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VOCABULARY

Atomos: Greek for indivisible.

NOTES:

SUMMARY

For over 2,400 years the perfect model of an atom


has been eluding the grasp of humans. Many
famous scientists have theories about what the
atom looks like and over the decades more has
been discovered. We continue to make advances to
our models of the atom and who the atom
function.

QUESTIONS
How will today's technology help to
advance our study of atoms?
Can atoms really be split apart?

Democritus came up with the theory that everything was made up of


tiny particles that varied in size and shape depending on what they
formed. He called these particles atomos = indivisible.
A teacher by the name of John Dalton said that when elements like
water were broken down they always had the same makeups. He
concluded that the compounds were made up of atoms with a
particular size and mass that could not be created or destroyed.
J.J. Thompson was a physicist that discovered the electron. He proposed
that atoms were packed spheres that were made of positive matter
and negatively charged electrons.
Ernest Rutherford was known as the father of the nuclear age. He
studied the effects of X-Rays on gasses and decided to study atoms. To
conduct his study he shot positively charged alpha particles at gold foil.
Most of the particles when through but some bounced back. He
concluded that atoms were mostly empty space and most of the
particles were concentrated in the middle called the nucleus. The
particles passed through the thin space but bounced of the nucleus.
Niels Bohr expanded on Rutherford's nuclear model. He said the
electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances that could
jump one level to another but could not exist in the space between. The
particles were later found out to move in wave like patterns as
opposed to perfect circles.
Werner Heisenberg concluded it was impossible to determine the exact
position and of electrons as they moved around an atom.
As electrons circling an atom shift energy levels they absorb or release
energy in the form of specific wavelengths of light resulting in color.

VOCABULARY

Atomos: Indivisible
Protons are positively charged
neutrons are neutral (no charge)
Electrons have a positive charge.
Nucleants : protons and neutrons inside the
nucleus.

NOTES

SUMMARY

Atoms make up all elements. These elements all have a


set number of protons electrons and neutrons. which
are the particles that make up an atom. The atom has
a basic structure which is the nucleus in the center
with protons and neutrons. The electron orbit the
outside of the nucleus and are negatively charged.

QUESTIONS
Does each element have the same
amount of neutrons as well as protons
and elctrons?

Atoms make up elements. Each of the atoms of an


element has a certain number of neutrons protons
and electrons.
3 subatomic particles make up the atom they are
protons (positive charge) neutrons(no charge) and
electrons(negative charge)
Electrons have the least mass. Next is the protons
(1836 times as big as the electron) and lastly is the
neutrons (1839 times as big as the electron) with the
most mass.
The basic structure of an atom is the nucleus in the
center with protons and neutrons. The electron orbit
the outside of the nucleus and are negatively charged.
Most of the atom's mass is in the nucleus
The number of protons determines what an element
is and makes the element the element it is.
Atoms on the periodic table are electrically neutral.
Protons charges are balanced by electron charges.

VOCABULARY

Protons are positively charged


neutrons are neutral (no charge)
Electrons have a positive charge.

NOTES

SUMMARY
Each atoms has their own makeup
that makes them unique and different.
There are many models of the atom
but Bohr's model helped as a
foundation for our current model.
QUESTIONS

Bohr came up with the Electron Shell


Model. Each shell could only hold so
many electrons before the electrons
moved to the next shell.
His theory states that the first shell
can hold 2 electrons the seconds can
hold 8 the third can hold 8 the fourth
and fifth can hold 18 and the sixth and
seventh can hold 32.
The electrons and protons should be
even to create a neutral atom.
A silicon atoms would contain 14
protons and 14 electrons

VOCABULARY
Alpha Particles: Small positively charged
particles.
Nucleus: The small dense positively
charged center of an atom.
SUMMARY

Ernest Rutherford was the scientist that


discovered the nucleus of an atom using his gold
foil experiment. HIs discoveries were the building
blocks to what we currently know about the atom.

QUESTIONS
Who did he work with to complete this
experiment?

NOTES
Rutherfords experiment was to fire alpha particles
(positively charged) through a sheet of gold foil.
There was an alpha particle beam that was shot
through the gold foil to see if every particle would
pass through.
To his surprise some of the atoms bounced back.
and did not go straight through the foil.
This helped him to make many theories about the
atom.
He concluded that the atom contains a small
dense nucleus. He also said that the nucleus
contained most of the atoms mass and that the
nucleus is positively charged and that the atoms is
mostly empty space and the electrons move
around this empty space.

VOCABULARY

Isotope: an atom with the same number of


protons but it can very in the number of neutrons

SUMMARY

Many atoms have isotopes our varying


numbers of neutrons in the atom. If the atom
has multiple isotopes (varying neutrons) it
only changes the mass of the atom not the
way it reacts.

QUESTIONS
How many elements of the periodic
table have isotopes?

NOTES
An isotope is an atom with the same number of
protons but it can very in the number of neutrons.
For example, Carbon can be Carbon 11 Carbon 12
and Carbon 14
Isotopes do not change the atom itself but it
changes the mass of the atom.
Helium: it was 2 protons 2 electrons and 2
neutrons. If we add the protons and neutrons
together we get Helium 4
Atomic number 4: Protons 4 Neutrons 5 Mass 9
Isotope 9
Atomic Number 12: Protons 12 Neutrons 16 Mass
26 Isotope 26.

VOCABULARY
Ion: an atom that has a charge.

NOTES

SUMMARY
An ion is an atom that has either a
positive or negative charge. Atom lose
or gain electrons when a chemical
reaction occurs with the atom.

QUESTIONS
What are some different ions?

An ion is an atom that has a charge.


Atoms on the periodic table are electrically neutral (# of
protons and electrons are equal to each other) This creates
a neutral atom.
In a chemical reaction atoms gain or lose electrons
This creates an imbalance of the charges because of the
uneven number of positive and negative charges.
If an atom gains an electron it then has a negative charge
and is written like ClIf it gains more than one electron it is written like Cl 3- (if
three were gained)
If an atom were to lose an electron it would be written
like Na+
If an atom were to lose more the one electron it would be
written like Na2+ (If two electrons were lost).

VOCABULARY

SUMMARY

QUESTIONS

NOTES

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