
SkewSymmetric Matrix , : ;

*"
.) (2A
38) AA F : &3) 2 A
0
A = At
.0
* D3

.' +
2A
'J *
Q
&J +
2A
3 I$
15
A F : A 0
2'
0 1 3
A = 1 0 4
3 4 0

At 3 2
(

.' * U
0 1 3
A = 1 0
4
3 4 0
t
.A F : A 0
*8 98 A = At *8 I$

*
74
75
*+

2 ?
+ @:5
6" KA 3
2A
+ A 0
)
3J3
.) (1)
0
3' * .03
+H +
."' a13 = a31 2A a12 = a21 03 .+
.0 +

2 ?
+ @:5
6" 2A (2A
8) A F :
+

03 ! 3
2A
+ A 0
) 78 @ 3J3
.) (2)
0
3 2
(

.' * U SA F : 0
*" 9$ :
.' 2' .
08
L
3 1
2
A = 3 4
5
1 5 0
38
.) *" +

03 2 +"
2A
& ) J3
0
1.'
*8 3 At
2 3 1
A = 3
4 5
1 5
0
t
2A
0 ?A * .2A
0 + A At *8 I$

*
.
08 +
'H 03 ! *" *8 ;
.
@0 A
F : 0
<0 *
*JK
O3 *" (3)

0
Ann = [aij]
*"
.) AA F : &3) 2
aij = aji,
aii = 0
+

03 ! *" 2A +3A
+

2 +"
2A
2A 2
:
.
08
1.' A3 .
0
! ' HK A
F : A
0
.F 9.
2A
+ 9 2A &$3 +
2A
+ HK
76
16
P 0
M P, Q *0 D ' &$ *" A 0 98 *8 A8
M A F : 0 Q 0

A 0
P = 0.5 (A + At),
Q = 0.5 (A At)

*8 A) 3A A = P + Q *8 A) ;8 .*: A)
*8 3"
2A
/3 38H
.)
C 2
8 3 .A F : 0 Q 0
A 0 P 0
203 ' " P, Q *0

*
P + Q = 0.5 (A + At) + 0.5 (A At)
2

203 *

0
A=P+Q
*8 A) > -3 A 0 P 0

*8 A3 .+3A

) *L
233
*8 K A 0 P 0
*" +" .
63 A F : 0 Q 0
*"
P = Pt
Pt 0
*L
3
Pt = [0.5 (A + At)]t
203

/0 * (3) ?H 0
?3 *L

Pt = [0.5 (A + At)]t = 0.5 (A + At)t
203

/0 * (2) ?H 0
?3 ?A
Pt = 0.5 [At + (At)t]
203

/0 * (1) ?H 0
?

8
Pt = 0.5 (At + A)
*8 433
) 0
! *8
Pt = 0.5 (A + At) = P
A F : 0 Q 0

*8 A) *" 2A A 0 P 0
*G ?A *
.
A5
2" + 3A
'
.'
76
77
17
A 0 P 0
M P, Q * 0 D '
A 0
!$
A F : 0 Q 0

2 3 5
A = 1 0 1
2 4 3

At 0
;8 3 P, Q *0
*
2
2 1
A = 3 0
4
5 1 3
t
203
2A
+ @".
HK
* P 0
3 ?A
2 3.5
2
0 1.5
P = 0.5 (A + A ) = 2
3.5 1.5 3
t
203
2A
+ @".
HK
* Q 0
3 2A
1
1.5
0
0 2.5
Q = 0.5 (A A ) = 1
1.5 2.5
0
t
> -) AA F : Q 0

AA P 0
*8 " A = P + Q *8 I$

*
.(- . *
Orthogonal Matrix /'

*"
.) @ &3) 2 A
0
A At = At A = I
.1". 3' ?

! ; *" +3' 208 F @
:
+
0

3 8 .&
2 8 +

+
F
3
F C
.73 " 0
6" * ?K"
3 0 '8 & @
0

.&
18
S@ L
0
2'
78
cos sin
A=
sin cos

A At 3
2
(
* U
cos 2 + sin 2
0
AA t =
0
cos 2 + sin 2
@&:
AA
HK
?

cos2 + sin2 = 1
.@ 0 A 0

*" ?A * PAt A = I *8 A) *" 2A A At = I *8 3
.@
0 &
/0
8 * +
2A
19
.@ 0 ' * *0 $ 20 *8 A8

*8 98 A, B * *0 3 *8 C3
A At = I, At A = I,
B Bt = I, Bt B = I
*8 C3
C=AB
*8 A) 98 @ C 0
*8 A)

C Ct = I, Ct C = I

63 3A
HK
A) > -3 C Ct = I
HK
A3
C Ct = (A B) (A B)t
203

/0 * (4) ?H 0
?

C Ct = (A B) (Bt At)
@0

" *"
0
$ *8
C Ct = A (B Bt) At
78
79
*G @ B 0

*8
C Ct = A (I) At
203 78 @ 0

$ + 4
0 ?

C Ct = (A I) At
*G 0 + $

+' I 0
*8
C Ct = A At
*G + @ A 0

8
C Ct = I
.F A)
'
*

3" +
3' '3$8 +
0
D
38 * ?K"
+&3 2A

.&
@ * * M3 0

C 2"
) *L
3 .0
.0
Matrix Determinant
/ 7
.|A| = & =3 0

@ @
H A 0 9 *"
0
6" + @ " '8 & 73 0 2" 0

1.'
.
;
2 + 0
?

* M
3 - ." 0

0
@ *E >
".3 .
1.' /0 C @
" 3' C3
.03
* 2 38 " +' 2 H & 6 0
* 0 H
?

) 233 ?A 22 =
* 0
@ " C ;8 8 3
.33 =
* 0
@ F 3 nn =
* 0
@
22
/
@0
A22 0
3 *"
.)
a12
a
A = 11
a 21 a 22
*G
|A| = a11 a22 a12 a21
80
*8 98
|A22|
= (+

903 + $ 20)
(L

903 + $ 20)
3"
.) 2A
2
1 3
A=
4 5
*G
|A| = (1 5) (3 4) = 7
3"
.

2 3
B=
7 6
*G
|B| = (2 6) (3 7) = 33
' > #:3 *8 * ;8 ; nn =

* 0
@ ?

+3 +"
.

2
0
' 7B0

0
Minor Determinants <"=

+' @
1.' Mij = & = 7B0 @ 3 Ann 0 + aij 03 2"
=
*) 3
@
H ?A A 0
* j
i 0
: * 3
.((n1)(n1)
.

.' I$ +
2A

20
0
03 7B0

3 1 0
A = 1 2 1
4 1 2
80
81

M11 203 2

2
0
:3 a11 = 3 03 @J3
7B0
@ 8 3
M11 =
1 2
= 3

2
0
:3 a12 = 1 03 @J3
7B0
@
+' M12 2A
203 +3A
M12 =
1 1
4
=6
) 20 &
2") > -3
M11 = 3, M12 = 6, M13 = 9,
M21 = 2, M22 = 6 , M23 = 1,
M31 = 1, M32 = 3, M33 = 7
Cofactors " '
2

.' Aij* = F =

2
3 Ann 0 + aij 03 2"
HK 7B0
@
Aij* = (1)i+j Mij
@:5
B .(1)i+j + $
! 7B0
@
H 9 FH

2
*8 98
.

2

7B0

* +

:5
@ 38 (1)i+j + $
.

2

I$ +
2A
21

2A
+ @
0
03

2

2
0 3 .
:5
@H K 7B0

3 H 338
203
A11* = (1)2 M11 = M11 = 3
82
A12* = (1)3 M11 = M12 = 6

A13* = (1)4 M11 = M13 = 9
20

+H >
2"8
.

A21* = M21 = 2, A22* = M22 = 6, A23* = M23 = 1,
A31* = M31 = 1, A32* = M32 = 3, A33* = M33 = 7
*+
0 98 +

2

7B0

* +

:5
@H / *"
+ "
+
' +
&
) *L
3

2

7B0

>
*8
.n n =
* 0
@ " O)
n n
/
03 $ 20 D * * |A| 0

@ ? A 0 9

? @
78 .03
1.&

2

+ ( 8) 0
:L
.( 8) 0
(1)
.(
8) 0

.&

2

* (2)
.F J3

2
+ (
8) 0

.' + 03 2" $ (3)
.0
@ ' 43
*" (3) ?H @
4
3 ! (4)
.

1.' I$ +
2A
82
83
22
0

3 1 0
A = 1 2 1
4 1 2

*L
.21 2A + &

2

3H +
20 2A + @
+' 0
1.'
.@
*
3
.2
0
3 (1)
(21 2A J3
) 203 2
0 @J3

2

3 (2)
A11* = 3, A12* = 6, A13* = 9
203 F

2
+ 03 2" $3 (3)
a11 A11* = 3 (3) = 9,
a12 A12* = 1 (6) = 6,
a13 A13* = 0 (9) = 0

@
203
4
3
! ?3 (4)
|A| = 9 6 + 0 = 15
*+
>
) 3
*" 2
0
2 2

2A
+ 3

.) (1)
(+
43
*

!

|A| = a21 A21* + a22 A22* + a23 A23*
*8 98
|A| = (1) 2 + 2 (6) + (1) 1 = 15
T ! A5
*" ) A) *" .2
0
?
F 30 9.
43
63 '
.43
63 ) 9( ( 98 8) 0 98 ?
@
) *8 ("

.' 3
F3"

* " B 33 * "8 = * 0
@ (2)
3' F$3 !H

+ .43
"
?

& *" $

&
84
'(
) 2& @

8 &
* > 3< ; +
0
>
2A 00
4

*
Derive, MATLAB
.A"
'<

/ 34

- . /0
1.' T3 .L
/0
0
@ *
.& 8

F3 /0
1.& K0 $ A) ".3 * .
& && >
.33 8 22 =
* 0 $ A8
+3 *" .D$
.) 2A
2 .8 0 7 @
*G 0
+ (*
8) *0 7
.) (1)
(- . A) >
)
0 9 &3 &" @ *8 3
0
3
1 3 2
1 2
A=
, B = 1 0 4
1 2
1 3 2
.
63 + $ @
*G + + 0 (@8 8) 0 8 3 $
.) (2)
*0
3 *"
.) 2A
2
1 1 2
4 4 8
A=0 1
3 , B = 0
1
3
1 2 2
1 2 2
8 9 B 0 2

0
M 2
0
+ &3 K
*8 JK3
*" 38 * +
0 .B 0 2
0
$8
|B| = 4 |A|
M C 0
3

.) 8 .|A|, |B| - . *
>

4 4 8
C = 0
4 12
4 8 8
+
+ 0
$ * ?K"
". *8 3' >
) C = 4 A *8 JK3
0
.A 0
0 $ 8 +' &0 ! *8 98 ( '3".
*8 73
MKA &3 ?"3 +
84
85
|C| = 43 |A|
*" k " 9 F3G n n =

* 0 Ann 3"
.) 0
|k A| = kn |A|
HK
0 9 F38 98 0
@ 9 0
@ (3)
|At| = |A|
1.' #$ >

".3 *" .0
1.' *
A
C O:3) > -3
9(
.' .2

) * & 2
0
G B ; @
H * 0
.@
H B * (0
98) @ 0
2 *8 @:
.+

03 $ 20 9 (
8
) AA
0
@ (4)
0
3 *"
.) 2A
2
4 3 8
A = 0 1 2
0 0 2
(
@
- . *
>
) @: 9 @
*G
|A| = 4 1 (2) = 8
* *0 9 *8 98 .*
$ 20 9 *0 $ 20 @ (5)
(S =
63 * &3" :3
. ) HK
=
63 *
|A B| = |A| |B|
*0
3 *"
.) 2A
2
1 1 2
4 4 8
A=0 1
3 , B = 0 1
3
1 2 2
0 0 1
;8 |A|, |B| * K" *

? *8 *" |A B|
*"
|A| = 3, |B| = 4
5
*" ?A .|B| + AA
0
@ 0 ?

>
JK
|A B| = |A| |B| = (3) (4) = 12
86
O3 5
63 203 M 43
@ * ?A AB $
20 > -
.0
1.'
23
1 9 @
0
@ *8 A8

*"
.) @ *" A 0
*E >
".3
A At = At A = I
* (5) ?H 0

?

!)
@ 3 A At = I
HK
3

.G
203 (|I| = 1 *8 JK

/0
|A At| = I
|A| |At| = 1
203

/0 * (3) ?H 0
?3 *L

|A| |A| = 1
*8 98
|A|2 = 1
.F A)
' |A| = 1 *" ?A *
*+
0
@ *8 T3
) 9( ". +
)

/0 * (1) ?H 0
* ?K"

3 F3 33 3' 1".3 - . * A"8 ? & (J3

0 9
. 0
>
&3 - A
C ?

.' ".3 .0
0
3

.) :;8
1 1 2
A = 0 1 2
3 3 6
86
87
AKA +' M A
0
03 *8 3 0
1.' + .
0 9 &38 '3 @
- F3G
" 2
0
03 $8
r3 = 3 r1
' ( 8) 0 -3' *"

.) 0 F38 98 .
0 9 @
*" ) 9(
.'
.
0 9 @: @ Q ( 8) 0 $
0
3

.) :3A
1 1 2
A = 3 2 1
4 1 3
+' M A
0
03 *8 3 0
1.' + .
0 9 &38 '3 @
- F3G
" +3A
0
03 2
0
03 D
r3 = r1 + r2
' ( 8) 0 -3' *"

.) 0 F38 98 .
0 9 @
*" ) 9(
.'
.
0 9 @: @ 78 (@8 8) 0 D
0
3

.) :A A
1 1 2
A = 1 1 3
1 1 4
+' M A
0
03 *8 3 0
1.' + .
0 9 &38 '3 @
- F3G
" +3A
0
03 $ 2
0
03 D
r3 = r1 + 2 r2
' ( 8) 0 -3' *"

.) 0 F38 98 .
0 9 @
*" ) 9(
.'
+ + 9
(@
8) 0
1.' * 2" $ 78 (@8 8) 0 D
;" 3A ;8 13". 2: A A

1.' *8 >
JK .
0 9 @: @
.&3 0

C ) 23 0
@ * * ?K"
* 3&3
*8
H M + $
6"
' 3' 6" 0
.0
6" * +' 0
88
3 3 + .0

! C 3 0 +
6"
* ?K"

9 * 0
0
* *3 ) ;8 T3 6"

.' ? " *
;8 &3 K" +3 .
0

2

0 ' 0
.&3 2" " I$ ;A C3 ?A
" '

03 2" 2

* 3
0
+' A
0 0

2

0
.F

2 A 0
+
Adjoint Matrix . "

= & =

2

0 * @ +' A 0
0
.adjA
24
A 0
0
8
3 1 0
A = 1 2 1
4 1 2

+
20 2A + @
+' 0
1.' *8 >
JK .

2

0 ;8 3

F 03 2" 2

;) *L
3 .21 2A + &

2

3H

2

0 203
3 6 9
2 6 1
1 3
7

0
203 0
1.' 3 ?A
3 2 1
adjA = 6 6 3
9 1
7
88
89
6" * *L
C3
0

2

0 >

.0
Matrix Inverse
7>' 8
?H
6" & : 6"

.' ? .0 + $
6"
* 3' M3
' ?HW + $

9 2 0.5 $
20 * 0.5 ' 2 ?H + $
6"
' A 0
6 " * " . 0
6 " ) 2 03 3' * .I 0

< 0

$ *8 AA1 = I *8 M (A1 = & =) 78 0
*8 98 $8 A1A = I *" *8 K
)
AA1 = A1A = I
. 0 A 0

*" *8 ?=
.'
M =
63 * A1 78 0 ' Ann 0
6" *) 23 *E ?K"

.' /3
:HK
A1
AA1 = A1A = I

7>'
+
*3
* A1 0
) *"
A 1 =
1
adjA
|A|
+ ".
:

HK
* & ? +
A1 0
*8 A) *"
."

.' = T ! A5
*" *
6"
F38 +3
.' .|A| = 0 3"
.) + 6"
*" ; F38
*3
* JK3
0
*8 98 AA1 = A1A = I HK
A1 78 0 ; F3G |A| = 0 3"
.)
@J3
+' @.:
0 6" & 6 +
0
.6" & 6
.+ $ 6" F 6 0
* ?H
+ 0
90
Singular Matrix /?;

?8 @.: A 0
3"
.) *" .6" & 6 +
0
+' @.:
0
< 0
*G |A| 0 3"
.
@.: A 0
*G |A| = 0 3"
.G @
;
.@.:
+'
MKA 0
6" *8 3
6"
*3H *
.(6" -3' 6
0 9 3"
.G
0 9 ; &38 "E
) 0
@ (1)
(' ?A

2

0 F
*$
.')
0
(2)
HK
+ C 6"
(3)
A 1 =
1
adjA
|A|
25
0
6" 8
3 1 0
A = 1 2 1
4 1 2

?A .|A| = 15 30 22 2A + @
1.' H 0
@ ;8 3
30 24 2A + - . O
) ? H
0
3 - .
3 2 1
adjA = 6 6 3
9 1
7
*3
?3 *L

A 1 =
1
adjA
|A|
6"
203
90
91
3
15
6
A1 =
15
9
15
2
15
6
15
1
15
1 1
15 5
3 2
=
15 5
7 3
15 5
1
15
1

5
7

15
2
15
2
5
1
15
.A A1 = I *8 *
> -
26
0
6" 8
1 1 1
2 0 1
1 3 1

2
0
?
0
@ ;8 3
|A| = (1 3) (1 1) + (1 6) = 8
2 03

2

0 ;8 8 3 .
0
3 - . ?A
0
3 1 6
2 2 4
1 3 2

0
203 '3 ?A
2 1
3
3
adj A = 1 2
6 4 2
6"
*3
?3
8
2 1
3
1
A = 1 2
3
8
6 4 2
1
3
8
1
=
8
3
4
1
4
1
4
1
1

8
3
8
1

4
27
0
6" 8
92
1 3 2
A = 1 0 4
1 3 2

*8 3

/0 *
0
?
0
@ ;8 3
|A| = 0
.6" & 6 @.: 0

1.& ?A *
28
@.: < A 0
2 +
t ?H
0
t
1
A = 1 1 2
2 t 3

* 3
?
.|A| = 0
2 3 ?A .t ; 0
@ ;8 3 E
1.' 2
.@.: < 0
2 ?
* '< @.: 0
2 +
+'
1.'
2
0
?
0
@ 8 3
|A| = [1 (3 2 t)] + [t (t 2)] = t2 4 t + 1
+ " |A| = 0

23 ?A
|A| = 0
t2 4 t + 1 = 0
(t 1) (t 3) = 0
+' R M) +' @.: < A 0

2 +
t ?H *G + .{1, 3} +' 2
*"
(

R {1, 3}
.{1, 3}

! 98
*" +
0
;
C .0
6" *

A
+ 3
22 =
* 0
6" * ?"3 .* 3' ".3

1.' 0
&
.@
0
6"
92
93
22
7>'
@0
A 0
3"
.)
a b
A=
c d
*8 A) *" 6"
*3H ?
F3G
A
1 d b
| A | c a
@:) 2 A 0 +

03 2 @: F " *" +&3
43
*8 JK3
.
1
+ $
?A *L
*03
29
0
6" 8
2 1
A=
1
5

0
@ ;8 3
|A| = 2 (5) = 3
' @: 6"
*"
@
?
?A
1
1
1
1
= 3
A1 =
3 5 2 5
3
1
3
2
/'
7>'
::

.) @ Ann 0
*8 2 H * 3". "
AAt = AtA = I
.' ' @

0
6" *8 *8 A1 = At *8 3 6"
:

.' 3
30
&" * ?A * @ 0 A *8 A8
94
1 1
1
1 1
A=
2
0 0
0
0
2

9 A At $
20 3 @ A 0
*8 ;8 A3
1 1
1
1 1
2
0 0
0
1 1
1
0
1 1
2
0 0
2
0
2 0 0
1
0 = 0 2 0 = I
2
0 0 2
2
*8 A) *" 2A
At A = I
*8 98 ' ' &" *" ?A * @ A 0 +

1 1
1
1 1
A =A =
2
0 0
1
0
0
2
.&

1.' /0 C ". 0
6" * ?K"
?3

7>' 34

*0 $ 20 6"
0
6" /0 * *0 3' ".3
.0
6" 7

:*0 $ 20 6" (1)
*" @.: < 0 A B *G =
63 * *.: < *0 A, B 3"
.)
HK
* &"
(A B)1 = B1 A1
A B *8 ) 9( *.: < *0 A, B *" *8 A) ;8 T3 HK
1.' A5
.|A B| = |A| |B| *8

+ @".
0
A5

.' .@.: < 0
.|A B| 0 *" &3 |B| 0 2A |A| 0 *G @.: < A 0
X*8
HK
* AB 0
6" *" F38 A) *L
T3 ?A
(A B)1 = B1 A1
94
95
.C C1 = C1 C = I HK
X1 78 0 F3E X 0 6" !3 3'
*" *8 K & A)
HK
". " B1 A1 ' A B 0
6" *" +
(A B)(B1 A1) = (B1 A1) (A B) = I
0
$ + @
4
0 ;8 ?3 (A B)(B1 A1) = I *8 A5
(A B)(B1 A1) = A(B B1) A1
*G @.: < 0 B 0

*8
(A B)(B1 A1) = A I A1
0 + $

+' I 0
*8 * @; 78 @ 4
0 ?
?A
203
(A B)(B1 A1) = (A I)A1 = A A1
*G @.: < 0 A 0

*8 8
(A B)(B1 A1) = I
.0
1.' A) 2"
.& .(B1A1) (AB) = I *8 A) *" 2A
:0
6" (2)
HK
* &" *" @.: < 0 At *G @.: < 0 A 3"
.)
(At)1 = (A1)t
.0
6" ' 0
6" *8 98
0 At *" ?= - . *G @.: < 0 A *" *8 A) ;8 T3 HK
1.' A5
|At| = *8 &3 *" 2 H * '3". +

/0 D F A) 2&
.' .@.: <
.|A|
3' A5
.(At)1 = (A1)t HK
* At 0
6" *" F38 A) *L
T3 ?A
*8 A5 T3 M *0 $ 20 6" 0 AG F :
At (A1)t = (A1)t At = I
*G + (A B)t = Bt At *8

/0 * !3 At (A1)t = I *8 A5
At (A1)t = (A1 A)t
*G @.: < 0 A 0

*8
(A1 A)t = (I)t = I
.0
1.' A) 2"
.& .(A1)t At = I *8 A) *" 2A
96
*+
0 ;) ; @.: < A 0 9 F38 98 . 0
6" *8 A) *" (1)
.A A1 = A1 A = I HK
A1 @

*L
.B = O *8 8 A = O *8 T3
) 9( ; A B = O *" *8 3". *8 (2)
- . *G @. : < 0 A 3" A B = O * "
.) F38 2 3 *8 33" 0
6 "
HK
+ $ ?3 - . A5 .B = O *8 T 3
) 9(
AB=O
203 A1 +
A1 A B = A1 O

@0
) '0
&3" +

IB=O
*8 433 &3
B=O
*8 T3
) 9( - . *G @.: < 0 B 3" A B = O *"
.) F38 A) *" 2A
.A = O
96
97
, "
.A *" A B + B A 0
*G *A A, B * 0
3"
.) F38 A8 (1)
(2009 3)
(AB + BA)t
= (AB)t + (BA)t
= Bt At + At Bt
= BA + AB
(AB + BA)t
= AB + BA
1 2
, B = [ 1 10]
1 1
.A =
M
XA=B
HK
+
0
8 (2)
(2008 3)
Q XA = B
X=
1
[ 1
3
X = BA 1 = [ 1
1 1 2
10]
3 1 1
1 2 1
10]
= [9 12] = [3 4]
1 1 3
0
*" +" ?=K
:
E =
63 * A 0 A, B, C 3"
.) (3)
(2013 3)
(A + B C)t
.$8 A (A + B C)
= At + (B C)t
= At + Ct Bt
=A+CB
*" *8 ; +
BC=CB
.A (A + B C) *" A + B C +&3

43
*" +
a, M A $8 *" a A + b B 0
*G *A *0 A, B *"
.) F38 A8 (4)
(2007 3)
(a A + b B)t = (a A)t + (b B)t
= a At + b Bt
.
8 b
98
= aA + bB
:A F : 7
A '
) *0 D ' L
0
!$ (5)
1 2 0
A = 1 3 1
4 1 2
(2007 3)
A = P + Q,
P = 0.5 (A + At),
1
A = 1
2
2
2 0

3 1 + 32
1 2 2

1
2
Q = 0.5 (A At)
2
0 0
0 0
3
2
98
99
3,

.@
* n 0
* m 9 03
* 2 +' m n =
* A 0

P@
0 P0
0
P
0 P0
0 : 0
D
38 *
P A
F : 0
P A
0
P
AA
0
P
AA
0
.@
0
.

) +' @J3
03
! ? 0
!
.
1.' + 0
03 ! $ ? + + 0
$
+' Cmp 43
203 B @8 + A 0 $ ? Amn Bnp *0
$
.!
&= *"
&3"
) <
2A An 0
* j
i 0
+ 03
*G " :
0 +' A 3"
.) Z
.j i *3
* n & +

.@
*" 0
2 1) ? 0

2

+ ( 8) 0 98 03 $ 20
D 9 0
@
.&
HK
A1 = & = =
63 * 0 ' Ann 0
6"
AA1 = A1A = I.
HK
* A1 &" ) *" F3G |A| 0 *"
.)
A 1 =
1
adjA ,
|A|
+ A 0
.(

2

0 +')
0
+' adjA M
.(6" & 98) @.: < 0
1.'
100
"
*"
.) (1)
0 1 2
1 3 1
2 5 1
A=
, B=
, C=
5 1 4
0 2 5
4 0 6
:E
a. 5A 3B + 4C
b. ABt + BAt
*"
.) (2)
1 4 2
1 2
1 1 1
A=
, B=
, C=
2 1 1
3 0
3 2 3
:E
a. 3A 2C + BC
b. AB 2 CB
*"
.) (3)
2 3 0
1
1 2 5

A=
, B = 1 0 4 , C = 4
0
1
3
1 1 2
5
.
0
$ *8 *
*"
.) (4)
1 2 3
1 3
1 2 3 4
A = 5 0 4 , B = 0 2 , C =
5 0 3 1
3 1 1
1 4
.43
(AB)C, A(BC) E
*"
.) (5)
1 2
3 1
, B=
A=
1 5
2 1
.43
AB, BA E
1
.A 0
E AB = C *" B =
, C = [3 1] 3"
.) (6)
1 1
*"
.) (7)
4
1 A =

3
100
4 8 4
1 2 1
3 6 3
101
.A 0
E
2
1 2
1
.&" * ?A * @ 2 1 2 0
*8 A8 (8)
3
2 2 1
*"
.) (9)
1 1
2 2
, B=
A=
1 1
2 2
.43
AB = O *8 AE
2 3 1
.A F : 7
A '
) *0 D" 1 4 1 0
*
5 0 6
(10)
*"
.) (11)
1 2 3
A = 5 0 4
3 1 1
.43
|A|, |2A| E
:43
L
0

8 (12)
2
4
1 2 4
1
1 2 4
A = 1 2 4 , B = 2 4 8 , C = 3 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
4 1 5
*"
.) (13)
1 2 3
1 1 2
A = 5 0 4 , B = 0 3 4
3 1 1
0 0 1
|AB| = |A| |B| :*8 *
F : 0 A At A 0 A + At * P 0 A 3"

.
F38 A8 (14)
.A
.A 0 AtA - ." A 0 AAt *" A 0 9 F38 A8 (15)
(ABC)t = CtBtAt :*8 A8
(16)
I0 9 ABn = BnA *8 AE AB = BA HK

* A,B *0
3"
.
(17)
.n
102
9 (AB)n = AnBn *8 AE AB = BA HK

* A,B *0
3"
.
(18)
.n I0
:L
0
6" 8 (19)
1 2 3
1 3
A = 2
1
0 , B =
,
4 5
4 2 5
2
3
1
2 1 3
C = 2 1
1 , D = 1 0 1 ,
0 2 1
4 1 1
3
2
1
1
1 1 1
1
4
0 1
, F = 2 0 1 .
E=
1 3 2 1
4 1 3
0
3
2 0
:*G @.: < 0 A 0

3"
.) F38 A8 (20)
|A1| = |A|1
.|adjA| = |A|n1 :*G n n =

* @.: < 0 A 0
3"
.) F38 A8 (21)
*8 A8 (22)
1
tan( / 2)
1
tan( / 2)
tan( / 2)
1
1
tan( / 2)
cos sin
=
sin cos
*G @.: < 0 A, B, C 0

3"
.) F38 A8 (23)
(A B C)1 = C1 B1 A1
*G =
63 * *.: < *0 A, B *0
3"
.) F38 A8 (24)
(A + B)1 = A1(I + BA1)1
(
W +
.

< ) 0 +
.
* !$ (25)
0
. *

.'
4 4
A=
4 4
) E P3 4 * *" " :

0 +'
0
3"
.) (26)
:(0

0
0
A=
1
0
102
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 0
0 1 0
103
.2 3
) 4 3
* 0H8 2 .a
.3 9 &3 2" & +
4 3
) 2 3
*

.b
) E P3 5 * *" " :

0 +'
0
3"
.) (27)
4 3
) 1 3
* 0H8 2 (0

0
1
A = 0
0
0
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 .
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
104
105

Linear Equations
.1

! "
#
#!
!

)
* ( .$

$ #% #!&
!%
*2
3 4 ()
-).

!/
0! ) #!+ )
* ! .#!+
7 .#!+ )

5
9
5 -! )/ / .#!
5!+ 672 8
! .)
:
;% #+! 6 #< *!7
)
*
= - 7 .
) #!

!: 4 *!7
* #
# !8 ?2 * 7 .# > 2
* )/ .#<
& ( *
7 .# # @!% $%+!

% #!+ )

#!+ )
* %/ 2
.#% 6:!
& 6:!
72/ 4
2 A#!+ )
4 B/ *
+!
%/ *7 A>
& - #5!+
#5!+ D & 4 (MATLAB, MathCAD *7)
!
! C 4 B/ %! )
!3 $+
.#!
D/ <2

.2
% 4
!! 4!+ 4! B
#E? #

.#

5
- 4/
+% $
.4!!
4!+ *& !F D (!E /) #!E 4!! #
* .72/ / !F
x * & #
*7 #!
#E? *
7 *! %
x+3=0
y * & #
*7 #!
#E? =2
y + sin y = 1
x, y 4! & 4!
4?7 4
!
4
E?
x + y = 3,
2xy=0
106
x * & #
#
6 4< *5
2!
f(x) = 0
x, y 4! & 4!

#
6 *7

f1(x, y) = 0
f2(x, y) = 0
)
4 4! ( %
?2 5 - .)
4 2 2
*
2 #!+
!% $%+! )
.#!+ )

!
f1, f2, . . .
)
% -! ; #!
#%7 .
!F G!& #& 4 !72
.#!+
1
#!+ #!H )
#& *
x + y2 z + 1 = 0
2xy3z+1=0
x+y2z=0

4 6!72 #
% ! -+ 4/ B/ . #
y2 5 B
.)
.#!
7 #& 4 6!72
%&! x y 5 B #!
7 #
=2 .#!
7 #&
(x, y, z #& 4 6!72 !
+ 4) #!+ #7
7 #
4/ 9
5 8?!
)
G !& 4 2 4 ) * .# !+ )
# & 2!) 4 2
.#!+ #&
2
#!+ #!H )
#& *
x+2y+1=0
sin x y 3 = 0
107

6!72 !
+ *7! ) #!
7 #
4/ B/ .#!
7 #
sin x 5 B
.)
.?/
3
#!+ #!H )
#& *
x+y+1=0
x y3=0

.x, y #& 4 6!72 )
G!& ! -+ 4 .
4
#!+ #!H )
#& *
x+2yz+4=0
x 4y+2z 3=0
3x y+z 1=0

.x, y, z #& 4 6!72 )
G!& ! -+ 4 .
*7 +5 4!!F #!+
2 #
4/ #!+
#
#! G&
3x+y1=0
.!5 +
! *7

.3
*7 4! & 4!!+ 4!
* #< 4/ 9
5% $
2 x + y = 3,
xy=0
108
*!7 42! -!2

)
D *!7 42! -!2 4H 0 -
I? 7 4!5
4!
4 < 3 * !7 * % .)
:

:

4!
*!
& ?
B 2 2 :! 4 # ?
# (1)
A :

! : -
2 1
A=
1 1
X :

! : - *!
& B 2 1 :! 4 # *!
& # (2)
x
X=
y
4!
#5%+ B 2 1 :! 4 # #5%+ # (3)
B :

! : -
3
B=
0
:4/ & X A 4!
#!% K&L 4H
2 x + y
AX=
xy
#
%
% B # *
D
!
C
*
6 %
42! 6
+ )
4/ B/ .
7 *7

AX=B
I?7 )

*7

x + 2 y + 3 z = 6,
x y + 4 z = 4,
x z = 0.
6 > %

42! )
D
AX=B
I!
1 2 3
A = 1 1 4 , X =
1 0 1
x
y , B =

z
6
4

0
6 > %

42! *!
& 4 n #
n
! 4
2 #
#
109
AX=B
# *!

& # X n n :! 4 # ?
# A I!
.n 1 :! 4 # #5%+ # B n 1 :! 4

4H

)
*!7 #+! #5!+ 4/ 9
5 8?! 4/ &!
9
5% ;! .$

3
#!% K & #!!2 %
.#5!+ D
-!
!"

.4
6 %
42! #!+ )
4 #& B/ 4/

AX=B
6
3 !M # A ?
#
2 *!
&
!
)
4
2 L
% * A1 #5
#E?
A1 A X = A1 B
6
+! 42!
X = A1 B
# >2 *!

& @& 4!! 42! I! )
* *7 6! #E? D
.#5%+ @& ?

5
)
#& * &/
x + y + z = 3,
2 x z = 1,
x + 3y + z = 3

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
110
1 1 1
A = 2 0 1 , X =
1 3 1
x
y , B =

z
3
1

3
($

26 *
7 8) % * A ?

>2 7
2 1
3
1
3
A = 1 2
8
6 4 2
1
6 % * 42! 7

X = A1 B
% * #!% K&L

2 1 3
3
8 1
1
1
3 1 = 8 = 1
X = 1 2
8
8
6 4 2 3
8 1
* 4/ B/
x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
.)
G!& $5 !5 D 4/ 4 # $5 9
5% 42!
6
)
#& * &/
x y + 2 z 5 = 0,
x + 2 y 3 z + 4 = 0,
x + y z + 2 = 0

6 % )
; )/ 4! -+ #5%+ *5
x y + 2 z = 5,
x + 2 y 3 z = 4,
x + y z = 2
4/ &

6
+ )
#& 2 7
1 1 2
A = 1
2 3 , X =
1 1 1
x
y , B =

z
5
4

2
111
% * * -
6
/ .A ?

>2 7
A = (1 1) [1 (4)] + (2 3) = 3
# % * #5 * #

)/ / .#+ # 7
1 4 3
1 1 0
1 5 3
#+ # % *

7
1 1 1
adj A = 4 1 5
3 0 3
>2
4
E !/
A 1 =
1
adjA
|A|
% *
1 1 1
1
A = 4 1 5
3
3 0 3
1
6 % %+ * 42! 7

X = A1 B
% * #!% K&L

1 1 1 5
3 1
1
1
X = 4 1 5 4 = 6 = 2
3
3
3 0 3 2
9 3
* 4/ B/
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
.)
G!& $5 !5 D 4/ 4 # $5 9
5% 42!

=2 6
3 # A #
2 #!+ )
* # >2 #5!+ ;%)
D .(*!
& B
! ) )
4/ B/) # !M # A #
2
* )
D &! * :*N 4 %
!
.A1 % *
2! ) )

.
2 4
4 5 K:& @ O
P) / )
%
112

# .5
+3 * - .*% #%
E #!+ )
4 #& B/ >! @/ ; 4/ 4H !
4!! #!!2 #
D !3 .*% #%
E 42
L )
#& @55 4!
)/ / #!+ )
* #
#!8
#
#&! D *% .*
.#
& !M #!+ )
#
& #!+ )
:4!! #!+ )
!5
# % $
# %

6 %
2 #
& #!+ )
#!+ )

AX=O
)
#& *
7 *! % . B
)
G!& #5%+
2 B/
#
& #!+ )
*7 #!

x + 3 y z = 0,
2 x y + z = 0,
x+2y4z=0
6 %
2 #
& !M #!+ )
#!+ )
H
& %
A X = B, B O
#& *
7 *! % . B
) *E % )
/ #5%+
2 B/
#
& !M #!+ )
*7 #!
)

x + y 2 z = 1,
2 x y + 5 z = 0,
x + 2 y + z = 1
)

/ .*% #%
E #!+ )
*2 >! @/ #+! #%7 ; 4H
.#
& !M
# % $

6 % 4! & 4!

! 4/
x + y = 2,
xy=0
113
% *
% * ! )
D
x = 1, y = 1
.+5 6 #!E @ * & *2 4/ B/ .6

+ )
% ! ?
! 4 #
D *5
#!H )
#&

/
x + y = 2,
x+y=3
& 4
!5!5 4 &! ) @) $?+Q % *
>! )
D 4/ ; 4
.(E > 3 B
! 2 B
!
#!H )
#&
!/ *
72
x + y = 2,
2x+2y=4
#!H *% 4 ?2 4/ # 2< 9

5% 42! .*% 4 R
)
)
D
4!!+ 4!
$5!
x = 1, y = 1,
x = 0, y = 2,
x = 1, y = 3.
)
% *% 4
!R
)
! 4 #
D *5 .6! 0/ *%
&! 42!
.6
+
.#
& !M #!+ )
4 #& B/ % #
# $+!
4! #%7 D
:#
& !M #!+ )
4 #& B/
.! *
42! 4/
/ (1)
.*% 4 R
)
42! / (2)
.$?+Q % *
42! ) / (3)
114
#
& !M )
% =
4/ .* #!+ @!% $%+
!5
.#
& )
#
@ 8

# %

4 #& B/
L .B * *
R
4< #
& #!+ )
:!
*7 #
& #!+ )

x + 3 y z = 0,
2 x y + z = 0,
x+2y4z=0
42 .)

G!& $5! B * B/ x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
! 4/ ; 4
#!H )
#&
L .B * !M *%
#
& #!+ )

x + y = 0,
2x+2y=0
*7 *% 4 R
)
4/ ; 4
x = 0, y = 0,
x = 1, y = 1,
x = 2, y = 2
:4/
*5 O%
:#
& #!+ )
4 #& B/
.(B * ) ! *
42! 4/
/ (1)
.(B *
4 ) *% 4 R
)
42! / (2)
/ ! *
)
#& *
4/ 42! #
+3% !
E

.( & 4) * 4! ! # !!2 A$? +Q % *
>! / * % 4 R
)

.# # !
)/ - 4/ &! +3 D *%
115
Rank of a Matrix
. B
)
!E #R!:& 6 2/ (6/ /) -
< Amn # # -
.r(A) / (A) :
A # # :!
4 - (# # 42 4/ +3 )) # B/ 4 #R!:& 6 *%
#R!:& /
42 # # K
5 BN! 6 4 -
#
*
7 *! % .# D
1 1 2 1
A = 0 2 1 2
0 0 0 3
4
! &! @/ .# 6 / - 33 :! 4 #R!:& 6 *%%
33 :! 4 #!R:&

1 1 2
|A1| = 0 2 1
0 0 0
1 1 1
|A2| = 0 2 2
0 0 3
1 2 1
|A3| = 0 1 2
0 0 3
1 2 1
|A4| = 2 1 2
0 0 3
) (A) = 3 4L

|A2| 0 42 |A1| = 0 4/ &
#% $
-! $!+
. E
!E
"

7
# # &/
1 2 3
A = 0 1 2
0 0 1
116

D
.# # 4
# 6 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/
8?
4/ & 6
|A| 0
4/ C

(A) = 3
8
# # &/
2 3
1
A = 1 2 4
2 3
1

D
.# # 4
# 6 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/
8?
4/ & 6
|A| = 0
.(r1 = r3 2 2) I
7 - B
! * - 4
4 @&
* !
)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I (#% $
-!%
5!+) 4H
!%

!
6 / - / - 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 *% . B

% * I
7 I
7 - - ?7 .22 :! 4 #!R:& 9
! 4/
6
1
2
1 2
:6 % * * I

7 - - I B

!E
2 3
2 4
.22 :! 4 E

!E
"
) (A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
9
# # &/
117
2 3
1
A = 1 2 4
4
8 12

.# # 4
# 6 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/ 0/ 6
8?
4/ & 6 D
|A| = 0
B
)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I 4H
!%

.r3 = 4 r1 4 =
6 % * * I
7 - - $
*
7% #
3 6 .
2 3
2 4
.22 :! 4 E

!E
"
) (A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
10
# # &/
2
3
1
A = 1 2 3
4
8 12

4H
!%

.(r2 = r1 4 / r3 = 4 r1 4) |A| = 0 4/ & #!R:& 6 2/

4 G!& 4/ &
. B
)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I
4 #!R:& 6 )

/ 5! ? .r2 = r1 =2 r3 = 4 r1 4 B

!E 22 :!
42! ) # 4/ 8?
2 .(A) = 1 4/ C
. B
!) B/ 11 :!
.#! #
2 ) B
4/

B
#! # # 42 #
#
2 . & ;! # # (1)
.
118
4
!% * 42! ) - B/ .#%5 - 4! # # (2)
.#!
#%7 0
2 ?7 4! G& /
!/
2
7 - 0 -
$
+ "
G5 ( *!
+ *?5) + & % @!% $%+!

.
2
11
# # &/
2 3
1
A = 1 2 4
0
0 7

:! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I 4H
!%

.|A| = 0 4/ & #!R:& 6 2/

:6 % *
7 I
7 - - ?7 . B
)
!E 22
1 3
1 4
G& *
! - 4/
8? .(A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
.#
@!
+5 4!%5 4!
! 4/ B/ (r3 = r1 + r2)
7 * 4!
12
# # &/
1 2 3
A = 1 3 4
1 7 10

:! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I 4H
!%

.|A| = 0 4/ & #!R:& 6 2/

6 % * I
7 I
7 - - ?7 . B
)
!E 22
1 2
1 3
4!%5 4!
! 4/ B/ r3 = 2 r1 + r2
8? .(A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
.#
@!
+5
119

2 $
*
7
2 )
8 8 & @!! !
!+ #%5 -
4!! * (6 + @ B) #
42! 7 4 .#!
#%7 0
.
13
# # &/
2
3
1
A = 1 2 3
2
4
6

4H
!%

.(r2 = r1 4 / r3 = 2 r1 4) |A| = 0 4/ & #!R:& 6 2/

4 G!& 4/ &
. B
)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I
4 #!R:& 6 )

/ 5! ? .r2 = r1 =2 r3 = 2 r1 4 B

!E 22 :!

! 4/ ! .(A) = 1 4/ C
. B
!) B/ 11 :!
- 4
% * - E
(* - 42!) ?5
* 2 * - .
7 - % * 1 * - .5!5
.I
7 - %
14
# # &/
1 2 3
A=
2 4 5

*2 C :! 4 3
! .22 :! 4
/ & #!R:& 6 2/ 4 I

6 % * * - ?7 .6 / - 4 6
2 3
4 5
4 ;! .4!%5 4!

! 4/ ! (A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
.5!5 * - @!% * 42! )
7 -
120

#%5 6 B

!/
!+ #%5 - B
# # 4/
2
?2 5 - .#5

#%7 = G 9
5% 42! .4
!
4 A
!+
.#!+ )
* @&

= 4 - %
( '

.
!+ #%5 6

B

!+ #%5 - # # *7
* #
#!8 !R - 4H # # % 9
5 - 4/
.# # -! #!8 D *E -! +5
5! .#!+ )

Augmented Matrix

6 > %

42! #!+ )
4 #& B/ 4/
2 4/ $
AX=B
4 ?2

E .#5%+ B *!
& X ?
# A I!
D :! .# #
!
% *
L 6 # A, B 4!
augA :
#
)
#&
! 4
2 *
7 *! %
x + 3 y = 2,
2xy=1
# #

1 3 2
augA =
2 1 1
)
#&
! 4
2
x + y z = 1,
2 x 2 y + z = 2,
x+y+2z=0
# #

121
1 1 1 1
augA = 2 2 1 2
1 1
2 0
.#!+ )
* #
#!8 4H - # # -!
2 4/
42 #!8 D ?!

7 2 4 4 .#
& !M )
#
#!8
/
6&
!3 - .#? #!8 D *5! #
=/ E 9
5 4
2
.#%7 K
7/ #%

#!8 D -%
# % $

#
#
& !M #!+ )
4 #& B/
AX=B
:*!
& 4 n
4
2 ! *
42! (1)
(augA) = (A) = n
4
2 *% 4 R
)
42! (2)
(augA) = (A) < n
4
2 $?+Q % *
42! ) (3)
(augA) (A)
#!+ 4!!

/

/ 9
5 2 .#!8 D $!+ ; #%7 4H
2 # 5!+ / (# !! # 5!+) - # 5!+ D
&! 42! ( & 4) * 4! !
/ .*
! >

& - #5!+ / (
2 $
) # >2 #5!+ / ()
.#!%
5!+
$+ 72/
#!
9
5
15
* 4! ! *
#!H )
#& 4/ 7/
x + y + z = 6,
2 x y + 3 z = 9,
122
xy+z=2

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
1 1 1
A = 2 1 3 , X =
1 1 1
x
y , B =

z
6
9

2
# # 42

1 1 1 6
augA = 2 1 3 9
1 1 1 2
6 2/ 4/
8? A # #
.A, augA 4! 4 ?2 # 4H
4/ & 6 D
.# # 4
# 6 #!R:&
|A| = 2 0
.(A) = 3 4/ C

#/
! 33 :! 4 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/
8? augA # #

6
! 5! ?7 !
L .6 / - 4 *2 C :! 4
1 1 1
2 1 3
1 1 1
4L

B
)
/
! 4/ $ E A # 6 D
(augA) = 3
#!
#&!
% 5

(A) = (augA) = 3
.! *
)
D 4L 3 *!
& 4/

> 2
* 4! ! 42! # # ?
# 4/ & * 4! !
4
5 4 A1 )/ .#
A 1 =
1
adjA
|A|
% *
t
1 1
2
2 2 4
1
1
1
A = 2 0
2 = 1
0 1
2
2
4 1 3
1 2 3
123
#E? 4 * & 7
X = A1 B
4/ B/
2 2 4 6
2 1
1
1
X= 1
0 1 9 = 4 = 2
2
2
1 2 3 2
6 3
* 42!
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
4
% * 42! ? #%5 6
+ I?7 )
D 4/
9
5 8?!
.! *
#%5 )
I?7
! *!
& I?7
! 4/
.(= # 7
2) 4!!
16
& 4 * 4! *% #!H )
#!%
E I
x + y = 3,
2 x 4 y = 6
x y = 1

$!+ 7N! ) 42 .*!
& (4 2/ *) B
! ) )
4/
8?

6
+ )
# & #
2 )/ / . + > G * #
# !8
4/ &

1 1
A = 2 4 , X =
1 1
x
y , B =

3
6

1
# # 42

3
1 1
augA = 2 4 6
1 1 1
6 2/ 4/
8? A # #
.A, augA 4! 4 ?2 # 4H
.(- / - 6 *2 C) :! 4 I?7
! 22 :! 4 #!R:&
42 /

124
2 4
=20
1 1
6 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/

8? augA # #
.(A) = 2 4/ C
4/ & 6 D
33 :! 4
#
|augA| = 0
- ?7 . B

)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I 4H
!%

:6 % *
7 I
7 -
1 1
1 1
#!
#&! 4H
% 5

.(augA) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
(A) = (augA) = 2
4 4!
< * 4!! .! *
)
D 4L 2 *!
& 4/

6! #
#
% .
%
&! *
6
+ I?7
x + y = 3,
x y = 1
4/ & 4!
G&
2x=2
x=1
4/ & #

!

y=31
y=2
4/
9
5 8?! .6
+ )
#!
7 #

+E $5! x = 1, y = 2 *
4/ & #
4 * .(= # 7
2) #%5 ! 6
+ I?7 )

8 -% .! *
4!%5 4!

! 4! &
! 4/
.+5 2 #%5 )

-
/ I?7 4/
#
!F 42 8 &
2 ! E #5!5 9
5
4 #%5 ! # 7
7 #

.# !
7 4!
( & # 7
7 #

.#!
7 4!

17
*
>! #!H )
#& 4/ 7/
125
x + 2 y + z = 4,
2 x z = 1,
3 x + 2 y + 3 z = 3

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
1 2 1
A = 2 0 1 , X =
3 2 3
x
y , B =

z
4
1

3
# # 42

1 2 1 4
augA = 2 0 1 1
3 2 3 3
6 2/ 4/
8? A # #
.A, augA 4! 4 ?2 # 4H
4/ & 6 D
.# # 4
# 6 #!R:&
|A| = 0
- - . B

)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:& 6 4 I 4H
!%

:6 % * I
7 I
7
1 2
2 0
2/ 4/
8? augA # #
.(A) = 2 4L

B
)
!E
/ - 4 *2 C :! 4 #/
! 33 :! 4 #!R:& 6
6
! 5! ?7 !
L .6
1 2 1
2 0 1
3 2 3
L
!M 4 I
!%

B

/
! 4/ $ E A # 6 D
6
! 5! *

2 1 4
0 1 1 = 2 0
2 3 3
#!
#&!
% 5

.(augA) = 3 4/ C

(A) = 2,
126
(augA) = 3
4/ B/
(A) (augA)
! -+ 4 = .*

>! 6
+ )
#& 4/ & #
#!8 $!+
-+ (r1) #
% ! -+ 4 *2 + ! (r3 :
@ :) 6 ! #

#E?
(r2) #!
7 #
!
r3 = r1 2 r2
D 4/ 4!!
#E? $5 ) I?7 )
(#5%+ ) 4! -+
!
#!+ % -%

D 9
5 "
! ) .*
>!%
4 T3
! )

=! ;!
2 42 .= 4 #
% #R
5 #
#!8
!F * *
.#!8 D -% 6&
9
5
18
* 4! *
#!H )
#& 4/ 7/
x + y + z = 2,
3xy+z=2

*!
& (4 *E/
*) B
! ) )
42 4/
5
@!
3/
9
5 2
6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ / .+ > G * #
#!8 $!+ 7N! )
4/ &

1 1 1
A=
, X =
3 1 1
x
y , B =

z
2
2

# # 42

1 1 1 2
augA =
3 1 1 2
6 2/ 4/
8? A # #
.A, augA 4! 4 ?2 # 4H
.(6 / - 6 *2 C) :! 4 I?7
! 22 :! 4 #!R:&
42 /

127
1 1
= 4 0
3 1
:! 4 #!R:& 6 2/ 4/

8? augA # #
.(A) = 2 4/ C
I
7 4!
L .4! - 4 *2 C :! 4 #/
! 22
6
! 5! ?7 G
1 1
3 1
4 .(augA) = 2 4L

. B
)
2

!E
&/ 6 > D
#!
#&!
% 5 7
(A) = (augA) = 2 < 3
#!!2 9
5% ; 4H .*% 4 R
)
)
D 4L 3 *!
& 4/

/ * !
& I? 7 (4!%5 ) 4!

! 4/
.* 6 % *
.#!
!) #!5 D #) *!
& E
& = .z = t 42! #!
! #!E B
! *!
&
% * z = t 4 4!+ 4!
!

x + y = 2 t,
3xy=2t
4/ & 4!
G&
4x=2t
x = 0.5 t
% * #

!

y = 2 t x
y = 2 t + 0.5 t
y = 2 0.5 t
* 4/ B/
x = 0.5 t, y = 2 0.5 t, z = t.
% *
7 = 4/ *E .*% 4
!R
)
! 4/ !
#!
! #5!5 #!E t I!
)
O5 *% 4 R
? #
<3 #
# @/ 9
5 8

2 *
7 .#
@! #%5 )
4 .*!
& 4 (#%5)
&
*!
& 4 *E/ B/ 2 B
(A, augA 4! 4 *2) #

D
B %
#
D * 6 4!!
/ .*% 4 R
?
128
)
B
!) *!
& 4 .*% 4 R
? #
#
#
#!M #!%!% # # .!5 D #) *!
& E
& #!
! !5 (65
.4!! G+
5 4 C
U !5 + #
*7! * 4/ 9
5 0! -
.#
& !M )
#
#!+ )
% #
#!8
E 42 *
7
.#
& #!+ )
* #
#!8 4H *5
# %

#
#
& #!+ )
4 #& B/
AX=O
:*!
& 4 n
4
2 B ! *
42! (1)
(A) = n
4
2 *% 4 R
)
42! (2)
(A) < n
4 #& B/
E
2 @ = .*

R #
& )
4/ #!8 D 4 8?
D $!+ ; #%7 4H .B *
55!
R #
& )

.#!8
19
B * 0 *
>! #!H )
#& 4/ 7/
x + y = 0,
2 x 3 y z = 0,
xy+2z=0

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
129
0
1 1
A = 2 3 1 , X =
1 1 2
x
y , B =

z
0
0

0
4/ & A # # 7

|A| = 12 0
4L

(A) = 3
.B * ! *

)
4L 3 B
! *!
4 I!
20
* 4! *% #!H )
#!%
E >
x 2 y + 3 z = 0,
3 x 6 y + 9 z = 0,
4 x 8 y + 12 z = 0

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
1 2 3
A = 3 6 9 , X =
4 8 12
x
y , B =

z
0
0

0
4/ & A # # 7

|A| = 0
6 4 I 4H

!%

.(r3 = 4 r1 =2) r2 = 3 r1 4

4 ; =
!E 22 :! 4 G!& 4/ &

. B
)
!E 22 :! 4 #!R:&
B/ 11 :! 4 #!R:& 6 )

/ 5! ? .r2 = 3 r1 =2 r3 = 4 r1 4 B

R
)
)
D 4L

.(A) = 1 4/ C
. B
!)
=

1 B
! #%5 )
4/ 8 ? * 6
&!Q .* % 4
y = a, z = b 42! #!
! !5 4! & 4!
4!
4 ! .4
5 4

6 <! * 4/ B/ x = 2 a 3 b % * #

!

x = 2 a 3 b, y = a, z = b.
130
21
B * !M ? #!H )
% *& k
7 #!E &/
k x + y 3 z = 0,
y k z = 0,
xyz=0

4/ &

6
+ )
#& #
2 )/ /
k 1 3
A = 0 1 k , X =
1 1 1
x
y , B =

z
0
0

0
42 4/ ? (*% 4 R
) B/) B * !M ? #!H )
D 42! 2
(A) < 3
42 4/ ? = $5! 2

|A| = 0
* ?7 *

k #) |A| & 4H .(A) = 3
2 |A| 0
2 @
%
|A| = k (1 k) + 1 (k + 3) = k2 2 k + 3
k #!
#
% * |A| = 0 G
k2 2 k + 3 = 0
6 % #

; 1

k2 + 2 k 3 = 0
% * ! -+ *!%

(k 1) (k + 3) = 0
B * !M ? 6

+ )
% *& k !5 7 4
k = 1, k = 3

.#5 (R
) / !) *
4
2 (#
& !M / #
&) #!+ )

)
* #
#!8 % K
.#5 !M $?+Q % *
42!
/
:4/ &
.

2 #!+
131
.#5
R #
& )
(1)
4
2 #5 42 #
& !M )
(2)
(aug A) = (A)
4
2 #5 !M 42
(aug A) (A)
4!! #!+ )

$!7 +

#
#<

.#% 6:!
& &
!
*+ ,% *+ '% .6

Eigen (Characteristic) Values and Vectors
D 4!! #5!+ C 7 .6: !
& 6: ! &

!
! 5 )/ /
.4%
%!
2 #!8 ( $% #
#!8 2 ?2 7
!2
*+ ,% *+ '% -

#E? $5 I! Xn1 B !M @& 4!! 42/ Ann # #
! 4
2
AX=X
:! @& ! X @& A #% (6: ! #!5 /) :! & ! 4L
9
5
! 42 4H
*
& >! 6!
5!+

!2 D .A #%
-!% +5 4

/ .#!R 3
!% H 2 5 *7 #5 5
-! ;! 4H .#!+ )
* (
2

#!!2 !
5 D
!
# 6:!
& 6:! &
1 2
A=
1 3
@& #
D 6:!
& 6:! &
5

x
X=
y
#E? $5 I!

1 2 x
x
1 3 y = y
132
%

2 42! x, y 4! & 4

)
#5

E? 4/ 9
5 8?!
6
x+2y=x
x + 3 y = y
6 % 4

& 4

/ B/
(1 ) x + 2 y = 0
x + (3 ) y = 0
%!
2 0/ 6
6

2 6
42! )
D
2 x 0
1
1 3 y = 0
.22 :! 4 6 # I I! A I # )

?
#
9
5 - 4/ .nn :! 4 # B 6: !
& & #< 42 *7

.
!2 D 4!! #!!2 - 6:!
& 6:! &

!
! 5 %
*+ ,% *+ '% .

#E? $5 I! Xn1 B !M @& 5!5 4!! %+ Ann # #
!
AX=X
6 %

2 42! #5
#E?
AXX=0
6 % #5
#
#
2 42! !
I # 4/

AXIX=0
6 * G& % G!: *5

#!% 4/

(A I) X = 0
*
7

2 X @& *!
& #
& )
4 #& )
6 D
4 # & D * 4! 4H .6: !
& & - ! W 3
. D
B
:
4/ 0 #
#!8 4 .#
& )

/ 8? )

4
2 (B * ) ! * (1)
(A I) = n
133
4
2 *% 4 R
) (2)
( A I) < n
42 4/ ?

.B !M @& X 4 B * ! ) 4
( A I) < n
(21 *
7 D
2
G&! 4 9
5 %) 42! 4/ ? = $5! 2
|A I| = 0
)
#& * G!+ !5 D !
7 (6:! &) !E 4! #
D 4
(A I) X = 0
.%!
! + D O% . %+ .6:!
& % *
*+ ,% *+ '% .

#) #!
6
(1)
|A I|
.*+ *" 6!72 4 6

4 42! C

#
* (2)
|A I| = 0
.6:! & #

D & 42 .*+

)
#& 4!2 !E 4 #!E *< ! (3)
(A I) X = 0
8
* :! @& % *% (3) E 6+ 62 )
#& * (4)
. !E 4 #!E *
.6:!
& G!& 4!! !E G!& (4) (3) 4!+ 2 (5)
.+ D $!+ ; #!
#%7
22
#% 6:!
& & &/
1 2
A=
3 2
134

6:! 6!72
/
|A I|
1 2
1 0

=
3 2
0 1
1
2
=
3
2
= (1 ) (2 ) 6
= 2 3 4
6:! #
42 = 7
|A I| = 0
B/
2 3 4 = 0
% * #

D 4 ! -+ *!%
( + 1) ( 4) = 0
6:! & 4/ C 7 4

1 = 1, 2 = 4
)
#& = 1 4 * :! @& 4H
(A I) X = 0
% *
2 2 x 0
3 3 y = 0
4!
4!
* 7
2 x + 2 y = 0,
3x+3y=0
* * 4
2 ) =2 42! 4/ ) #%5 6 #
4
2! GE
/ 8?
42! *!
& / 65 #
4 ! - 4H .B
x=a
4/ 0 !

y = a
(1 = 1 :! &% 8
) * :! @& 42!
135
a
X1 =
a
#E?
4
55 1, X1 4< 9
5 2 #!
! #5!5 #!E a I!
A X1 = 1 X1
(2 = 4 :! &% 8
)
7 :! @& 4/ 7! 4/ 9
5% 42! *7

b
X2 =
1.5b
#E? $5! 4/ ) B

A X2 = 2 X2
23
#% 6:!
& & &/
0 2 4
A = 1 1 2
2 0 5

6:! 6!72
/
2
4
|A I| = 1 1 2
2
0
5
= [(1 ) (5 )] 2 [(1) (5 ) 4] + 4[2 (1 )]
= (1 ) (5 ) 2 (1 ) + 8 (1 )
= (1 ) [(5 ) 2 + 8]
= (1 ) (2 5 + 6)
= (1 ) ( 2) ( 3)
6:! #
42 = 7
|A I| = 0
B/
(1 ) ( 2) ( 3) = 0
6:! & 4/ C 7 4

1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3
136
)
#& = 1 4 * :! @& 4H
(A I) X = 0
% *
1 2 4 x 0
1 0 2 y = 0

2 0 4 z 0
)
#& B/
x + 2 y + 4 z = 0,
x 2 z = 0,
2 x + 4 z = 0
#!
7
#7
7 #
4) +5 4!%5 4!
42! GE / 8?
)
*5! 4<) =2 42! 4/ ) @/ $
*
7
E
2 .(2
#
4 ! - 4H .B * * 4
2 ) (*!
& 4 #%5
42! *!
& / 65
z=a
4/ 0 #!
7 #
!

x=2a
4/ & #

!

y = a
(1 = 1 :! &% 8
) * :! @& 42!
2a
X1 = a
a
#E?
4
55 1, X1 4< 9
5 2
A X1 = 1 X1
(2 = 2 :! &% 8
)
7 :! @& 4/ 7! 4/ 9
5% 42! *7

3b
X2 = b
2b
(2 = 3 :! &% 8
) I
7 :! @&
/
137
2c
X3 = c
2c

@& B/ .6:!
& 4 R
) D8
! :! & B/ 4/ #5
#%7 4 9
5% 4!!
.. :! @&
7 5 B
! :!
#
#!
4!!
*
7
/ 6: !
& &
#!!2 #5
#%7 !
.6:!
& &%
24
.A2 #% :! & 2 4L A #% : ! & 4
2 @/ 7/

#E? $5! @L A #% :! & 4/

AX=X
* A # #5
#E? + .& 8
:! @& X I!
%
A2 X = A X
#!% #E? 4 4! -+ !

7
AX=X
% *
A2 X = ( X)
4/ B/
A2 X = 2 X
.A2 #% :! & 2 4/ 0 #E? D 4

n 4L A #% :
! & 4
2 :6 % ; #
! 42! #5
#E?
. & ;! n I! An #% :! &
138

7 9
5 ! .

% #
3 0/ O &! $
*
7 62 #!

.$
*
7 D
B % > #
*+ '%/ 0 1
4L A #% : ! & 4
2
. & ;! n I! An #% :! & n (1)
.A1 #% :! & 1 (2)
.5!5 k I! k A #% :! & k (3)
25
I! A2, A1
4 *2 6:! & &/
0 2 4
A = 1 1 2
2 0 5

2 23 *
7 6:!
&
! $ 6
+ 6
= 1, 2, 3
A #% 6:! & 42 #5

O % K

2
2 = 1, 4, 9
A1 #% 6:! & 42

1 = 1, 1/2, 1/3
#!8 ( $% #

#!8 2 6:!
& 6:! & ?2
.
7 4

2 4%
%!
2
./ 02/ " #
.6:!

$5 # # B/ 4/ % #!8 D O
.#!8 D 4 5 ;!
*
7
139
26
#% 4%
%!
2 #!8 $5
1 2
A=
3 2

6 %
2 22 *
7 # D 6:! #

&/ 4/ $
2 3 4 = 0
-+ B
! C
4/ 7 A #
4 ! -+ #!8 $!5 4H
#E? !
! 4H
.(#
D #! # 42! B) 4!
A2 3 A 4 I

G& #!% K&
! 4 I 6 % 4 $%+
2
/ 8?
% * #5
#E? !
.#!8 D $!+
/
7 6 1 2 1 0 0 0
9 10 33 2 4 0 1 = 0 0
.@
7 %+
.
*
7

5!+ / 5 #!8 D %
4/
27
# >2
4%
%!
2 #!8
0 2 4
A = 1 1 2
2 0 5

6 %
2 23 *
7 # D 6:! #

&/ 4/ $
(1 ) ( 2) ( 3) = 0
6 % #

42 1 >E =
3 6 2 + 11 6 = 0
140
G) A #
4
#! #E? D *8 4%
%!
2 #!8
5+ 4H
.(*E 4
2
2 #! # 4! -+
6 I #
6 $%+ *
% * ! K&L
A3 6 A2 + 11 A 6 = 0
6 #E? * A1 # #5

#E? -+
A2 6 A + 11 I 6 A1 = 0
4/ B/
6 A1 = A2 6 A + 11 I
(>2
4
E 4 *! ) #E? 4 A1 #
42! 7 4
A1 =
1 2
(A 6 A + 11 I)
6
C
42!
5 10 8
1
A = 1 8
4 .
6
2 4 2
1
.# >2 4

E
C
>
9
5% =!
Gauss Elimination Method ! % -' .7
6% #R
2 #+! 0/ 6 #!+ )
#& *! % #5!+ D
-!2 . *
7 0 7 #+! 6 D % *
7 / .
% * ! 42

!%
!

#+! 6 D # !+ )
# & B/ * ! 4 2!
#& * +5 >! >
& - #5!+ 4! #%7 4 = 2 7 A#!
.# #
* #!+ 4!!
!/ * #!+ )

28
#!H )
#& * &/
x + y + z = 2,
y z = 1,
5z = 10.

:#!
+ (

# #!+ )
4 #& D * 42!
141
z = 2 % * 6! #
* / .1
y = 1 % * 6! *E #
z #!5 .2
.x = 1 % * #

y, z !5 .3
6 <
?
# 4/ 8?
1 1 1
A = 0 1 1
0 0 5
4L
!% #!7%7 # ?
#
2 L

.
!% #!7%7 # *7
42! @< % :!! .*
7
#
3 #+! 6 ! 4/ 42! )
*

#5
)
! 7 6! #
* /
)
4 B/ % @5!+
(% #!7%7 # 6 =2 42!) .*!
& G!& 4!! !
*
7 6& 6 #!+ )

& B/ *! #!!2 4
!
4)
7 4!!
.$

29
#!H )
#& * &/
x + y + z = 2,
2 x + 3 y + z = 3,
x y 2z = 6.

6 <
?
#
1
1 1
1
A = 2 3
1 1 2
:#!
+ (

6 D
%! 42! 42 A
!% #!7%7 # !
7 1 * - A
7 - @! 7 2 * - .1
#!
6 # * I
7 - @!
1
1 1
0 1 1
0 2 3
142
#!R
6 % * I
7 - @! 7 2
7 - .2
#%+
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 5
6
+ )
4 ()
4 ! -+ %

!&/ )
!% D !F 2 42
!& *23 % *

!/ B #5%+ # %
!% D K& 4 )
2
1
10
(#!% # #% #R

2) 6!& # # 4/ B/
2
1 1 1
augA 0 1 1 1
0 0 5 10
$
*
7 6
+ )
(6
+ )
% #R
2) )
D 4/ 0

* 42!
x = 1, y = 1, z = 2.
30
#!H )
#& * &/
x + 2 y 3 z = 11,
3 x + 6 y 8 z = 32,
2 x y = 7.

6 <
# #
2 3 11
1
augA = 3
6 8 32
2 1 0 7
#!
+ G
!% #!7%7 6% ?
# *!
#!
6
6+ D 2 A
7 - @! 7 3 * - .1
3 R1 + R2 R2
143
#!
6
6+ D 2 AI
7 - @! 7 2 * -
2 R1 + R3 R3
#!
6 4!+ 4!
# *
1 2 3 11
augA 0 0 1 1
0 3 6 15
#!
6
6+ D 2 AI
7
7 *!
"
.2
R2 R3
#!
6 6+ D # *
1 2 3 11
augA 0 3 6 15
0 0 1 1
K )

!
4H 42! A#%+ 6 % E ?
# 42 7 4
:%!
2 6! #
4
z = 1 % * 6! #
* / .1
y = 3 % * 6! *E #
z #!5 .2
.x = 2 % * #

y, z !5 .3
* 4/ B/
x = 2, y = 3, z = 1.
4 #&
L
!% #!7%7 6 ?
# *! @/ 4H
;!
:%!
2
#!
!%

!% D - %
!%
Elementary Row Operations - 2/4 5 /

:- % #!

!%
#!
I?7
!% 4 #!% B/
B
! )
7 - (1)
4!! *! (2)
. - C
#

7 - (3)
> 4
/ T
2
5 A#!% # T
2 6!& # 4!2 BN
. :
T
2 :! .)
#&
144
# *! # # % #!
!% D >
& - #5!+
! = 7 (#!
#%7 4 ;!
2
#!E 6 /)
!% #!7%7 # ?

O% 4/ 42! .#5
#%7
!/
2 6! #
4 K #& )
#& *
:%!
! #5!+ D
Gauss Elimination Method ! % -'
: ! % 4!!

4!+ ! ! #!+ )
#& *
#!
!% K& 6+ D ! .Forward Elimination Step 6 5 -' * (1)
#
%! ! - * - 4 K # # - %
.(= !!
#
5 6 /)
!% #!7%7
#R
2 )
#& * ! .Backward Substitution Step 6/ 7
* (2)
. #
) 6! #
4 K #5
6+ 4 #&

)
4! A#% )
4!+ 4!
$!+ 72/
! #!
#%7 4!
#
5 6 42
!% #!7%7 # 6 ?
# *!
! 42! )
.(#!
!5 6
+ & % )
31
#!H )
#& * &/
3 x 5 y z = 7,
2 x y + 4 z = 7,
x y + z = 3.

6 <
# #
3 5 1 7
augA = 2 1 4 7
1 1 1 3

- 6+ :)/
145
# * A- #!% *! R1 R3 #! #!%
/
1 1 1 3
augA 2 1 4 7
3 5 1 7
4! 4!!% $!+ 7
2 R1 + R2 R2,
3 R1 + R3 R3
6 # *

3
1 1 1
2
1
augA 0 1
0 2 4 2
6 # * 2 R2 + R3 R3 #! #!% $!+ 7

1 1 1 3
augA 0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
+5
*5 * A#%5
!& ! 6
+ )
#& 4/ R
*23 4 ;!
4/ $ .(#
B/ *7 ) D 0 = 0 6 % #7
7 #
/ I!) 4

* #
2 A*% 4 R
)
42! *!
& #7?7 (4!%5) 4!
4/
!/
x = 4 3 t 42! #
!
y = 1 2 t 42! z = t #!
7 #

/
6 % 42! * 4/

x = 4 3 t, y = 1 2 t, z = t
.#!
! #!E t I!
(6 5 -' * 9%:
.
)
!F )
- 6+ 4L

#! >
42 #R
2
4/
7 42!
.# # # / ?
# #
#R
2 6 # #
! % $
*
7 % = $!+
1 1 1 3
0 1 2 1
0 0 0 0
4!! = # # # ?

# # 4 *2
# 42!
42 (#%5 - *7 ) #! !M -
146
(A) = 2,
(augA) = 2
G $!
*% 4 R
) * #!+ 42 #!+ )
% #
#!8 4
.$
*
7
4!
6 # # 30 *
7 =2
1 2 3 11
0 3 6 15
0 0 1 1
42

(A) = 3,
(augA) = 3
4!
G
!/ $!
! * * #!+ 42 #!+ )
% #
#!8 4
.30 *
7
32
#!H )
#& * &/
2 y + 2 z = 1,
2 x 2 y + 5 z = 4,
x + 2 y z = 3,
x y + 2 z = 3.

6 <
# #
2
1
0 2
2 2 5
4
augA =
1 2 1 3
3
1 1 2
!% #!7%7 # * 4/ 42! )

# ! ?
# 4/
8?
6 )
#
5 6
%! #5
+ > >
& - #5!+ G
2
.(#!
!5

- 6+ :)/
* (6
- #!% $!! B 4 O%%) R1 R4 #! #!%
/
#
147
3
1 1 2
2 2 5
4
augA
1 2 1 3
2
1
0 2
4! 4!!% $!+ 7
2 R1 + R2 R2,
R1 + R3 R3
6 # *

3
1 1 2
0 0
1 2
augA
0 3 3 6
2
1
0 2
- #!% $!! B 4 O%%) R2 R3 #! #!% 0/ 6 "
7
# * (6

3
1 1 2
0 3 3 6
augA
0 0
1 2
2
1
0 2
6 # * (2/3) R2 + R4 R4 #! #!% $!+ 7

3
1 1 2
0 3 3 6
augA
0 0
1 2
4
5
0 0
6 # * 4 R3 + R4 R4 #! #!% $!+ !/

3
1 1 2
0 3 3 6
augA
0 0
1 2
0 13
0 0
4/ 4!! ! *23 4 #

(A) = 3,
(augA) = 4
!/ "
) ;! .*
>! )
D 4/ & #!+ )
% #
#!8 4
6! #
42 % ! 6+ K&
/ L A# #% ! *23 4
0 = 13
.*
>!
+E D
148

6 # # * $
*
7
3
1 1 2
0 3 3 6
augA
0 0
1 2
2
1
0 2
6 # * (1/3) R2 R2 #! #!% K& * 4 42! E
3
1 1 2
0 1 1 2
augA
0 0 1 2
2
1
0 2
B) - 42! I! - *

2) #:?

*! =
.;! B
! (pivot element %

!/ @!% $%+!
149
/ .
:#!
)
* &/ # >2
(1)
x + y z = 2,
2 x y + z = 1,
2y+z =2.
(2009 !
!)
1 1 1
2 1 1
0 2 1
, A = 3 2 4 = 9
t
3 2 4
3 3 0
adj(A) = 3 1 2 = 2 1 3
0 3 3
4 2 3
x
3 3 0 2
9 1
1
1
y =
9 = 1
2 1 3 1 =
z 9 4 2 3 2 9 0 0

x = 1,
y = 1,
z=0
#% 6:!
& / 6:! & &/ (2)
1 0 1
. A = 0 1 1
1 1 2
(2009 !
!)
A I = 0
1
0
0 1
1
1
1
=0
(1 )[(1 )(2 ) 1] + (1)[(1 )] = 0

(1 )[2 3 + 1 + 1] = 0
(1 )[2 3 + 2] = 0
(1 )( 1)( 2) = 0
1, 1, 2 &
2 &% :! @&
150
( A I) X = 0
1 0 1 x
0 1 1 y = 0

1 1 0 z
x + z = 0,
y + z = 0,
x + y = 0
#!
7 ) 4!
!
z = a
x = a, y = a
:! @& 42!

a
a

a
:#% k1, k2 !5 *% #!H )

#!%
E I (3)
2 x 6 y = 8,
x + k1 y = k2 .
(2009 !
!)
2 6 8
aug (A) =
1 k 1 k 2
2 6
A=
= 2k 1 + 6 = 0,
1 k1
k 1 = 3
I! @!E 0/ <
k2 ,
k 1 3
! * &!
( A ) = (aug ( A )) = 2
I!
k2 = 4 ,
k 1 = 3
*% 4 R
) &!
( A ) = (aug( A )) = 1
I!
k2 4 ,
k 1 = 3
* &!)
( A ) (aug ( A ))
:(* =
4
2 4) * &/ 7 *% #!
)
#!%
E > (4)
3 x + y + 2 z = 4,
92 x y = 1,
10 x + 5 y + 8 z = 0
(2008 !
!)
151
3
A = 92 1 0 = 180
10
(A) = (aug(A) = 3
! * =

t
2
2
8 736 470
8
adj( A ) = 2
4
5 = 736 4 184
2
470 5 95
184 95
2
2 4
x
8
30

1
1
736 4 184 1 =
y =
2940
z 180 470 5 95 0 180 1875

x=
1
,
6
y=
49
,
3
z=
125
12
k I! (A + k I) #% :
! & ( + k) 4/ 7< A #% : ! &
2 (5)
(2008 !
!)
.#!5!5 #!2
A @% :! & Q

Ax = x
4!+ % kX G&

AX + kX = X + kX
( A + kI) X = ( + k )X
. (A + k I) @% :! &
+ k
2 2
4%
X%!
2 #!8 7 A =
#% 6:!
& 6:! & &/ (6)
1 3
(2008 !
!)
. A1 4!!
A = I = 0
=0
( 2 )(3 ) 2 = 0
2 5 + 4 = 0
( 4)( 1) = 0
= 1,4
( A I) x = 0
2 x 0
2
=
1
3 y 0
152
=1
1 2 x 0
1 2 y = 0
x + 2y = 0
x = 2a 42 ! y = a
2a
a
=1
=4
2 2 x 0
1 1 y = 0
x y = 0
x = b 42 ! y = b
b
b

=4
:! ? #!H )

% *& k !E 4! (7)
x + y + 2 z = 4,
2 x y = 1,
2x+5y+kz=3
(2008 !
!)
A 0
1 1 2
2 1 0 0
2 5 k
k 2k + 24 0
k 8
:#!
)
* &/ # >2
(8)
x + 2 y z = 2,
2 x + y = 4,
3x3y+z=0
(2008 !
!)
1 2 1
A =2 1
0 = 1 4 + 9 = 6
3 3 1
153
x
1 1 1 2
6 1
y = 1 2 4 2 4 = 1 12 = 2
6
6
z
9 9 3 0
18 3
x = 1,
y = 2,
z=3
2 0 0
. 1 1 0 #% 6:!
& / 6:! & &/ (9)
0 1 1
(2007 !
)
A I = 0
2
0
1 1
0
0
0
=0
(2 )(1 ) 2 = 0
1, 1, 2 &
2 &% :! @&

( A I) X = 0
0 0 0 x
1 1 0 y = 0

0 1 1 z
x y = 0,
y z = 0,
#!
7 ) 4!
!
z = a
x = a, y = a
:! @& 42!

a
a

a
6!72 #R! % A1, A3 4 *2 4

A #% 6:! 6!72 &/ (10)
I! A #!
7 #& 4
1 1 1
0 1 1
2 0 2
(2007 !
)
154
A I = 0
=0
(1 )(1 )( 2 ) 2 + 2( 1 ) = 0
3 22 2 = 0
(4%
X%!
2 #!8) = A !

A3 2A2 A 2I = 0
A3 = 2A2 A 2I
A1

A2 2A I 2A1 = 0
A1 = 0.5 (A2 2A I)
1 0 0
(2007 *!/) . 1 1 0 #% 4%
%!
2 #!8 $5 (11)
0 1 0
A I = 0
1
0
1 1
0
0
0 =0
( 1 )(1 )( ) = 0
3 + = 0
= A
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
A + A = 1 1 0 + 1 1 0 = 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
3
:(* =
4
2 4) * &/ *% #!
)
#!%
E > (12)
x y + z + 2 w = 7,
3 x + 2 y 2 z w = 9,
5 x 10 y + 10 z + 17 w = 4
(2007 !
!)
2 7
1 1 1
aug (A) = 3 2 2 1 9
5 10 10 17 4
155
0
A
4 @2 ( 3 x 3 )@7
7 4 G!& 4/ 8?!

( A) = 2
1 1
Q3 2
7
9 0
5 10 4
(aug( A)) = 3
*% @%
E !M )
42
:B *!M ? #!H )
% *& k !E 4! (13)
x + 3 y = 0,
x z = 0,
2 x + 11 k y + k2 z = 0
(2007 !
!)
1 3
0
1 0 1 = 0
2 11k k 2
11k 3k2 6 = 0
3k2 11k + 6 = 0
(3k 2)(k 3) = 0
.k = 2/3 , k = 3
0 !M * )
% 42!
:#!
)
* &/ # >2
(14)
xy+z=2
2 x + 5 y 3 z = 1
3x+4y2z=5
(2007 !
!)
1 1 1
A = 2 5 3 = 2 + 13 23 = 8
3
4 2
156
2 2 2
x
2
8 1
y = 1 13 5 1 1 = 1 16 = 2
8
8

z
23 7 3 5
24 3
x = 1,
y = 2,
z=3
157
1/

6 %
42! #!+ )
4 #& B/
AX=B
.#5%+ B *!

& X ?
# A I!
A X = #!+ )
#& * 4!! 42! @L 6
3 !M # A #
2
#E? 4 B
X = A1 B.
.r(A) / (A) :

:! B
) #!R:& 6 2/ :! Amn # #
:*!
& 4 n B A X = B #
& !M #!+ )

(augA) = (A) = n 4
2 ! *
42!
(augA) = (A) < n 4
2 *% 4 R
)
42!
(augA) (A) 4
2 $?+Q % *
42! )
:*!
& 4 n B A X = O #
& #!+ )

(A) = n 4
2 (B * ) ! *
42!
(A) < n 4
2 *% 4 R
)
42!
#E? $5 Ann #% (X) 6:!

& () 6:! !5
AX=X
| A I | = 0 :6:! #
* 6:! !5 4!
(A I) X = 0 #!+ )
#& * 6:!
& 4!
.6:!

$5 # # B/ :4/ % O 4%
%!
2 #!8
# # *!
- 6+ :4!+ % >
& - #5!+ 5 X
#
4 K #&
)
* ! I! % ! 6+ 7 A
!% #!7%7 #
.6!
158
# ?
# # 4! ! 4 2!

# >
# R
2
X
!M - #!
#
D # 42 A
- 6+ K & #
.#!
159
.
:# >2
#!H )
* &/ (1)
a. 2x y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x y + z = 2.
b. x + 2y + 3z = 11, x 2y + 3z = 3, x + 2y 3z = 1.
c. x y + z = 3, x + 3y + z = 1, x 3z = 2.

#!H
# &/ (2)
2
3
1
1 1 2
1 2 3
A= 2
3
1 , B = 3 3 6 , C =
2 4 0
2 3 1
0
1
2
2 1 3
1
1 1 1 1
0
1
2
0
D = 1 1 2 1 , E =
1 2 1 3
3 1
0 1
0
1 1
0
:(* =
4
2 4) * &/ *% #!H )
#!%
E I (3)
a. 2x + 6y = 11, 6x + 20y 6 z = 3, 6y 18z = 1.
b. x + y 6z = 0, 3x + y + 2z = 0, x y + 2z = 0.
c. x + 2y z = 2, 2x 3y + 7z = 1, x + y + 3z = 6,
5x + y 2z = 0
d. 4x + 2y + z + 3u = 0, 6x + 2y + 4z + 7u = 0,
2x + y + u = 0.
e. 5x + 3y +7z = 4, 3x + 6 y + 2z = 2, x + 9y 3z = 0.
f. x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 0, 2x1 x2 + 3x3 = 0,
3x1 5x2 + 4x3 = 0, x1 + 17x2 + 4x3 = 0.
g. 4x + 3y + 2z = 7, 2x + y 4z = 1, x 7z = 2
h. x + 2y z = 3, 3x y + 2z = 1, 2x 2y + 3z = 2
B * !M ? #!H )

% *& k !E 4! (4)
kx + y + z = 0, x + ky + z = 0, x + y + kz = 0.
#% k !5 *% #!H )

#!%
E I (5)
x + y + z = 10, x 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + kz = 10
B * !M ? #!H )

% *& 6! #!5 k = 6 4/ 7/ (6)
160
x + 2y + 3z = kx, 3x + y + 2z = ky, 2x + 3y + z = kz.
* &/ #5 #!H )

*& k !E 4! (7)
x + y + z = 1, x + 2y + 4z = k, x + 4y + 10 z = k2.
42 AB # 4/ 7< 3 B

*2 # 33 :! 4 4! A, B 4
2 (8)
.3 B

#% 6:!
& 6:! & &/ (9)
1 1 0
A = 0 2 1
0 0 3
.A1 4!! 4%

%!
2 #!8 7
#% 6:!
& 6:! & &/ (10)
0 1 0
A = 1 0 1
0 1 0
.A2 #% 6:! & &/ 7 4

.6 # 6:!
& 6:! & &/ (11)
.>
& - #5!+
(1) E #< 6
+ )
* &/ (12)
.#!
!%
(2) E #< 6
+
# &/ (13)
#%
E 42 (3) E #< 6
+ )
4 B/ 4! >
& - #5!+
(14)
.* &/ 7 *%
>! )
D 4/ 4! / #!
)
* &/ >
& - #5!+
(15)
:*
a. x + 2y z = 1, 2x + 6y + z = 7, 5x + 7y 4z = 9.
b. x + 3y 2z = 7, 4x + y + 3z = 5, 2x 5y + 7z = 19.
c. y + z w = 4, x + 3y + 5z w = 1,
x + 2y + 5z 4w = 2, x + 4y + 6z 2w = 6.
#!R
!!2 #
(16)
x1 C2H6 + x2 O2 x3 CO2 + x4 H2O
)
#& 2 #
+ #%
4 6
(/)
.#!R
!!2 #
4: BN x1, x2, x3, x4 *!
&
55 4/ &!
161
% )
#& 4/ 4! 0/ #5!+ B/ / >
& - #5!+
( )
P#!R
!!2 #
4: # & 4 =
.*% 4 R
)
(/)
!%
#
4: BN x1, x2, x3, x4 *!
&% #& #! !E F/ &/ (")
.#!R
!!2
6 % #7
7 #& 4 6!72 4!! %+ (17)
p(x) = a x3 + b x2 + c x + d
)
#& 2 .(1, 3), (1, 7), (2, 1), (2, 21) I?7 +
5
I!
.?
D !E 4!! >
& - #5!+ 7 a, b, c, d ?

55 4/ &!
162
162
163

.

!" #$ .
164
& %

1
3

x
4
4
(1 ) 2
= +
x + 2 x 3 ( x 1) ( x + 3)
1
x 5

+
x 2 3
3 3
(2 )
=
+ 2
3
(
x
1
)
(
x
+ x + 1)
x 1
1
1
x 1
= +
2
x + x + x x x2 + x + 1
(3)
3 1 1

x+2
8
4 8
(4 )
= +
+
3
2
x + 3x x 3 x 1 x + 1 x + 3
(5)
x+2
1
1
=
6 x x 1 2 x 1 3x + 1
(6)
4 x 2 + 11x + 3
4
1
=
+ 2
3
2
7 x + 6x + 6x 1 7 x 1 x + x + 1
1

1
2 + 1 +
(7 ) 3
=
2
x 3x + 2 x
x
x 1
1

2
x2
(8 )
4x
1
1
2
=
+
+
2
( x 1)( x + 1)
x 1 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
(9 )
6x + 7
6
5
=
+
2
x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
( x + 2)
1
125 5
x
x
26 26
26
(10)
=1+
+
2
3
2
x 5
x +1
x 5x + x 5
3
3 9

2
2
(11)
=x+ +
2
x +1 x + 3
x + 4x + 3
x 3 + 4x 2
(12)
x 5 x 4 3x + 5
2
1
2x + 1
= ( x + 1) +
+
+ 2
2
4
3
2
x 1 ( x 1)
x +1
x 2 x + 2x 2 x + 1
164
165
(13)
7x + 3
1
x
=
2
x 3 3x 2 7 x 15 x 5 x + 2x + 3
5
1 1 1
x +
x +1
8
24
6
12
(14)
= + + 2
x
x + 2 x 2x + 4
x 4 + 8x
(15)
1
2x + 1
2x + 4
2
=
+
+ 2
2
2
2
x
1
(
x
1
)
x +1
( x + 1)( x 1)
(16)
1
1
2
2
x 1 x +1 x + 2
(17)
5
2
5
2
x 1 ( x 1)
x +1
(18)
x +1
1
x +1
=
+ 2
3
2
x 2 x + 3x 2 x 1 x x + 2
(19)
5x + 8
1
2x
=
2
3
2
2 x + x + 5 x 8 x 1 2 x + 3x + 8
(20)
x 4 + x3 + x 2 x 1
1
1
=x+ 2 +
2
x ( x + 1)
x
x +1
5
2 5 2
x

4x + 5
3
6
3
6
(21)
= + 2 + 2
2
2
x
x
x +6
x ( x + 6)
3 1

x2 + 4
2
2
(22) 4
= +
x + 4x 2 + 3 x 2 + 1 x 2 + 3
1 1
6
1
x x+
2
( x 1)
5
5 5
5
(23)
= 2
+ 2
2
2
x +3
x + 13
( x + 3)( x + 13)
6
3
6
3
= 2
+ 2
+ 2
2
( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x + 1 x + 2 x + 3
1
1 1
x
(25)
=
+ 3+ 2
x +1
x 3 ( x 2 + 1) x x
(24)
(26)
7 x 2 + 12 5 / 4
5/ 4
2
=
+ 2
4
x 16 x 2 x + 2 x + 4
166
(27)
x2
1 / 2 (1 / 2) x (1 / 2)
=
+
2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x + 1
x2 + 1
* +' ' (

(1) 2401 + 6860 x2 + 7350 x4 + 3500 x6 + 625 x8
405 3 135
45 1 15 1
1 1
(2) 243 x 5 +
x +
x+
+
+
3
2
2
4 x 16 x
32 x 5
(3) 1 + 12 x + 60 x2 + 160 x3 + 240 x4 + 192 x5 + 64 x6
(4) 70C25 (3)45 (5)25
(5) 270
1 x
x2
(6) +
+
, 9 < x < 9
3 54 648
(7) 125 75x 2 30 x 4 ,
5<x< 5
1
3
15 2
35
x
x
x3 + L ,
2 < x < 2
(8)
2 2 8 2
64 2
256 2
3
9
27 3
1
1
(9) (a) 1 + x x 2 +
x +L,
<x<
2
8
16
3
3
1
1
<x<
(b) 1 + 11 x + 72 x2 + 378 x3 + ,
3
3
r
r
1
1 r + 1 1
(10)
3 < x < 3
( r + 1) =
,
9
3 9 3
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
2 7
4 2
+
x+
x ,
9 27
27
r 1
5r + 2 1
, r 1
27 3
3 < x < 3,
1 3x 5x 2
+
,
1 < x < 1,
2 2
5
r
1 r 1
1
1
2 + ,
<x<
11
2
2
5
1
3 + ( 1) r r
2
1 3x 7 x 2 15x 3
+
, 1 < x < 1,
2 4
8
16
1 +
1
211
(1) r 1 r +1
2
1 x4 x6
+ ,
2 < x < 2,
4 16 16
1
r +1
r 1
1 r
( 1) r r + ( 1) r 1 r 1 = (1) r r , r 1
4
2
2 4
2
4.021,
0.20848 ,
0.906
166
167
-./
, (
(1)
(2)
(a)
5 6 3
5A3B+4C=
9 1 59
(b)
0
2
A Bt + B At =
0 36
(a)
2 17 7
3 A 2 C + Bt =
1 7 10
(b)
13 2
AB2CB=
3 3
(3)
91
(A B) C = A (B C) =
42
(4)
21 8 27 21
(A B) C = A (B C) = 156 2 90 27
57 4 27
3
(5)
7 1
AB=
, B A =
7 6
ABBA
2 11
3 1 ,

(6)
A = [2 1]
(7)
A = [ 1 2 1]
(8)
A At = At A = I
1 2 2
1
A = A = 2 1
2
3
2 2 1
1
(10)
A=P+Q
2
2 1
P = 0.5 (A + A ) = 1 4 0.5
2 0.5 6
t
2
3
0
0
0.5
Q = 0.5 (A A ) = 2
3 0.5 0
t
(11)
|A| = 33,
|2 A| = 264 = 23 |A|
168
# k '' ($ %& n n " # A !

.|k A| = kn |A|
(12)
|A| = 0,
r1 = r2
|B| = 0,
r2 = r1
|C| = 0,
r3 = r1 + r2
(13)
|A B| = 99,
|A| = 33,
(14)
B = A + At
|B| = 3
Bt = (A + At)t = At + (At)t = At + A = A + At = B
*- ."+ ,- - B # *

(15)
B = A At
Bt = (A At)t = (At)t At = A At = B
*- ."+ ,- - B # *

(16)
(A B C)t = [(A B) C]t = Ct (A B)t = Ct (BtAt) = Ct BtAt
(17)
A B2
= A B B = (A B) B = (B A) B
= B A B = B (A B) = B (B A) = B2 A
A B3
= A B2 B = (A B2) B = (B2 A) B
= B2 A B = B2 (A B) = B2 (B A) = B3 A
/00 100 200 00 100 *00 00 -3 00 $ 100 ' 00 45 00 00 -
#00 ,00 -
.* 67
(18)
* 8 :!; < % 1 (17) 14 8 % 9 -3

(A B)2 = (A B) (A B) = A (B A) B
= A (A B) B = (A A) (B B) = A2 B2
(A B)3 = (A B)2 (A B) = A2 B2 (A B) = A2 (B2 A) B
= A2 (A B2) B = (A2 A) (B2 B) = A3 B3
(19)
5 4 3
= 10 7 6
8 6 5
B 1 =
1 5 3
17 4 1
168
169
1 4 1
1
= 2 1 7
9
4
2
5
D| = 0| #$ = > = D

r3 = r1 #$ E| = 0| #$ = > = E
(20)
2 1
1
= 2 1 1
2
3 2
A A1 = I |A A1| = |I| |A| |A1| = 1 |A1| = 1/|A| = |A|1

A1 = (1/|A|) adj A
(21)
adj A = |A| A1
|adj A| = | |A| A1 |
= |A|n |A1|
= |A|n |A|1
= |A|n1
tan
2
(22)
(23)

tan 1
2

1 tan
2

tan
2
1

1 + tan 2 tan
2
2
2
1 tan 2 2 tan 2
cos
2 2 tan
1 tan 2
2
2

2
2
cos 2 sin 2 2 sin 2 cos 2
2 sin cos
cos 2 sin 2
2
2
2
2
cos sin
sin cos

tan 1
2

1 tan
2

tan
2
(A B C)1 = [(A B) C] 1 = C1 (A B)1 = C1 (B1 A1) = C1 B1 A1
170
(A + B) [A1 (I + B A1)1] = [(A + B) A1] (I + B A1)1
(24)
=
(I + B A1) (I + B A1)1
=I
,-
[A1 (I + B A1)1] (A + B) = [(I + B A1) A]1 (A + B)
=
(A + B)1 (A + B)
=I
(25)
# B B/ %8 A !+ @ 14$ !+ @ - 'A

C #D .B2 = A 45 ' " =
x
A =B=
z
y
w
# *
4 4 x
4 4 = z
2
x 2 + yz xy + yw
y
=
2
w
xz + wz yz + w
7 2 ,
x2 + y z = 4,
x y + y w = 4,
x z + w z = 4,
y z + w2 = 4
2 , 7 :!; ,

x=y=z=w= 2
#
(26)
2
A =
2
a. 3
(27)
2
.
2
b. 1
170
171
0 1 2

(1)
(2)
(3)
(a)
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
(b)
x = 1, y = 2, z = 2
(c)
x = 1, y = 1 , z = 1
(a)
(A) = 2
(b) (B) = 2
(d)
(D) = 2
(e) (E) = 3
(a)
, > =
(b)
E 2 , # *F>7
(c) (C) = 2
x = 2t, y = 4t, z = t
(c)
, > =
(d)
E 2 , # *F>7

x = t, y = 0, z = 2t, u = 2 t
(e)
E 2 , # *F>7

x = (6 12t)/7,
(f)
E 2 , # *F>7

x = 11t/7,
(g)
y = t/7,
z=t
E 2 , # *F>7

x = 2 + 7t,
(h)
y = (11t 2)/21 ,
y = 5 10t, z = t
,
x = 1 , y =4, z = 4
(4)
k =1, 2
(5)
k = 1/3 (, # *F>7 )

k 1/3 ( ,)
(6)
|A| = 0
k3 3 k2 15 k 18 = 0
(k 6)(k2 + 3 k + 3) = 0
k=6
z=t
172
(7)
(8)
k=1
x = 1 + 2t,
y = 3t,
z=t
k=2
x = 2t,
y = 1 3t,
z=t
(A33) = 3 |A| 0,
(B33) = 3 |B| 0
|A| 0 , |B| 0 |A B| 0 ((AB)33) = 3

(9)
1
1 = 1, X1 = 0 t1,
0
1
2 = 2, X2 = 1 t2, 3 = 3, X3 =
0
(10)
1
A: 1 = 2 , X1 = 2 t1, 2 = 2 , X2 =
1
1
2 t
3
2
1
2 t , = 0, X =
3
2 3
1
1
0 t
3
1
A2: 1 = 2, 2 = 2, 3 = 0
(11)
." %+ ; (n1 " #) %+ (/ HG ; " !+
(15)
a. x = 10, y = 3, z = 5
b. x = 2 t, y = 3 + t, z = t
c. , > =
(16)
a. 2 x1 = x3, 6 x1 = 2 x4, 2 x2 = 2 x3 + x4
b. x1 = 2 x2 = 7 x3 = 4 x4 = 6
(17)
a + b + c + d = 3,
a + b c + d = 7,
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 1,
8a + 4b 2c + d = 21
172

كتاب الرياضيات-اعدادى هندسة

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

كتاب الرياضيات-اعدادى هندسة

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats



   

, !- ' 

 E9 N# .4

345 2/ -

6 7) !  -

+<7 5  9 

-, , 

  . 

    ,     +# %   & ' (!   )"*

.-     ./!"    !    +# 

0!  +# 8  (15! > ,

  !" ."!$     .$ ,

.      .$ ,

$    !  !&< A!@ * Pn(x), Qm(x)  ,$ !"  ! #

.;!  

Polynomials factorization 

    1 $

$ !&     'F

D !"  1 $

! # , -    ! (0

   ! (0

   ! (0

; , !   #"  

 -     .$ ! , 

!&   5 "!$     .$ %

. % 1 "!$  %    .$ G% !%

 % 1!   1 $

.! " 3F" 

!& @ , ! D   Q!  L

* ,!! 1, 2, 3 , x3 + 4 x2 + x 6 = 0  !  # % " ! D ; @! .%

    ! +#   1 , x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0  !  # % " ! D ; @! .(

;  @D !% x = 1

! )    ; @" P2(x)  L

D   ! &

+# % ! (1, 2) !"$ x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2 = 0  !  # % " ! D ; @! .

.$ , '  9 ("!$ , 4  - , 2) ! , '  "! C0  

3 <- (0 ; " 1 G ! 5 .!  .$ , . <  %

       N ,  @- .  +#

 ! 

 ,!&" :!"! ,!!

.      , +#

.          N ,  @- .  +#

D 15 ! 

 ,!&" :!"! ,!!

.      , +#

., !      1 @ R@ D !""  ! $-  8!"

4 L3  ! !% ! $-  !"  1

.;! !  #  5   ! = C0 ,!

, ! <4 ,  (0 ; " .1 $ ! !"  D

 !&"  A 1!$ G   ! 

 !&"  B2 1!$ G   ! 

 ,!&" :!"! ,!!

.  >F" #!  #  !

.  >F" 5 ;! ,   (x + 1)2   ./!"

 :!" %  ' ,"!$ >F! '!

, ! +!@   - E  @-    

# 9<  , .

+# 8  . F ,!

 ,!&" :!"! ,!!

Covering method  +2

.;! , , -   

, ! <4 ,  (0 ; " .1 $ ! !"  D

<4  ( B 1!$ < N

, !- '

E9 N# .4

345 2/ -

6 7) ! -

+<7 5 9

-, ,

.

, +# % & ' (! )"*

.- ./!" ! +#

0! +# 8 (15! > ,

!" ."!$ .$ ,

. .$ ,

$ ! !&< A!@ * Pn(x), Qm(x) ,$ !" ! #

.;!

Polynomials factorization

1$

$ !& 'F

D !" 1$

! # ,- ! (0

! (0

! (0

; , ! #"

- .$ ! ,

!& 5 "!$ .$ %

.% 1 "!$ % .$ G% !%

% 1! 1$

.! " 3F"

!& @ , ! D Q! L

* ,!! 1, 2, 3 , x3 + 4 x2 + x 6 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .%

! +# 1 , x2 + 2 x + 1 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .(

; @D !% x = 1

! ) ; @" P2(x) L

D ! &

+# % ! (1, 2) !"$ x3 + 4 x2 + 5 x + 2 = 0 ! # % " ! D ; @! .

.$ , ' 9 ("!$ , 4 - , 2) ! , ' "! C0

3<- (0 ;" 1 G! 5 .! .$ , .< %

N , @- . +#

!

,!&" :!"! ,!!

. , +#

. N , @- . +#

D 15 !

,!&" :!"! ,!!

. , +#

., ! 1@ R@ D !"" ! $- 8!"

4 L3 ! !% ! $- !" 1

.;! ! # 5 ! = C0 ,!

, ! <4 , (0 ;" .1$ ! !" D

!&" A 1!$ G !

!&" B2 1!$ G !

,!&" :!"! ,!!

. >F" #! # !

. >F" 5 ;! , (x + 1)2 ./!"

:!" % ' ,"!$ >F! '!

, ! +!@ - E @-

# 9< , .

+# 8 . F ,!

,!&" :!"! ,!!

Covering method +2

.;! , ,-

, ! <4 , (0 ;" .1$ ! !" D

<4 ( B 1!$ < N

N 3F" , $ % ; @ E ! !0 T ,!

, ! T! + ! A 1!$

.

!

.

.T! )" An 1!$ T! 5 !& 1$ +#

(y = x2 > ) ,!&"

' ! $- C0 .'!

/" < - . ! ) '" )"*

, !&" . !" 9

.:!" 3F"

/" < - . ! ; @!

/" < ; @ ;$ x , 5% ;! (0 ) ,"!$

. 8 !&"

/" % (1)

% (2)

% (3)

(2008 ")