Gaytae A N AT 0 M Y DRAWING SCHOOL ANIMAL Mae)CONTENTS FOREWORD ANIMAL ANATOMY THE HORSE THE COW 6 108 138 154 170FOREWORD Domestic animals are perhaps the ones most frequently depicted in works of an. ‘The horse, the cow, the cat, the dog and the pigare important figures of many well- known paintings and sculptures An important prerequisite for drawing them is the knowledge of their anatomy. We can understand their shape that is different from ours if we place the human body on all fours. Their bones, even if they have different shape, are comparable to human bones in many cases. Thus, we can understand the structure of their skeleton that, together with the muscles, accounts for the complex changes of their shape in motion ‘To draw an animal, one must, above all, get to know the animal itself, with its characteristic features such as nose, snout, es, ears, legs and tail Of course, with animals with a thick fur, it is more difficult to detect their anatomy as many plastic changes are hidlen. But the informed spectator will also recognise small indications that show that the artist has a knowledge of anatomy, Animals are very different, with a variety of shapes and character, but they have much in common with regard to anatomy. Thope that the knowledge presented in th ful not only to artists, but also to veterinarians; therefore, Iam also recommending this book to them. book will be us Andras SzunyoghyFig. 13 ‘The skeleton, cranial aspect 8 Distal phalans (coffin bone)Fig. 14 ‘The muscles, cranial aspect 1 Sternohyoideus muscle (9) 2 Stermocephalicus muscle (7) 3 Trapezius muscle (14) {4 Shoulder join, covered by the brachiocephalicus muscle (6) 5 Suleus pectoris mediants bordered by the pectoral muscles (27-30) a Jugular groove with the gular vein 92 Fig. 32 ‘The muscles of the shoulder and elbow joints; lateral (A) and medial (B) aspects (superficial layer) 1 Supraspinatus muscle (42) 2 Infraspinaus muscle (45) 3 Deltoudeus muscle (43) 4 Biceps brachii muscle (52) 4/1 Mis lacertusfibrosus portion t0 the extensor carp siialis 5 Brachialis muscle (50), 6 Triceps brachii muscle (52) 7 "eres major muscle (47) 8 Subscapularis muscle (45) 9 Subclavius muscle (32) 10 Coracobrachialis musele (49)MOVEMENT PATTERNS. Fig. 44 Phases of walking, thoracic limb ‘Whee iting the forelimb (A) the joints are Aexed, begining atthe shoulder joint At point 1) the limb i pulled forward by the brchiocephalicus muscle of the shoulder joint. Beginning atthe distal end ofthe limbs ‘and continuing toward the shoulder, the joints are then gradually extended. When placing the extended! limb on the ground (, forward motion is continued by ex- tending the elbow and shoulder joints.Fig. 45 Walking slowlyFig. 78 ‘The lips and nose ower lip 2 Mental point 3 Angle of mouth 4 False nosti (everticulum)U Left eye, lateral aspect / left eye, caudal aspect =~) ralaspect Left eve, cranial aspect Right eye (wide open, lateral aspect Fig. 79 ‘The eye 1 Supraorbital region 4 Lacrimal caruncle 2 Fyelash border of the upper eyelid 3 Medial angle ofthe eye 5 ll eyelid 6 Lateral angle ofthe e 3‘The shape and size ofthe skull, trunk and the limbs varies greatly according t0 the breed, The vertebrie are short, their pro- cesses are smal. The ribs are well arched, so thatthe chestis wide, The sternum ise ii ‘and thin, The shoulder blade is wwideand shovelshaped. The bumerusand femurare thin, their bodies areeurved. The is small The hones ofthe lower fore- Jegand dhe crusare long. The animal walks fon four digs. Fig. The skeleton 1 The spine ofthe I cervical vertebra high 2:The spines ofthe I'-VI8thoraeie vertebrae form the base of the withers 3 Lumbar vertebrae 4 Vestcal wing ofthe hipbone 5 Ischium 6 Pubic bone 108, 8 Vile ib, 9) Steroum 10 Shoulder blade “The bones ofthe skull are demonstrated in Fig. 22, those ofthe limbs in Figs. 5, 7, 1 and 16, respectively‘The masticatory muscles particularly the temporal muscle ~ are massive. The grea ter part of the neck is covered by the bri- chiocephalicus muscle, The muscles of the pectoral gitdle which fis the limbs to the thorax are strong, The superficial muscles fof the rurap ate small but solid The tu cles ofthe thighs are lange and allow great flexibility of the hind limb. Fig.2 ‘The muscles 1 Brachiocephalieus muscle (6) 2 Trapezius muscle (74) 5 Latissimus dorsi muscle (16) 4 Obliqus externis ablominis muscle (36) 5 Obliquus internus abdoninis| muscle (57), 6 Sartorius muscle (102) 7 luteus medius muscle (97) 8 Gluteus superficials muscle (96) 9 Biceps femoris muscle (106) 10 Invercostalis externus musele (33) 109 11 Peetoralis profundus muscle (30) 12 Triceps brachii muscle (52) 13 Deltoideus muscle (43) 1 Claviculartendinows septum 15 Omotransversarius muscle (15) 16 Sternocephalicus muscle (7) 17 Sternohyoideus muscle (9) ‘The muscles of the heud ase demonstrated in Figs. 23,25, those ofthe limbs in Figs. 4, 6,8,9, 11,13, 17 and 19.Fig. ‘The skeleton, cranial aspect The steroum has a kee-like structure, The shoulder blade is wide, the humerus is shor, the bones ofthe lower foreleg are long 1 1 cervical vertebra 2 VIP cervical vertebra 3 Cylindrical body ofthe sternum, ‘with the costal cartilages which are fooming joints “The bones ofthe thonice limb are demonstrated in Figs. 5 and 7. 0Fig. ‘The muscles, cranial aspect The cervical muscles are well developed, their boundaries are marked by sharp grooves. The shoulder and pectoral museles are bulky 1 Brachiocephalicus muscle (5) 2 stemocephalicus muscle (7) 5 Trapezius muscle (1) 4 Tenulinous sheet above the spine of the shoulder blade 5 Stemohyoideus and sternothyreoideus muscles (8, 9) 6 Omotransversarius muscle (15) 7 Delioideus muscle (437 8 Cleidobrachialis muscle (6) 9 Triceps brachii musele (52) 10 Pectoralissupesficiais muscle (27) The muscles of the thoraci limb ane demonstrated in Figs. 6, 8 and 9. m1MOVEMENT PATTERNS. Fig. 91 Phases of jumping.“The dog walks in the same way as the horse. A trot- ting dog lifts its diagonally opposite limbs together but the synchronization is incomplete; the forelimb touches the ground prior to the diagonal hindlimb, and the foreleg is lifted ‘This is called dog trotting and of gundogs. 137Fig. ‘The skeleton, cranial aspect ‘The chest points downward and forward: it is egg-shaped, the ribs ane thin, the serouin is eplindrcal The spine of the shoulderblade ends ina process hove the shoulder joint “The bones ofthe skull are demonstrated in Fig. 10, those the thoracic limbsin Figs. 5 and 6. 140Fig. 4 ‘The muscles of the head, neck and thoracic limb, Jateral aspect ‘The muscles ofthe head are demonstrated inFig. 11, hoseof the thoraci linia Fig. 7 MiThe cervical pat ofthe vertebral column is short and slightly ached, thedorso-lumbar portion is straight. The shoulder blade is broad, the pelvis bones are massive. The bony framework of the chests composed (of L1G ibs and flat sternum. 7 Vi or last eal eb 8 Sternuim 9 Mandible ‘The bones ofthe limbs are demonsirated in Figs. Sand9.1 Brachiocephalicus muscle (6) 2 Trapezius muscle (14) 5 Latissimus dorsi muscle (76) 4 Seeranis dorsalis muscle (19) 5 Obliquus externus abdominis muscle (36) 6 Tensor fasciae lise muscle (95) Fig.2 ‘The muscles 7 Gluteus medius muscle (97) '8 Gluteus superficials muscle (96) © Bioeps femoris muscle (106) 10 Semitendlinosis muscle (707) 11 Serratus ventralis muscle (18) 12 Pectoralis profundus. muscle (30) 13 Triceps brachii muscle (52) 155 14 Deltoideus omscle (43) 15 Sternohyoideus muscle (9) 16 Parotideoauricularis muscle (150) “The muscles ofthe head are demonstrated Jn Fig. 14, those of the limbs in Fis. ane 1, respectively.THE COW Fig. ‘The skeleton ‘The large size and coarse stntcte of the 1 Cornual process of the frontal bone 7 Pebichone Costal ae sclaon lageskullmussiveandiongtind 2 Mandibular at |- 3 Cervical vertebme 4 Thorcie vertebrae with long Sspinous processes 5 Lamba vertebrae 6 Sacrum 9 Siernum. 10 Shoulder blade “The bones ofthe skal are demonstrated in Fig. 24, those ofthe limbs in Figs. 3, 5, 10 and 12. 18-23 coccygeal vertebrae,‘The musculature ofthe neck is well devel- ‘oped, the jugular groove is deep, the mus- les ofthe tnankeare flat. Recaus ofthe less developed muscles in the hinel quarters the samp is Hat, 1 Trapezius muscle (14) 2 Latissimus dorsi muscle (6) 3 Obliquus intemus abdominis muscle (37) 4 Obliquus externus abklominis muscle (36) Fig.2 ‘The muscles 5 Tensor fasciae lntae muscle (95) 6 Gluteus proximals muscles (95-101) 7 Gluteus eaudalis muscles (106-708) 5 stifle joint 9 Yellow abxiomsinal Fiseia (unica lava abdomninis) 10 Serratus ventralis muscle (18) 11 Pectoralis muscles (27-32) 12 Tuber oleerant with the ticeps Drachi musele (52) 13 Brachiocephalicus muscle (6) 11 Cleidomastoideus and, leidotransversarius muscle (6) 15 Sternomanedibularis musele (7) «4 Jugular groove and vein “The muscles ofthe head ate demonstrated 25, those of the limbs in Figs. 4, 6MOVEMENT PATTERNS Fig. 92 Lying down and standing up Jn preparation for lying down the animal first lowers is head, then flexes the fore= limbs one ater another and descends onto the carpal joints. Then it places the hin! limbs under the belly and shifts onto the side of thigh, Yad ‘The ying animal ests ina hall-elevated position on the sternum, the belly and the side ofthe thigh, The head is held upright, When standing up the animal pullsitsbind- limbs unde its belly, ods ts head, and ses its rump. After this it leans to the sie, res one ofthe Forelimbs:tnd leanson the al joint of the same limb, then repeats this action on the opposite side. Finally it extends its forelimbs and hits the cranial par of ts trunk, 22Grazing 203