1.

What type of population in the world is growing

most rapidly currently?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

I. is inversely proportional to per capita

income
II. is an inaccurate measure of population
growth
III. is about 2 in the United States

Urban in less developed countries

Rural in developed countries
Urban in developed countries
Rural in less developed countries
Suburban in all types of countries

2. If a population of 500 has an intrinsic growth

rate of 5% a year and its environment has a
carrying capacity of 3,000,what is the least
amount of years it take for the population to
reach its carrying capacity?
A) 20

B) 30

C) 40

D) 50

E) 60

3. The Earth's exponential increase in human

population during the last century has been
largely influenced by
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

a decrease in wars
the Green Revolution
the Industrial Revolution
increase in birth control
increased immigration and emigration

4. A large city has a population of 50 million people.

The population is increasing at a rate of 1.9
percent a year. If this rate remains constant,
what will the population be in 25 years?
A) 50 million
C) 70 million
E) 90 million

B) 60 million
D) 80 million

5. The population of Japan is steadily declining.

Which of the following is not a reason for such a
decline?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

AIDS
Family planning
High education costs
Late marriages
High land prices

6. The greatest population stability has been

achieved in
A) North America
C) China
E) South America

7. In general, the total fertility rate

B) India
D) Northern Africa

A) I only
C) III only
E) II and III only

B) II only
D) I and II only

8. The world population is

I. increasing only in developing nations
II. at carrying capacity
III. closer to 6.3 billion than 5 million
A) I only
C) I and II only
E) I, II and III

B) III only
D) I and III only

9. What is the net annual percentage growth rate of

a citywith population 100,000 thatexperiences
200 births, 50 deaths, 50 emigrants, and 20
immigrants in the duration of a year?
A) 0.12%
C) 1.0%
E) 1.8%

B) 0.18%
D) 1.2%

10. A country is going through the demographic

transition. As the country enters negative
growth rate, which of the following generally
stops changing?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Fertility rate
Population under age
Average family size
Birth rate
Death rate

11. A country's fertility rate isNOT decreased by

A) decreased importance of children in labor
force
B) urbanization
C) higher educational opportunities for
women
D) reduced cost of raising children
E) lower marriage age

Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the age structures below, which are expressed
as percentage of population for countries A, B, and C.

12. Approximately what percent of the population in country C is below the age of 20?
A) 4

B) 8

C) 16

D) 32

E) 50

13. Which of the countries is undergoing rapid growth.

A) A only

B) B only

C) C only

14. Which of the following is not a method of

reducing population growth within a country?

D) B and C only E) A, B, and C

16. The graph below represents the population of a
city in which country?

A) Offer incentives to smaller families.

B) Increase education funding which increases
likelihood of two income homes.
C) Provide family planning services.
D) Decreasing the cost of land.
E) Increase health care availability, so
likelihood some children within a family
survive.
15. K selected species
A) perform best in unstable environmental
conditions
B) thrive in competition
C) spend lots of energy in reproduction
D) have constant loss survivorship curves
E) increase most rapidly when far away from
the carrying capacity

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Uganda, a less-developed country

United States, a highly-developed country
Canada, a less-developed country
Australia, a less-developed country
India, a highly-developed

Base your answers to questions 17 and 18 on

the graph below, which shows different stages
related to the birth and death rates of human
populations over time.

17. Which of the following bestexplains the high

birth rate in stage 2 in contrast to the rapidly
declining death rate?
A) The average age of marriage increasing
B) Nations becoming more developed and
industrialized
C) Increases in many areas
includingtechnological and medical
innovations
D) Hard to change social values that place
value on having many children
E) Increase in educational and employment
opportunities for women
18. The rate of population growth begins to
increase at which point?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

The end of stage 1

The beginning of stage 2
Then end of stage 2
The middle of stage 3
The middle of stage 4

19. Most r-selected species go through

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

cyclic or irregular population changes

stable or cyclic population changes
stable orirregular population changes
irruptive or stable population changes
irregular or irruptive population changes

20. Which is a valid statement about the above

trend in fertility?
I. A change in the average age of marriage has
led to this trend.
II. Low infant mortality rate is a result of this
trend.
III. Urbanization has led to this trend.
A) I only
C) I and II only
E) I, II, and III

B) II only
D) I and III only

21. An example of a r-selected species would be

A) humans
C) rodents
E) sharks

B) cats
D) eagles

22. Which of the following would not be considered

a density independent control on population?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Pesticide spraying
Infectious disease
Drought
Floods
Fire

23. The largest population density can be found in

A) Asia
C) North America
E) Australia

B) Europe
D) South America

Base your answers to questions 24 through 27 on the images below.

24. The survivorship curve of most animals in the Antarctic terrestrial biome is represented by
A) I only
C) III only
E) II and IV only

B) II only
D) IV only

25. Most species on Earth have survivorship curves similar to

A) I only
C) III only
E) II and IV only

B) II only
D) IV only

26. The survivorship curve of an r-strategist could be represented by

A) I only
C) IV only
E) II and III only

B) III only
D) I and II only

27. The survivorship of a K-strategist could be represented by

A) I only
C) IV only
E) II and III only

B) III only
D) I and II only

28. Clumping patterns occur with vegetation

primarily because
A) resources are naturally found in pockets
B) they arise naturally from shading and
resource competition
C) seeds are randomly distributed
D) plants secrete antagonistic varietal
chemicals
E) such patterns arise from chance

29. Thebiotic potentialof most species usually

resembles a
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

S shaped curve
J shaped curve
L shaped curve
straight line
bell shaped curve

30. The greatest population density is found in

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

The Netherlands
South Korea
the United Kingdom
China
Bangladesh

31. In general, opportunist species

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

are found in specialist niches

are late successional species
are of later reproductive age
care little for their many offspring
are larger adults with a higher ability to
compete

32. Density-independent population controls

include all of the following EXCEPT
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

floods
pesticide spraying
parasitism
fire
habitat destruction

33. By 2100, the population of Japan is expected

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

to remain the same

to halve
to double
to triple
to quadruple

34. Sexual reproduction

I. Is practiced by almost all the organisms
on the earth
II. Provides greater genetic diversity in
offspring
III. Allows males to gather food and the
female to protect the young
A) I only
C) I and III only
E) I, II, and III

B) II and III only

D) I and II only

35. Which of the following countries had the

sharpest decline in fertility from 1965 to 2000?
A) Italy
C) Mexico
E) India

B) US
D) China

36. A species of animals that occasionally explodes

in population and then consequently crashes to
a lower level has what type of population
fluctuation?
A) Stable
C) Eruptive
E) Irregular

B) Cyclic
D) Irruptive

37. Carrying capacity is determined by

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

competition
catastrophic events
immigration
none of the above
all of the above

38. Which of the following is TRUE about carrying

capacity and biotic potential?
A) A hypothetical population with a low
intrinsic rate of increase and negligible
environmental resistance would have no
carrying capacity.
B) Populations with huge biotic potential tend
to reproduce later on in life.
C) Only the environmental resistance
determines the carrying capacity of a
population.
D) There are some populations that have no
limits to population growth in nature.
E) If a population declines belowa minimum
viable population it's intrinsic rate of
increase most likely will double to recover.
39. The growth curve for a population reaching
some carrying capacity K assumes a
characteristic
A) "S" shape
C) elliptical shape
E) "K" shape

B) "J" shape
D) parabolic shape

40. The AIDS epidemic is most urgent in

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Southeast Asia
Latin America
Sub-Sahara Africa
Western Europe
North America

41. For the following question, refer to the diagram

below.

46. Which of the following have proved effective as

methods of controlling a nation's population?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Which lettered portion of the curve most closely

corresponds to the carrying capacity of the
ecosystem?
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

42. The best measure of a society's quality of life is

its
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

gross national product

educational standards
infant mortality rate
life expectancy
fertility rates

47. The Middle East, whose countries have some of

the highest population growth rates in the
world, has been an area of war and conflict in
recent times. Which new issue is likely to
overshadow other issues in causing disputes in
the future?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

religious and cultural values

the unavailability of birth control
lack of education
unmitigated urbanization
an unbounded food supply

44. The lowest birth rates are currently to be found

in
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

China
Latin America
Germany
Eastern Europe
Sub-Saharan Africa

45. Which of the following countries has the highest

fertility rate?
A) Japan
C) Canada
E) China

B) Mali
D) U.S.

oil supply
fresh water supply
religious differences
ethnic differences
terrorism

48. Which of the following are migration trends

that the US is currently undergoing?
I. A general movement towards the South
II. A rapid increase in suburban
development and population
III. A rapid growth in central city areas of
population and development

43. Large birth rates in Mexico are due primarily to

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Legally imposed sterilization

Child quotas
Birth control
Financial incentives
None of the above

A) I only
C) I and II only
E) II and III only

B) II only
D) I and III only

49. In the long term, stable economic growth

encourages
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

stable population growth

unbounded population growth
population stabilization
gradual population decline
varying effects upon population

50. Which of the following is often an indicator

species?
A) Bees
C) Tigers
E) Birds

B) Bacteria
D) Shrubs

51. Currently, _______ countries make up the

majority of the world's population. At the end
of the twenty-first century, _______ countries
are expected to make up the majority of the
world's population.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

developed; developed
developed; developing
developing; developing
developing; developed
population changes are not predictable

Base your answers to questions 52 through 55

on the following relationships between
organisms in an ecosystem.
(A) Predation
(B) Competition
(C) Mutualism
(D) Commensalism
(E) Parasitism
52. Exemplified by flatworm feeding on nutrients in
the human digestive system
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

53. Exemplified by eagles displacing hawks from

nesting sites
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

54. Exemplified by E. coli living in human intestine

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

55. Exemplified by remoras attaching to sharks and

eating the scraps left over by the shark
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

56. The ability to survive a changing environment

is directly related to which of the following
factors?
I. Individuals reproductive age
II. Species reproductive capacity
III. Number of mates
A) I only
C) III only
E) I, II and III

B) II only
D) I and III

57. Which of the following are considered beneficial

habitat modifications by keystone species?
I. Elephants pushing over trees and
creating forest openings in the grasslands of
Africa.
II. Bats depositing seed in their guana over
deforested areas
III. Beaver dams changing fast moving
streams into a pond or lake
A) I only
C) II and III only
E) I, II, and III

B) I and II only
D) I and III only

58. Parasitism and predation both involve a benefit

to one organism with a cost to the other
organism. Which of the following is an example
of parasitism and predation, respectively?
I. clam attached to the gills of a
fish, absorbing nutrients from the
fish
II. lions prey upon zebras for food
III. two species of honeybees
competing for the same hive
A) I, II
C) II, III
E) III, II

B) I, III
D) II, I

59. Interspecific competition differs from

intraspecific competition in that:
A) interspecific involves competition between
different species, while intraspecific
involves competition within one species.
B) interspecific involves competition within
one species, while intraspecific involves
competition between different species.
C) interspecific occurs when indirect effects
decrease resources, while intraspecific
occurs when direct effects increase
resources.
D) interspecific occurs when direct effects
decrease resources, while intraspecific
occurs when indirect effects increase
resources.
E) None of the above are accurate.

60. Most pests are

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

K-selected organisms
equilibrial populations
long-lived
r-strategists
none of the above

61. When introduced into an ecosystem, invasive

plant species
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

consume competing native species

displace competing native species
disrupt the water cycle
increase carbon dioxide intake
reduce land fertility

62. Density-dependent effects that limit

populations include
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

accumulation of wastes
increased intraspecies aggression
extreme environmental conditions
both a and b
a, b and c

63. The number of reproducing females in a

population is most directly related to the
populations
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

carrying capacity
fecundity
growth rate
survivorship curve
population size

64. Which of the following types of species would be

least susceptible to the fragmentation of its
habitat due to human influences?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Generalists
Specialists
Large predators
Migratory species
K-selected species

65. Based on the graph above, which curve

represents the survivorship curve for elephants
and why?
A) A, because elephants produce few young
and care for them until they reach
reproductive maturity.
B) C, because elephants produce few young
and care for them until they reach
reproductive maturity.
C) B, because elephants have a uniform death
rate.
D) C, because elephants have high juvenile
mortality.
E) A, because elephants have high juvenile
mortality.
66. Base your answer to the following question on
the diagram below. A pair of antelope, A, lives
on 1 square mile of land. A second pair, B, lives
on 4 square miles of land, in which 0.25 of the 4
square miles overlaps the territory of the first
pair.

Both pairs A and B are members of the same

species. Which of the following explains why
area B is larger than area A?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Pair B is bigger
Pair B has less food in its area
Pair A has fewer offspring
Pair B has more available resources
Pair A is more defensive

67. Base your answer to the following question on

the diagrambelow of a particular population
that changes with time when subjected to
limited resources and various external stresses.

Which lettered portion most likely corresponds

to when the reproductive time lag, or the period
needed for the birth rate to fall and the death
rate to rise in response to resource over
consumption?
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

Base your answers to questions 68 and 69 on

the graph below.

68. Which letter represents a population growing at

the greatest rate?
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

69. Which letter represents a population growing at

a decreasing rate?
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

70. The above diagram shows a classroom

experiment duplicating G. F. Gause's classic
laboratory experiment with two similar
single-celled Paramecium species. Each species
is introduced into a single flask with limited
nutrients in equal amounts. The population of
each species is determined at regular intervals.
At which point is death rate exceeding birth
rate for P. caudatum?
A) A

B) B

C) C

D) D

E) E

71. Base your answer to the following question on

the diagram below.

72. Base your answer to the following question on

the graph below.

What causes the cyclic nature of the

predator-prey population size graph?
A) As the prey population size decreases, less
food is available to the predator, causing a
subsequent decrease in predator
population size.
B) As predator population size increases, prey
have less available resources and thus
decrease in size.
C) The environmental conditions cause the
cyclic changes in population sizes.
D) As the prey population size decreases,
more food is available to the predator,
causing an increase in predator population
size.
E) Seasonal cues trigger the cyclic nature of
predator-prey relationships.

Based on the graph, oysters would have which

survivorship curve, and why?
A) Type I because oysters reproduce early in
life.
B) Type II because oysters have a uniform
death rate.
C) Type II because oysters reproduce for most
of their lifetime.
D) Type III because oysters reach adulthood
very quickly.
E) Type III because death occurs in younger
rather than older oysters.