Morgan Davis

ISM- Period 6

"Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus)." <i>National Center for Biotechnology Information</i>.

U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2015.
Disease in which body cannot control the amount of glucose in the blood
Kidneys produce a large amount of urine\
People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also referred to as high blood sugar
or hyperglycemia
Insulin allows cells to absorb the glucose and use it for energy
Insulin is made in the pancreas which is an organ found behind the stomach
The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets
Beta cells within the islets make insulin and release it into the blood
Prediabetes is when A1C levels are above average but not yet high enough to be
considered diabetes
A1C levels are a measure of the blood glucose
High blood glucose damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications
such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dental disease, and
amputations
Other complications of diabetes include increased susceptibility to other diseases,
loss of mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems
The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. A third
type, gestational diabetes, develops only during pregnancy.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulinproducing beta cells in the pancreas, the bodys immune system attacks and
destroys the beta cells
Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear
at any age
Genetic susceptibility plays a big part in type 1 and 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes this is when the body can no
longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use
insulin.
Type 2 diabetes develops most often in middle-aged and older people who are also
overweight or obese.
The disease, once rare in youth, is becoming more common in overweight and
obese children and adolescents.
Scientists think genetic susceptibility and environmental factors are the most likely
triggers of type 2 diabetes

Morgan Davis
ISM- Period 6

The source gave a lot of insight on all aspects of diabetes including the rising prevalence,
and the key factors an individual should know when learning about diabetes. The article
definitely would raise awareness for diabetes if others were to read it.
"Statistics About Diabetes." <i>American Diabetes Association</i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 23
Oct. 2015.
In 2012, 29.1 million Americans, or 9.3% of the population, had diabetes
About 1.25 million American children and adults have type 1 diabetes.
Of the 29.1 million, 21.0 million were diagnosed, and 8.1 million were
undiagnosed.
The percentage of Americans age 65 and older remains high, at 25.9%, or 11.8
million seniors
The incidence of diabetes in 2012 was 1.7 million new diagnoses/year; in 2010 it
was 1.9 million. (page 1)
In 2012, 86 million Americans age 20 and older had prediabetes; this is up from
79 million in 2010. (page 1)
Diabetes is the 7th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010
234,051 death certificates list diabetes as an underlying or contributing cause of
death
7.6% of non-Hispanic whites
12.8% of Hispanics
13.2% of non-Hispanic blacks
15.9% of American Indians/Alaskan Natives
4.4% for Chinese
13.0 for Asian Indians
13.9% for Mexican Americans
14.8% for Puerto Ricans, these rates prove the separation of diabetes in different
races and backgrounds
208,000 Americans below the age of 20 is expected to have been diagnosed
In 20082009, the annual incidence of diagnosed diabetes in youth was
estimated at 18,436 with type 1 diabetes, 5,089 with type 2 diabetes. (page 1)
The source gave a lot of statistics that many people would not believe, especially the
number of deaths and other serious complications.

Morgan Davis
ISM- Period 6

Morgan Davis
ISM-6th Period
"New type 2 diabetes therapy proposed." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc.
Web. 5 Nov. 2015. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=UPI-1-20100329-133608-bc-usdiabetes&SingleRecord=True>.
Scientist found a new treatment for type 2 diabetes
Treatment is supposed to make blood sugar levels return to normal which would
resolve a lost response to insulin due to obesity
Childrens hospital in Boston has made the discovery of a pathway that fails in
obese patients
Medication was tested on mice
The diabetic mice proved that activating the pathway artificially, made blood
glucose levels return
Doctors also found that brain, liver, and fat cells of obese mice have increased
stress in the endoplasmic reticulum
When a person reaches obesity the endoplasmic reticulum begins to shut down
Endoplasmic reticulum sends out signals for other cells to do their job
"ER stress activates a cascade of events that suppress the body's response to
insulin
This is the first answer to research about the link between the stress of type 2
diabetes and obesity
The studied ended up showing a transcription factor that normally helps relieve
ER stress is unable to function in obese mice
The article as a whole was very informative in explain the different processes described
and also showed the importance of diabetes and its prevalence; since many people do not
know that there is so much research going on with diabetes.

Morgan Davis
ISM- Period 6

Morgan Davis
ISM- 6th
Period
"New type 1 diabetes therapy discovered." Health Reference Center. Facts On File, Inc.
Web. 5 Nov. 2015. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=UPI-20070801-13190200&SingleRecord=True>.
Triple combination therapy found by U.S. scientists
Therapy includes inflammation reduction being a major part of type 1 diabetes and
the treatment for it
The Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center researchers determined the therapy
The therapy used tolerance-inducing and anti-inflammatory properties to prove
the success of abolishing adverse autoimmunity against insulin-producing cells
Theory was tested on a mouse model with type 1 diabetes
Results also found a previously unrecognized role for inflammation in the
disease
"Type 1 diabetes is known to develop as a consequence of autoimmune destruction
of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells," said senior author Dr. Terry Strom.
The new discovery found that this reveals for the first time that a form of
inflammation in fat and muscle acts to prevent insulin from disposing blood
glucose into tissues that require glucose"
The discovery made was very much similar to the type 2 diabetes discovery, however I
would have liked to have known if the scientists determined whether or not it would be
safe for a trial with humans.

Morgan Davis
ISM- Period 6

Morgan Davis
ISM-6th
period
Cassell, Dana K., and Noel Rose. "Type 1 diabetes research." Health Reference Center.
Facts On File, Inc. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. <http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?
ItemID=WE48&SID=5&iPin=EAID0195&S
Many new advances have been made through research and has improved diabetic
treatment
Such as genetically engineered insulin: this insulin is te same insulin that is made
in the human body therefore it is less apt to cause skin and other allergic
reactions
Self-monitoring of blood glucose which many patients do on a daily basis and
return to the doctor this had made advances from the 1980s when doctors relied on
a urine test
Hemoglobin A1C testing. By using only one blood test, doctors can now monitor
average blood sugar control over a period of two to three months
The A1C test tells how well the patient is doing and whether any changes are
needed in the management routine
Insulin pumps, insulin pens, and other aids for administering insulin. Insulin
pumps, including implantable pumps now under development, can supply insulin
in a more natural pattern, similar to the way the pancreas in a person without
diabetes makes insulin.
Other methods such as insulin in the form of nasal sprays, patches, or pills and
devices to test blood sugar levels without having to prick a finger to get a blood
sample are being developed and would further advance the treatment of diabetes
I found that a lot of the things I have learned about diabetes are actually advancements
rather than what I was thinking were actually dated methods.