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  • الكيمياء كتاب المعلم ج1 الصف الثاني عشر

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    Ibrahim Al Khatib
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    الكيمياء كتاب المعلم ج1 الصف الثاني عشر

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    الكيمياء كتاب المعلم ج1 الصف الثاني عشر

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    348 views220 pages

    الكيمياء كتاب المعلم ج1 الصف الثاني عشر

    Uploaded by

    Ibrahim Al Khatib
    الكيمياء كتاب المعلم ج1 الصف الثاني عشر

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 220

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    .UE

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    J+*;s:,) l2

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    JJI-; t-u

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    c,l3kJl lJ,^r! ,'1ifell

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    -rttl jEi Js ijrj),Ltr

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    ;r 0.50il) mol ai3
    "grlt_J:Jnt;+ lL>- fil:
    gta.It

    ,$!L:.all-.1+{,(a+-ll,}LL -li.f f *
    .r.rsi .ci-r-sll ir+La Lt& ,li -iS
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    27

    t,r

    .rlftrll +l;l :s
    :rl.r,!l :rY3r ,r.r -a^-.;,r-jjJ*
    "le
    lmol asbt jia-:Y)YJF llsi*;i ilA-)lrr j';
    :g=

    ;*"!'i^ll i.*lG Lll,

    Jr1:,<.-ljrir Os)U a-igri tJa)


    A-dj ,rir*ll l-{J ;1.J{-i.ll ;i ;r,;'r-

    +,i

    rr

    ;r lLr- *t;1t ;.r.tlr;r. ti'.j.t.l LiJ$)i,-aJL-Jl aj-a'r, ,.19J*+JJFI 6--.lr ;l .r.out


    al,:rl iJS,'f,-:Lill 3r-tl1:ii{ f, ,:+rlt ;- I L;r;.pi
    *tut ;. I mol Llj
    .16-l ,K,Jl 4'){-L+ W.l L.sgLqS F,---icJJ,a'lj etll ;aaliS

    CLt it-:-

    *fo<!

    etJ,l

    M,)=s;i+

    i:13r. -o,oJl

    -;3lr
    Jsr

    lrlr

    *i
    -Lnl->" )fr

    -'.:

    !.u!J'

    ..,r

    i -"- -Je

    ,l,:jL.;1jl
    i:cJr.rl
    .1.() l-e){4;-.Uli

    .jlj-Yt

    :.14i

    4 tr)rrr

    ir;:;.

    :o<

    .:1f,14 fuUr i;':"":"rr i:i.-rr

    @
    |.J9I-f l t:u

    i:_-;J3ie

    t" ,NaCl aJHrJJt+-ftS ir. 90.0

    rt sr9:rJ,J3rl* g,- 3.-50 L.,rrrf


    dlJt.,.c

    ::-jjnr

    il-lt
    NaCl

    jtr<

    g=

    ,"J-t,

    irl-

    :lrgl
    ;.90.0
    3.50L=sljl-rt i!+>
    NaCl^gr* ilrl_9-,.yr"*..'

    J!* L_JYJ.l- if-f


    sNaCl; la.6 g 6Js. 99\
    .,J. g3:: &J* LJYJ,. L .,J
    s&JsJl J^250. -L d 10.0 g HCI

    2.00L

    sl! .9)3fr ,:u,.r*:J9a:j:SAJiJl ZilJ-tl::..J-r*l-ll cs^)-lt.:-J4rlrtt .:,)3*5*--aif:3fr


    ;t'J.-.J NaCl -t rf t al:<Jl ;JSs E^t;:*.elr,ll t)r 1)3r !!irLtelt J,J-: Jl tl':-: .ji

    ttr

    +,1-

    r*

    M.i ,.rtS.tt
    l.l0 M.-t

    '':lflf+

    0.125

    4t)J.!1 <-:r1rll 9):r" i.E <-.+lIliLt-

    NaCI I mol NaCl = mol NaCl


    (mol)

    .#=(Ml)a:r)4t
    -lrll iL15

    ;-

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    -: _a;.r3,tt arl<lt

    tt ib-:.

    i:is-l

    58.44 s/mol = NaCl


    eo.o g Nacl

    ' *#m=

    t..54 mot NaCl

    L ui NaCl oY3*.r.r 15 .iZ-t


    s0.330 M NaCl J.il*

    J," 500.

    -L,/

    ,* f ..1
    s0.50 M HCI J!*

    HCI c,Y3,-

    0.413 mol .i

    l.sa mot-\qQi

    &lJt Ji

    1.25

    =o.44oM Nacl
    3.50 L

    :.rll+Jl

    0.25 mol .-r

    l-^'u .i:3;" tEjj aiyi :t#r :;;+ ji :,.?j ru,J.i:ji- eti,rl $>l+ r1- r3.,.1;L:- iE JS j!
    .a:r)9:tt ,rrrr
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    -!,J,4-,JS; ilstl

    h+

    =-t+

    9&J-tl lir.o'6rt^ igr_

    .:jjlHCl ifjr. j.rc te .0.5 M HCl .1.t*

    @
    U,. 0.8

    L.,r:ll

    f"a- ,",r"'r.r
    0.sMHCl=&r-l1]St
    HCl .:Y3- 3s ,Jja;rr
    &ir:-.rtl
    :""*;*0.8 L = rl-af-Il

    il3il l*qJJll-I' 'f"-,:t i lrF Jl--tl er^,sl.l-,J {-;:9a9lt ::t-rll :-y:r ,-E eL i;rlrf r !r:
    ':llrll ':')jr" ,s
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    rY3-:*

    (L)Jrurt p>

    x (mol

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    itt-

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    ,-r.-,

    Ci)

    28

    0.5 mol HCI

    iffirc
    i;.-rr i *rr

    'r-t;J . ntu"s_s*,pr
    ,70*_-K-:+

    -il,e*,'|(+ Lt*r.tt

    Lb

    s,

    L-JYJ-

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    32.5
    .,'*
    s.
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    ;{i

    llttFil
    ijyjl i*Jt L4e .KrCrOo ff+-t fdti:|.9-,f Eb pt.r;it+ kJijl* rs* z-i,;arr +-t rFa+
    ,z:zat r.-;9y.6
    sJ ajreFlr 23.4 g KrCrO4 'tl-y ,6.0 M ;j1s; ,K2CrO1 JJr*
    "r"

    -itJl J-"j-Jt;S; ,ts liG ."J.ilI


    sJtilt+ JJ-JI li,a F- Li .0.500 M

    cllr.f l

    6.0 M KrCrO4 = J_dall


    23.4 g KrCrOr =

    M.l :.-rlj+Jl

    (L)_r:lJl?

    0.575 mol .,-r


    0.803

    lrr-:r

    L" .i:-t

    l^r- ^lt .'* 0.300 L rP-i HCt ,'* 6.25 s.


    i," 0.250 L sj KI c,Y3,- .r.r f ..-r

    0.571

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    .mol elJ'd+iIJ

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    a1.rl3,.i

    ,i. ,j-6- J!*

    i:al

    x
    g* o'8 L = o'4 mol HCI
    L JrL'll

    L.z\:

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    15i
    ='"f i15

    ,--t,r,'

    K2CrOljt*" i'a-,.yr<..t

    jl"ll 'J<.J,Ljy.tt
    -trrr ix:,".i lrt .Jrr*ll ;"" I L Z *r,ll o)9- ru.r" ilrlr-rr jr;

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    o1X9 U,:r.r,t_,

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    .23.4 g

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    PJ
    F S, Lr6,6s ,L.rL! ++-+:-" cF.^
    I

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    ..

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    KI .l

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    29

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    i@l

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    L=

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    .,.r .qtUr i*r.rr ---:+


    .
    I{* -l(+,!rott
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    29

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    .J+lt

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    35

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    mol K,CrO

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    ;r ^l.ll g'rb.Jl l+i.J
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    r,.t
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    I mol KrCrOo =

    a-Lill feut* ;.rlr:rJl -;s:


    .e,lal.rJl

    .:Y:-"

    ;-

    0.125

    .2
    .3

    ;r.3

    ,z

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    t!$.r 45,a1.r9Jlls-trtl

    G. jlz 6 u JtJ^l, jls i e. molality i;'r *3l


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    r. NaOH er 40.0 g i.{:i ljF .40.0 g !r4 NaOH s,,-te,,.13. itx

    tt "e t*# l

    y it
    t

    lta' e

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    t

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    (mol)

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    (kg):'+ut-alx

    t. - .... L r;u
    -i lo si. ,.*ohiJl p .r
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    ;i
    tt;^11 Jl t-) .!ill^Jl ^< Ji-lj LJ.c

    ul r*.1.1.r+-ilos

    :tf ,.r,tt,p.9l$ 4.0.500 mol NaOH f"rL+ l- NaOH


    t

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    (: a*e; 35

    ?l-lb v:i ^lt .Jt-*,Yt f+Jl n^;:i


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    ^ll r+J q.r-r+r rr- 80.0 g +:t t :5
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    irx J$-:;-.r+l Jl ;JU,YI j.r+, .pr-F-9,tq3l+ *rll ,;lx oJc +1"'r'll .:Y-9r ,r-r
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    .

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    1ls:-l sj-p: .H2O cr- I kg J.rLr.: HrO
    .crt+t.r^ll o- I kg i:-S ot:;l ;[-

    30

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    sCClr;,r

    ui..:-r

    100.0 g

    di5t,..
    a++i9":,

    il''Jl
    n I,

    0.480

    100.0 g

    rllll -Yr lx

    iJ1!,: i:n4r

    = .t4-11

    lr r*Jl

    +IlS _t.
    alG;,1+ ulJi.9

    .11 :_xlj -a!13r1

    .-r.

    ,.yr*-.t'

    '..*Ulr J-rYl

    :t jJl

    ,.:Ll,- ;1',"f,-:,; lS.r

    .;:-f

    , +$_
    luuu g

    ','

    22.0 rn

    |
    .l

    3.l3 g CH.,OH

    .,

    ursd

    (CHr)rCO lg,*-\

    . 'T^1 i
    mol

    ZZS g

    ;*

    L3

    12

    "

    t2.2

    ,;"^.ll*o::!r.i3-,-

    ..rr,i

    I,

    rt ;!;-j

    -i.:yj

    J.'*l,dl i;<:,

    il;

    J+,:s: at'r^: NaCl .r. Ll* pS Jl5-1


    J^ 250 B;l'^'r...L .1.0 n J!-

    p,;rr*. +,:*-:r i!:* U . t la.j+# rr-)U

    j^

    ,CH]OH,-prr,tr

    ;-

    400. g

    s=

    4
    i!,. U

    :;ru:,rtsii''r tg

    .Z

    (J:u" l0) Fj;l

    dJ+ FJg;j
    :Jjljt ^lrt*tl

    alL:r sl"ni-,jcL
    ilj)* -L*-J UJI
    y
    --.9 ;ti;.',i i'(!,.1'9J-rl lr^

    el-ll
    r

    .C11Hr2O,,

    ..k-..rr rr."

    .i" i1-rlr" ";uS cs! .Jet-r l ,.

    5.00 g L;]li

    .000 L

    J-

    lrl

    .2

    :,t^-:J
    sJ_rJ^Il

    ;.

    100.

    .utJ,j

    0.244 nt

    os
    .4

    - e. ll Jc
    .r+U gt-+ fLrJl Jlk^r"r*+ a:-e
    32 ,29.28 c,t

    200. g

    f.> sL nlrf l !:,)-r )e a+',F^f .,:f r i"S;f U .t

    NaCl,..lj,t*

    g:.-rlj+Jl

    ryG!d.l*. di+il.;)l sljt...^ll Jb+ ,j+-l*rJl iK


    .daJf -tjS J^

    ,t:,t* i:-rl-r."aS

    0.445 g:u|3,-rJl

    stz

    ibt a't f-:ts_tt3)i

    iJ:s:l

    Ll

    J*fr:-Ji* ,o;*:: L:y.lr ,FLlr+J!

    SNaCl

    t:"-.'t

    NaCl 13.0 g

    S.J:&ll

    S.Ul

    g.,t lkjjl 4',J*i

    ,ri i.5lj

    mol Iz

    Setll

    .NaCl

    ir.i..

    i+lYll t- 4-1

    15
    "r = 0.0480

    .12 J

    ;c*l

    JJJ.J

    = 0.100 kg CClo

    r mol l'
    0.48C
    Iz=
    O1* afr
    o.o48o mol

    :sy

    S;t-11 .1- 500. g

    lJxjl iiL-qj /..Li'lJ &)-rJl J_9r+Jl_lG:-l


    253.8 g/mol =

    100.0 g CCll

    iJl- I

    ilx

    l,:-rr1r irx

    .r.Ur*.$ J! :,+rl1 nl"lr- :l,J+ si q:f*il


    .;1JeIl

    ,"-r-r,'

    i1:e-

    CCll = i.+lll

    mL;," eltl U

    -n**+

    il- 'i lu ^. . ,'g-!:iJl Ir .l


    .r-aLL
    l;el-1i-)tl j.G :qJtll ,:l-,,LrJl J-,611
    JIG .e l..1].)J ,l+l-! J:.
    ,;.S; ,g,:* ;='i7 ,^+.- ,rl+_rrtl .J.fG
    -t
    .1(ro ., air " ,"JY*" ,o+-,Ys.
    ',ac

    ,;L.3.r1J

    * ,-"im

    c)-it,
    ,2-1 ;1Jl3,-Jl

    Js :i+i+ti

    *U

    J+JL": J.J

    A-ia-i-,4 JlFl A :l-nl ir-lJ32

    'r-, @

    J.!:J

    32

    7-6 iJ5-'Yl

    ar.3r;l I g*81
    1.93

    M NaCl 3

    J!-JtUr-is

    .4

    a.r?fy

    LJYFI .l
    .0.0146 M j,a Jrl-Jl )

    a-i-

    j-

    ,rL^ill

    ,42-36 3 35-32

    i.rilJ- & dJ
    s

    25

    36-34

    3-l

    f-nl ir+l-r- n.:J

    32

    (ii:-iJ

    90 .jl

    't.

    ^ ) pr-jEiJty

    a.atJf

    d/abll

    s-lt

    .,_L--ill

    J)l^ ,::.;' .fll ol.r;,iJl3

    ;;* gl;+' )-!ljrl ,F+, i+J{)t

    .:,Lt"rr '*u- .
    LLlllr ,i.a .,f t r<Srt ,6r: fu:3* +t- JiJl*"

    JJAtll Z-t7t;a

    e. -Jl 6i-a JYr.,j.it+ ;t ftr-tt;.S-ai


    Fr+ L6.i;.rlrrJl JaJ ,FliJi*Yt

    ,irur. ji ,:,l;i.^ri J.lU--y1 i,rUltLl^:.

    .t{J};

    i-

    ^: el i ^ll ail : - i. ll o.r.a _-ilj

    .L;'rir*"*l.,i;g

    t-l- -tr. i -4t -- -r urljro,


    \:4rr

    rt - - !-.,r, ,9./6J,:-.+'..'+
    )4J jr'

    .9rb{J-etSJYl

    J+Jt*-id*J rul

    9:

    ,i

    oa ar'ti- Lil,r- 42 Jl'r-Jl ,31 e $tj rsi$ -

    ,r o+bSt .',- I
    44 Jl'J*t!,31 e,J:+ p..3'C LLl:-Yl JS-: 'dlailt ga!';.;- F=13.ii I Jr-illJ[,:il (c:' psl:ll ...1p1",
    ")
    43 Jl3*Jl ,37

    l J^illJl-jil

    't'.f

    isjYJ

    ,6

    rF

    .40

    p*>J

    :rlrll +L+6
    j;.'
    .,
    .4+u .,
    JJL*

    ,,a*U r:,tosuy

    plil-

    ar^

    11,:..t1J;,

    ,;-j i;trtt irut .


    .
    |
    .J-r+) /tt.,
    e ttr Ld*9
    ,

    ;:.S: ,ri JCL^! lS"*


    .a:-;u ri

    ,x.

    iru

    Yl":r,, .:6!1 _alL 4 IttS 1;r1,.1..;";,t:i,tt

    L.J'rJl
    41-35 ali-Y1,36

    ]9-

    'Jlurr ,:-,.i1 .irrrr

    lji

    Le-nLLlr"-aLt-,ror:(!l191
    ..tl?,tdJr.','".',-''
    JL+J,eJ,

    .:la+l^Jl

    '.1-+ *rrt

    ill!"a.rl
    (

    (ll)suspension;ilr

    3) nonelectrollte cJ- Jrj<lt).{ll

    (l l) colloids 6Ur!1
    (13)elecrrolyte

    Lrrior

    1"3; JilJJl

    e=

    sljtJ! i;u.r:3;r;; .

    l0) solution J4--tr


    (

    eljl:sj)l

    10) solvent
    (

    i{}) solute

    *!l
    -1!l

    itry,4*L* g-l^cle -".,lJll ,-,1+1, Lr-',*. . E[


    .F!ill ;Jl'' q;:3 ,-$rfl *!$
    ,.u.1.L. ei jlr i:.lgt .fc iq-;51- i!U3: !-s .
    .i:"u eezj,. r.-i ,..{.itl J4 ir:': i:.s 4i5ul
    ._;JlJqJl 9+;:.Je ;J:-;rL i;L9r 'r-:; .
    rt
    .iu:.. 31:; L.tjA Jjt.J1 2 .:t)lJt i:;L3: 3rr; .

    .;)l 'Jl
    jlt
    l
    ;!g*l"rf bai)|tut^s iilrt i; .
    cKl
    ,.:i.,t,grt njsr i:l* Jr; ij!-= 6rJl aittlJ
    JJ-f l ;jlr-

    i3t.r_,;.a,elt
    (

    20) miscible

    jltr'J,1,:J!
    .,r

    (2 I ) Henry's larv

    .5r; i;U

    (2[) cftewescence
    (23) solvated

    c+r.f;9Jer-rr
    (

    -rlr:ll
    irr-

    solution
    rJJr
    ( 19) hydration ji";.rr

    17) supersaturated

    olrul

    (2:l) heat of solution ,.1,Urr

    ( 17)

    solubility 1Jt

    (16)solurioncquilibrium;9^rri,;r
    (

    .;lt 3t-l.t
    "-drl ; lrHl

    7) sitturated solutior

    ( 17) unsaturared

    solution

    (20) immiscible cr)L)uJl,:Jr ')i.

    slc ,irilr 9)J- a+; Ji"]JJt*-J !yt.r l5rt:r


    .,r+rll crL"l;*3J=6

    .;s,,nl J. r.rl.i+..rr -.+i^ fu:rf

    sL

    :+1.rl,l

    ',

    i:-rlrf

    F)J. 4..*]'Jn"llt*ilj iJ:rf r ]5r:rr

    JJ-f ::l-1l
    l

    ilr+At
    (30) molality 4!ie.rl

    @-o'

    33

    (26) molarity 4irYy'l

    (26) concentration

    jJ;Jl

    . fl
    .

    2.5

    0.40

    j+

    iolsr +trLrt

    e .,

    0.010 g

    .r

    ..,-

    $i .:t4r .a!!-r+ irr+ u*, .8

    l.o

    !? i+is

    'q "o|;

    5,a-:*

    i!trr

    ,ugi,z:-.--,,ut 2

    .z,a;t;^

    3trtt F+ fut r: j,;

    j:si

    .i1,.,-r(.i.,. Lr

    rLF,,>

    a*:.-ii

    ;ur

    .:l+,x$ JLJ-

    .i

    ,i:l ,-.tt L.r,lrt Lric .g

    .+.r"1

    'X

    .G

    F Fil

    ,-r^ir-):lLJl :.rr.ll +i+* i,' ^ jt-:r"i,. -rr, .,


    .iFUl lr{ifl 2 Ut+9i

    irog; t" .i
    .l2rtla:r oiz'7i>y iU- oL^ .SJt ';o:

    5^1jurt

    Laij4

    J^!

    ,JJl

    3'Jl

    ;t;u jj.;rl t-

    LrJl ii-j ijl

    ly.,t-ri-al r- ;l ji | 9JL

    +r<"t
    .jlju

    8rr

    JL

    -.-

    rYL:-Yl

    -iill;l .u

    t t- t . ri
    -iJag )nc "+)i
    .."--..oL; ',lS

    1".13

    .i.14

    : ..:.- lt.l*'*
    l.i*
    /L.!-v:

    .i.17

    ..jLii

    .4

    'i

    .,
    =r-', ui' - e
    .rt- J*r !n), .J
    iJtitl Joq ,;Jl .'* '<j a.j
    Jcn* ar"

    i(l -ic -g9e1 ,t5 l]l .i


    'l"l-Jl ';:. lrl .J
    .: * .',L 4l i*
    a:
    w
    L
    I
    ..:,[:Je

    ;i iix ,r-.r-rr ;r i-;.;i r:r .n


    .:rlIt r-r.3i iiX..lrr-fr ;t i:,.;itir .:

    .r,{rtt J.

    .6

    )rr* ba2.5 Lyi,nA,L NaOH ils t50.010 M

    :i r
    .@r -rr

    ,,r.-,

    .S

    ,rJc
    L...s

    L-r- +:.1-, t+.lS"! .f


    Jtr. .."+ .iL::llJ+i< ,-Ll d Cq^

    .9

    *'^,r*La ir+r 9)9rt ec i,.j


    .ljJ-l| O.)x 4rrlrll *)r. ilS .i
    .5;lr.!1 cr,Jr- i.JS.l:J*Ll .:12! 5s .u
    t,
    .-rll .r-,F 4:-,lrll .:,Y9r ailrS .6
    .r:l"rf t ;rJ-tr:J3 r-+-rl,l .:,1.,;,:J 3s .:

    r.4

    .8

    'J,-ill c,i-i.: .,.l Jl.u:, ;ytI


    o.i;"aii-ll a+.l,rill c,LgqJl

    tsi

    569)t
    .,

    e.2

    .r

    us

    .;;aLEll oja ,lc'


    ;'" L,- Ll...l.l0

    _4Jai;

    ';+;'^*.J>"

    i.e

    J.3

    .c

    irltj .r
    :-.jleiX3Yl ;*s;1 '-ar: pUr .rGrf r ;- ii

    -=

    -;41

    .,.-l-:-

    .;j+1

    ll

    ... :
    J!a,.-.;Jt 6s!.iJl ,ra 4+ii L Liu .-

    F- r-.ri+t;tt 9tarJl9S:,Llill

    rr .r

    .!bril| +F

    e.r

    .i

    djrdr.'

    .9

    .;tt

    .2

    !;r:0"

    '&lJ,Jl t- .s

    t.r i ,,-;tt i.r.t.tr L


    Sgr:i ;rL" 4 i;i-,;rti jLrl
    Lx

    u.rjf,*:-ts

    arr

    l;:rr:6 1-"65.i ;15 .r


    +,.J.L 4lE fulr, +; ii 'J<.1 .3

    .CHTOH

    Jl lJLi
    5'e$11 3Jl-l'1 L" .i.15
    ',;.
    5"^-i t.urt .',i . -.lt
    <!l :UJl L" .!*t' ,+ Jtl*lr t' 'e
    sa-i- ;rt- jiilr9+ ii- ^:t l L" .i.16
    1!te:;r.-r*s:.ll ric tai?di.--lrl tepl L. .$L,;iL
    L.

    'C

    a-.-.

    .,4:,t ,o. UJtl- lnts .v


    LQ-,+-r t*.t", t.lr-'i '.:t!; l;ls .6

    ri
    lrU.1l
    :.r-l+:"-i*. ort lilr 'Yi.j
    .,rql+!p 5t-:Ll-rJ*ll l,:.bl il l,'v'- J^.12

    si..JiJi<Jlllti F.4rJ3)1 iH

    .-

    ;.,)

    lr>t rll Llc+l


    tl

    ,ai+L!

    r's'?,-Le.5i
    ,i ,';rL J^ j;<-,Je4+- +oL-:,r,r:.10
    -LJ,
    r;;.jc. *
    itd*- {a, L6 . l^.1-Jl 'Lz
    s; j,r;,iS^i
    ^,,1
    )dJ.u

    4,Y

    ;*se f
    $L c! .,
    ril ;){5L C):"r yi.+rll ;r"

    .t, lc, . j"b;;


    a-J- ilf
    4+jt9r r- .. l.+..U| *.atl,.Jl

    $-rr3:,,+,-+

    .1

    .i
    c!"Ul

    L-

    ..'uJl

    3,;l
    :,:{
    '.Ut
    {ri2Yl ;:LIl J^ \r,Jl
    l-91-f l P= .:Ly)l a.oLl cJ-

    i+

    .:ijl^a4itjJ;

    L.",4+JL.

    'el-ll

    ii.;""

    (il)

    .L-,lrll

    .'f 'r;t
    f- ,!3 Ycl-. l^,trtl ;l1i lj!-i
    (rr. ,lS lib .'J;ll,3i:.i ila)L
    (Jls lib ,cJ;jl,-,'r:.r,.. l;j'-. Ji
    .G.v *-.r+; rii."
    ; '-.S .:L.+ ..1'. Jltll 3i r, .l I
    .J.-Jl :r^-' t{:rrt |-*"+=^*
    ,_.!t i'r ^ L*lr .5iJ.^ J!-Jl ,Y .12
    9l ults/;G,r ){:- ;9S. ;l ;S":s
    ,,.rJ-/,,,1.,
    eLJl

    ?Jq.-.,1J.
    ,1 -,'rll

    :lL
    ,,,

    )l--

    Ji s+lJFJyl.l3
    YJI*,Jl6+J

    oa .-,llJJ:SJ!)lllJ

    lr,tijsll

    4l!-"
    f+xsf rt,'r I
    "[3- ]i
    I

    6Jr"":': Fl ul-ll 't 'l+


    4+l& acJ-J jLJJI 4+Lr.

    Lr* k+

    .r::--'il
    jlliliL-i-i.r.sl Fl&lJtll ..r
    '+ i^;.r .*1iJl A-' J tL ., :.l.r.Jl a+,t
    ,!i cs_rLill JJI-JI Ul- jJ,.SJlFll
    J-lJ'll .i. ;!*it.'r t.'ilti;ll
    .i.15
    ,6illJrl-^ll
    vea L'
    !a
    ^-i.llJ,l-J'
    ;+Xll
    :ljJl ;- cjJ,^lll
    cr-lc J+
    -,^.
    JJI-JI Jljil JL .:.tlJl
    ,S'b
    .i.r3 ...9J1.i.rJ.tiJl

    i.jliJl J+i:liJl ;:r^(,r-i+i


    e

    l.

    .ur

    C+tJl JJIJI 8..-*L;,rlc


    ,6 ^i^ -. r .:."11 ,13 , l"l-Jl .L.
    t:

    i,jlill4+.Sll ,i- $l:l-r^Jl; qX


    .i o J.ll I -i g'^-tJl . l"l-Jl st-i
    .i.rj'=y'1

    34

    S4lYgr!

    L i.rL q+,!oi .16


    .'./.Jst- tt;l;l "r.c..iJi Cl
    i+t.r .ro .ii!l d;o ;J.r- i+"S

    ;.rLJl aa"S ,-o

    L:" llJ ;Jl!l


    a,,).11,,

    J(.b

    .1

    }i:s A NarCOl errr 6.00 L eJ.

    *l i'r'r ,-El- */ ,G i+t+ri .i .fS


    utL": .5.rJl ;LiJl r^.. ' 6- (r$
    .rFlJl

    .3J-e

    oiG ,-,:

    .,-r

    :rUlj.

    100 g

    j l+F

    36

    .i.rs

    40.c .9
    40"c t:
    AgNO.,(.s) + 22.8

    kJ/molt9

    S,

    tot*1t

    '-

    i-1" Lliyl :-il^. .'J


    .SJlJ,.lJ S.r;lJ. t.:J+,ll ;rr^. ;i;5
    !..:.ibjj i;iJl .:l;:+, Llil& .e
    .i;l!l i^;.r
    ...',:. .,l;Yl .s .J
    , jc>- Y-.o- 6rt
    ..r:-rlls ,l-+-l"ll
    ir..p J-n r,.,;a Ll 'rll .,!.-a
    i-c.-.p J.rr- o^ L)-i rl3+ ;L3.rJl
    i-L ;L3.rJl ;rl^. ,i .-::-rJl
    iilJUYl ,_.p. iir:.'r dO 8tl.,;:.ll
    .lt h'.ll i c,.r- 6.rJl
    I

    r1.r..,1,, .9

    .-li^ll;- i1il;!
    .

    i,i-'ll*-!l

    j
    ++.l-+si,Fi:.i dlr,J,.ilJL:Yl
    i-c.;* J.u-.ll.l_.p

    .-l.l.Jl
    35

    .:t i 3>r;x .\.26

    ,H?O tUl i'"11rts

    ir;L L"^t-t

    a;;:t

    r;
    .pFt
    gi
    i;l.r-.\;,
    .j!.tLiJ'
    .3r1,;

    -r

    i!4r

    ir'<Jr

    erl[

    *tt.rrt

    11;

    .,t-

    52.20 M NaOH

    .1

    ll_rr*tr ri.attyr"
    c,l ;lalJ.L'-l e -j)Ul e*-Jl
    _l '

    .;L* 3*;

    .:.r,i

    ..r
    .30

    ;,,:;:t

    AgNOI ,.1. 169.9 gj1--x 1.0 M AgNO.;3,t*


    .a-;:)l

    i:JYJf

    ;:r

    i.l.-:..rr

    lJ-J Uedr i*rrLr


    SAgNo., -l iirtt

    sJt-f

    ")i.il

    r:]+LlL

    .i

    j''.'t L .*

    +t>rst i*-.ll

    L" .n

    l.&il-f l ;* !Sr*:"-..l.plFli lilrtl itS :o.31

    :iJlill
    .'ftl

    Jl

    l5U:-1 .19

    4;rlu g: i+,tJl

    60"C a..;lro 1-1r

    1r.ic

    KNO1 ..i

    l+:: ri. NaCl .6


    -,"t
    .rr o a-;: !i r;. . 14- I -lsrl Jl l3Lii-l .20
    t4:t_elrj lJtxl .:,t*i"rl i.l*y50'C 1:t,'-

    t-

    -z

    '

    100 g HrO

    {;s 4 (NH4)rSOo 26.42 g illrL 1J:+:-teI*.29


    Jtrrl Ji 50.00 mL Jt.Jy-.,]|-.t1t ;";r,s[s
    5(NH4)2SO4J ilrrr i''<J1 L"

    ,li

    titr,s'*t+-

    50 g

    KCI

    .i

    100 g HrO r= 100 g NaNOj .e

    J:,t,-)1* i& t-.28

    J^ 65.0 mL r, _!rr,+cll NaOH

    saliJl

    100. g

    .5

    r. 60 g KNO.,

    .6

    -.'

    (2-l a;-:r;.lr a:i*rr ..xr1

    ;r

    Lj
    ric J)-il,

    ,l4-l_,s-:.lt

    100 g HrO

    51.75 M Ba(NO.),

    )l*

    5.e4i

    +.rg.lt

    gt':,:-"

    lOoC;1tr* 11;: 3jc NaNO., .i

    ..\

    :.l

    i;

    a;Ur:

    l-u'd,r'lJ-t^(z)

    gr"

    5r ;U,e

    t; ,.;-l !',1 rti(l .'e l1t o .5 (3


    2.50 L *;*x i J" -trtt 's l.it o as .-

    ..r" 1.00 kg \4.50 m HrSO.^.1e1* .i


    .;Lll oo 2.00 kg !, 1.00 ,?, HNO.^.g,I* .*

    .t.21

    SJIJ-ll

    ;9.S c,y3. lil A+Xll

    iJ*!

    i.,ri

    )LiJl .a!b3

    s"..+lrt L (2)

    irr- ir-;.21
    .,|1t A AgNOj OUr: "rlr- *-l' aJ:Lll .-xl .i
    ii* l^ 5i:;1,t" 1i art,;sLuur l)r iirc $ .Si.r.,Lt pi irl.FJ itti uJ{:Jl
    i>): e= ]ar1 ;n +i ,A_qNO, i,.+ L"c .C
    !.1_er-lt ;rtJi- ;ur d*s .nr;r aru + iLraj:r irs. u.* ..
    5*r-;Jl l.>*Jr,.r,.rlr snl )-.r
    .+22.8 kJ/mol,AgNO., -.t^.1jurr

    ;L9-r.:r

    L-,- ji'6, :,<,;l;!l ijL


    f

    cJl "il]J,l

    _4:X

    O- tl>i.t,t

    ..o

    tu l'&Lrl'6L-L :t t,o- r:sl u


    3. _;)lFl 9-1:
    flji;t **.,5 .t
    l

    SL6j,lil 'J<4i

    , ".G.i',3
    - z' ^:
    \ ., ,r 'i)r uU;.i-.',i

    tot--Ll *.* lrl . -j


    , ,.1,, ,r,-'
    riw'

    ",

    ;islr ,\otr:;rl

    ,Ju

    aLU+j|:FrLur ;l:ir-.r L.22


    A;r
    'v- ;r '

    57- l_JSjJr 3"

    sii_JY4l

    i+t;r .g:Jr .-i91r9...Jr _+rdS ;r"

    .f

    i,,:.f

    'f+,.rt*:r,r-l

    3l+.23

    Jel-rl 2'5tJr. !+Jl :-tL^-*erb3|.


    si!JY4l+ .i

    Ag*(aq) + NOt(arl)

    3 i'. ii,6u,: t 1t]s:,;-!ijl

    "rsoo..r
    5JJ-I1 l:!a >= "*ltJt
    U (I)

    .7
    .1.20

    r[i 1^,.' il',_estrl .t

    liLo,EL3os :qu

    'L*

    s!'J^:

    a:*,Se:*i:-rlr- t- ."
    J. e-t -t
    SNHTBT 6. 14.0 g
    i1"..-t*t*r, 1.00 Llt:;l ilt "t:\ 3>;;a .i.Zl
    .r.i *

    .Y

    70"c

    106 g

    lljLrr

    .UY.rJl

    jLill 4+.s +} JLilI L: ' JIJ li! .c


    .a-o -Js ;i,:S* Ft
    8;15 i-',;.r.rir. ig_.;Lill .aJFJl ..i
    GJiJI
    -.rL'll ..JFJI d,. FiJJ+
    ./ ..,tro.Jl i+Ltt-! .JiilL;.llg ..r.,,1 tll
    .;A-Yt :,riJl
    g

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    150 mL

    ,g. c,taliJl

    M..lrl*

    r'

    SNarCOi

    ;i;.rll-ll oja ,.ri .pts 6i+ ..r


    c,ta1.r^Jl d:.9; iltLall Jl3,^Jl
    d :l; iJfL;ll;ar' -rl3J19 .iJtLall

    :*jJl .-r" 100 g o-i t+:_*: 84


    ,+.^ll ,'r. 100.e -i t+:-r'!j 105

    i.j:i

    KI s^2.00 6el

    12.00

    JJrll

    CJs, E.rG .i.tl

    .:JtLell

    +it; {iLe:4it^..' rl f3*, :,< .i.18


    Sa3Y,Jt or-r.r i+;r,g
    +1 ..:

    5J5L

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    100 g

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    H,O

    :L

    rrFL

    t22

    30

    2t6

    40

    3ll

    6t)

    .1.10

    80

    )x)

    tft)

    733

    ut

    jll

    : r:<

    75.5 g

    ;!

    t<j!L;!'...+? ,"Jl ,Ul .:,Ll -rct"s


    50. -500 m

    ;r. i+i i
    4r-r: ,_
    r- ..,
    ;; *! RgNO]
    4"Ur: ;iir:. )',. .i
    r

    )eI*^

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    ),

    133

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    i>;: ?i *
    SHrO;r 100 g 2 27,5 g,

    +)ot

    3'"u;llreJJ

    HzO.* l00g;t AgNO-,;-100g;;0.'.i

    i:ur Jrr-rr i*

    lil

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    rjc

    .x 100. g 4 KNO. ;- &; J:u 1; ril .40


    ,rtrtt .r tl',+ c .20'C;r 60"C,,r1F.4+)r J.
    (4- I Jqr-Jt ar;:-t ) SJILII +:.;r+
    P" HrSOa
    ry294.3 g\lr! 'rrt.ir,i ;r:;.;: .i.41
    H:O

    SJ:L-rI

    1.000 kg

    1$4'.:lll t- (I)
    5:,rJf l t- (2)

    iir:- u 1:;
    ij<-Jrl* {1:r" u .-

    HNO,;.

    SHrO;," 0.250 kg

    4!s:-*:i

    .35

    ilrrr

    j,'<J1

    l-

    i:,!r,.;."

    iiXl

    jr,J1

    l- .-

    i -ljo eY3* .r.r) mol/L.23


    .("bJ-Jl

    jra L&

    q_,YJJl

    t.di-:

    ^
    ,"/:l.r^ll oY3r .r-rc diJ*"
    .JAJI q.;a.r.r:a li,s
    f-"+";sa LJrr {+lY!lJLii .:lJJl c,l ^r....1 i:r...'.ll .rl.rit o.lro.
    i-e.r .:l;+i-+ i-if iJl J+ .+iJlJ

    .;JlFl
    :i :S^: J-J-.u J<ll i:Jl Y.25
    lil'r:- ^
    ..i:iJl ,,/:l.r^tt ,L*ri
    "+
    106 g/mol (l) .i.zA

    :-9S1

    9!.:*Jloiq o4
    {!:ll j'r<Jr L .i
    !.1,J-rt 491*.;*Jt.,;* i:-rY- l- ..Jl KCI +Ll-.p is A>-..rj "+; .rt i g ;;':.37
    350 mL-t (_Gu+l eL)!,tsjt.r:r .Jl r.i,ij.C6H8O7

    0.167 M (2)
    0.953 M NH*Br ..-r

    H,SOI

    KCI^.1il--;.
    {irrr {r:<rr u .i
    SKC|;--a1sur p<ll 4&J,Il 'a;.; il ."5 .*
    SKCI ;r l1rut gLlrsJl 5a L .6

    3a3 g (3)

    .6.0 M

    t",...tt e= C2

    ll40 g .rr
    0.143 mol NaOH.28

    g/mol .i.ZS
    4.000 M ..r

    132.1

    H6O2..d:::)l fu<J+ iGrd .38


    .i -,,2r
    .
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    kg.

    AgNO.,

    i!4r i''<J1 t- .i
    s,.1,l-tr +,ur i!t* t- .9:.Ul*Jl J! 1i::*. AgNO] -ai:rry:L $t+ Gt 3-rr .39
    5-a^r,jd)lJs+trl

    ,.1

    L;:
    '' -,;sYl
    =

    100 g

    (50

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    1000

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    441

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    0.182 m .,-r

    342

    126

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    169.9 g/mol .gr

    jF{l }4J 3i
    I,JL :,,lrll a.x 3rp,:r
    Yr
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    jrlre.H,O r-

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    sKCl-.r

    +t,

    .i.Zq
    a

    I ^(

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    ; 3 L"s

    j|-rj '22

    .;

    ^c,r,L1t-,:+ .:,t d(^ Li3a el,;;+Jt ,j:*.36


    150. mg ri. L>:;"!.Jrl-rr ;" 2.00 L 3i ;r:;.;L

    sJL-rr rb
    p. 63.0 g

    i)^

    r:J

    ijrsp45A. mL

    SNarSOo..t
    $Na2SOa

    s35"C

    .HrO.r"

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    .0.250 M

    * 9;r
    325 gt:,;.'^\ rrrLr=1 tiL" sg+r*ts,.i f,;
    i;l-> -4+:: t;. H)O; 100 g;t AgNOj ;*
    fv7

    .1" . lOoC _;;r

    "ai*,J9f*;e-:S:l 'Ul a

    dr"

    ;r

    C2H.5OH,J}t+!|

    S,Ul

    ,35"C _;;lr*tt gL;: ric AgNO., a:iL.Ji

    ''3:--'Fs

    L.33

    ir ;--.Set*illr- ira.fA
    250. g >= _;:e,elutt!yl rLr;o 3s G .1 .75 nr
    Srut ;U1-,

    :_aCtll _a'li.-Yl

    i-r

    f"..ll ,-r. 17. I g i+lrt "r:z*i,V*,32


    H2O ,ut 6275 g s=
    sr<-.i.li.,.rEr irx;r u .i
    !^,1--tr rr^ fuy,. u .*

    ,Cl)H22Orr

    .i SZ

    0.920 kg 33
    20.2

    ,*,@

    0.113 mol .,-r 142.01


    -t

    .90

    x I 0a M .-r

    92.

    g34

    g/mol .i:S

    I g/mol .i J6

    74.6 glmol
    uu

    .i

    st

    \lJ

    160 g .7

    62.1 g/mol

    .isr

    13m

    36

    rj-!l '- ii+i-rll L"ly'l J-i+-ii *39


    ,lFl ,+ .it Lr'.ll c,t-1,.5J19 n+it++ll
    Yl-"

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    X J3r.Jl

    .100'c

    i--.r.r

    J+ir+ Y

    J!0 ,i" Jt+Jl

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    .i

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    LVL

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    i
    i

    380 g ,55'C

    540 9.75"C

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    100 g

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    I-rji ;;^tla

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    .$!^Jl 4:I;r,L:'e^il .fn L;

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    8.rG.44

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    t

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    (JeJs

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    -;;l-!l pLgi rL, .,4:-iLi Jq,llr t<i*, U+ l"+;:.1j, ;r':U,;lr 'J-U:l
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    ii.i.l

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    3e:u- .t,-,
    .rerqaJl
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    ,.g,:sojt :-l,ri .r. I mol
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    .

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    4Jrilt ;.U.a. ;-tSb

    + Cl-(uq)

    I rnol I mol
    I mol
    g_r:=
    I
    mol
    ;f#tsJl +-tls r}. I mol "j- ('-J,= r5!l fuLlt,
    -t
    ;- 3 mol 2:e ^?- l^.91 Cl -.1jS:r irLr:l .r- 2 mol 9 Ca2* pe:-.:lst 9L_9,:i

    't*^:.:

    't-tt d ,,'*ir :S-*ll 93.11 Lsc


    .=/t ,'lJl ol4l- t+':Lt-\- diUli
    .rar+ ,-p L4j*.t Jt--il: gl ..1(i'::

    .9:,L3x:t

    CaCl,(s)

    mol

    '\

    Ca2,(uq) + 2Cl-(uq)
    2 mol
    I mol

    d'ltL " J*"lnJl ;l +tl t&tb


    LJI L ^ll i'. ,t-{jiYl i5Js .1-2 e^ill
    ;r" .+Llyl J!rrs ;;5lr ", igl
    :UL:JlaX-Yl

    itiJ.J.dJ|otr9913Flrrib3,Ji..,-1+.F5''ul4Al2(s0a)3p3,jjrYriu]}5.lli'",*.-P
    ;r I mol dili!.r. :l'-rtirl.bJ|,ylnyd JsJt jsjr tr Se:r+lJr nt+Jns.J- | mol a+ti! liJ ei+
    9ejr*.lJt jqlns

    clJ 6ill-S-*ll,l5 ,!CJri: -nS.

    iJL*rl

    Alr(SO4),r;.

    mol =slJ,tl

    tx,":".t'

    irl-

    t'tll,,-i

    AjL.Ji csrl t+l-, ,-9S1


    -,
    ...1(: . i,,(
    SG.'s ai3.li il.rLrS&ljJl ; ,'l(ir.lll . il'rr,

    ,L =,.+rrr i9,
    :ti;<lt .:,1,9ai9_r.9*t:r ,-|,ri ,-Ys j5 .i ,30<*rr
    _a>iLi:l !1ltl9L,e1i 9Y3f .!sr 3r,Jt .j:r)3r

    1s i3,J iJrL.Il i.r;;; ;i

    -Uis-",

    elrf

    .i,rJ,tt

    .':,1,1>l-.tt

    .lirjdt

    .rG,;Jt

    lLrL-

    3>.f41^ir

    'C+

    1.ri

    S(o. U:lsr.<!1r.: c,r ,<;l

    lul.

    o
    o

    oi.

    sljt*J

    _ljl_lJl r:l 3-ll r:rL9l


    Alr(SO*).,(.s)

    t\

    2Al3*1aq1 +

    3SOjlarl)

    lrnol Al,(SO*)r -+ 2 mol Al:rt + 3 mol SO]- .i


    2 mol Al1' + .1 m6l SOi = .5 mol
    -rrtr-Ltri *r .=

    ? .

    ...-l

    ,ylunA

    Z'12i3i.i

    ;.

    lmol

    ;F.ltri

    -5'eiAI2(SO.,).,;,";"ote;.;-;-oe;i

    t-r.gr*-.Js.+i:ele"i.rrurr iJ_6

    .9l:3,1)1

    .;- 5 mol "d{ AI,(SO1)]

    rLy,)r 3-

    -)

    2 rnol
    H,9

    NHlra,/t +

    .I

    mol

    cl t,rqr .i .l

    Cl .l

    rnol

    NHI

    ..l
    rnrl
    .2
    52
    mol
    Na*
    ;.Ba(No,),(s) 5 Bo:t(n.i) + 2Noi((q) .e
    rLeYl ;. 1.5 rnol , I rnol NO, ,0.-5 nrol Ba2*
    ,NarS(s)

    *L3g)t

    2Na*tar1) + S2-(az7)

    3 mol

    _Jl

    crbJs

    .,1(i'r U.rLr-o

    ...:(l

    1-2

    crt--Yl,'* Y*
    J .rtll \:.-i .lv- **.iiJl
    v
    I
    gltrK ,r I mol A+li! c5J eji:

    .-

    .NHrcl{r)

    Fulq .i-l;rl .F -)r jx :i_


    .;;Jr 9.urvr ;:.).9r,,JsJr ;r.:r

    s13*-+fi-Jl

    slJ+Jl

    -pi''"Yl 'r1;9ls;* I mol 'i


    -l9r!!ajl -'+)'S..r" I rnol '-

    Mg(Clo,)r(^r

    )\8

    vs2* (aq; + 2Clo1@t)


    3 mol

    0'5 mol '6


    -1:oUl i'l.t-+;r

    2.r-'@

    .rLJl .-i
    NH,NO, .'l(i.l U.rLr-. .':<l l-2
    !P+.r

    oLs:L tJ+,J-'Yl.:L3ai.r- Y.r

    Llil 15J ej,J c,|.;eJl


    crYJ^l ,rlSjl .r.uJl t- stJ\t j.Yl olr::.
    d,- 3.5 mol

    d,. 3'5 mor

    Lr"ril;t_r;l;j

    .-rl3r;Jl

    NHrNor(s)19 NHf(ac) + Nof(c4)


    t

    ,sliJ< ,,.
    r,

    7.0:.:LjrYl rlYJ

    3.5 mol

    "lSll

    .r.uJl

    40

    "l+G; ri i.t U ;rS ;i


    .r ,<r"tt )li'^i .'LJr ,rr
    Phr
    \O,t,
    3
    r CuSO, e K\lrrO,
    .'ul
    J
    ..r , ,1+ rill .l.Li -LSr
    iw'"
    CdS
    r+
    3 .\gCl ,*SrJl -rl ,+'LJl i' ,L.JJ',J,G

    ,l*r"11

    Lr-;a1 a{'ati lJirll


    o+r:i.LSr"', l6 iiUuJl.p'pl q
    -r-- --

    *i.j,*.r-, ,qrr;,"u
    .,i*"l,iJl

    feJ!Jtl
    .:l$:J

    ,51;61,

    ,rJ-c' <;L3.rJJ a-!L!

    ,.|<irjl i+.S.r*+ls,-rt-i1

    .J

    ,l

    dl+l-illJ+. citS-*ltr ;L3.JJ L!L-nJ|


    ;i;* t ii"lt Jl.iltl p: .,LJl ,J ..,l+l.rU
    l-2 JJ 'ill ;* LL'JI .rclenll JtlJ-.r.

    ./ o$ll

    ,rJr. I ( i,,t^:

    ;S"l
    .2-2

    Ft

    -K-LJI

    .:.1....J1 ;Yr'Lij

    ji $rt

    |is,,,!:s t{ tr ; i:U I -r; v


    .4rtr l*ri :-l{x -l.
    +l; F i!r:rl -alUrjl
    .t t j-iL-:-r. . ^ll .#e."llr 2.'rL.rlJilG,oJr-il.;['
    +Jt+ri-U
    j6- ji pe,,.r. LL.; a;L slp 3;;r 5q-5.: .ijs -:L-tr--Ln l+Lerx
    *trr.l t,; l -2 f , q,: r'e-r: .' tf r 4,-,!lrX )l, llr dlu ;,L31i .r ij<- Gr.
    4,-,!lrU iJ,1,3 ,'qrc.Jl r-t-S >" el^*.-,i it::: Yt '.f<-:J9r+| !tL- i
    ,ir:i'-Jl -t SIJ:-) JIJJI ;l,E .Na.CO. lft:l:all 'oU3*;')u; .tUl
    :iJlJl ?JrL.lJ l;a9i.t? t- *u

    LLc .r.lF,, -t i cll i:.rt -;--l


    .$
    l"!-i-j+l .:e-l*lt .,Jc ,,o*t*f"l q-'
    i!+ul a-ili:.ll .,.i .+lllrJ-.r,, L-

    +r, +r,irtr

    jr..:- 1';sa_, dJ r

    J._g,

    is^\ Z-Z -KrJl

    ..rLriJ

    ',.4r:;

    l.iLJj> 4 i4;ti::.t1 F*1


    .J*"lriJl lrlc ((ujb .:1-1S:"

    Na,CO,(s)

    $,

    2Na*1ar71

    + CO.,!(rrrl)

    en
    Lg*t" irll ++.stYl dlt f<!l iEr"
    .rt+:.rJl q-:;>*.iYl t!;e"tt"lt

    LLtbl J+Jd^ll 6J JJ.r

    ;r

    -rn,d1.il .eLJl
    '91,15 .,.rr-.-rtl9

    a-e.- .s-a eLJl d..,!l.rll L-* rl+


    2-2 J<il, ;|:.J .ar-i]Yl s,t r<:Jl .:Lir-

    fJ.ddl tu C+'^:J

    l-2 JJ

    urL

    u. tl'oG. .; .l
    orrrur ll,iie.r"srt, iili.*lb Ab:.il .2
    r..LiJl d.lg un5 lc.irt*rtll ilUc,t-t JSJ|'dr- .3

    d+.rt "\tpr+.!rr-pa5-rrr.rlr-1.*

    (l).ji,3tb

    ;u>lJl eul +rL,.rxt;!b(ll) o-lEJJl


    u-tdrlr.pi+lJlJ:Jr r,t*;Ul !l+rf

    'illJ
    .le:+F-!l

    '-tir"..-&*: 'iLJi! l4b ,2i

    ".,Li

    .;f19:,!'ilili st;,-2srr'1ele-

    ;,#-'llr-llJlSJtr
    -ts+LJle oL;e;Jle:r-tjjxFl

    'fa-

    .p:*:,ll,l.pl-Erillr
    ar. i rs.. ilrl_l#tsjr
    ..t ..t r-

    Lqsa --:::; ,+l+j,u +!tlr ;i rl ,r:tl.sll ili.;r+r)lr-1r* Er:J l.;r'r,.J -l


    I

    l..

    ;i j*.I'iJl .+ "<i l-21Jeglt


    j

    |
    . |
    I l:
    'll
    i
    J t\:.s LiLs ru oJJ , tru
    "rl
    l-tt-! J+. .rr: oL.SsJl ,r;r1 ;lg :eLJl
    ,,s 0 I g i- $il (:,'.Lej ,i ,r!.r.ll

    dJK.oL 100 g
    +3r.l,rlj,rlr:='15!l ;l "l^iJl l"-a ir" J,-Y eJ+
    :.6-s.q::,!li i-tr -S r ^, ^, j3.Yl
    c-o -Jri Fl a+^<ll;ietl: +le-,S!
    J*i: L l.tnJ .L[^i .'l<;:i et ^ll i' !
    :::Jl ot+- fEJ i:itJ+<ll i+l-J'"Jl

    .-r l.r+ SJ+iE i+^(,+ 6$-l Fl


    3i c,t-3a.,,;S .'t<i., .;9S ,:r1,.3'.Yt
    * er+Jtllf ri ar**:;.Jl c,l i....f
    .J[+JJX al.Llll

    4l

    (!|)

    ,,-, --rr Jrr-rJrr

    .a+jur

    J{Lir

    ,u

    *bax!

    ;.tr

    U:e Sl ai .t-tl r= ;Lerll i1, ls Ca.l( POo), tc.JKJl Ll :.,lrs Ja


    ;aLoU il;'.:...1 j*+J
    eeiJlSjl :L-og ;i 1,": .;!r.U
    _ _.t-)
    ;+ nl :...eijl 'eL|

    -2

    So

    -J+tl

    ilLetl.J*. 9t-6-r.lj +li,;::t i.lrU- i.Ls 3S..

    dUt*, ,irl+jrJ "J+ts j*i .jF


    ..tl+f rJl

    -i4rr* .r^rr::. iJ,^4f- 6sS a fr+i i' l. -2 ) s'4t i r, yt Ll .r r. ( |


    i;s. fo*i Lt-Jlg J.sJl -a:ld,1.:j lr!, .;u.e:r:-;!ru-;!xj*-;a5rr
    l.J-"tjr "J^e .;=.+- ' slt-r,,1'r--'_+u: !e- FJd ...,!1,J..!t3 .,i t5>9tJ,l !:,r::'o. -t !:,LyYl a!: !+"j-ll JJe,). i$l 9:rL3g)l r41 -.ir+f .5r: irS Ui;
    1

    r=

    .ta; -a4-fl
    7'2-'nei,....1.i,;t+,-fiLte .co1tto.)2_1"j,.,:lslt e,r,;., ;i it:::...yt 1'f,<^! r-2 )er4r
    -l1G:-L
    "at::'...yt ,'k-",-l .r.rtt-l-dj it tl+t.;o:Lr_a>l-j 'ci +i,Ll)+ t{,),rUl 4r;tlrru
    .:l-qi_,31 Li r", ..r!lrLl i!t3 iyl ro (NH.)2s_1.+_l-:r -,0-,1; 3i t: ,i
    Spe .

    -:l

    < tl

    +l ;+e 3r+ryXf ....'Y''9'


    +.S*r,s

    ,*t

    2NHf(ari) + S2-(aq)

    Cd(NO.)r(.r) 1$ Cd2*1nr7) + 2NO;(cq)

    iJY.r, i='iL.JiJl7 Jt^iJl .i.!t+


    .SS:'Yl g,t,<-"^t1 j+Jl* .4+liyl

    'Jl
    e+itll r+.r.r Jt'l.j ,rl-r.erll dl+ti J+.
    .l.r- i,-iii- J1Slj .rf.

    jil*

    :IEJLS ..dii;Jl LJrL- .r:S-9 ,J-9 bJl ;+


    "al;J13 ;L9rlJ lrlEJl
    (NH.)rS(.s)

    .r$l

    ..S.X er+,S-Yl +i.r+S


    ,'p t<,J

    r''^ ( tsill

    jr ..1<irr .,',L rJl J,G


    ,LJl 9-Y'J

    :lj+,3
    --7 .S2 9 NHl ot-3,i
    .r .''L.rlj. I,G J - r*rLSll
    .'. Sil ,LJl j ..1<ir.. . ,iYl
    -1-:v---

    ',z'*

    1...1.r:,,--, .Cd2*

    3 NO; sb3.i

    ri, Lje " srlSll r.:, qS


    .i+lllJl

    F+!flt 6r+;,A;J)sb
    Y

    f4ilJJ-l'il| f+\;l.,! o-J-l

    -S.

    ,J,'t<i: il.rL'- LUS A.f+l;*l

    ,i ,rl+s"11 &U r+. ,,'sli


    Y
    'lJl si -. Jr+ Y 6Jl dij{il

    .=K> ll

    ,'t(i::

    .{+J

    ..i^+-+ 6j3*j', l7

    ffi
    ffi

    i:'ll ;a-4'l A

    .,+.lri^Jl,* (*lJ ;11r=.J !*


    !&Jl Lr---il:
    cr-.#b
    "+jS;.r
    &l* i eL31l

    d**rt
    ,1 Jl3.Jl

    (NH.,).S(a./)

    ,"*,@

    a-it

    '[-

    ,l Jl3Jl

    :i+i+'ti &JL^i J. dJ
    40

    :f,-nl ir+l-)- &,.:J

    47
    .8

    J|!-JI

    ,-t=

    a-ii-3^

    :,J^il| ir+l-* J".:J


    62

    +iri.l

    45

    '

    i=i-

    arlQll Zl-trtl

    6*3"a&Lii if l:J 6
    c, ((i=,ilJl

    6-r-r

    -is-

    ;i- rt-.ii]:it"

    ,ri c,[3p'Yt &13:,


    L"Fjll o"i cf .e*!,7'7

    .J+Jt

    ^ ^tt

    q.i-

    ;:A-\
    ":,Sj

    ,*iJ$t*;.rlr:-Jl
    .i.r-.r .;-*

    JS

    ../

    6.Jl c,Ls*'Yl 6s-l


    ",9.1L-;,,,....|JJ
    n*s.'Y I c, Y.r ls-l |

    *:

    ;,5 'i5

    42

    L"3 Cd(NOr)2

    (NH4),S

    4_1t<;:-)t LL)iee
    q-i.3.r

    -15

    c,!.F-

    f+iJl+tl

    :+!lJl
    Cc|2*(uct)

    J! Y L 't itllJ .J+irJl J.*r,. elsrl3


    &.,1'r.

    l.+ ,anLJl a:LJt ii:e)t

    g;, ,o)l;aJr &,c c,-li:Jr


    n*-S e. il,.i-ll s/ .;ilJl,..(...1J .#lJJl
    ,jiJ=,l "l9{ll d ::-l;ll . ii. .eLJl ;
    .c,LljrJl LJI- ; A+"i

    .A--jrill
    + sof-(ad

    *t

    ot-3sYt

    rrl-.slea{jslJ

    rl!'';lsrtil

    lil
    c
    l-t+^l;*"t*"tt

    L.rls- ;l
    grlA
    .r r
    I t-.
    q-.fl .:)-rLrc+lSr
    i:.s:Yl UlLr-ll
    ,;"i-+ i+;t+-r olalac t+-i ,+
    ":,-"Jb- i pgJ ir+iltJr.r.l elis
    c,Yrl--ll dr. Jt<i ;:. ' l+;ll c,Y.rL.Jl
    : .

    JSrl,+

    nc^lri^ll e+- 4i'jl-1^SJl


    LA-! .:L3p)lJ {+JL-Fll Jjl i-ll
    -rl3'" ,a3S: ;c. ;Jrill t-{l olLr! c,t^ya
    .6 JJ JS

    43

    SYrt-:-lt

    li9rYl

    <JrLf L .1":,L

    spectator ions

    -a;

    j.;:t

    _aJ:Llt r.r.

    NO;

    -+

    NH/.;1,-r*yl -rr> gl
    ,i,.tb:t +a>-jt i;*)r

    ._aJrLll
    a,:rL1t

    CdS(s)

    J.;!'Jln I L>;r ii'*:r irurr ,io


    -1-:: u*; .r9=*rtst !lr{ i*r!r * ira" J.L; 3i -L U4l j-f- _p
    *i; u.i;.u"rr LFr ji'r,lr i.:rur ;,: ;trri.l* u1,r Jt-rt e. St eryl
    .H2S j CdSOj JEL;] ln CdS
    Cd(NOr)2 J (NHr)2S

    JISA

    SrSo.(s)

    &r*t

    .lnr-.lori :,rru.;r a-.ri i;.u-,r**::

    Cd2+(dq) + S2*(aq)

    erl3pJl
    Sr2+(aq)

    t'

    + 2NO;(rrry) + 2NHj(ca) + S2-(ari) -+


    CdS(s) + 2NO;(a./) + 2NHj(aq)

    C* ir. Li;lr:ur:r Gi;

    Ul,Y &J-Jt

    IJJ:ii ;l ;*-lr:-ll J! +tl .l


    ta9$,Fl LI-,JI o+.s*il ilrLr-^ll
    *rs
    ;t-,:li-i1^ll ai-o sl3 ,rt-rJt
    ";rJl
    ; i- I cJJ j9 d!--ll i*-*Yl el.rt-r^ll

    +rLJr

    dil*..).

    +l';ilgrie.i

    ;.-

    a.rrUrr

    A 1r^J .aJ:Lf t_;rt -L t".)|S pl ,+l+.:t ;+Xlr.fr."r,:t_jr:i ;'i .U-:


    ausltoi-;.Jql-c)t Ui:tt- -L- l.a L<,il ,;t-"S ;n &y U;.:i eJ L{ji
    :,Bgy! LbJ-.J JE!;;)t rd4. Jn JtJ^tt 2 ./Li j e'W J.LaJ 6i 15; t -;tr

    iJt h"ll tjJ YJ{JE +Jl ,ar)l*Jl


    6Jlhill F; ,::-l'r.ll ;!+tl 4+3lJl

    i,-;;,c

    'c,r

    aJL;i ki

    ,a-sr.-Jl i*rrlt S:,X:L.tt" ,-i:1" ,..(![r J:JLII + +Ur:r LUU $.i


    .L:i net ionic equation ii,.--rr i.i:3"xr i:st rr J,.,,btjr.e*-JL .:):Lll
    .t+iL. *JIx 1:itLl;n otb *:. ;4.5 2a;l 1p;,;:
    -,tt iUJEr,-r.Lu!
    ,f-L,alr.l 1.t:L- r.t!ll:l*rgl !,JJLtl '&,o": ij\",.,+: r".t- iisti ;"lrL- _ibSje
    rr ,J9r-Ir e.7&;'^t,t-ljiis ,rli-rr! al,Lill ilj*Yl .:,G;, *S-ao..rt -rj*t pqrJl.il*rt<:t
    +&rf :,+-> _4:k !!;t lr<--_e .,+1- ileJ :*l-rrl

    ';lct i':ll

    ..F-,1'tll

    tt'

    ;r '!r

    *<...1 .Ji-IJl ,;ia j.


    JAill c'illJ .5JiYl oisl''1 Jrr-kl
    lJ-:.i*l .rF cgrJl o;++Yl r*l.,,ll J!
    l-2 &.r-11./ $l+gJl LLJ|.rclenl
    Jl:lUlg .SrSOo..3-bll L_3-o nr '^:l
    LLrJI a:iJ+'Yl il.rt.-^11 {-tt5 J*^l'iJl

    as;.r-!

    ,NHrNo.i_io=.t-l-lr

    (NHr),S(ar7) + Cd(NO.,)r(a4) -e 2NHrNOr(crq) + CdS(.i)

    /??

    o+t-:S

    jt+Ut

    J. .c*s!l..rb j!:: tlE Gl-.-,1 1, .y ai ;r, iF+irF !i3


    =
    e: .rul '1 l)L.eJJ lj,t! NH1NO.l iJy't jl $-)L;i ,ri<^l l-2J ,!1
    .as1r6
    d!*^.er-.rl .eE gi :'r1(- .:lJ+l .,.rt19r-l't .!13 ;i q6$ :,.*r1r ;i ;*
    -rogr5 *j>t_.J*l'"yf !:,1>.r,:*>, ;* .,.ro-rtS, or;!,9_aq+frl -r&;15
    e" *i1,-tr+y-Yl i:,1 ;+ ;i (s) 9 (ar7) jl
    i^)l ;.l{-iJlr! il:Lll * .p:x.:lSJl
    ..'..:.r* 19-:L<Jl ,+,j5 ri,.*ygt',lr

    aysilt dlclii
    i," l00.L,J SrClr.6HrO; l3 g:ii
    J-J- J+,:-rl A+t-j *k ;,U"tt
    i7 g ralt ^ *15 ../
    -il .0.5 o.HS-,;.
    .,lor:J 'L 100 mL rr-i NarSOo rdrJ-isll;rcl.o.5 rr? o-,J<-,. Y!*
    .*k JS ,J J-l+.rJl ; ;* t :-tt,r.1.:'t3
    i;,,ii.trt--"

    _&LJ ")y^r-lt

    (NH.),S(aq) + Cd(NO.,),(aq) -e 2NH,,NO.,(?) + CdS(?)

    gr4cgj*

    ::.

    .yr

    1r:_,fl

    .*tr*'*i:[r

    /-- -

    ,'l<i:l

    ;L.irJrJr 'r:.

    l,iJtill Z'-tEtl
    '

    ^-\ gsJ.l
    (A-er!J J)/

    "lS

    ls

    .CdS_1j+-rlsJl

    .{i &tiJt

    eJ-

    .Jr.d-il i,:[u l*=t .ruaJ.Jl l*)4t/i@)Liir,l n!:*1 dF e.t *r" l-6q di,li*ltl*ry
    : ':,.t
    .JcUtlJ is-,-rr i;;js*r ir:Lf 9 l;t :r iir-9lJr iJrtrJ,rg e*-J11 ar.r.f r :.xl fi ,iUr*r o:ti::r

    ijtiJl
    1&r5:.;l-:L;":l Ll.;+ '.r)lcl::tr il,a 'rl"rr
    -t:+r^)r
    !u 3rt*" ,Juxl L-e
    .Jlor-rl ;LiJlJl 'r'"Yl-&1;i-l,U- 'i '.,ea*r'
    ,,--lrJt ir-lo.u
    1+-JL il:l-.tl .'
    i.uifurxr i:,1,l1 .,
    i-ar;r {i:*:r il,Lrr .-o

    -rl.ill
    -.r1-r;J l-2Jr.,:r* L.,:-l .(NH4)2S e Zn(NO.,), cl, i:o
    ;jtj:JUl ,i:..)l JaLi i:.:<l
    +-r d46r +*rlr il:Llry_t*dl+il:Lll i-jsl .'J*t'Ul 4illirJj..Jrt!r.-i,s:iJl.erLll
    L'.;:tt .:,ut)t
    .-a!J*-Jl ;{ljxlt ;,trUt t J.}9^a
    ,

    ,.1[rls;u:JUl

    ,i

    a
    \v- r,.i.r s

    '.'t<l

    il,u-

    .1

    ,eL.eiJJ,f,t-o

    !;ir-)U..:l

    1,+)S

    ..11t

    '@l

    *jt 'rir, .:

    -e

    &l- Jl

    SOf (aq)

    SrSO.(s)

    o-ll .:j{r$ J-"1- ' ;,l' 'i 2-2


    U.rL-Jl -.l<l .(II) q.r-ll .:lri+ JJ.dJ.r- ,'S^t J.lJ 15Y di-Jlo*rrYl
    Fe2+(aq) + S2-(ar7)

    --

    FeS(s)

    F*tdlJ 6r;iA;JlSb

    ZnS(.r) + 2NHf(al) + 2NO;(a4)


    .-o

    .rr c,)L.ti:Jl ;i ;*-fr:^tl 6-3i


    ;rt ^.lll i l:."i ; 3 J I j+ll3Jl

    :rJlJl5 ?G;'-Jl
    Zn2n(aq) + S2*(ar7)

    c,L:';aS

    ZnS(s)

    i-iJ-ll

    il.rl'^Jl l4l ira*,L:ll

    n .sl'Yl

    .t( "'i"

    ul3all

    .f- .l
    Ba2*(ac1)

    + SOI

    (rrr7) --+

    >ts .z

    'CI eNa..p;.3
    Ba2'(aq\ + SOI-(crt)

    -->

    BaSO.,(s)
    Ni2*(ar1) + S2'(a4)

    -1

    NiS(s)

    ";; ii).-Jl ii'e-,)l ajrLrl r.5r ,"n;, - i-i l:t


    .&u:lj
    !pr:-,Ul
    ErrL:',. .l.rif+*
    .il.U:x as)-Jl il3lvt itrt f t :-;st ,"*.,,, -,* j tll !e*-+,-t'
    i. . lr:,jq Jd
    o.l+>S. r.1r-:t+ll lp45 -J4*.er- .;^
    :-.,ai
    lrl Spy:#l
    r
    ..Xr n: L'r;:f .:1i91)l ,* ..p;,, ,
    .a!;, or, u,"r'
    ,-t+>51.;r:-b#l rrl,,-+

    BaSO.(s)

    .4

    2-2

    .-rlgoJl

    .r

    LUJ{I 'reJzi

    J."l-" . aJ.'i

    a x.r

    C+-J! il:Lll .lfS: .e

    ,,+i;:, i[Jrk l.bt^lr-;r:" r. .:1.;+ijl9-lo+jrrYl

    els

    .i.*-[j+Jl

    ir,t" 1e*e^:r

    -; ZnS("r) + 2NH.NO.,(a4)
    ,JIJK i:ur ji'.:r i.:,urirs

    Zn2+(aq) + 2NO;(aq) + 2NHf(ac) + S2-(rr4)

    ji'rrVr irU.tl
    '1**: uJ:+l

    t-2 3,

    {;Lerx

    ,;JtjJlS

    Zn(NO.)t(ac) + (NHr)tS(a4)

    ;i

    Srz+(aq) +

    ,9.\v-

    itc

    .ilFJl
    i.i.r

    J!

    .)l_&U:

    ill

    JS-: &t-.ij o'V air-tto+,s:llU.rL-^ll


    .dJJ-

    Zn(NO,)r(cq) + (NHo)rS(rir7) -+ ZnS(i'/) + 2NH4NO3(:/)

    3l)+.rb d+At 2-1,.!..;.-.:jJ-u.e

    a*+i9r3

    irl-

    .(ll),K+Jl

    $*

    -r+r5:ilx

    a:,r-rr o:a9lr 1r;.1t

    .".xt

    (.3:t-:, to)

    .2

    d++

    .3

    F:il

    1*t_ei3

    CiG g. b1.lrl ("+^l-riJl3.r


    ttt:.
    .c+j:il ;,Il i.lll
    *iis il:lltl ..lLl
    ,:t-3aYl JiJ a--.ii-Jl c,t-3aYl
    r i.
    , trr.l-t+ ,fi il+ll ,-ll^l .;.r-'r ^ll

    .4

    '*' @

    . i ,,.jet
    J.tt

    ,z

    JS

    =+

    gr-.

    [-J t -ihil

    g)PLstl
    .4-l iI-Yl "J- ,i-,;,,t.l &JL^i J.gl
    44 i-i,3-2

    A)l34ll ,l. :f,-nl i-' i- lJ," J..:J

    i-ietilJ- &.:J

    47
    3

    AI-YI

    "f-:"1^irll
    62

    i-i-

    ,10-9 J

    44

    ii+3.r 45 r a!ljt

    Aratrtl

    /-- - ^-\
    (4+rJ
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    .ii.r", :',xrrr ,-'a

    -;rt-

    iF,

    .ionizalion;i:lr-;;

    iJsJJ

    ,,to.,r-r' :-- iL::l


    t

    1o;:

    -t+-.,;

    J:u!

    iF

    -<:,_;+' *1grrr

    j;.1
    -i4<ca

    iqj+ ee:Eytt;js:

    =::,.t
    irs ) t-Jn:-tei ;e-rs, jlu. + .l.;r-:,*\ ";i ;*irAt a,4t
    lir" fl+ Ur;, .,rx-' 1+14 r4 j:r'; ;i1t iol* .ri .l;-y .-->L-i ';13,19J#rr r- ilrt";l; ?* #r"'1!,e: r;.e i-r-rrrrr Lurrlr '..1.-;;jgi
    :[2Yr g;s9 .;rrjr F .Jr.tr +;rp9- .JS d ;t Lue.yr lFor:.t".,'
    i,j<;tt +t yyl rlb.iL,$t*-;+.;rj+tl
    .rsiJ .;qs i+ ir.:l-.>.
    il
    .)...*J 4"j)ul _43ll tjB ol,ryr i; i*Lc J)B;trps i;u".Ar {eulr
    .i].il ...:ll J+lrtl
    Frr hlJtr t*;- ;-,Jl*4..,1-_;L
    .;* .L:a :ajv_ 9:e,-tt
    aatr.rt ;fi:its iiF .:{jlrj lilitrrLl;+ s!+ !rr?:rl _,F
    -r.l _+trll +l+>
    jr
    'r.s;
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    .,rr:r
    !l.tl1-9..+rtl 9q-r+ rtt +)rrrrl J,.,
    Jsl ::lrlt ..9i1 .J:l:
    ,:6rl
    y:.!
    3,JJs
    ..:Uri .JrigFl 'J-;-ij, ut-t-l,r 4 io..L;r
    9r9 HCI ,r+9r
    g. 'C'l+ ,,;iJL,Ai,b:,1 I {..n1;:l-l;
    r,_1il-f
    r
    ;:.ijLf
    -lc ;e.4 jli+ -S>"
    4+ls i+ +t r' ittl +l+i:.:r:,]+t;Jr HCI ,.9r+ c11 eiLJl 3e3
    )-KJ

    Lr.31:r

    F+trflJ

    'a4;,L;Jsb

    d '_,rL;tl c,t-igJl ;L:.:


    4J
    s+till '6-.!1'/ .iJt J< rY iJul
    ;.$Jl -iJAll ;l ?+ irtj+ iisli
    &lt -

    ._u!

    cs.Jr

    ^tt

    eLJr165

    q'-i

    T"

    .;Yl

    3.o l-,,La

    IFlri dla

    ,:<l+'l+"rr c,t gg;Jl

    ;i ,.rr a,lt1 ,*L;


    ::1. ll ..l$.i JS-J ."r-13 oL ecSF cr.
    .H+'(H'o),, + ;,r.-r-,+<Jl

    .r.':;:-L<Jl

    jJ:Y ;-je-j;-ll

    HCI(g)'$

    rsl;: ,: ^,; ;i
    .o;,.S_ ;3 &J-Jl iJls rar.r

    a1.3{:

    irl+g-2 ,r( ll c,t-34i ,.r+g

    .$'tj

    o" .rg$[^-.<ll p r-'i..., .i'.:


    re-r|

    ..r!

    _'"j

    J.o

    o:'o

    ' ^l(ll
    l9-5,K.iJl ,.r+* .4-2,JKjJl
    ;'Sic,UjaiYt ;i.,;t-'lr . ;. ll :tjS e*

    Ll^ill j

    .)l-l

    45

    i ^ .nJS,Fl c,l_;.Jl

    g.r+.dJt;gii

    6- ;13+ V a-11, !i,;j4 .s-i


    9i ;1J;; H*
    "|jr'i
    :r
    l,*"5 & L;x',
    ^i ls-, u 1 & ;l+_r:r+<Jl _-_;K iL

    e*,'

    t^ : g-,+

    HC

    1,.5;

    r:^ i

    -e

    yV

    r*xvr

    ',-i,.<J'L

    .Cl- 13.13 H. ;3,1

    -u*

    .'.-. I ' ;1..


    7'"

    iL"Jl J-"j-Jl -ir,{

    .tJ+,Jrr+.011

    f !,.r:::,.r +dl

    r-'l:J(J

    .J--JrJSrJ+4Jl

    *'

    Jr.*'e;ijur

    :s.-:

    ;1,

    tye14t 9y\ p*l:at -: H.tO* o-t-tt-t.i i' " ."tt o , ^ 4'21s--;lt Jr*
    -fl;s "e-.r_Cr+::r+<Jt
    ,ei ,*tsx H* ,.19:i J.t; ..l! .hydronium ion
    .Fr+,::l;-.r:s l-ixt

    ;{., *4" ,,LJl or-"e+::++ll


    L,:J,
    H+
    ;3rl

    H.,O+(ar1) + C.l-(ut1)

    asuJl

    +r./s jL..rr+ LJs

    gg*;
    .,t+t!

    .t

    H.O(1) + HCI(g)

    f.frf
    .t!

    .H rO
    _.Jir*J

    Jtgt+

    f-Jl i ;rrtl ;.r!:iJll=\


    ,,
    r,,.1<ll
    ,', -i o HCI ,'* , lS -i
    \?

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    S".Ut U+r. ;t9)J I "e*-r

    JrYl

    ;'*.t

    .rs9 i L:Jl +",

    )y s :: }tz;t .+ i+

    + Cl-(oqy

    ,ai-^Ld _!.+l)i,4La)^,-:+e;rp _;jt J- iaFl trls/l L," jof 5s


    ..,r1 ii+l 9rr+ .H+.-,r1_6l:,! tUr_,1_rL-rr :- oG;r ,"u ja+ ic-tnj

    t)ig'l

    "-i
    j+J'!l) .FlFl 6.rLir:3,a H.O+
    -*ll ;Sg-r+lt ;i (t..r"^r ,-rr5 r'rr^ll
    :r...11, i+!ul _ul - "ll ,j o.rt t:l :s^:

    ,._f<,9 HCI alnlJ

    P9:t

    >atrll ,-*l+lYl ;i". ,S'u T-tFit


    1, J*! ""+ lri:*: .ill iJ.rlr"tl ;11
    Li+9Lj 3l lSl r'rrl ,:.1.": Y HjO+ p ,i:...,
    ,..'r...1
    .J*.f':^lt .:.
    ..1"",,/l pl
    :t+i

    H* (aq)

    H*1ar7;

    +L9l

    ..-,-

    . ...- I 5 J 3 J+.t

    ?.r-.;ra.r

    .:Li919.;.":91 ,:gll

    J!,LJ'; ouexr

    D+o

    o
    -d.

    iltlt

    $i:Q

    1-r--;-ra1

    a{*F Ui;lll

    - "l CiL^, l8 Ut i:.ll ,-,-*l


    ii-t;J a:Ji c,t.l-jljFl
    ,.r:i:+ .Ja-!i-ll,rJc. <crLlJf:Sl[Y3
    .:t+S-* dr:'LJ oj{t+L c,Ll-.r.r 6-lr:-ll
    f o.JL J$t- J l-{-(Sil riat-iLt-rJl .rle!.ll i'+l-* J+.l,iJl J!+tl
    i* ....rI fll.lr,1-2 &.+Jt,.+ lu.grtt
    ,-fi- a'.(l ,L.:rll ,-l+l-3J+._*l :S:"
    "lilt

    C,rH.ro,,

    C,rH,rO,,(rz1)

    {'.- .- rU fr*:l

    ,,6,6l:

    3f:ofgJiS.Jpl

    :tirl "[-yt:.[:ri is .ijl jl4l ;1 ,-bst r-* o.Jrfu J,-..1t ;e- t-'.t '
    &J'll 1V;: lt;j!J.dsl
    a"n ) !r/r irerr ;i, .talKl ity
    "o;ur
    r
    .t*:r.s!i ir- ,- iur;ru-t 1V;s,r- ;t Is,:, it'-'tt Lt:4) )e 9L-eai

    *fd ?Al lrtSrft ;-,eLL U".5:^:r-;l--p.r+dl ltrK9


    .(sL:n-tLa;l L"tl) 17 a.".f Jl -:jjj-t '-,-i- -J1t
    LlJli t6:r s-9 .;.s19 i1,t3 lia-oL.; al-1r el4 $:-i t+i+ 3t:st"-;r+.!r*sjl
    o. bs fuur iJ:JL^rt! .,ai+Jlr,<rl,a,++u Lli, ,;,,.:s hr+ ,ut +,,!yrr.l fuE
    it
    I
    1 !:il i r9
    "l ^.A=l: -ta{ -r' --y-i,.+-!r*el \ -ron,l y 9..47 91' I 6 ni,',JS
    .#!r<gr r|;JJ t;i-; :t:-t* 4."';r ]$->Jl Ji-dF,Dr:<]l !-,4, Ui .;Ur*<]t
    4 :,f,93i '1:S -f. L<,;r; it ,'o" gl r{SJ' .,$l .}-l .L 3l9ll ;)G ..1l
    .-5-2,ts,:Jr 4'x.l;{ t"s, ld:Jt-

    -..f+l-r ,16ll J.
    nl !:JLA|-.-"+

    3;Sl!rr AgCl
    c,l-:_r$ ri19 .3;;t JrJJ< A+J+il

    rlc Lii rt-3ai ,Nat'l ,[- ,q9il1


    . iL" . JA- 3 I o: rlj!

    '/
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    .i-iJ.
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    :'-

    _J+lt

    -tt

    ,rr.r1-3al

    f | "f

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    lnJ-

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    Ji. ,tS jb.+..1,"ll;! o-tUtt;-Silt
    e-i- -J.r, 6.rJl
    "j-Jl .r!3 .-rl+g"lJqJ+G
    ..'l< ii .

    ,9Y

    JL ,ii+rJl .:l :ilJ,.:<JYl


    .,:u.r,k \r,u_JJ^Jt
    ".i
    ,HF

    t"

    ":

    ftllrrilJ ;J+.a,c ;JSi

    rr ,-rt+r.il1 Jl.till jJ+Yl -,S!l


    i+i+Jl ot5-*Jl eL: .cE.l'i ,:,:l.JJ.<l!
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    .',.S: ,tll ev_\a
    -i ,'.-Lji Jl a.i,'Jl

    !i-';;1 ir:trg.<Jfl
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    --:jJS a.,- 3'ib?
    .J.;;;-tl
    strong
    electrolyte
    .cri:Ul_JCl-rl 1(l0o7o)
    r',
    Ggt 4tptt
    cJl3l rLa-Jtj .5-9 629e ,ih49t )11:St,.tz:.1,t UU, i9t* tZJf .tU! +S Jl
    il-. _pr+<Jl "a195 augi Ss,t1;rt>r. 2lttut ijt iL*.'+ pu'-r 3i g.a .ti gc
    i; U-) r o-u -e!5 l.! I UoJ L- 4 iL*i .-o p119; raal | ! r3,i9it+:-) l1d | ""+o9* 9
    ."1iF Lr:orrtsjl e^ .rrtilrJ aLUJI {i}Yr -*rrr [*.+1 t"'r+ s;i it -]-r
    ) , tUl e= l+l+l: Lt, .:-tS L.+! , f+l e. i:$ll .rUJ9t<JX i|,.f r L^:r
    . NaCl.g. ,$-r,;Jl +t-,,tor:<J)l ,i;+ .i[J:i il 'ei;
    ,Ul 4 iJL,a:,ti,i'c,l :
    ".a
    o.l
    Ge .tet..:,1iu.er:r Lr,
    .r+t.-t' t ri.+- 4.,.13s.rr 4:=r,ti ijS:,
    .Ja;lr gLjgl JS;
    -t .!gf t 4 -4- +; ll+

    .a-:.1_
    _

    JJjSJ!

    ,i

    ,',1;Yl ,'* Ut= r-jt^ll


    JJ-JI ;*;::
    L.
    c,U*'t, t+Jli J+. E.rL ,',i+ gs:-t llJl
    -'rc .rlJ'"ll J,^l .JJl- d otrr-li
    r,c JlJiYl Ut- Jlclt+rJJ d!G!1

    ,*t@

    UiJ-.-li^ll l.s i;-iii. J+Slr;


    ,f JAJ| ,lrl J-r- r"Si;s t':-tt
    .7 Jtdll

    46

    ;;.. ..

    3-

    J..l3J r='-ulj1|

    I iJ,-Yl

    ^-s^,41-43

    "t

    :,.l,-dl i. i lJ- Jr
    J24-19 J l4-l I J

    "f-

    .1l

    HF(aq)+ HrOtlt

    63-62

    .F j

    tr+l_* n.:J

    l-2 l,--all

    .':J-.' tt e.jj.
    e

    t!3.r

    -2&lrL1t

    45 .

    e]3.aJ.tii

    l 7.atJ
    &

    JJ

    i.*ri

    ,-t+,,

    HrO*((rq) + F (uq)

    ;6-.;r^,,,t! ;-Si -rrrr HF lf; uj+ .iUJ


    -L ltl- fa ,f:lr**Jl +;ftg !J!
    la;;.tr J:Ur li3l* ;*9a ir- Js3a weak electrolyte
    .+d..:Jl q,Jl"rxl)l

    t-j-r|t:S-rtt Lr. )lG };6 :5,79J cJJij,J4a,,b


    s! rr, ;* gls",r r, A F I !.irl s, i-., rrrsl y.l

    {3 .aUgi;ls'b

    'J+r: J:J-r 4
    r

    H.rO+.ry9,)1

    isjJl

    ;! eL.r,<sJt)t;tt

    '.:l+.!Ufl

    ltsi

    &i.e

    (;!-Jl) CHICOOH g!:+-:r ,j,:,*;o ._a;+,-;Jl +b:LrF!t


    -l.
    .o)*tbLJB.al- St-"J9.LJr 4 +;;ti

    ,,rl-Jl ,\?j :rLj"i JJ+J us' . i:.<ll,)


    ,r^fr* LJ+JI o.l.o,/.e.eJ .81 ,.Fe3+:,r-o .rUJ+i

    3U=.lgJiSJXl

    Jtr ,'*.! i-3! : .:1,9.i -r. ;-r:; : ilu J+rf-- i:!Fl !.15/r _i+ ',jj<:
    :lll 4 i:+ HF q;9; ':+rr +),"1"! .4J:'L._)i- lrlr rt+)+ -L L+l ;9
    -V"L:;-f.-"1
    -"t+9)J+6Jl ;ry a-!tr..lt .ll .-.1**l"l,r:<Jl &.G u-:-.+ t: '!-,rt i:+ Lr;, .it :o.rlt<Jl _+++:_.1+r-,+CJl ;11 _al+l)Jl j. Sf\ )lJlt
    H+ LUli qjy; i.:: JJI :---sJl J.Utl :5J ,i1,!_Ht .j;"+ !!-b_;*e; ,oert
    .f,*l Lro reFrr13Jt -+-,!r+t+-,+_;-Ft F rugi -"

    s)*'.qtl
    ,s-4

    11

    CH.,COOH(a4) +

    JJ,-!iJl

    l
    ,i Ct
    $J:f

    .lili" rL c,L1. ,r" SO*L ,Cl ,Ca2+

    .:._9

    HlO(/)$

    _a;o-;tr

    3bV

    -:r:r

    H,O*1aq)+ CH]COO (aq)

    tr-tl ir
    ;rye::+-:.Jl jl &j;J! _*+llSt!l
    j:SLt
    -9:ry
    |'1+
    Lr:.:rr:sy! iix; .j;rr

    _a+."jl

    ;f

    :-'-9a

    ,i jrrU

    ;c

    -rIr 4"3 Ln a;;;lr ;c ;l:-r ; jrrr .;.,t-l' 3s.i .r*5L


    l$'e--:
    ," ft &i C.
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    ,.Jiurr 4._dr+!-)r j;* r*: t + .rr+ r;i-^ 5i .0.00001 M;ts;!
    -;.)5rJl t14,J9l*45 -.i ,10 M g; -,:l;!e.;,Uur: t':*..- t:,r"ri51t

    .r.,44-

    4+oS -e:

    m
    .r;.*..'^ /-.1r9risJ! HF: ,gF

    ".4lFl

    )r C .'gr 2 Sr(NO.)2 .:K;4JrL-:,.:<l .l


    lrir ,; i;*: olt*;:l .:L3,! ,ro;:r:,;r .:Lj,i

    HCI I rU

    ;,ln .4
    Jiti;5.ei
    ,Jc.5-j;*1 -albrl eULf r.6rpl .r &i ,6,r:i F 5
    s;.tj-"'Xr
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    0.05 M HClJ0.l0 M HCI .i
    0.10 M HFj0.10 M HCt .-

    .-r.

    !f q;u:.":l trl ;# af 0.5 mol

    -_r:+._*j,lr

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    ':
    "l.rG \rv- !

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    47

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    ', its+

    5le+;jriJl +r!S-t**

    Sr(NO,)r(s)19

    .S

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    j.

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    dgllt Aa>t2'c
    Srz+(aq) +2 NO;(aq)

    Sr2+

    .l

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    ;-es: ;i ,s"l #Jl 6 l-Vu,V )


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    .rF:
    tr!
    ii-=,* U t
    ::ll-,r" I mol " g-*-*+,J.9-f*,tja-:
    ;!e .1.86"C 1{:t t1 rul /--: -c+jr r)- ;1ei ., .trr j- 1 kg e e:J-,rJi<JlY
    ;.), t4r A)iJ t_9,Ar, freezing-point depression &J I zq-p o,btntil
    -,92:
    rpL&Jr ''*L4t 'ui!raJJJi!-e{r;sJ|! s|j'.&Jilt;ALtt +:Ur *j;
    f ; - r .' :: .&LJULf l ;- -a-.:]f QS 9 Sg"t^.t: S r9r!'rs r e. tj;2t 3a;t

    {1{.!ntt

    ir*t:';+i

    Kr-e+ 2-2 -tyt^st

    i--.r-r pg t-i:rl3 J^-:Jl i-.2.r ,-;oUr.:J|3

    *+

    -a-;: t-

    -i-; a-,t:r;t;;:t jtJi,.

    e+t+*:jt

    i'r'.1) 2-2

    r1;

    olf3f r rlrt-:-tli-+1r:-,-rl-3

    +tl d ,r<Ll*Jl ,ojt. rlbr .udJla"' J! e<"lrsi fr-"$ f4+ll


    ,--it . rll ,*:Vt ,r;t ,"/ crJ4:SJ

    s;-2GqJl

    o^. I m o3S>,,f,4:lx"lll;rrx,l;u,.1er-^ gi ,1; L;r.ri

    ::li. ri I mol 9t:t i-; ei !r-.;-!-t li"-ai . 1.86"C. ,Ut --,-i; a-r, g.0.00"C ;. ':- ,- I .86"C;urr *:; L1, i-.*; .Ur ;r I kg 4 ?!e):SJr:
    ,rrr-r r .'-{; Llr'41 :'lr1 ;r I kg +,l*:-sriSJr) -l -- r.r- 2 mol ;,t ;t r;9
    .5:-cp"lr Ai.':;; (-1.86"C) 3,"Uir +.*s;1 .2 , Gl.86"C).ri .-3.72C

    r6er.,1;lr 6lA,ir

    6+rYl

    i,,rj ' i, O
    "t*LraGl-t !: 3

    Ct2H2zOl I
    -rrrS.-:t-"!:^J

    '.1.i

    l('i:'eu. cr-+ itjl

    -.L.":: -:U.i"r-

    .jJ-S-JtS

    j*.1'iJl ,t<.!+

    .s;LiJl LlJt ;3S

    J-jLJl J,"L^ll
    ._xt

    39

    c\ci,b o b
    1nl e e o

    ''il't:'
    cLJl ,e='-lc .LJJ

    "(""
    ?1tv
    I

    t'\ 4 t

    l9 i-it i::.ll

    9s
    ec

    t 9'

    *r

    rdt-.r'einjur J*rLf'iJutil

    IFlri

    rl-!!1.,p ;r^U c,t-ilSll rJ;r+


    "S;:
    -r^i:ll 6-11* .:Lu.r Jre 8L*sll ,$._+
    6- caii'i r i'rll i.rl-i- "lJ- l-{+15y
    8.rt.' ^ll .rfg"ll OJS:. .I-{JJIJ* .rs] is. -,1.r
    ol.;:^Jl 0. Ji.tSJl t rjri: ,*fJl ,.r^i:ll
    &,.SJl J. ,J^+ll i-.'1.r.-j:i: ,_;Jl
    (,S-) ;S3Jall J"elai rii .oL;S*llg

    -1fi
    -1.86

    'i

    ',:f*

    .?!3,Il

    +at;: lc 4;;lt *+.rlnrr *+,.1:.il:-t f .,i


    i:J [:J l ;Jr Ll l X;,i,,r1+: f ,L1.r .]|;u l L"r"',*,;

    i$tJt
    :

    t4{:r

    (&-S) &J**J+llr
    ,. e-l$lt cr-*l ,p r +ill crl.ll-o-S

    J.'Jl,+

    Nr= Krm

    Jt AtlO4 ''i,j-i .(a{NJrl) mol/kg.;-se


    ;-.; r..,*,: i_a >r_-r,,"
    ."C

    L^( :-).ri

    agSr: .,rl+WlJ
    m

    6.

    "i.,!s,"Clm.

    cjlA

    Kr* i.J-

    -i-)l*ll

    gl.r;i

    ,;'S

    ell*Yl tl,',i ,JArl ,6.,;i c,t-lr+- *i


    or 'r'^i'lll E;l-;' 'll3'' 'i=ttLiJl
    ja
    c., tr:- 3-,;',JSgliJ lg c' t'.a :rr,

    rfii;r;;l5., ili {.ifi

    9.

    "l--r.:

    Y.r+

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    aJri^ll

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    ^-'lll .r-il . rll d -Xr'tSt


    .c,Lg.1Jl.rSr+

    ;'r200. ggCrrHuOrr)us4JtJtl7.lg,Jt):b'-,;trrry|elltJ.ia-._p.iuiitjtra.t
    lilr-:r1.1r1-11 -rlaj !9 !r 9e\r

    C | 2H22O I r

    ry

    &t*",gr'aii:-l :,l.rt I i.x,,r-r'


    200. g - airro-r,, lul il:s
    'tf ;r
    j^*" .i ,.1r,<-.,

    17 .

    g=
    l

    ,'-{;:t

    i-r,

    si.U;;t

    J-.srr

    t-;;4uiU;;)t il:L" i.r;.i:


    (g)

    ,:rlrt -as

    .rS

    .K/.eJ)ell

    'S.t

    JJ-rl

    .,i,; i:.;: .*

    i-i9 2-2J qJl e.b


    'ri+,tt 1-,1r:.rb
    :d;l
    .Lt, = K, *, i*t
    iijtjr fu .*

    ir.lr

    iJbJli+r.r .r

    imol),rlt {ls
    --Ir,i,lrP
    g) :il -r-lJ .4lEl il:<Jl =
    - g
    (mol):+r.,rr,1i!s
    l*o
    ",!,1" I kg ={pvgr
    (g)r,+-ut _ar<
    '

    Ltt=
    Atr

    *!l d+

    a+J,

    ;+.!a.Jl,t 2-zdbJ+tl
    &J-Jl
    "c
    .-t^iJl \-.2-r ,.pl ir'.1 .3t[-i.Jei 4l .,i1l
    ,at ir'.l ,lir<! &"+ll li Jt *is
    .&J-Jl ulli .,Jc -FJ- Ji .r^-rll is. ,3
    at L: ^tl.x. vl.r^lt+ i-3)t a;i d u*,1- J
    Jslj ,r.) &,r*Jt ,F_.rJ<ltXlb
    .Jsr+Jl

    Kt*
    - rl.t*ll --d+ {-t,

    '.'. -, (F)

    li^ *t'

    r1.rLc !s.l'il.9

    c,l-1l.r.Jl-;Si: C

    iiii-

    .(L:.' lb

    I mol C,rHrrO,,

    17.14C.,21@,rx

    342.34

    0.0500 mol C,rHrrO,,

    'r,-l0}0*<

    *200-g:

    "Llkg
    0.000"C +

    JJs I ^r't is. -,1.r r.r: 3'2


    A+li!+ aJ{;-: f gJt,C6HI2O6.,n5l-Jl
    .etJl ,_1- 185 g,ri j'l;SJrll ;58.0 g

    g-C..,]@,,

    0.0500 mol C,rHrrO,,

    CtrH,O"

    0'250 mol

    "Llkg

    =0.250 m

    Ltr=g.25gnx (-1.86"C/r) = -O.465'C .i


    (-{.465t) = -0.465'C =J:titl -r1-: L. r, ..i

    jJlSJ"ll

    -x
    drgf*i,Ll-j

    i1r

    -3.24"C:ulgnJl
    dr. , j<485 g

    &J*

    idJYJ,.

    +."-l

    .i;r-g;s.l!I uliu U!tg-#


    ,* 1.'-Jii1 ,qj!. *3'r-;i e'.-1
    l.&Ji.lJ sJyJtl.!sF I i-of f, .-.0.23'C
    423"C= &lill a1,; in, ,":..rr
    JJ^tl i{J)J." ,J$-rl

    3-2

    .H2NCONH2 .L-JJ+J| ,2- 39.2 g


    .,=+ll .'t,:*...Y1 L;^- J.r-r:

    lr

    \.1.r

    ;';

    .&JJlli4
    11.3'C

    .1 .35

    r^r'i

    3t .2-259 v,st;,. .,tJJ U)9rl -ri,.lr

    3,j,

    ;;jJl :.tif l --r1;

    &S+L ,JrJJ dYr^lliSJill u- 4-2


    li!
    si .HOCH2CH2OH ,i+$ill

    'e

    E*;* {ul] ,gLl

    i.ir.:Ul
    ltr{JAtJ

    -a.};, -JJJ^ll ,t-1;

    L),

    = Al,

    Lt,
    ln =-!-

    Kf

    'lJl

    9,3.44 m:ul3r.rJl

    ..,i

    a::Ltl_1-r-;,:-t Ltr= Kr^

    /tt ,t+r?

    ,lF+b u-lO7

    si ,KrLin G.p

    '*J)gt *t "-'l

    m :ulgsJl

    l- .-6.40"C &J-Jl.r*3 i-.-1l c.ilS


    ilj<
    ,r,.e t0*tlitril, ..Jl n+lliyl &El.
    tJbJ*Jl lin r+;=:l el,Jl ,-1* 500. g

    ;-.,8

    iJ:L.iGr-l .JJ-fl -"1;1;rgetll al;3-.;r.3--irijlJ.oslJ-Jl


    "L:rt ;*1r.il,li*l

    Ltr=

    423"' - 0.00'C

    i!.{rrl

    = -0.23oC

    4.23"9

    -116a^=v'tz
    Fd*- J<r.r 5i*Lto:t, .i,.rrt r,t illgt i4:t '*t *.rt .-la+
    = --.g:rt-s:Jl ,t^::t ;r
    'L-

    -.a1,

    G+

    l**,

    Jclliyl
    r1lg*Jl

    4.426"C .l

    d*srs
    .4-1 el5-'Yl

    ,2

    '|.

    Jl3,,.Jl

    :i+i+ti

    ..t-

    JdJL^i

    53

    &

    O.175

    .2

    C6H 1206,;:{J-eJ;s!l

    tJl

    }fr$!

    5,|

    c,r,, I

    0.3 g u,^

    -l t8.lec

    .3

    Lr,

    |.s

    ,i!

    500.0 g

    i-i.

    4,?J3;sx-l-r.;.0.500

    mol i.+ii
    s^.;rr*rr

    -9.0'c.i
    4.8 m

    .u

    .4

    .-9.0'C

    ( Sf ) r+"*rr

    ttt

    r+li- -J- "9r:-, !l-;er- ,i'; L,,


    "r ' 's,,:.,-l',L;,*",.,ii"+"
    '' YL*rsrKLl)r
    .i

    .Fjl--3re i+ur J+J4r i t;y-xt

    .2

    l.!Jd,l!4|

    .3

    .*.;

    fu

    UArl

    .1

    t !.-o.325'C

    ,p;ll ir+|.';* J".:J


    60

    t}*- iJsl

    s;urr J+3-.).ro;U;il i.ia L.:lrt s.250. g&a$lr


    dls;iul jrsrl.JurJ* ri; L), j "+i ,*r+* *61

    ilt-ll lrct)'trj1s!!

    dJ

    isi

    Fll t

    .s

    .4

    hir

    g.4iJt *+,t: ttztt

    i.ls3.r 45'

    '-i .5rt*rt ? :. ^rt :-;.i:


    '-:l L.:: sp,.J,L .;t4h a1;r c.li
    .l.;.:rr 4 jii:rr ;!r.lJ .&J+Jl J4i;,1 C" &_ru+' "n[; w
    _J5Ur: &rr;+r
    ljJsr
    &r|.*Jl r :.' r1 ;b i;'u ;'J Ls9 .;[li'r _;+t, 4 txl n t'rv; "r+*
    -,
    'OL+ i:r

    ;11

    K)

    molal boiling-point constant ;l

    ra.r,HOCH'CH2OH n+l+t+yl JJ<+L


    i-j,*
    8-.,plJ":-.Xs. ;JL E.lL
    ..vv
    L

    JJl,

    J,J-J| lJd .i,.

    U t4 I i,!s i,

    u t:u eJ.

    l1--c .+f--Ur +':;Y t-i,i Lx;: *Jl9f r ellJr


    iir;xi .3:rrr .ri,-lr l+-,, rt p1x .4: ,K1,J sr-i.e+

    32+2-2

    i+-,;.r

    tt-.J^l | 4J iJ

    ;t

    ttJ,

    ;4":l Et ljyb
    I

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    1t\,1;J r :tc

    j2 ztt

    li-i 15$-J

    ;c!::Yl

    Jr

    : rl

    srtlr

    -a>)r

    sr

    4 [L;zVt j-t4 mol/kg rsgr

    400.0 g

    /n ec9 "C I nt 1

    4c+ii e+.Jr:sjlv trrj, tr.

    20.1 g

    "t, =...-

    .t"^i -,,'cJ+ii!

    J".S+l+

    ,*

    .l

    J6+l+

    16 kg

    .rJs

    507o

    t^*lr

    tl

    1.000 kg

    $i
    iiu<
    .t7.98
    m
    J!-Jl
    &<+L
    L$
    L1& .20oC J.b l.l 135 g/ml- J+!++yl
    I ir.r $r. 0.998 g/ml'lJl UtjS eJ "LJl ;t.l; i-rj LiJ':3 .te ...i1 ;Jl!l
    .r ^i: i=r.r) .22g.6"F Ji, I 09.2"c,l:-Jai
    (-zs. t'n ri -33.4"C,eJLrJl &J-Jl

    K,,,se'i+ L-;-l
    ."C, ,A1,,

    g gSk,Jd#

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    q:lYJ- ,1 oi ,rtJt ,r,"

    Lt,,= K,yn
    Jl

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    JriL- ,r-3r .rlJl ,t -,1:


    q/ -6F !-J+i L+ll:4 1l rr: "L l(i;rlL,lir.e;ll Jl+ i6.lJl+- JJ.-.
    ,tV 50Vo & n-;<. r+iJ-xl +J+iJl

    g2i-s! r
    j, tJl jlrll i-;: l= rL;;;)l
    -t:

    c,l-,;taJl

    .ai;:rl_JJLIT 4
    ,h,3.*t a:L '(Lt) ,boiling-point elevation gt*tilt i;-l.r euiJt L],';
    a4$ +*ttiJ '.aJft AJ| f, pg&JE sba!tJ^.J prr *,:t!t ostari uia.r:

    LL*'JS^r,9

    c,LnL3 a..:ri 3u-i


    +J^r =;ssJ Y CY .a;a; Jri

    ;.ril*:

    .0.51"C/n 91 9L.ff
    -Nrf
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    Lj

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    9!ril I a+_2s teu i.nj+


    Ltt;al
    JtlN +,2 I slgJ t.a>,2: ! il;31! |
    2l!& zi
    .,-l r l i35 >
    q;,r
    4
    iL;rvr ;i ti * i.- "' 31 e .,! turs1tr
    iu^;ro-,.1$c
    .0.5
    l"C r-o.i:.tr;Stl Fti- &l uJc,gf:uj
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    a' t:

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    6{t

    ul u -Jc g-9j*;
    *:r; ra9 ;;jJ l r,+i"lJ,5tt-4t .ta;lt "r" ipi _t^ /b,E
    .'(;rjl .Li. il -.<cL.j, 5 lcl--lj,'crtj.Jl .L:.'rl ^s,: l,U'.Si arU .,i
    ='.-Y-''|'|'
    .;ijjl !+rrt ,1t1. _a.}1: ;" -t i ,t}t^tt 9$c a1.)r jF ."lJ"J
    I

    litiJl

    gt Ji

    \jr

    3wr' L*s u

    it'Jf
    20.

    g=

    62.0 g = +l*J.r

    =lrtl

    Itl*

    ilJrr itx:r

    .1" 400.0 g = aI,*ro::.+rll

    Jl*l:tl :t-Jrtldi,,l
    ,el:rUl q;:_1t;j11

    !.tx,*-s.rr
    i1x

    L+

    ,;r,*+r,'

    iJ:L-il-j-;!5J.rlA),Kb,?!41 lt*lijl i+trt+ba^4s2-2)tJ4t1J+


    Jt-! i:JYr- !-;'"J:;u ,Lto= yrn

    &Li

    ,-r'-' G)

    54

    (s)

    -tr.tt

    +lr I mol = (mol)


    -tilt i:is
    'al:s ' (g).
    .aj<Jl
    =lr-IJ.a:Jerl

    (mol)).lrrl
    (8):,eUt

    ii5 , 'L 1000 g


    aLx .L I kg =fu).r,
    Ltu= Yo^

    J4

    25.0 g

    ,2-butoxyethanol

    ,Jc &J* 6Jist

    '-ru*

    5-2

    &i t+! | !r-S$J*{ -2

    +!-b0.324 mol

    :.a

    ..13;)t ..,- 68.7 g,ri,HOCH2CH2OC4He

    s&JJl ;trl:

    400.Og

    zu'

    I mol

    -'f,8",-,t;6z0g

    = -r-u0.324 mol

    . -k loooj' =o.glo +ls I mol =o.glom


    .t-lkg
    .Llkg
    At, = 9.319-rrx0.51"Clm= 0.4l'C

    ir. 13: ^:a U


    40.8"C

    ul3*Jl

    A ;iil_9tsJt)-ti.s Ct2H22Ol r j:,S,",:t

    0.15'c.l

    &J+*d+lla$s L-

    5-2

    l-{lli!,_,i+.l,_+ll CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
    $l- ;-:Sl elJl ,ro 1.00 x 103 g ,.ri
    S104.5'C drtrl: isJJ
    810

    g :,-rl3sJt

    t02.7"c

    .2

    ,3

    2.0

    0.75"C .i .4
    1.5

    Ur-ll ntot 1-;r

    .I

    oi

    2-1Ln,7)l

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    "&J*

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    .1

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    L.ettl;.250.0
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    i+.rs.:1: tl.:.s

    00.75'C

    n.-

    C r2H22Or r

    450'0 g
    )rrs--.lt gr

    qJisjl) elc'9-g^-,}t71LLi.F p{l

    Si*,rl.s !r, iln

    SLltJt:rl .a>-4 )r

    i
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    t

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    r1

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    )4-A -<jt';i L'Xf tr/:t t&g)t j*a ttltttJ^lt aLs sa1 .pa
    ,cyi*. fL;;l i :l g ,JJJI t-3 .!:* cF^ ,)t i3-, -r;!r 1' ,r- )uS-Jl
    ilJJ^ll ll3
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    "ir^!grl
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    .J"'- b" )5i jef-lllel*r 9a1 J!&j:l tUl i{- r-.'. ;trt pt!;JEtl Jl.

    Jl
    ( 55 ) a*-.-+rr JJt-Ejrr, i;ur

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    J
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    lc -,1.r-Jl oLg-a nSr,= ".flr:^ll
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    ;'Y .-iisii i.;r,-,Yf ;i!f ;r-l*:^f
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    j",.,-t'rr

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    :YL,ll L L"jxg eFl
    SriSt:!!l ,sr* fi ti5;rSlt si:*, ,fat
    5!!Jtiijl
    ilJ;i:, .-l .\ ,4
    .i
    LU,r
    ^$*+l*+1,:1tsj:rt.Fr,-Yl
    itV 1l:->+st ,aLb,;1 -ri*:l;3L:.;:L
    .0.200 rr KNO.,;,i,.3"--rr i-,;rt 1,15,9 .roajl ;9: L" Jl .19{ll r;l>- L.,, J;;j.n t-i-i.
    ;L;jl1)bti;.:)l ;rr;"
    '3."Jr
    .-t {Jl-JlA sJl*lf .ii-ii-iJJ
    '; r s iL3 Joil i[.4!ab
    ita
    ^',t .-f.
    /l-,Y--,9
    'lll
    riti j'iSi3
    ^lil1
    i*-b i," I kg +l+lr,<.:l) -li-;- 2 mol :.:ri .2
    -.r1ei +L:r_.FL;;l i13 A$,a^:Jv-l:.-l trtllyc .5
    ..,i..11t-tl
    .-1.2"C,-z.3"CJtJrt
    9--rr-: 11;: ;9: 1i"r.r 3:r*rl jt lrF .&{+i
    "J.,6
    oi,a;lor: .:L,: 11;;l '3"-l- gr .-4. l"C
    lYJtl-J-{,*:Jl !+t, .+tj l*^l ,7.8'C 11:t Jl
    "pLJ,l
    li^9. t.a..,tf ,,j; .g;).i<Jf -ll 6,;-Jl -a4+;Jl i'4
    S_-lr i-* L .Jr<+Il
    =:.rrjr
    'J-,Idjl
    p=
    .
    .:trl .3
    j:t*.Li
    tr3l
    -ro,i 3tr9-9. ii.lSjl
    .
    .-;*.'.L. J.i,;- 4-d'1.: :. U -i'-Jl l(;
    'J.t-lr Y<Y'

    Fal

    Figii

    .q-r- i I aa*, el..p[ J+.l,it-Jl

    Jl +tl

    ;500
    dl pr)Ul gJJlS;
    lj!.r^r'rllJ-,;L
    L
    &J./ fo
    i-)[ll
    t2
    .u.lsd
    &l-")
    .-3oC -,;t-ii ^;'i f5r1 4l 0.90 ln NaCl
    r^;"i f5',3 a-:1.9 m NaCl J.!-.g
    mL

    J<'u (-z'c t*F rL-j


    i,(*'1... )lr is33 |,',Ja r.:.'i ...1 J+"lrj-l I

    ;i".

    cr.rasi

    L j!,'-, li ll
    I

    :;,fr,.rfr
    q)Ptsll

    ,:-t ; rl...it "J- ,iri-,,1.i ,+rL; &

    ,*'@

    59

    tlJ

    a-i6

    a,ilJ- clrdJ
    60i-i.
    tg-ts : tr...it A :JL-ill i'+b" .t" J
    64-62 i -'. ,51-46 J 42-25 J
    2-2 f-Al irilJ- &.:J

    ,5-4J I i tr...Yt Jf, :f,-!ll

    fug+i lg"ait ar?fJ'.


    lr,

    9L

    .',t

    .lill is

    i:.'.1 ;l
    ';t
    JJI-JIr+ .ir*i JiYlrK (:) '^i.
    i--,.r gUu-213 .-ldl $Ylj$iJl * (:)
    a*in JlJi^ll *r J.Yl,Ja.j!Ji
    sr (C) J!-Jl .r*3 i-. 1.r ,at ir "l
    i+S-i ,,.1.i(n) .1rt-"tl ;,E- .s^3'Yl
    i+rJ d 3t-i:-11 ..rJcl ,JbL.r.?lLll

    i-. -,.r

    i..'.1 .l .1
    r^r'ill \93
    "pt
    . r^:ill \r.1 .rat i:.'.1 .,-,

    tjri 'l o -r ^-ijl i- '.r


    1^.3.Lai :.hJl j+sJi

    ,.r

    .;talill

    -3.9"C1m .2

    .l;$t

    J:SYI

    J!-Jl

    4.744"C .i .t
    .59s;rc

    ftJl

    :,1-3gYl

    C-+.*,
    .l

    ,Y .,-'

    {'.:t ujl =:ll

    Jiit ,i") e J.el-Jtt i.1rl-"tt>:, J!-Jl


    u;Li:-il ,^',*:;1r- Jrl-" *f .(,+ilJt

    .5

    60

    g'rlrlt el6f \ pgfiJt9 aralltl

    (3:u"

    9o

    ;t:

    d/dtt,3zJtJ^
    ^_r

    .ali-i-ir-ll o -rr --lj


    J)E ,:,:.;9 ,rll ol.r>iJlg

    el i ^ll

    ,_L^irll

    irrc 3
    -:; a;:.;-.lr:-Fy'l .r. -LgYlj-rS
    rrr :jurJeLrr++i+rr Grrr Sq -l3.;j'Ur
    la t -,,
    dLJa;Jl

    oia Jlr-,-;^!tj: ;i+-Ll;S*


    s;r+ t-{ri .rdtJl JiJ Fl eJi*'Yl

    .LJ'dl
    5l-41 i|:-il ,64 ,r ecF- i'ib- 53-52 ;YliJl ,65 oa r3U r=Sn 56-54 ilj-'Yl ,65 g,- c+Ks .",- | 57 Jl3Jl ,65 ,r -L+ err: 58 JlSJl ,65 e
    o-lc a3>* Ll.rJ*Yl ,,S-J 'rt-.ell g.V 1er_Jii -

    -t:,;

    i-..s e*4 rF' ;r.

    t47) weak elcc(rol) te

    rtt .'-.,t.igy1

    .:,Ll* -lc 9t&Jl .:,1+Il .r.1;3-rr.r.bu;il,

    ,.L ;.-*

    il+rf r JliL -:11: -Jc jjL -bott>,st)tl .

    -r l,si t".:;r
    + ii^+A'Xl --:1. ^:Jl ft*a jr,

    .9nlJr)riJYI
    .Sts

    lLrll
    at

    t--,

    r.*-{ t!r-,*

    l'yr< -e:i,l;f l

    *Jall

    9=

    }JLl,l la

    .rti3l)l q1 .,:il=rl

    t.6

    i.z

    i.z

    es
    I mol ,2 mol

    .8

    ,Qgr! &ti .i

    .S

    ..?
    ,l+s.lJ
    "l+G
    ,l+_l"ll .l+Ll _,,:. G
    ,t+.t'r1J &Li J:. .J
    ,t+.1il .,1+G J+. .i

    ,!g"!
    d$ .-,!

    tni

    -x. c

    ,l+Ll

    l,
    gl

    cSJi-: ,rJl alrLr-"ll

    #rJl.,.i ahlJl ot-3a'Yl3 c,t+<!l


    .ujLJl , l^r^ ^rtu-i ujl . ^.<rl

    6l

    '.3tj3,yt, ..r-='"

    (39'; dissmiation

    J;::r

    (45) ionization J"ut

    iln-:r iir_rr

    i.r,r.rr

    (43) net ionic equation

    f+l,.Criri

    ,3r ;*:t
    t"*"orrr,j,^:r . ^ :,:t t u.. .
    'IAJJtJJ
    ,j"il-;Jl .rl:Lrl f -;rr+rrt rlJll +L+-,:J
    jtrrrl e>)r ,L;rr r= 'li":: J:Jr- U i:'. -rrr
    ""1

    "v

    !;U.1t u;;Lr.;r:;re

    i*.:Jl .\;: rala;jle

    '&lr*ll Jai':JlJ
    .
    .411: -.-.1b-9 *J!911 L)lrr:rl asJr n+b ;F 3|i;;*
    l
    i--t:_tLi;tl
    tlr;. :rL--: lJ)9f l1+ll
    ,.rl:l:ll

    d;jJ*!l
    L;.;tt

    ".52j-!r

    .10

    cr, j;t:;t

    (5 | ) freezing-point depression,Al

    j;r

    ^rrr

    (50) coll igative properties

    -;2ulr '; irllr


    (50) nonvolatile substance

    jtujr e-ri

    ..-.*,

    ,.rr

    !t4l illr:tl ;-rr:-.jE

    (5.1) boiling-point

    (?)

    i:.,

    (5.1) molal boiling-point constant,K,

    i.4

    "hL! '1,1.

    L;dr

    L';:rr !!::,'yt

    r1+:t

    J.l

    .rl+grJ

    ?xt LbJ,)l c."

    i3tr_;irll
    jjjf l 'ri ".till

    tl

    -!+G

    4$f"+1r",;tl

    dl-:r: .
    *L_9,!trr:r,irft ,!1"
    i.lrLrr

    .&uill tra

    .4::Je,:<Jl )Ur 3141r_;'r:

    ar>t
    .-.-.lt fuc+l

    ,t+r"ll

    J"UJI

    1"cJ;,:;)

    (,15) hydronium ion

    (-56) osmosis

    .;L.er.lJ;[G

    (43) spectator ions

    !};:r'.*:jrx.nr

    ':,.

    (-56) osrnotic pressure

    .-'!r"lJ 'l+G

    ,; .
    i-r,

    r3lr_,;'irr!l
    (46) strong elecirolyle

    (55) semiperneable membrane

    .-l

    ;,

    pt jgi_.1^ui

    .&),ae. J^t;iljt '-:r i!r.:r

    H.,O*";r'i

    ai.L;i,r ?(j-4ts '"+y f*,r ,iit ,,Sl*


    .,iU,.gt*;1fL_9,:k .jtrjt :;+.-:rt i-:J9 r<JYt

    ,r

    ,l+rilj+G

    ,':- :,J>...r-rsx-c+rrr-rr

    ;ri
    .:* .
    4r.LtsrlJs;-i-ijli;t Y&pr '.*t:r-<-lll 3-jro
    .tr+rr:<Jl

    Jt^ill ,l t''rrl (c, r) p,F:ll .f!.r,


    2 J^AI Jl-.i-il el '. f l isjY, ,10 .r

    75
    \:

    .r,,'a,r,, .,, i ii*i

    ,:rts",li "Os.d_;1:l:;"jr!J.i_;".lrr* qs.

    Jl :ijall JJ" Uts

    .r^..trr.:t

    . | .. .., r.- -,t .=,L:ult


    r aru
    :.r Ju'r
    .r * #
    J,-!i.t*. El

    .gl;r!1 .:rt::}J

    52

    cUl

    | t.'..;Lej
    , te

    rt -

    i!1.;:r-i1,,^U;:t

    d'J ll Aat2e

    i-Jl

    r,rt

    -,

    '@

    Ja-,,r, uur J.,lrr ,. gup?l

    eLL)r

    elevation"Alr,

    iJ)41

    i+Jt i+rJ:-.itj

    (5 | ) molal freezing-point constant.Kf

    3A

    ('C) d,*itti1-p

    (g)

    etrt (mol) gtitt

    *5.s8 1000
    -r.86 1000
    -3;t2 1000

    .:.JIl

    1.00
    1.00
    1.00

    a,Y

    i;...:

    i.:).u.tt

    iLtrrt

    .Ca(NO.,), JJq iri 'ars"i X

    JJJ*tl +-r*.,S91rr*l1r_pr- lr+<ll .:Uyl lj:<i

    .-

    .;ur
    ..Ut ri-: L.,2, j;a+
    .lJl-ll 4-.t';"" !+s iil+

    .6

    itut

    .,

    .KCl i'-+ ;1'ls^, Z


    <l ,6^Jr"-..t1

    .,:jUl

    i,,ltll ..e

    4 Jl4U, bJl aa-bJ-Jrl-&Jt-Il &i

    5-ti ;r,r: i-

    5H3O+

    0.10 M
    .7

    cHjcooH .e

    0.10 M NaCl

    _,.3;r3-.oJl S:,[:-,S ir--.l$

    (rtL.,

    lL

    r=

    BaSOo .r

    Alr(SOa)r.9

    Ca.,(POo)r.a

    .8

    .+Lrr.u'ur.o.
    ."i.-9

    .;

    :r'"

    rt

    -c.ijrrl<JllJ

    t'Jdl

    :--rlq)j<JYl

    -;

    ,l

    l..9i'-

    r,

    .ia;ji -r! .ur


    +;fiU u:+3;.1-r( ll

    .rr,,,,91i

    ..,lS,,'tt+Jr,Jti+lJJrSl[

    . ritr
    ar

    .6

    J.l; Lr-; Y .,
    1i-"+ Lglti.: ) ?JbJl J- &i

    t- .i.fl

    j!..r

    ,'zV 'i '12

    .&-rl-ljl :ti,:Jl

    .i

    il,ij )l .t
    -;.'i,.",'..-,,
    "

    .',1.1:ll a> rr

    rr ')

    '.5)3uzt'r^'.

    rlt'-

    .Cr2H,2O,

    .L (+) Sruf

    0.

    I mol

    t .g-_r:=

    (i) fuLtl

    .;l i... .

    oL34ijr"f

    c;-J:*l

    "-!.
    .rtll ..r" 500 g e. -1-b

    Jl il'''-l

    .&JAf

    rr

    4:rtlr >ls

    '(:)

    '*
    i:+.rJl t .l3

    "J.i

    9;l-r--a+-,, Jja (i) 3JLl1 "'^7.: .e

    .(+)

    .1d..,::;JlFl i+;: -rie;)9I-J,l *.Li: .r


    .:,tf
    "L"J

    !f _r$l*,'::,9L;.:

    K, a-*s; .;Lll 2-_;rrlL:tl

    J|!I fu bJl
    j X i:y:Jl
    -t..2
    "<-L{ Y
    I
    .

    (-1.86"C/n

    "r

    .sJl.f3

    o,t

    ..;o

    !.r.r-o i+.S ;.il.r^Jl

    .g-rE Jl L:.'ll-4
    . r^;'ill \;.r ,^ig:

    .i

    J-rJsrl O,

    , ,.9S1 o-*.1^+ 6.r.ll

    .5Ji

    .:i:!l

    '

    ir^:.'

    oLi+lJJ,,Sl!

    -$+-Jl "r-$ r3,r' '14


    .r3e-,3 .t4t- Jl tiliJl ,'l(i: {5-r.1
    a+"< Jl5r.r, ii:. ^ J+ _tsllr+r.

    .afu6ru;r

    .ri+Jt-,-, ( ll

    .clr;

    ,'F 500 g 2 . NaCl aE::+a:l .+;:lS -r 0. I mol


    51.{*
    JCL.tl ,-b Je, LJttt +l ,*r,Jt ;. !i ..ut
    L'\J-

    l.^^J

    ,'t-r'l*...Y1

    .s

    Jbti;l

    o+s+Yl

    .r1;:J(

    .1

    -e CaCO,(s)

    -.3.r1 .el-Jl o-i

    .tni JLI! .,- J!;,:t+ oji Yl,LJl

    CaCO.,(s) + 2NaCl(s)

    .9

    )L:,"JS.L-'db'PLa
    ;1c

    -+ NaCl(s)

    .4.ru4t

    L"*+

    5f*:lrx.l$,il,ll

    --!-;-9JS_9

    "l.r^Jl
    , ;1..' ll .-,JlJJiSJyl

    .r=,.-r

    ..J:JL-,rr

    sL.,-.lr ii'rr:r i:rurr u.to


    s'd'Hr

    *jlll Jrl-Jl j c,L3siJg .'lc


    ;L3j:i.J.r.JS L( ". ;irr^ll

    .1

    fi;tr.it ;. ii
    ;a$l*.6t- .1;rJ L.*

    Ca2*(aq) + CO\-(aq)

    .6

    FeS..t

    l-

    jS: J .,!l

    c,t-3gYl ;JS:i
    oj{li!.-l+ Jr^ll oi
    oLL! gyJl -.-,l3.s3Yl .s3a i.tZ

    i.r.:,+3".

    2Na*(a4) + CO|-@q) +Ca2+(aq) + .u

    j5r

    AgCl

    ) PbClr .g

    "lriJ
    :S-*Jl ol-3"1 .J-'ix.,'l<i:ll ,r! .,,dr1'Lill c/s cA..l ,r. t<. ' r drrYt

    HF.-

    0.10 M

    Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

    iL,t" r,:ur +r5rrr &i eE ,t-Z;, *.:t r':Lr.


    ,,rl+jij,4lita ji tiil ..111 lf ;LerlJ
    KCI .i
    Pb(ClOj)2 .e
    (NH4)'S .j
    NaNO., ..1

    .,

    HCI

    SlqiJtSJl

    2Cl-(aq)

    Cr .KCl^.1er:;. I L r= +l,s)t ;r Ye- ps


    ;ts t it Mg(NO .)ilsl-- y I L :1 :t elt ;-

    -liJl c,tjg..;;;* c,t-3sYl ;3S .i .tt


    '-,'r"
    '.iJUl

    ,pr:,1+<ll

    0.10 M

    ,-.r-/l_"[U:J ){+4::;-^i

    .9,r.ll

    .asle .Jlrl: a-r: Lt: t4i** !l-*f t ..

    !r

    .,

    .l

    r[-xi ..,.ts;-i.i J.e-E-.t ]rJLtJlJJHl &1

    .Xlilrl&l*.i
    .Y rllll 39t* ..Zr"tittSl* .e

    Sl M r"+:.ljs

    1J2,*
    .i

    .i

    .t:s.s-'Jf:ji :s^t Y ir.rr

    4.:*:t

    ..utyi;:^:

    5L-r-. - "t; i.JLJl nlJl..tl &i


    .ii:Jrq):gty rr:0..

    l-.,ror:<Jt

    i.ls
    ..-r

    .orrtillr+tJ Cf-l: .G
    .el-.:l.il|l. g,3*ilJ-i;Jl .4,.1a .J
    | | l.
    J qlrdl

    rlJl

    :.
    ir
    .t- a+-r3*)l+ tLJl ;^:

    Jl

    "li.ill

    .l .16

    JY-r, lr$t JiYl


    .lj+SJi JjSYI

    -il;,Jl ti;ll g+r Ls. .,-,


    l+J!,*" JAJI 3ti:rl ;c glJl
    'ls*Yl L:"

    t*,@

    .il^"

    ll

    ,{SJ- elLLo,.r"*l
    6

    .+ll-r.Sl)l i .tl
    ,jSi ;ta-t'lt i-. 1.r gsrt r^iill isJJ
    j=SJtJl Ji,-,r lJ-':Sll )lJl dl'-i: t*
    ,Fjsi tt

    L:

    ^ll

    -'1.

    .d...i'.
    c.,.J-

    JJiSlt)lll

    mol

    eii:

    .'J

    .J!-Jlrr-i c,t ^:'.'ill; 1 mol


    Ji. c.,.1- JjSl!; 1 mol d-i:3
    c,L3a'Yt; 1 mol gr..;Sir,rr^r^

    .JAJI\rr
    .:,il-!l 153s J! -ilij,Yl .4- .r34.18
    .JAJIi c,[js'YlJ*+

    62

    (ll)
    KI(s)19 K*@q) + r-(aq) .i.tS
    NaNO.(s)19 Na+(aq) + Noj(a{)

    .r1

    MgClr(s)t9 Mg2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

    .'6

    ..r

    NarSoo(s)19 2Na+(ar7)

    ,:err

    2 mol

    l=

    crt-3ri

    Cl .l

    ,l

    |ar+..lKll

    ''

    a;$(ttq\ a

    .o

    a:, rFiJr u'LJr

    ,fu:tJl

    =.

    :L::r .:,L;;._.;Liir ..U,fr jK ltl .,Ur


    (4-2 4:+rj*jjl i.li,-.f t ,.ti.t;

    citrjrl l.)U mol

    -o.930;c

    .i

    -3.72"C

    .-

    -8.37"C

    .e

    Na.,Po.(s)t!9 3Na+(aq) ..,


    @a)

    r= C6Hl206

    Sr.orf

    .i .ZZ

    2K+ (aq)

    -L

    -r1; a-;:...plai-!1 L+

    HgS(s) +2K+(aq)

    ,Cl

    4-.

    Hg2*(aq) + Sz-(aq)

    .5.45"C ;.;l,,,

    .:-lt

    i>;: ri.

    CoHn:--i.lr

    .,-1

    2NaCl(aq) + CaCO,(s)
    2Na+(aq)

    +2Cl (aq)

    + cO23-(ad +

    Ca2+ (aq;

    A^Ji\r" crt-3.i
    CaCO-,,

    Caz*(aqy +CO2. (aei

    --

    @
    -1,.1

    CaCOr(.s)

    3CuClr(aU) +2(NH.).PO oktQ)


    - .g
    Cu.(POo)r(s) + 6NH.Cl(cq)
    3Cu2+(aq)

    + 6Cl-(aq) +6NHf(arl)

    + 2POl (aq)

    Cu.(POr)2(s)

    +6NHl(ac) + 6Cl-(aq)

    Cf ,NHi 4+Jir. .:t-3ai


    Cu,(PO*)r

    *1,

    3Cu2*(aq) +2PO]-(aq)

    Cu.(POa)2(s)

    NOts K+

    63

    +;

    .,

    +l+Jl

    .23

    *r

    Jdts-rre iniut

    J+JL-*I

    i rLtxl

    .t

    :L:4 ,s)xr

    -;E- JC/:

    -:r lu--i

    .?

    a>-.1.:

    .i.16

    L,

    U;
    5i;;^

    -c2L;;Yt
    .'F
    _L"

    JC--ll

    .-

    s**!i;.-;-

    -jrl--tr L".tL;:)yl jcJrI^tr sg^luise4 LG


    5r|;;J1 y4 :l-ll irl+j.+ fr-: fo Wr

    .C

    jL, ,*hl_r* i,*t*x.ly elJ.llJ+'b;or;ru .l.tz


    --,1;;.r, oJA rltkllJ|i ;;*JJJ;sJ!)ul eI-lLl
    .tet*ti::-hrf

    r:""p.i;-){. t;l-l .v
    j
    JrL* ,*; 3-;: J'LinY iir- :tt -o;rt Lx; iU .18
    cJ. r4,.-r*"-Jl 9.rJ,;;o;, ,:U-l -i.+.r. i;+bFl
    Si:l -:. .tl j$r, oLj
    5+ybYl

    1;r:r +lirrr .:" iJsJ rtrt +.'ti;:jr il:La*rr..;lt


    MgCl, .6
    ( l-2

    aJ-Ltl

    KI

    ,raJl S:,Ly,Yl

    ts 3s .20

    i.Y3l;JSJI i.rrJl .:1JX9

    .r[t 4
    :r-tl

    .i

    NaNO..-

    l9 .1t3*:t 4 Ll5-,lr 'al;:i ist\ ".Js.l:rY:Ir

    I mol teitl

    i.-:st .19

    )L,l) .i:J$l

    NarSOo .:

    iJ<.l

    + 2Cl (aq)
    ,Na+

    l"c-'tl;V9f t -'1*::t -a-r' :- ..t:


    e=, 125.0 * {.:rf r "alrx,Ft
    - i-r" .500 g :,., ii ;t .30
    ,ii i+r, L! ,(i:)t i:L) ;3stsr er 35.00 g
    5i;ur ,t r-lr

    CaCO:(s) +2Na+(aq)

    Cl

    ..g

    &,;r*!l h'''' tl

    l:ysi_rj<Yl.ul+ill g9:*" iLi;21 .".'. .l J:Jl

    .i

    !;.:r 'r-:,.29

    NarCOr(aC) +CaCl,r(aq)

    ua 1.24 g -i. g9,,.13.r* r-i--i LJ, c-ts r llir


    :,. ..-t ,3.55"C gyL.;.x;,:t s. ll5 g4C2ClrH,

    HgS(s)

    ,',LIiJl a,,.,1

    ils:*.27

    s-20.0,,c

    Ji'i- crt 3ri


    HgS

    .r-J:-:

    i-rlr- i+t: J.i-.ri-:Jl ;^ a';\ elll .1.500.

    + 2Cl-(aq)
    K+

    :UUI
    tt
    cSJLt+t..Mt

    lrurr +i; L2 L" ..r


    i;r. crHr{oH), /,;l;rt.' tl -;:lrl ..p nr- *s.28

    HgS(.s) +2KClQtq)

    r-sll ,-iL^! -Jc ,1lJ.:- j+ !r:- t'l d5.15

    .:t_lt ..,- 250.0 g

    HgClr(u[+ K,S(ar7) -

    +S2-(aq)

    g
    _)t't+Jl e- 20.0

    2.oo mol

    Hg2* (aq) + 2Cl- (aq)

    ..a::J,ri<J!l_JCLrl

    4,Ut .r1; _a-rrt_(FL;)l i ^:a 1o.25

    + 2NOJ(a4)

    ,:l-jai

    .:Lll o" 400. g !. C,,HzzOt r cx 77.0 g .6


    2-.lqz- .- 'lq nSJl) . -Ic . <q:: l+i* - S LJ)* li-.26

    Sr(No.)r(srTS Sr2*taqt .i.zt

    vol

    .u

    )t"l) ,:qjt:Jl
    .rur 2 Cr.H22Orr?tFJl ,- l.-50 m19s* .t
    .rlll +^ 1.00 kg 9= ClrH?'Ot I g- 17l g .-

    c'l-:3"i

    ia 9 *;";" 9 "-;g'.;.1.iaJt.pl :i;t ;* 1o- . 14


    q:lui rL,,fr"'U,9";;*,.ii:,i*Jl.tl :;i-

    .q1;(ary) --e .i

    (.1-2

    molMg2+ .6

    mol SOr2 ,2 mol Na+

    (I| )

    _J:JLf

    crt-3ri
    3 mol

    + tr:*br+Jt

    :Ls. f(tlq)
    '

    rJ-t*t l Llr"]+j II)..r- t- r iJJJs'J. ti:i .24


    41rL,1t -xt .iL;:tt;r ',:..,11 i4A giiul.J+JL.ll
    lrLtt, a:['Jt a!,9'vt a.l:1,'rt-9 i:rr4r $to.str
    .rlcl,i;Jt 1:.1 isr*lt 5ir,lt

    mol I-

    3 mol .2 mol

    u:#(att)

    ,l mol K+ .i .ZO
    , I mol NOl .l mol Na+ ...r'
    ,l

    mol

    rl

    (ll) u,l"*j:l +:#(aq) + 1s+_:r!l .al :. ,:,(aq) -9 .6


    AgNO3e KCI 4.JcuJt 4a+Fll .:LeYl ;L.23
    .i-:u..yeua

    sor2 (ac)

    c,tjJ{i

    J+:jJl

    _aJllll .:1,<rI1 o.ir

    J!tr +L-3,Ur zJi;:ll

    [y

    as;l*r,.:<t .f,t

    ._ajjis:rt

    ::l!1 ;:,tjgi gYer !rs:r

    tt+!rr-Jl

    :l-:-*..r.0.50 mol 'i

    .,a:e;El ii:tr"5:t1 aj;Lll .js1 l-2 .;esjt l1L;;-.22


    :,....1))tr,aipl +L3r!1 ;3, .a;t I iljJyr a-J:Lr19
    .r it<.1 *>.-tr <;3aYr o.:rL.lr --5t (q: .etitl
    ( 2-2 :i.: r}"jjl iL-U.tt ,l,t I :tlttl ;:,)tcLi:Jl
    0.50
    _1Jir]xoJl !:,L;-Js i1."

    mol

    .t

    Nal

    K3POa .6

    (i$t+)

    o*,iu^l,t-r ?&rl j+stjl

    5-2.43'C

    ifu.-::t
    v-r
    Y
    l:,l

    ii,

    irJi

    ?urlcll

    i)ri-;:

    i-JL iIt

    ai

    .-.<rt i1rL1t

    ljU1Jul.r;-)r!f t;J i -ir:tr


    .ro:raJl
    J
    ,IJ.

    .:

    .rie'J-1i

    r,...rrfuS+

    -s

    rclS c

    i-;:-1tn;l i-oa 3i- 3f


    (5-2 a;-::*.irt iri--ll ,.trrt; ,iijtJt

    1".42

    6:rJr

    4:ttl

    _JJLrl ..r i5

    .i

    CaCl2.:

    C6H,2O6 ..

    /1*rs

    _tc{-JtSJr

    ^t/*:

    ,.rlrr"

    , tct .i.43

    'q

    :gltll

    pr;11

    i:,t+t, f i :JUl

    ,,,11*[ll

    :kjt<ll

    L.*l L tk"l.) L:ru 'a-S:l-t ,'<t .44


    ;ri lpri .;Ltl g" !.Larrl-.1.+eJl

    ,rrr q-r gL.9i -t:.

    .iJ"rLdl

    2.00 kg g. trg11o1 -a;;Jl

    irlF

    .tUl

    KI

    LF

    4 .,.jil_f.6-Jl_t:,

    fy & r9-ga$l-7d*p$c

    +d

    C"

    ::|j:l,i gfb: ii:'r:- iJ:L";,:'<t .{$


    S'e*rrr*i i.F+):.3.reL.*t ."tll f .NarCO.
    1'*l d ..pr{r-Jl 9t3e..f ;,.0.20 mol;L.-ei
    ,.pil:iJl

    .9Lj-.1t ,.YJr Li<Jl i.r,:t

    l3

    ,l-2;-9'r,st g;.1l3Jl FlnJl-(t


    :rJLJl

    (Il)uat. ,.tt eJt:a@Q

    .r.

    "g-g-1

    .r,. 8.50 kg

    !f-/4^r

    g=

    "lcl,i:rl

    ;--,1r

    5el,ll

    j-er.U

    r[,.50
    Lr*tt i!:*it

    + lc+-'-grtl oJ.;.3ri{aS)

    li+:l L.;r:, ...-r .51


    *rl' r:.tr-.,,;. 268 g

    --0.826'C .1.27
    {).926'C ..-r
    334 gCrHo(OH)2 28

    .eLtl

    165.2'C 30

    9.450.9 r" ,a,l.u 85.0 g NaCl

    s-0.150

    kg*l:,lUl

    s. I Ul ,.rt+L
    ,.!r3,1 .lJJ*
    ,1;.rja:

    -5.01"C1m 29

    J=::r ior, U.35

    0.060'c.e

    ;-,eru&r^l ii3lt ;r,'i:t LJ: 3i-.36

    25.0 g i,r:r

    !l3rr jS;:r '.i*

    .---rrJSu"

    -l&

    FG ,0.65'C_tj{-tilijl

    !cr*'Er+:t
    i-.,,, c-ts I il .38

    5L J+l*- ,1,;
    l-C:.;!:r el ;*iJ !)$l iS;:r irq fs: .-2.65'C
    L00 kg uJ4 J-J:*i,JCsf f .ir'tr ri-:rr L;r l*l .39
    .0.250 mol NaCl3 rltt

    5.5

    -5.58"C

    ''lll

    .g

    ulla0.49

    .t

    -1.r.3.0 m

    ..;r

    ;*

    -12.0"C 35

    i'J ': Msl.,'*,'il,,


    lols. te ,-;;.ibi ',;.40
    V LV
    Y
    .";*;Jl
    a-;:
    ,Ur
    iq1
    2
    ;:,i:Jl Ji -J! '1 .00 m
    L.-,
    "1;
    .eU f+, -a-;: & i'i:'rr j+' i.u "J- .4.7 8"C
    .-a*"$rl9.a-itrl_pe.ll ;a1 -.s)b;yJ ti-Li, ti* a-pr

    # Ft c,l I ]15[ l.LJt*rU -oi;j i 1.4f


    g-.1, -,,f; 4ir!;Jl G+ l!-r.L^ LL:t-l! ;)
    0.0

    32

    -3j2"C .i:r

    .-

    4,

    ,iJfJl

    '9

    -5.58'C ..-r
    -o.11'C 34

    101.2'c 36
    0.64 m

    KI 37

    0.415 m Ba(NOr), 38

    -ir'tr

    Al(NO:)r-t

    .r31

    1.3'c

    0.0091'c

    j,ii::t ;tS I il .37


    .a-:..1: 4

    a+,-rl+tl *,t ;+:J

    ze

    2.00 m .Y

    +"gext{r:lr u.f+

    a1-)r 7,.. .-|.4E

    .-6.5 1 oC,;-,;tro i+rr,.r.ic',i rt* L:.:-l;s.11:

    aJ:Lrl

    ilrl .-r1;

    .i

    .I

    50.015 m aj.,s;

    "2^

    !1^: iJ.rL- t,.'.1 .t9e i-..r0-;s1 ,HNO1 ,.il,JiJJl


    i.l.rurrO; .rUl e l.{;^ lJs Li'E
    .pi,Jrr*sJl ;ri

    .iJrt .

    e.

    .i.zs

    0.500 lz

    Ba(NO3)2 .6

    &J*

    PbClr(s)

    -2.79"C

    4.50 m .6

    CaCl2.:
    AlCl3

    {).93'c '9

    L.l ) ,i*JlJl -.i::,trrX.tlt 3l4l != 1.00 m o36jj


    (6-2 4+!*jjt u'L*!l

    sJe l-'-J;=/-bJ'J

    o.
    i-.,t
    .HNO2.J,;ri1l
    6L*.47
    r:<Jl
    a U4.i:r..'

    .e

    -1.05'c

    ,L,a-,:l-^iclt
    .'-:t-.t"t**iJl i..a js.33
    *
    -_!J:Y

    dr 0'275 mol 'i

    O" 131.2 g

    Pbz+(aq) +2Cl-(aq)

    102.805'c .c

    ..,llll 9u*i 9x4 $s:t

    -p+lil 9Lt*)r5 s+ 0.15 mol .ri


    .46
    ,',iS.. t.t* L.L!l ,''l .t: a-,r;f i;ictt ',l;lt *t

    Cu2*(aq) + 2NO;(aq)

    .-

    101.53'c

    i;.ll ;1- f:,rul 4slr t . :5 -dL U:t. l-5l.45


    .;:+Elt .,+r5

    + PbClr(s)

    100.25'c .i

    ,y,l-z&J^Jl l1.l;:d ,3o ..i

    .-ajjsill

    Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) +Pbz+(aq) +

    2Not(as)

    [ll

    24

    Cu(NO..)r(aq) + PbClr(s)

    &l*tl alVr i.o.32

    S&[;JI r:r'oL-l*rJn .e
    L-.1-l+:.r.r+etl

    CuClr(ad + Pb(NO.)r(aq)

    .rul +,C6Hr2o6.itsA 2.5 m'tos* .lt


    .;ltl ,_'" 1.00 kg:f CuH,rOu;r 3.20 g.g a (i:F) C'H22O, ;.20.0 g .6
    500.
    gn

    -{.930'C 39

    ,l

    (itl gjl ;'lll

    CSS".f+-+ .-5.58"C .40

    .li-

    e,t-3aYl

    ,.,.-, (E)

    y+::

    6,-

    ,i

    ,.:

    .41

    0.435 mCaCl, .42

    Ca(NO.)r(aq) +2NaCl(c4)

    .i.+S

    CaClr(ad +2NaNO.,(aC)

    .*.1, Jjs:+

    L.l

    .;l.Li:;'-:Y.6
    HBr(g) + H2O(/)

    HrO+(aq)

    .44

    Br(aq)

    KrS(s)tf 2K+(aq) + sz-(aq)


    .:l.r^Jl ot-.Hi ;- 0.825 mol
    Alr(soo).(s) \8, z xt3* (aq)

    .i .+s

    + zsol-(ao)
    -l.r^Jl c,ll3,.i

    ;0.75

    mol

    0.39"C

    .46

    64

    bli a:q qrU* ir:.:-t ,rtri.57


    li.tc.pLll
    3::ulct-ll .y
    a, i,.lr | .J.!-t )4+
    .fle l.9 1.6.j/"ii .4:$41 irl ie i:.t u'{l *s)* -*
    .-i)-J ,rdr):SJl)lllJ irJaJi<Jyr ;- ;o+f: ;ta^lr
    ;r ..L xSJl ,k-i -.L .&Jl 1"s;JJ3 gi,**i 'JCl-f l
    ,Jr_;Hjt iF ll.l,j:, -.<l "fi .J.ip)l -,11 .;.;:t
    .LsJt i.il r't

    1r:Jrr-i

    ti-?.jj,,Jj$;"1-,.r.g-

    c,t 'tJlJJ:Slyl

    J-. a+i$ i,^"-:i

    llc')lg^JlJ .^.Jl
    .4:" t{j,l$ Js:d t $c' .J.--: ;i

    '.l(+ djllr-'
    .i

    , rr

    . .\

    t r ,.at
    Ar .,. ,rarrsll

    :-jt^!

    al

    3ic,G3JJl
    o.l.o

    L q-l Igv .'.':i.$f

    J^ll a+_if:A_!,-J't

    tltL

    c;Lijll

    s-.s,ll

    ,,r l+lli!f-

    i4;jr

    sjl :llltlt

    ', i n.\J'ul oia a--2Li-g


    .Jl*L+

    .;J ^Jl

    '6J:1li'.l^:ll
    ;|!t -"ll ,+ ,,i-l'rJl L.J,.i J^jrj.57
    J:*o .=.;J+ 9<l ,f+J!LJi-ll
    .oL*sll iLr-lt J+J[-J
    ,il.l""tt -,.i dll: ;c,c,t r: lsrllYts
    .g,r i.b_nSl!),Ut Jj-

    ul Jrl

    }:siFL

    ."-i:;J-- 9'):<J1)lll9

    1t . ^ ::...1

    ti

    ;1;q

    ilJri<JYl J:.lt-f

    r.

    frr; li .SA
    :-t+t, 4

    t .-,t+U

    io'*

    r ;;"

    1-;,

    -.4-t".::

    .KNO.r J

    o?ra,

    LJjgl j$>.:l

    .9L3;lr

    .ll::f

    +ro,

    .,-r,i

    ri.

    ,lc
    )+r i8

    '-r;u l.:t l (i) ;-L:.:t +-6:U,:U,Ca"j;'";1 ..i


    -r;i a;];l .iis:t :=, i t -.-.' t ;'b^.1La ! r,t q,-,
    r[l -r*;+ ,u.9 . 10.00 mL t 6'd.- JLf t ,r i4c

    -- ,t!,t-:,t 3lJlltl lStll


    t-. -,1r "rr.sj.'d.u,+tl jSJXl dN +y:iyj
    ;i r r ;; ,KNO1 J;;$-Jl j+sJi:l-, ri*ijl

    ;3- .KNO. -p

    0.415 g

    .I

    ,,l*lt 1,;, j:uiil


    5t]U ._a,!^ll _L"dl
    J+JL.tr e. e'i

    -t

    :-.i.

    .00g/ml;3,urt

    r1U,i

    ir*

    :r:rLr3Ju

    c,

    L:.J_

    iri '&i FC:-:<J!_J+JLf _a*_;ltl


    3.r;rr irs, gii

    ;jrrr .pf*rr g,Fl

    SFi:Jle
    _g

    ;tlrlt

    jJl (, i',11
    Lg-r.rr ;i ;S* sil .rljiill,r.
    .JlJ-Yl ,ri

    ;.r.9n

    .3

    :ddJl

    i$ltJl

    +f-Jl trd. ',) t-41tr;:-t i)<..-rJl

    ti.i- lj*>a ...:<l .55


    _,1!t^lt9 S:,UJ*S.t)l glr r.F
    -a;pgU
    ra'J!,;t. dn .- e= irj+41 1;1rr:S:l
    . -ll {l.u 4 ou,l- 35.nt
    .l:!)i.ia,Jl9:rl
    '5Urt t^
    plJil J)b;l g"c.'U; ()i'lS^, .*:rr iP",-:l
    5f-"+J U:b- L 9rl:r bi<:)l
    4L.X,:t -Lz-:Litl i+lc t-:+lat uc [-t tlr;;:..:<l .56
    !;$aJl a:.o a.' &rt!r.9.9;j,Jl tll sJa Lb*Jl
    .rtitl -a,Li:+-ardt 6;:t tCL-)lJ

    3_;Sl Y

    i+.r,...,"t+i f ,UtJl,
    | | r,r".
    i..r,
    .;i -Lrll l.'ll Ail-(-LJ .Qi.
    .r
    \
    :-lj'.) c,l.1taJJ ir.+Jl #t - "tl

    JSJ

    lF-;.53

    +L- kgr d:l.ertl.6,,iJ:"r t1.!^ lj.-J;r i"-isl.54


    l5t:Jl t .rli'Jl J-3 4 tarp rJe,;5ti;l;.
    '.J51+ l- SeL.!_tlG:-vr r.r.o 6.'t;; ,*:r ii:oorr
    .e!l

    .rA! i* LJill

    ;, t'r, lgr:Sj!)lJg

    i-at-:s

    lui:rr

    r- s toll ,'r.*l-rj-ll L,F4 U;Jrj-l .l


    i. *Jl u.;l +:ll, crl-t-!3113

    .-a!i:rjl

    t+, J-ts

    :,r-lc 91p.58

    J!l- ,+;s: alriJl,lS"!+


    m
    ,3 m.2 m.lm)rSll LJ,\4

    .i

    d-rat i,...,t1, KNO3 J;';+;-Jl

    alL.ll.S2

    ;r.;
    i1-;, citse.KNO. -: tlu'xer* L1G:.a{4.llG:-LJ .- l. I 5"C;4*-r: i .r:tl +:,+.lr
    ,-r-1;

    .i

    -+:; .:
    ddl 4l:-:{ u ri=t:^ttJd:! .c
    ..:-r^ll

    f*iJ,,J-r' .!t JIJ*.LiJl ,'.^


    fgiS f ,,J-nlJli ,L:,l3.rYl
    .

    iJ

    .+

    (7i),,-.

    euf;tl
    -' urL6-*re.iur Jc.lr J

    iii ll

    3Pb2+(8)

    + 2POi-(l)

    Pbj(POt2(s)

    -l.10'c 5l
    0.316m .i 52

    -8.29Vo ,0.410 m .'-t

    6J"i JrrS .c,L3aYl

    rra+

    .:r+

    el;t

    ,-r.

    NOt(as)
    HNOr(aC) + HrO(/)

    HrO+(nq) +

    NO;(aq)

    1
    ' | o+-"+l

    {+tJl Lri-ll

    101.8'c .48

    :.+ll
    -'
    l-c.ii 54

    c,)rlS.i*ll

    .4iUJS.J

    65

    UNOr(ac) + H2O(/) 3HrO+(ruq) + .47

    693 .r3,-3J 53

    if.,;,".ll ,[Jl ^ ^ll d csrii


    . .--.i
    ..1
    -.^^ ;'*i11

    .50

    NarCor(s)18 2Na+(aq) + co\-(aq)


    ,0.20 mol COl-.0.40 mol Na+

    ..ili-Jl ;,L3ai

    0.60 mol

    .49

    5;.r-tl9i Lrb,sla J^ 5 C1,+ 3 eJ


    86

    72,r ,ey

    74 ,68

    'r

    oL.c Ul,},j

    p CJ

    o- .Ol.c rp-rc

    7 eJ

    si,zi i"t

    &

    16 ,15 ,14 o." ,,J...

    91o-,aJjJld;lrSJl

    C)+ Ot E

    89

    tf o ? et

    trai
    ,. - 4

    ,|c'lgall9 o.elet)f I t|J

    'lc,fj6tf

    i.l.c'

    lil

    -c,it rltt Otr:gi


    Jl''. -

    i-;.+t I ily., Lli

    ,.

    o.

    ,15

    oo

    7 J

    ?1Jjjlf iit{+f3Jf

    69 cr- ,4*bL;!

    a:+!n

    ,Ft*

    p.iJ

    .r1l9c

    o.,5-l alLll ,e;Jl :.-1r93-91 o-,39 ,26-23,15-l I ,4,2,1aji-y,!L-;Jl e.r1_,16

    1-3

    e.-nl

    :.rlr.

    Jc J
    iJ dJ

    t)- ,3-l:l:...y ,f.;Jl :.-lr- & l


    93-9104,38,2'/ ,21-20 .16,7 ,5,3 al:-\rl ,,-!-jjta"*lJ6
    82

    2-3

    e';Jl i.ll+" il

    .:J

    o,3-l at-}t .f,,;lt e-rlf & lJ


    93-91 o-,31-28 ,22.19,9,8 +f-:t ,,Ju-;lt :.:1r89

    3-3

    e,;Jl

    e.rlr-

    A eJ

    i"ffJefrre-Ll

    -r4rg;J19

    drgl
    ;L^i

    {_t

    a-ajr

    -.2r|.o>Yl

    CtZln[i,;,til
    (dr;tt

    :-rcl:sll3

    ..Ft^!l

    . :,.

    , l-3

    it -j .J.-q+f:iri -l-*-l

    ;U^-

    Vt ,-,.1 sll-9

    -;L"- il

    .; i:.. ^llJ 1+9!ll j3lJ,ill,

    g-,!-r:il3r1 a1;4.'

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    g{U,:*iJl dijJs-t
    *.o HNO,
    CIJ .ajo{ljl riil"3 u! iu:ri a].o-]+=Jt "zp3 .!ffiVo rtf l ; i')!'b ,:t*]f
    oit j-'S Lg* 'fra ,r!l .UJ{JI ,Je .:1!i53 ,* ,|-n!l ,*il13 ,t+:. q-' ' I 4 ll

    e.u

    +Qj+ ;i *,,1

    l.gGlt r.

    0,4,. t-rrgt

    t:.o3 .i1$Jl

    r ;:',lJ -ah lrl fi,u:, 31t, I I l.F.Jl ;ts a; iio=

    g|t4i

    .)']#l t #

    6 u r o4t w eak

    ..41"i

    acid Lag,.a.t t j,asJ

    lrl

    1*t: U\t-t t.tc,lilf3 Ltl.ltl ttl


    .rSiJl
    SSr.r++ U)t ll j+.lri^ll f6-e
    "r,i+,it+J,6jl:it: J lb i.rctiJl3 L;^ll
    ,-l+lt ^ ^tl & Ji:- i,e.l-+- ,+:s.l
    .itl- g- i,.ri gj L*rl'l+ -.1l-{+ iJ.-lJ+
    ..;cl^'Yl J-'lt-J {*in lSJillJt"r.i*l
    J! +tl .; ir''' llo L-gill .tcbi1b
    &l- J< i+ir- lJ+-r &iA+^1,il|
    u;l-'il lJ'i lJ+$:*:J .o-;t t:r1i

    gt-;jail,r1.l,pr+r;r.r,*:t ;:,L31i,rlc-;,.-Jl I irfbt* cr.:r:,--.1r dtll JtJaJ | 2


    .:lJ-lSf
    ar"b4^Jl J^ iJE :.o 4it*-tr+6Jl jisJ .f:,5l.rJlG.-Jl ptj'-j+
    .

    "J.
    r& !--s.rr +UiJl +,',irc it+ f: HC-N i5-l+ ,AjUt &J*tl ,-;! .!;if;Jl
    ;r I M ,tJJ*. e ,i& ci .a,r+:r + oi.+lt 51.,r..-.:t pJ'dgi J3-, ._..r|;i.
    ,r{i+ 100 000 i}s.r. CN-;$eie H+;[3gi ,L:i, HCN cUt+-irr*r.F*
    .HCN iJL e t!-i+ 99 998 ,;*t

    HCN(aq) + HrO(/)

    3H.O*(aq) * CNlcq)

    Ug,'*,5 .,'i rly: o, -9+19 ,i,5tJl diLetl ,:;,r 3-3 il:r+:l !;s
    J"b:3 ,4-r+s]r ,. [31i rfj,+ ,5 i3n-e ,&jLll &J*"Jl ,:-b ib_!Kj"
    iii:,,t
    ig Jr.3*4 ) iiSt+.SJl -a;saJl ",a;p9;J+Jl qlji x'r;l .rJl L:^ aJL:)l
    4,'i .:! i
    tA !,i4'r-r4o e:,15 I 3,)- 4;+b $t; r:lil.;-J,lj! d:.*-b, u"t "*J
    .ptjrJl or.o,-,,p &) tf tr 3f-tt'.,r- ) 4j! &9! Jh*

    iJ+:i.-ll .t lJrllJ

    'f

    tc,eK+

    + eii

    gi -\,:sJlJ*."StFt
    ge.Jr

    ]c-9n-a.a

    -lc ggj:;

    s:J l aSJ';.Jl

    J.r--r- tsllo i.GbJl SJLLTJIe; ,a.y*tl


    JJt- ^ll J-ll i*)t- .r.T-. _tjiJl

    d:Le)l-t

    li i+tJ'- jL{^ Jr.rl-l .Lart :rrl ;|,J1


    3j..r .F JJtll {+"lS c,)t3.

    lbrl . *- uJ. ,CH3COOH /+i-ll .,F"*s ,i;o'.' ;:L-i

    .CH.COO-i:,b:-lt et-]jrie_a*rrJ+6Jl !:ti3ti -et4, ,"J.b,1|S.;.1 9s: ,rUl

    lJ,.J4

    CH,COOH(aq) + HrO(/) 3HrO+(aq) + CHTCOO-(oq)

    .g+JJri^ 9:,ljlg-)'i sl4 glli-Yl-Fs i.o. 6_p;


    a.r.o ..1+,.s- r+-,gll .i-:^+ e. '; urrtr *-: ,,fbr: i-t Er gt5.r.tt o-ra g-

    ,t :i,';;g-ly,jF ulji

    g.:: i5lr

    rirs,

    e^-9

    dl::Jlirl..;'i1 J+.1,i^X
    ,-l+Jt^^tt; t $

    J-ra J:l3Jl e^a.l ril){ieAlt !'r


    ,.r-.--"r,

    (7)

    +*lJ

    s-h:tl

    ,9 dl,S dr- g+:-. $J++Jl


    .: r...!^tl

    fiJl

    c/ Jsl-Jt

    74

    HO

    a1;j

    tJfull

    lrLt+ ;i ;*"t*utt Jt +tl

    Tryffi

    Z+:'a:
    t' -

    :,1-2j .r.rc

    r r.

    IJJA-\J

    ,7-3

    Jsill

    o{+JJJ+a ;'U frr-L-., .ir:+31 ,r( ll


    lr*; .;i f.HJt +tl f .Li.i .sl3
    ,,'lJ.,r-i-eijl cFJ $L+ll Ur. ll
    .
    r'
    ,o:+JJJ+a
    ;,1, j

    . .

    a,

    )Li

    ;3;9

    ;ge"r"sl

    HCCOH
    H\

    I i 3\

    :,4^r 7 -3 :-E:,Jt 3. tr+l.r*eJt

    isl3

    c,lr:

    4-1-1i

    .J.

    ': -- L;.
    r -. I
    gir .f+;^ Jr,-+ dL.S
    {'. .
    i.-.. ll
    .au.rJar
    'gtu! I

    c.rl

    ,Fla/{.lJ)r.{Jl ;r;i ,-t .&rrr,:r+S


    ,g3,*j fuJii fr,fJr- ,EtFJt
    l-3j4 .rul q:" {+li U3j4'uKi:i f.i!, i!r:i ,a,+.t Lrr :rt_9jJt ora ;!, .OHgp r'\say.1i9;:t ;.rujr ::. ,J-/-rt {,-rs*,ul
    l_*Lojr :,'"<,'.

    e &,-ra

    .t

    +it,,s;
    ,'.:li,i rUl es ot+Jr! -J,UJI ,NaOH.pi!,-Jl eJpr5r
    :i+Jb.ll 1J:1.

    Jl

    NaOH(.r)t!9 Na'(rz4) + OH-(ag)

    l9-,2*rr-3

    .&iil dt+t_! kls

    cos,A,a6 V;^l
    .Jiq-Yl.-;.s Z ;i.. *-Jl

    r*,rgi.lJ L;.;ur J*lr-*

    1gJisr

    1.rt+3-,1r+a

    ts itt

    L153eq4Jl

    s;Jl
    Flii{-'Yl ri.^

    "rri

    Jr tr^+ro;r.li*l l,--r.i&,r:tr,l",l-! l-ec,s+rr :*U-el ;-ir;


    &Jt-- l.s+e i;S ,Cr .Rb ,K ,Na,Li c-^,e .;rSJft e,liliJt e:,l-rgpqa
    ..,i

    .(a:!t!);tJ!

    F+trflJ tJ+.a. ;JSb


    .Fl^)ll iJlll ,,Lll^Jl iri
    .
    :l
    i ,...'. .Lirs;ll
    rxtii :,t'..-+lrr. jo dl+l!

    qFJL*n-)l i*U.lr i.*U:r ,!: !b .a!j1i r.F-,. t*".=r+ :l.tJ;Jt bSJ


    +.Jjr rr{J | ;:, uri 6:4 cv ii I UJ I iL [J I NF*i i* n "1 r-.,-i*Ljil J j u.J

    .r.lJ"llJ

    . i--

    :9!L.ll ]J":l,l,l

    ,.l.

    ""Q ,tJl

    irllj+

    r,

    ,iL^*t .&J-Jl j c,U3ai;rS:t


    r,t+ts| f-Ur. ;U .Jl;idl .j"a ..r..<'Jf
    . i--.ri
    .,Js

    NH..(aq) + HrO(f

    NHfaq) +

    C."&U+ Urjs

    AH-@q';1

    J.t-l,iJl

    t/

    .rclg.iJliji
    Lo.!9jJ

    i-t,

    d*+ Fic;j
    l!-rLJ ;l ;+ !:^ll J!+tl
    a;"-Y
    c,t
    gr La;ca ;.fJlg
    "!l i:'. "l
    rlliJ,JjU-Jl d ;J'il$-ll c,L-i-Jl
    i.lr-s^Jl .Fr ^-Yt L;'a;,:+r:l
    "r-

    ;i;*"t *tl

    J<-:4-3 &r+Jl JL^.....1+


    o+.1, .,.1.f J!-tr"JtlJi'.. ,
    'l il' "

    Jr". lrr*^: ;i i-!.1'i-Jl C*t:*1


    .+ 4J".:-Jl ,:l-n^tl ;f,*& rl-!*{
    t ('ii. I t ( i*'.. 'r
    l. .-lr"r "Fl^i
    .: iJ.. . Jl

    75

    i*;r

    e-b

    ..,.t*'t iJL #

    t.5 .,-l-9,:t

    'ajz

    {i...<jr,{^'X- .,ro*r*a| ;:,Lr:! j-:lJl

    .;i{r

    i:Ur..lrr*-.rl .*! hb,,Jsj, pL3,i -,tt r,r'<:r*

    3;;

    JJJ*4I

    .jt

    j;+

    4-3Jj bJr +.ii*t',u.tlrK! ,*-*rr."-L-!ts,elr

    ,*-r

    L_J-e

    ii-r3

    i:r;rr ,*rr;:r,
    .aJor,E'q4'

    ;'l'. ^ll oja crt-fS.

    .LriJlC-t:,.1 3-3 JJ '-llJl ^....1+


    "9LJ
    ,-F;t^l J!,J,:L-Y| lri;", ;l
    lJLr:*t .fiil*1, ..lr^l .ai!r; .-ts1^b
    .ll3-3 ,..13.1 . Jl .1rt .:'. ^l :;. Y gGU-+
    ;JibEJl c,t-i*ll .l- 14.,,+._l . ;,Jl:i':ll
    -r.l9ill L3,o :*:r:l dli9 ..Jrt;Jl ;
    .crt-iiJl o.r-o oL31 ,* i.r3-3Jl

    ..lFs

    reSL

    KOH(s) v.8rc*@q) + OH-(aq)

    d:'Gtl+

    .31

    .s- -L ri

    ,KOH_ir:-b4:J|

    NaOH +

    Na++OH-

    + K++OHRbOH
    CsOH

    7
    +

    !ul-+ o!rCs+ +

    OH-

    ?,.r-;,la1

    8#

    Cf ,,--rS';r.i

    ,rttrr*ujiri

    iJt.f, ;.rlr.i^ll &<i L.tL r 131tir


    *i++ Y.gJalS*-rr il-c.r,l-ill lja
    d,-."t b"lb u;t^ilJ*+ LJLiJI
    i,it l^:<ll.li+5t+j+irll t(. i[. r,..,.t$r"s JJ-JI.,st<.Uelr

    Cu(OH)r(s)

    l1-rc

    .+#

    ,Ut e, l1i-

    L. -eri Y

    r;ll .rl3;:r ,:i ,rSgr

    !r,r..<rro
    .d;- '.;

    @il

    [-,ii d-^-Jl
    rl'Ji
    L-l
    ;" J+I'l L.S .tlJl ,.+..,t+lU

    il,Li

    ,i.

    ;;,".r .Cu(OH)2 gnl-'Jt +4r*ro ,lF 8-3 'Js.,:Jl i:d L5-, .J6j)r{{Jl
    -d;i 'gr^r--: ),lfr.lt, o4b ,rUl os l3i1 L. er: )i:"1}l;tl ;:rl.gJ.91-r4
    i"tgli j.si ,,Jc ',;.: r:itll.&Jl.*.tl Cal, ,fl .J! U ir|;lt 3.r4, .fure ;Es
    ,+ #J I d ; !+J-J l,r".Jj1,ra6J t 1:Lgi r -* rqJ:, kde OH-,i#J-9J J*4J

    r+XJJri{l ,5>t*tt tr--xtt

    ',J*Jt*-

    oisl,/,cu(oH)r.(tt)_o"t

    .JS:,lt;

    "J.

    ^'.11

    I
    I
    |

    d**rt

    "i.+Jt

    .r_-tr:t

    ,5-4 A.Jl3Jl

    +-u
    ;,5; ;i t";,' '
    oJa-a,JaJl .ai9".a,,ll t:Gr.lr ga1+SJl JlbulJrs.j,,..'ir.t!,ti:r)f ;f !3;:f
    '>u.b .i.*--' 3.1J3 Ubii
    ,o.4-.1;..;Jl 9l5l
    Nr.:Jl ,Cl8H2lNO3 grul:9SJ!
    .ir,... i.-E,9n )t....n &:Le^efJyJ !S.".5
    U!-DXJ!

    '+.:.!.!l

    e" t6jsj.rLll

    ilS.+ lJd .ojtll letrr-

    14+ L.-eri,Fl t+J4Yl JYI

    13+ 3+13 OH-,g-fjr.r.4:t ,=,U*i


    cF

    liU .i .4
    :' ri ra 39,=*t.istl S,l .v

    5i33;g:,tr,rorK:l {fo:rr

    flez 6b-

    j:Loir

    ,14 Jl3^l

    .JeahlgJ.o -.3.1jcc/ OH 9:,Lj.3. elc dJi*J


    .,al:,.i

    rtta! e" .iilLlii{ l.rljl

    rl- :J^ill i.ral-* J".:J

    lste ii;:

    .i .l

    o,ll ;riL.ill lb*Jl t":+ ?k .u

    i-i-

    .HBrOj .-,HBrO

    il

    dJ

    .la <S8-rc[i ri ,;^.rn Ja,


    i,i'.:, L,s:Jl oi.a ui;r-t :^lt f$:Lf ir. ' ^-ll ,-hlt ^ ^ttjril i;!L
    lr.r, i-iG ,ri Q+- ro .+:.rcli!l &lt ^ ^tl
    .c,.cl .86

    .i,C*:Ut.a;;a.-tl'f-

    .2

    .4cL;Jl JCL-U,:1t4;Fit. r.i;irsil .i .3


    ,";Xi :i i*lr, "'{^::.iJl i.3uJl 3bFJl ;;,' ?k .s
    .r4LJlrJ51 . Ul

    a-i-

    45ta+lil a' 1tl


    r}3..J"Lii df ,.:J ,!

    'FiLJl!aiL-;Jl

    .5

    76

    gJ

    ii+!.r

    $V6;r. :6*.;lsrl

    .$g'HS'ii

    :*tdjl ofsrff S",&qao"ufl '.si ,rtsiiL.,


    et iG-/l $c i*61 qp4-. j)J13Jr i:.lJi *Jo

    :l,-nl e'ilJ," &

    l-3 i--nl a4=lJ-

    .-4;*J1.JCl*.lJ
    ,..r.:151 yi

    "l-

    9l

    :+-{

    lJiL;rll

    rsj+ Ai n+.l,jtJl Jl +tl TtrFT


    ,:uS: ;i nS-: d- e-+Jl .r- cE-Siol,/i
    .r..l.t^"tl eJ:JJ qU* rbL t-cl

    Cl2*(aq) + 2OlL (aq) -+ Cu(OH)r(s)

    ,rLr:i ,- tiJ

    ai+J

    .,Jlcltjsjlt J! Yg,..r ;J'Ylj*sjjL

    ,.r-,r' (*-)

    a.r.3r;i
    ;u (J*a ;'ur L-Fl,Ft^Yl .i
    .,i ;u .f:a ;i:r ri r e'.<^l,Fl^'Yl,.',c .'- .rl3"otl,Y .,-1
    .4JlJr JbJt-Jl,Ji

    Jlll

    Lllr.3 ,1-.3-,1.r.'a c,lr: ,rt li".:-Jl


    d d""bl
    r
    f
    i
    crr+Jr

    i-- i
    -.i.r
    ei- .JJ* 3l ''l(i'l'l OJI crt

    S.

    ,-l+Jt

    c,t t<.l'^ll

    L^,-g 5
    '

    ++.S,r,,1.r:{ ll

    NH, s NaOH .,:llis ,.,-J NH: ,Sl ,r.ra ^- 3'a HCI


    .l-rl-xlJS^l iJi.t< ,r:ii-t-i.t:' ^^ Y3 ;.rG o-il CH3OH

    .".1.*

    ,u:-t- l+SlL .i
    .r+,'Ub g )L'Yt Ai:l JclJ-ill y J.tjr:i,' ; r'lSlt .J

    |Hr"rs-. .t-l r:( ll

    ,*Ldl .:,lilill e- &Liii

    .arl:,lrr:(l
    r.ssll ,rl-ll .,-r

    -^tt

    y,.ll La '--lg .,-r;L^-l

    ..-G d

    ii

    lgl/lltl?ugty

    .oSlCl J1,ocJ A<lJJl ,,,.i1-ll ,e,t,J". ..2J1


    "r
    .('l:_\, l<JJ+{Jl u;^) .'1,.lt*r"Jl

    "e
    .l .2
    u'"#.J'|+dl
    y &tj'1 .. ii:.lStl nJl;i .r,ts+l- t-{-.J ,r. ta;U - .i S
    ..1tr.t r:SJ!d.'u1., 6)LYt Arilj u;l^Yl
    I+-JJCI

    {..j;^ .g

    .:. 'S ^^ll c,lll-j-

    .l ....1'.L^tl

    :+l-

    ,{+t}-J1

    t.'.r-Yl .-,

    76

    (djL!.r l0

    i4'f f + sk+'Jt j1S+3r Ms.'Jt


    A$'aA/i'l|CA
    ?

    i+l"r i dL-JlSJJ+rll u;

    _,p.r j^it-

    ,+*'

    ;.r!; p.oL; -i=S ;r-'1 .tL' Lll +.a


    p'-l+ -iJ-i c,Ll:L;l o:b d F-Jl
    ,t:.: I ,'-JljJ"l *+S C;J .f;.dl J"-r'
    ,F^ J+6iJ .,- tO'..i'. 4+t^^l 'itU.,"
    .l (

    l.rlj

    HCI(.r4)

    c,L^;il ,orr L,:.'.:, A{Ji)'l a.^a .1


    ..

    ,i .i.,'-tt ,:)|;c */ .Ft+ijl o.s1


    .63i"J -i'.;l Jl

    ,rt (ill

    :c

    Sl ,p-13,91

    ^tl

    .2

    ,f

    ..J.q-i_";-

    ;lG'Lr

    l.d,!b L. J++l

    .nYi-:JtJI

    ,r..

    Ll-!;

    N;-a

    t-::;

    olr g!!-.:JLJI

    Jo.o-i

    +Uri -.rg H*

    :l JrLi. 4,j*i,j L|.J|}l ,:i

    t,! -t.
    -t .n:ElJl
    .'iJ
    ;+i i4:Jr rd:ilii.-:f
    ..'! .{r., l3i i:idJt e. :,1...)-t ct...:\
    '

    . -:

    ,,,

    g5!..; ':-)l J,,,rp JS JtLn


    .,.rJl ;* 2 mL
    Y'*
    -"tt* jlr;s J!
    Lr* i* Y arlt '* ir":rtt i.3r

    ;rLe

    ou

    ;;,*-)r ;'u;i :r .:L -Kjr


    .rlFil F+ Jj- tlL (r", t!;"g{
    .9rJ1 ,l-eSjl JjU:;i )<Jt i: ,,Jtj
    ,;+;L.9i ;r" !;;U fut 'a;;
    ji+l i,,.rr r= ur.!-+L-.:r_Jo:.-i
    ..Jl G!JIJL
    -4l)-l
    4_t":.-J! tLJr

    $-tl

    j_"r

    L .I

    l-qr.Il ;rt . -.tt


    "?ils

    /-::\

    ;+.f

    4 i'. j

    ( // J srtlrrtsLexl

    77

    r:t

    5H+

    s,r r iU .2

    *L9,i

    te

    jo',. jf4

    ,.lQ 1-*Ul-irJl

    Jliir. t . ,j;--tt lra *;* ;rtr


    ::r... lt Ll-Ft .+;..,:+ L
    oi" ti:r+ .F,4-Jl lfC.a:,l.iJl
    J- ojs. U.z,:l J,ht.,l i.:'l jlFl
    lij.lr Lo .SJ .r',.r a j itl;
    .i)+i,4j1 r[l J.J{+;r ":X ,t.:.:tt

    fu.3ryi
    ,rJ. ;.rcl

    .+r+ +"
    -*
    l3-.r Li; .rt-tr:,:,...,, ,ogrX1

    ti,;:

    ;-

    ,aiS.

    * lr.Jl L

    .rr+

    ::i:. gr:r l!L;Jt .t.i.;l

    Llj);|s

    it:

    f>.r.

    ,U,

    :1i: o+rr.

    -l9Ui u,:n riag .;J,ll + H'

    .,191i

    ii-L-ir i:1Lrl .i;r.*J 3u.,:;UJl iJrL- ..^ -i;3n-ll ,,rlrl t


    aia .-aidl ;)t. ^-t1 e= HCI ,.
    eL ;Ll,,J<; 6e:-jLlrr. rr
    .

    CaCO.

    ilrU

    NaHCO.,_..,1n"

    '-t5r,Mg(OH)r,MgCO.,

    : AI(OH )rNaCO.
    ';ry_Jrl.ll 9qt4 sL iti ilUr
    .i

    "rji.

    rrt l-F6J,;;J4iJ

    I,,:l

    NaHCO.,(ag) + HCI(c4)

    L:u

    --;

    NaCl(aq) + HrO(/) + CO2(s)


    +.Jl COt jt ,J5!
    2 J..i;lr irtlj Jt "nr-L;x1
    .i _,, .t: ./u9,
    .t*-+"'
    J). .lJX :-t U.f r :r.:,rr 1"r;l

    as

    i.;.lla;

    ,_;J,-tl

    ;1*.5J1

    l-ir rrl .; r..-)r pL

    r;.-:

    &.x+-!r *ror*-CU r_,J+-i


    .

    .i:0....,j;p_cti
    :+ qJL H+eLJ:i

    !^s;;ts

    trlg

    le+

    _{!}lsrJ*Jl!:s
    !r rin djir.0.3 M
    -ilb

    itri eL.ri ,r

    -rl xr4

    5H"

    .i< ...L;.

    ir>r-r

    '-: <A .; ''+u L:".'


    e-, ?Q'
    _arl r+ !1- ;x i-r,t r.rt i.; >u"lt

    '*,.=

    !;c

    ,.- >lt*1.0:;* Ly;Jl J;tr s rle


    +li>+ly i[r ,-Ei+J i- t.9r-

    f,.-..:i

    .t!e., Li; ri rq::r


    Ul3* f

    jJ_

    :c+6)L;Jl

    ,1.,-; J<.:. lSjlj F45Jl af ir..l1


    ,+ H t r[,2)U
    3sr:Lf i:S.i;

    -Ur
    ;:, .r;i ,ar.lr L,>L;t i-cl","r.r.:rr
    o\ Ultt: t\ (i ,i ,+1;,"rt 4 Lt"t+i;l

    t;ra

    o].,5; !1- .6r-lt

    .;-:
    "JS

    "r"z

    -J. ..gr-i 5lr. -- .J.q::i -i9 .;r,11

    J:ol:: 3L3.,a;;rr

    _<Fu;lS tJfJsJ .lEi 9:yr

    .t
    ,t _EL- a: '-r r i;LanJl"

    J-i5'g ; :r:l

    I'xi- ll;

    aja

    35

    a;_ 1.1+1i^:.rp)

    ')r-.
    t^:..pft .3U;:t
    Z L..iH '',,'''-',1'
    i+
    tLAl{Jl
    .t1-r_a:+fr r_rr .^.Jl cr3 Ll

    nt-Ji,Yl -;.+ L,,.'.,


    ,lc;sLJl
    -,11
    jlFl_Js)l ir!G | :.:i.ej+l
    ;LL;rr;ti.i.tr j-:"+ .H* irUrlr

    'Jl> Ls.r3'qll

    ._/ e!,,,clso+<ll

    .f;{ll

    LiiJl

    LrlL^en

    kijb

    -;r,r1

    ;^1U-i

    La-.r-

    1;;L

    +Uje)l 1S;o';rL

    H+ Lt-ir"l
    .grJl,

    ;,jt

    ;-trL:rl

    "g;

    te)<t

    .Cl-,K+,Na+,H]

    HrCOj, flilJi;Jl li.e

    iFa

    r*,k.;.lr ;rlr .-i .CO: ,*;;* po


    :u)@X

    COr(,s) + H,O(4
    H rCo.(u4)

    HrCO.{aq)

    H, (aq) +

    HCQ(aq)

    e, LJ-:Lt-U:Jl o":^
    _trll l-r\
    .!tt;1t "t.:.:r1 tt'j. ;4n dJl
    " :.,, ala_to!
    . r^.:.;!r _liJt J.:d.+4
    Jil, Jl ar.r.:r )-.!c H* i[,,i :E:;
    65: eL,:";.tt_,.P.;ll Ltil 4 ) .;J,ll
    Jilrll $;,Je .(:.t-:;1 .;x[*q
    o:[3gi uF iJ,La, 5r 1:':. .Ft r+<rt
    ;i3o.9 .-;r.-ll J!-lil L"j)L J- Cl
    la.lA;r'fl {9L3e:r o& )t>e
    l^j)4? J!irsjl .r. jirr-rr i,.r.:lr
    :l'Jl
    .JLJl l--tl )j+r Cr" {U.lr
    i?f,:!l iG! vi;;ull J:lr {i..'Jl

    fiv.Jt-f!.s;xAt11'ti:
    -..:J*i

    il iL.]-Jl .5r-!FA*J | 4IJ.&lJ:J1,f{:e


    cr.f.r! .FL" Gi-)l
    .ijlll JJJ*.JI *3 JJs ei ;3: :,olgs 3i,;t-*k '..dri 11J4Jl ;;+ si .;s$:r
    4,!3 rt Jl C a+l-k itrfl lF ;i r.ir't-, .*3*:*ari '.+-t- .ri L"+-l
    ''* rr"
    ":+
    .,* pl-S ...pL>)t iL+2-

    eg-l FJ)l- t"{,*: j,a,rl$Jti '1.,[^>!J .r"f+

    -:-.-.,i

    J ),8 iro . li.o. -l f{,1

    rrrh

    '2-3 Frdtf

    &tiri

    -galc>)tl dll+jii

    -,l,i.'.,a'&b3j;:L-i :rl-,,:;
    .r:

    .t.c,fJElf

    Lt

    .r--!';ete9 (j:*';i'1

    ri

    L-i "+,: ijll +u3rrt *:-+

    ,:

    ii+.r 90 .il't' - to;ell lni;ll

    :.rt QISJ ,-$J sr_r-2!

    *.ri
    !r)t-r:,!_r' luii *...** dJ5

    : a-jal 45

    (J:u"

    .519J-r:-ririatt isr+3 g tfut-c--i

    H*

    .-1i!ia4i . rl

    ,i

    .ll

    Lql

    u^ qo

    r*r

    "!

    Bronsied-Lowry acid

    .r ,o-Xj+-a..li t-,iJ- !....*i .erL+-)l ti-.+ J!3


    .FrrS ,-ai!-;.Jl ,+ 5l4l ,fi, .U:!j Orr- ':':'-, iL-i

    r:,1 rj:9-.;l "e

    *.o fd<.1 .r:,L-ea)l

    fu

    .,'rr+t pL ii tt tLt-*j,o

    ,r*:*:.rr'i

    .r:L*i

    = ''.,r itgJt

    ,r .+lyi-r.Jl -4,)i t^r]

    -ffSf;i,f, "g:f

    ) c^,&r^{ L3; -.,,r;f;


    J!

    cl+r'lstl
    ,:-Enl r+rpl i+- i:+
    HCI

    ,ar:Js rrf:+ t:^


    .

    "e+

    ,tl^'Yl ;i6-3i
    .-^, iiJJi-,.3]" i-Ji

    .rcleiJl3

    .Q"c,lt

    'Lo
    . - ., NH3 r,,':t
    ;a a,b;Jl 9[lr;<Jy:

    ijs+ i

    J.LJll J+LJI el4taXl

    (e-lg.r ao) gr-1r

    iiLa

    o H]** cr'H h
    L_ H .l_,
    lHl-

    H'cl'+ H'o'--t
    H'Cl' + H' N'H

    l.'*iE+ ,-+ lr:-ll 3.1


    e<< +lg J3 .i=i-ll 6-r-6 ,lc S.r3,..3J1
    : rlr- Lr*
    3-rri: -i;S l.5,i-s!
    c,Y.ll--Jl

    -+ lH' N' Hl +'C-1'-

    LH-]

    j'gL:-;'iLL;:Jl,iii *
    :::;i r:',i iX.oritJl t^i
    .'yi- J;-11 ..g14- ':.-'rrr juJ,!r
    .f*r.)l ,qt4tlitx el,ll i!r; arUA* 6.rll .ltill
    .6;jJ-r:;i9.1'1

    -JcUrJl

    e:xJ

    H.O(/) + NH.,(n4)

    ut+91 're lt '+ UX

    r. i r +++f-lt
    :
    crt--Lll
    :U3rl
    .,Jc'

    .ri# e;Ji.tr*e.it.,

    HH

    lr-- .p+eJl

    ,rrg:Yl ;'" J< Ul^ j c,J.ri-l l-lJ.ii

    $, NHf(ac) + OH-(aq)

    lJ:O'+ H:N

    )vt-* Xu':r '.*r.i iJ:L.Jl

    NHl +.t:+j-r#")r';-i

    .r[l9 HCI

    sJglt Z/-trtl

    s)g,{Jtl &st.r

    .--

    ;i;S^:

    HCI + NH, -e NHI + Cl-

    *g>a

    fJ+ "Fi;J E-,23'o.r=drljl .,lc ufl


    . .i
    | ta rl
    il d'16
    y-.JS J!:ltlr .L tt:"'r
    .u-r;ll lin . i. 'r J-Ld U)l: ,i. i-L!
    oi, JS ;r" o+-L-i i.:G .,.r<l a:
    c*!u or ;.. , -.-Lll ,',i -; oi . ,-l-:ll
    o-.4jr.l::iJ i.l.s.lg 'JA di-J eiJ
    .di*6i-l,J E-.,;'atlJl 4if.6iJ o:"dio,",-r-

    fu**y' ,pto^St, ':.i.._er,5rL;Jt $q^5jt t-.c 1923V;,.s


    ,S;,e
    {'1jrJ--nilgr !i,e jl3 li(r,9 ''islj ,.j;o-nri r+-',1 1**1x J! 'lF:,a.:!

    Lru, *

    &leir

    I
    1" s 1'
    L H "1.1"
    I tH]

    i {3
    : .r q- Ar:;lt
    :. .tt.i,',r ,11 l
    Jc
    .1'l .f.23SiJl

    ;Ji l

    F i5r.

    .-....:ls

    .o++.t: ,:(tl

    ..*, @
    a1.rt-l ..pL-l>r 2l
    4+JtJ

    .fu,i!l

    a-it

    J-l-S

    rrLj

    dr-

    i:'ll ..FJcl

    "FL*l: a.r.p+lt
    .J+.lri-Jl
    u^ir:
    ,lc' ""cr.l-*ll
    -. .r ^-)litt . ill:. o ;-.-lr:-ll
    .g-aisl rill U-t
    ;t ' ^- u+?JJr+' 8Ji .,lc
    glrj gl
    .Jd:+"L6 J:+.1_.r.*a

    78

    *rrs
    ,

    ?-r_-,pe.r

    tei*, ;i,'e-l-aiJl

    o'*+ari.

    i:_rd

    Jt+U

    Jitl

    g.3,Fart

    3ls,:.-l ,'S^: Y liLJ

    J.ljrillr+."i1 j
    .JSjtll

    ai.+_6

    t,rr.it

    .rclgiJle

    h! ,/ yllll

    ;.g J,slsi

    11"
    :L

    .-@

    jr;;

    t-

    "f

    ._,:+g_,,rf+ll

    1^'.., ,J:J#JJ+C|

    .Lyr")J gjtll J_"Lll Jp Jr-jJl


    +,r!S */ esjLJl Li -..'llJ
    ],.r. rtr_r;r-!1
    .,lJ"dl

    iri[.:Jt

    ,iL*YJ
    Ct+^SJt

    F+lr:,lJ 6J+.a. ;JSb


    g. J-t'Jl d o-1s-;.rlr:iJl +-l3g
    -Sr" ,si!J$ +Js: :tlLJl ;rSill

    -$,iiJ' ......- r ,!ncl i( -ri ,:^-<


    )li-i..r.r* J.t l,+ l.rL:.|,rj,pJ
    Cjt ) ,a^-S ,.rr..., ;i,LJt C+ti,-i
    .(rs.s-,+ ,J+iL) i.rl a( si (.-,s,-lr

    :+;:* ;ti oi \s_h e Br$nsted-Lowry base .9_;3J,c;9.,p i.rti


    n(ru, t!J-!l il$:..; ,l+,f")l:g!lK::r*CJt ..r:*;li &bt 1ey*+!
    Ll .'j:t-, t .:,r9.,p ;*L3 r,, "Vtl9-S-r.ff:-9.!.LuJJ9;' r s rl-,Jj.*
    slgs J+3: , l(& l-.i..ij; NaOH i!* o9*:o"ri 3-l:,
    -. cJl .Llr,JjJ , ,{rl
    ..51jJ-.r:;o9;,1 ;sls jo.ljJ*eJl ,J3
    eLijt O]{- ,JJri ..,i;r- 4 .q)t--tirr
    .oy9-|ijl 3g:,+ .g"!t 9.6 e.g4Yl 5
    J---:-arrJ,i
    ;.$l
    IFJCI+_J-L ; : tl e9F
    t;::: Br6nsted-Lowry acid-traSe reaction
    eJ !'AeJ Ar e EriJrt
    -r:ir| eut39 HCI g;9J--.+9r F,+ Lr* JCUJI 9-3 'J<:tl jAt;,i .6elztl
    NH r t'rl
    ,

    uA.J...1cl i't: cLJl


    HrO +

    Al

    NH3= OH82
    81
    8.rc1-!S

    HrO +

    Bl

    HCI=

    A2

    ...1c1

    i:,

    NHf
    A2

    'LJl

    :,ug,9rtJt ;riri,o $t.r"-i 9 L-t,r-i ;at .-i


    "L-h
    (&p+ett
    r.i-rg i':U' i;": 6:nt. LasJl
    igri)
    :rS-h .JS F
    HCIO4 i!t915-r*-.tl j; -b .monoprotic acid rljr3r*r r grbi.F*J
    ..ryrll ilrLi tr:** .-r HNOI !J!_ri!Jt ,j;*e HCI s1"ryi9r,oert }',*e
    t199r. HCI .tf,:>.Jl ,3rLi ir"L"*Jl i,, ,fF "e,^i .;5 'Xf; ilUf i.:rUf,
    ,Cl- e H.,O*.:r,r)l irji<J i.ble i+t-;+ il'll HCI &^-Jt3 .:llt ir, rg,.+J

    82

    *-l: s*

    6l.lri -*"r+ L^13l=: rS^l Lr-r..ll oja


    .A21B2J At/Bt ,+ LoS 8-rcGll ,_;-Jl
    .:rr
    ..lr.1 |La1s +Ii-)li,r . -4-,pJl
    -a,p1-'a

    HCI(g) + HrO(/) -e H,O+(c4) + Cl-(uct)

    A+LEA,'?'3VA

    ;si e:+;i j*.,,e}a*;rs3 polyprotic

    ;9.-+r Jrnc .ib.uJr Lr


    ' H1PO*
    t j+,5 a" pyl, .).
    ir:,r- i1* ,.l{i.rJl *^ j'U ,lF u.lJrJ jf,y-r+Jl ;:r.: ^.FL*)r
    "! ;)br
    .lt-_r. iJS
    Uf+l ,j,:".-Jl ,,:;, e,{> .&ly'l
    +"
    -gq+fj-+ejl

    g;.rt-i :*+Lri ..p c.,L!)/.rJl C-3i


    g\tg
    rt.r
    ,t
    tl
    .Ll tsJ ..ls,.JJrJPr
    JJ!.,cJJ.JJ+l

    ,)j- ,J*^lriJl &


    uL*ir(.+ I d+jtjjt Ft^il
    ..rJ,J!l a:.rl^i
    j a+,tj:r .r-1,-l-xll 8.r.l'-L .FL*i.,J.
    .A*ii _.;JJl

    J*JriJl 3.r riitr,,;irl,t eli.r


    ,jLi ,.g-rl-l 'il a- )Ul _,c r<-:L3Jr.
    I ot :-r-r rr.y'oj *-i.ra- ."-'.'l ^ ,;)Li
    ,J9,Jll .g.l-i -^ :ilLJl ',1--.*'
    : !f)[i U6.* ,Jjr,J!l ojU'] ,:-=
    ,
    ,S.S;aJl .r.rr.i. F^,jJiJll
    lga '-'r...r

    79

    acid

    +!-rr-r.J !b,o 9, H2SO4 gl+ +J I j:.*!


    |

    cltS li!L.c

    ; tl ^i 1r.r3.-t,r<-., 3i
    "

    | .'

    H.O+ + Cl-

    Al

    gi_

    (7]) -,*',*,*i,

    6_

    !l+J-,(J|

    rr--," e3 .ri:l-JF 4&l+ 4+j5jl Jn --b


    .HSOI -4;o-1r+<Jl ;:rt .!,y<Jl ;:,|isi ;1iu.tsi 3-{*+ liJ'e u:*

    a* ir<,;lr.j'Ur

    H2SO4(0 + HrO(/)
    .a#Ul ai'UJr

    -e

    it-y 1"e4r'"0-.'^ jl:+

    3AV;i*.-s-tt+dL

    "g-3:;
    J*.r

    ellrl

    .a r..;"

    ,l!*njl *, L-

    L- ;i J ! ;t L;)

    j J-i-,

    Q-

    5:,Ujal9]!J991 ',e rl;:rl:r-r3l

    eJ

    ;ltrSr iri

    .elLrl
    Hsot(d4) + HrO(/)

    9a&

    H.,O+(aq) + HSO;(ari)

    2-

    u.,o*(aq) + SOlla<)

    Gt*Xl,j+"1'ilJ r$i $ {,t:(llo;4

    ".J5

    i;)l:

    '

    _f! &r+ rar


    ;' u Fs'+ i: >u

    ,uryl.xJl

    gia

    .rlgr,Fj.,r

    .iaer t^.5 triprotic acid rr3;3r*l t,;: )13.12rel


    i

    :LJbJ1 *-o;:).{cL;:Jl

    H.,POo(cq) + HrO(0

    H.PO;(aq) + HrO(/)

    .:*
    a;r6 !);l-,

    ,Js

    $ H..O+(zzq) +HrPOl{ilct)
    S g.'O*(aq) + HPOllaa)

    H?of,1aq) + Hro(l)

    tt,o'(aq) + Pollac)

    fSS jS'Alt

    ,-

    .,r,;-xll ;"U-i gr" .j*.e,r HCI


    I ii. "t1
    ;L11 itrl- 6ri- cllrl
    .q './31, tJ+,r-r+.ell ;Uyi ,-.L

    4+!JSJI rF^r
    69.1 .r,73.!l.g,S
    +tirSl +Us,i !'L I ;i..t1 'J.:L11
    tL"r- .r- i-:LJl q-i1-31r-,t ll
    g,l :r,(ll ;rL31i .r.t 3 ,*il
    ;ill
    .i.$LJl jiLjll il->- .r- C$ ,rll
    ot-3gi ,J. r ",i 6r;-3
    -tr-- :.l+<Jl
    ,J9r

    H2SO4

    "*a-t_.t--

    .t& u+.lAJdr U- e$
    ,.1- :
    ..1" i.

    <

    \r!l

    <;

    Hro

    ?
    C
    O
    a)
    Cl-

    ,6;

    .^

    ri-1

    -!3'll i ol--Fsr

    .a...ii

    .:^l-. J1s;J.' jJl

    cLJJSJJ+{ll

    ;:3-:-.;Ls)l ;. Fi tl, *!rs;*.lt ,j;*

    ,-oi: e!-,13.e-3nJl

    J*Jd^ll ,f-

    ,:s o" ]1,S,1 tsl_if!:t-,:<.lt


    lrr,
    .oi9+l
    *i{4 ySJl :--* "t;-4
    ,r3u:ll .FeJl ire-.: ;i Aaz,+ *
    bgSJ|Jt.FlilaJ.a.5jl .*l+ 3* l+s aliJ ,e6-ja lS j4 i;-tit J+)tiLr'+
    ' ' i ,;* j'u l0-3'J<-jJl ,'*t4 .diprotic acid
    J,u')+''' *rs
    t'.i=,t+_r5:1 9:r[3,-,1

    'Jo*9

    iJ.rt

    HjPO4+3H2O-3HrO++POj

    ..rl+:i rSJ
    _";.*'31 t"L
    ;:,L3ai ,-t*.--rt-Ji-.j-.d:1,-)*SJI..F

    SO; e H 30*

    r,rJ

    r- +<l fjq-i
    :rrJL:Jl ,J(jJI .J.
    ".1,c-*ll

    JJrii u6-Jl

    Ui

    JLJI Jl').U

    ut9sAl )":r':^.r;-*Ji'tr.lr_..5rr.
    eH

    oi,a

    lilJ

    lFlri dl.6
    '*il= )- Jc .'1.:r,.<ll F^ ;'1Ug
    i l^ r!rYv
    ,o p 6 $ .* d31- ,....:(: :_r-;* J-ct- iis-: t.r.t, .JrYt ;*'L:Jl
    U-!l oi, ,,r JJS:0.10 M,'lr.lrJ+Sll
    0.10 M J eJ:.JJ+#l ;-xi i,- 0.10 M
    v

    ,/

    ,l<l .i1i59-,1-'-,(ll e,Q;.Sll .-'s:l

    oQ*<ll ;*l'l

    1...r

    o.
    iplJl ;L:Jl iJ-r,.

    . ;-r'. ' ;^
    dJL i-.i533 '-r( ll
    rro*9
    <
    !
    s- c6j! 4<l^i 6lll ,i-Jl ,lJ,JJ+ll

    ;r!; iptJJlal-/lo.r'a i'. ej::.'tll


    j ei!'.iijl3 tJ:,rt+<ll crs:l ,r5r ,/
    .i.i:J-r,J(11 c,t.l,rSjl cl-rrl -r$r
    , l^l- ^ rP
    e l;Yl
    -jr 3-r e *ll i--il a'.ll 9v
    Hro*

    1.:r+.-r-.r"+eJl

    i$i

    :.1J,S 0.10 M

    .:b,;aSJl Jr+i .o.l l M iSJi{


    ,0.09 M :.S- _r'+ USO; A15JJ+{ll
    .0.01I M;Sr: SOo2- c,t+-'.'Sll js:i-9

    ,-r)r5;,*i
    HCI + H,O --+ H.O+ + Cl-

    HrSOo

    + H2O

    -;

    HqO* + HSO;

    HSO;+HrO$H.,O*+SOl-

    ,.t*rr, (6t)

    80

    .PO;- .HPO;-, H2PO;, H3PO4, H3O+

    et

    |,1,

    u&FJr.,J:s,&Js Lrt l

    Jt:.aj.!s:rl ;,t:3x'lt 3*5; dF ,d,,ilrl lr3;r,;tsl|.fL- CL cp lJr


    r* ELn i:,[j,,]t 3os; i,aLri!J.3.s!t _rn.r"a*.lt r1r -:r]r])ji::r .ar-r.
    lr*- gtru;-FJt (h* U ti.r .O5'Ut J-tJ""-etj!
    rr. iL>. iJS
    (e-ig.' rs)

    F*t ntt

    3.qi.

    "pli:..'

    u,jr

    .q{'u

    iJSb

    J,t,'.

    r*t9J i-l+Ig ,jj',t<*l

    ;i Ut,-i r-r.r,ol'iotl 'a:ar


    i;,. rlqf oi+$+dl
    Jc Uy.r,;jq
    ueo
    . * i o'
    # l(l .t ir.. ' ,rl I'd3r L;^Jl ;l'S lj[ l'J+.J.,LiiJl 6. J..l .elJK .-*J r.'lt ;i
    ./S' t,'" sis LJro JiJ-i.+
    .,.r.lio-xll .,. r g.l, cF^u .,lg'i.rJ+ll
    6;.rl-i r5g cF-f
    'r- .1 nSrS;+Jl
    ..j.p,l-Xll 6rt-l .-i1r;
    c,l-ri ,.r.

    C;ti;: ,,rljiJl9.tsLeitt 'g'ta-.t"DJ- ,t.1ir}J u*-*."ori f,L;r; r:.. .


    i,1g r :, : . . cJt : rJ .a!+ ql, r 3 rl pU:p_i,eti Ji,_9.9:4,p,+*Jl 6i fr,U,_r;lf
    .4!u:L*k t-i"L*i i:;:{ .+++5-,,,-l rgj,+Jl ,larl3-;;l "Ji-J ,-.F9y,
    #J..it Ft*"S:t 'J;.'l 1923 A,- *.-pj).+ejl "J. .r-r:; ),*-rt e:,G}ft
    !:+j-:Jl l.lJ tiu.l .*l"ir.r:Kf )il ala;.:Jl FJ:JI A AA-l Ja;;l grJl ,ro:J
    *),lcL.i: r.b ;'!i9..;,XJ)lAlj 53.r.FL- >Ll uap r t*, .: f<l;r o:te)l d g.J EJ
    iai ji i5; Lewis acid c*rC 6a.-,l!i r--J,Al i-o 1+..9 .i.rtnl -.;sJl
    .aj.r^t-: z+U iip ;rtsu,isttt 0t tti J+;-,! tj+ ti
    L-J
    3\ .L5r:a3a.4-lityih-lit Fyjrt s.l+Fll C* O.
    "**sJ".;.J,i
    a"r-o

    i:-t.l ;r3s.: ,:L-rJ;s3Jl n,n?|.Y,.J. jrtrlt


    ,q.i;i3r
    fil+ltg){-tj::l
    14-"u;
    lf LISJ cslt l*J.';+3"r
    Ayr,xjl 0!3

    Ll-.p.r.".lxi)
    :ti"o {d+

    H*(aq) + :NHr(aq) --) [H

    r@JJri'eJ fu!-*gr i
    u" $t:ii 'J*a* c!,r*l;ae

    ,,!

    L5

    "ljr
    .ii'.^L;

    NH31*(ac)ri INHoJ+(ac)

    . rl E3:;;i &-u,r-.lr O-,rd,ii!3

    dJ,1

    ;i is., n:i;rt u3*i ,.1i ,,:- ,;eer.aJl


    1; J.rlr-r .dfu l";:,.!l rJ". F,ti3J;iS:J)l

    ,i',..o

    Ag*(aq) + 2:NH,(a4) --1 [H:N

    Ag

    NH.]+(a4)_ei 1Ag(NH,)rl+(aA)

    J- lJ) .: r.: J tr u ijs:,3ets ;:,urFjl iJ yJ iSjsrt r ai5 i,utu:


    E:r.t tJ*a.q l,xnb .r@JJ!r:.'S'arr.r

    jr.

    gi

    e1

    ,.ri !S.i ,3i.^t;

    4
    ,fu ,-+,iu-.r:Jl +-urb ,}>fta .r.Urrx:l fofAt,SiSi Lt, io,-.1; iu..t.,
    *ti ,+.:l F:"x e. Lrtl'r&"au; i t^..tr"r.,fs:...1- u-JJ d:J'o.Jt-:ll
    ,.r.:F::gljg;S:.|}t

    :JLXI JS.rJl J.,r-,r:l;Jl ;3,-i

    ..,f,

    6.ajcf;

    [ ,F, lL,i, l

    F,q +:f:- -+ l,F ,ii,


    :F:

    BFr(ac) + F-(aq)

    *'"tt"t'*l'

    'l

    BF ;(ad

    j.e-rr*

    t.s

    ,i:.L311t3

    c,t!-oi" g iiit i:Jl ;.cl e


    If
    .j+4lti^tl .rlc <8.rtill-;*r'
    Lr6*U i:)bJl c,LL-.,piJl f.+r- u*i:

    r!.*llf*e{H!*-*:!t'As..cg-e
    4jtiJ I il t-J

    +'r*a

    ){).+e

    LclL

    i.JS

    G+.t"r 0S4l

    i;,i"+,a.J+t

    l+>")1

    ,i, He",,,,tJJ,j;s
    H
    'F,:N:H
    ,F,E
    .

    .i.rLi.llg

    -utliVt -r. .r-J r*r,l

    *,+ $X

    F*h:lJ ;J+.4. ;JSI

    +'N' H _r:F:B

    ,f, H

    ,f'

    ,y +t t:-e t6- ;a si Lui 3i iii t4


    &l.;! | ..r{t'; * u r, ioxtl .dJ I .L
    "1r

    Lewis base , ',r j'r i* u ui


    tt:, ij.a t ; it- U J"iu;ErJsJ !

    J.b"lb .Ft^)tJ
    |

    Fr"ltcL;JE^ .;s .+tlsl)l ir" ti"-p -cr-j.i 4.^t": ir ,t, q! ijKi .rrJr
    &. L. lj crtr+Jl + U-l! ij X-iJ F- "e j "i,.g9J.;l l ;3;i 6- nl# l /+ rj.r-g
    .r-:J

    BF.(aq) +:F.:-(aq)

    i-r-13

    p.rr:... ^tl_*s

    .aLai*t

    .{+J-9^i:,

    rXil ,': *:sl

    BF;(aO)

    acid-base reaction g.93J ;.rct3-4.ar>

    ,'C.5

    ,-,'..r1

    L-r"-iy i$lll-,pc :,),tr.ljr.Jl oj qJL;


    .{+J,:rJl r!-.SJl i i.r3,-3*Jl ei!:

    n-i:! ul:.9 .e:,Uq:;SJ!l

    !cl;
    F3i.ib Cry 7i*a'laJt /4ttJJt 0t
    .r!3 .tstljl +t4Fl oi.,i:>albjl *lil*:l -f.r .ci uo ir;->l'.rr j ';
    .i. ,'? , i:,1;,-Fl ,,rC k+ :,-lFsyi &L*k Lr"!^i<-: +tislr ;,,, -,.:s-tl
    ,\+..!JJrd#r ..,13g' e- L3r: .Ja3+:i.a;l_p34;& .,,,,.*+ !-r[3 Yjl u.o tii34)l , tlllr
    ,{t:J- ':-iu-ri sr-r.: *..*r ,i-r.ls ti:tr c.r-l .rtll d t:,J.Yr ';rs t * OHgr + qp ..,-Jt i.rU li:h ,*-a-l .i.rcbll-r6.-Jl-&tj:JI Jy; t13;9r,'J..au ta;l
    .ii".u it"'t, ,:6r: ,5:LtsJ!l ,-;. 4i tCt: t+'"Yl 'e+ ,/l ,!t-Litl
    .!,: pl !.re t;J -gan*t | ;:, t"l,F .r+ fu-r ta. 5 - 3 !Jr-J I j.14
    lsi si;sg 1js:ya Lewis

    as)bJl c,Li.-=p:Jl q[

    '
    -ir-Jli3 .e;r+ i.c. t(. f il^iri.

    (..3:t-1, ro

    aEt:<r!r

    p:;r

    g&'.:etl
    .3-l

    Ui-l|

    .-t-

    :f.ill ar-|J"" J'dJ


    82

    16

    a-i-

    iI-Yl "r1-,;t^Ut ir+l-,,- &.:J


    91 i-i- ,21-20

    2-3

    rib i1sai
    !;:Ei+Jl:Jl i:)rEjl +)LU:Jl ee lall+hr At Jttrr .3

    r5,rC--ff;rr

    :r19il9, r.;.9ataa;i

    o* rsni;*J.U:. UJ 33- c,Jtll &Ull ; .l


    ei !r;*'.,ij;,r,n "$tu;\"gL^,r:,t ;. ^rt

    .$.rb

    H2COj+HrO$HCO1 +H.O+

    "-lF J! ir>{-U:lt

    ..dil+l ].i.!l .r".lt -^.13,s"9


    NaOH(s) --e, Na+(cq) + OH-(aq) .i
    HF(aq) + HrO(/)

    ?-@q) + HrO+(aq) .,a

    H,taq) + NHr(Qq)

    ':* 6-L^,S.E iJ$ r.s JlJl.J4u:Jl !-b .2


    91 a-z*,9t,qJXJTl i:^,eslll,;:-Jl "g.L r9:,1;. ^rl
    ',;--iJ

    5 NHi(44) .e

    a*f*i
    .u,J*i:oJii.rctj.NaOH .i S
    ullSg

    fr./-

    i.rl-!

    .er._.! 6.rL!

    "-,

    (s)

    /g"'ilt\s2a

    o,o^.,,r.r,fr 6jL:H,CO-.
    g"t Li..-UJlf J+!:* :HrO

    ,HrO..-r

    i.rct-3 elJKg 6-,pJ- r:i.irr, i.rcl-i.NHr.6

    i-nt3

    AlCl. + Cl- -; AlCl;

    ,.r.

    tilaiJ-,*

    f-ill arilJ," &dJ

    ,*

    .crL3J<lyl

    oi

    CJJ

    8.rcl-3,c,L3.;SJ)l .r-

    "l+ii*

    :AlCl,

    L,.,JJ
    esJ g.L :Cl-

    .(J-Jl

    82

    ;,le

    3-3 g'r"ill J.lat.r

    Lat | -

    (A4t

    E
    rtrh

    | &)tG, La:i

    :
    --.|
    '-''
    ,&urJLf'Jlr

    .U)1"

    i-i'!.r

    180

    45

    A-41

    '.rJgYr

    'aui

    jtu

    ,9lr

    f-.+iJl

    J qs

    u4'

    ,, ?rf t,

    ,tt.

    -a;err-:t

    is rJ.:9 *so:ooti LrL".

    3i+
    :.t{/r
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    .i- ":t
    r, *

    )U

    19

    yi

    L* c*;.r
    "+Fs eril- ....'.t,

    rL..t-

    ;u,rs;

    ..r--d

    ar-rL-

    .a

    l';.,

    .i$Ul !dJL-Jl

    '-.^}-c4l

    j ill:U

    &rt+

    rtSil ,'p u*.lri-Jl


    "l
    lj-a p r:'':"', ' iJ< .JJl 'rll A-lS
    p-a

    Ss.tsats

    $t<--\tt

    ;:,)lc[J] -a,-lJJ 1-11"-i ,*rrltr.i'L-)U J)t-r.:"2 {=l-lr- iC


    ,i ;rVr .rF,tlE-r-,* i-:""r q;t:J-.l:..lju;,:,*;i 3b;;x.diellJt;;jl elc
    o-u .9.r[;51j"1 lrgyo-l ,.5r-i 'rn lrtt{,li!^ Jli;:...1&t:d,-irtf r ;.g;*.lr
    i ars t+->) 6it;tr 2t;tr a!3 uljl J. el ;:, .-a;b!r"11 ;still-p-l+ ,.-ap i.-|nr
    i.:-ar;f ;sUl t
    ,Ul;lt< tJ,ttJ- , . ...'e-: ''de ;-!a-l ii ' - r. ,1r i*ri
    "-a*;
    6.; {;:r;ri",.l;Jr 9r ,">u .,rrrrurr ir-L .r,t-t, r:g,rconjugate trase
    -a-5l;ll

    itr^ll i
    ..r.lFls o61^Yl.,lc

    ,ji+!" Jl,t-i^Jt+ . ;l<,1 .i:-srll

    (a-agr +o)

    ,n,rc cjj r: t*

    "-2-.;"; q$-:;i9.x
    F
    p)t-L; s*41V+;r.:,^.lt
    L;eUJl-(F4Jl
    sjl
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    il-r,ulr

    ,-:-.:9,'e;.-Jt ')tlt

    i.L.:l r i.."
    -r
    .{r)!u

    (-!iG. s)O'rl-rdf

    &tj,ir

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    4 ,CJiSll SArl

    .r=

    i$.r

    Jj.'Yl

    .,..

    6}|.c0i
    i*UJf-ul.+ll
    ,/

    urlr

    .glr-;:lg-p-rell

    <J.rl-r.:Jl

    &t-i;,

    ;irrg::*1
    J!cE..rJ

    q+J'e

    22 d"il-i.iJl o;;c,

    pa-,

    .j,t-lr ,r.

    iJcG3 6J! o:.oLg J.rl-r-:-

    JbLi:

    ,.r.

    .rL!

    =t-;rS

    F+tdlJ ;J*.a.

    gnr.2!r

    6_JSi

    S.rLills,-iil-*ll,F-Jl
    . - ^ ;lr.+r:
    , J .-l.tiill xil e'J .rl
    i.rct-iJl3 .-;-Jl o:"S;t ;p
    ")l^u
    rcro^ ,ll,-Jl .,r+lct ir ^tt flc JKt+
    UrLr-Jl F.AU-rt+:.1 Le
    '8.rcG3
    ;lS,HrO y HF &Lirjj; oll
    H.O 3,.1* HF rt,:.; .1tS-)t+
    .,L:g;Jl J"-: ;i jra L'a il-ll .'i.r'G
    !.*il sli-ll ;rJl ;tjilrJl

    r,'.1o;i*

    l,

    ,j;*-

    i-i3l:*;sL3

    a,Y

    "d,bly'l j:".-.lr

    3.a-191,1-rrocJl

    Oi.qJ ja 6git a 6)y't,'1


    r

    F-ta"ql + H,O*(c4)

    ,6;9J-r':;i9-!;!t3 ,y:

    ..1

    HF(aq) + HrO(/)

    elaJl

    ;3pi ;ir ,j;.*


    qp

    13

    '.6;

    fa,1_JcL:J

    1L6

    ai

    9a g.rJl H3O+ :'dK+J HF

    -.'. 1, -.,,AU
    itiJ | 0*,A r.
    .6elztt oi4J conjugate acid

    Jl t

    3F-(aq) + H.O*(aq)

    itt3
    6Flri&
    j^r^ri
    .;r;it
    .*i t'Jr-':.i.,J--ir i.rcl;ll-.;eJl +)LLn ..,!:, ,iL,.S;,
    u)lcUJl.1ljr9.ar..;: r;r1 # jti$: ,.;*X.J|J:rt-Yr .;!.U:Jt ;i A trog
    ;-eJljl -aj:Lll + LS ,-a;ely'l.elJiil &i4 Lu irl,3-s;c!1+i uU-;+

    U-0 a-niL,"Jl

    9vgvl

    83

    (t

    HF(aq) + H,O(/)

    HF(aq) + HrO(1)

    tJF4>

    ,;rG

    jF

    taq\ + H.,O*(a4)
    ,ixG

    :-F.s

    ,F j HF (l),.0+;-bl/1 ;sl;-.I-.;eJl.e-+j];! '.!jr !-rt;-.,:t"n;t


    i:ytx J- &.-Jt ..1-9:-!,.!!t )t iElS-\,;* .p) ,5 qe .H2O J HiO+ (2)
    .i;ely't aigt3 u^ Fi .-ll

    (ii)

    *,,o,,,-,*",

    *t yJt ggpl.-'h fi,


    -a+_J.la!l i-1, ".r-;
    -;-1133_.1+
    *t

    .L g-rsl--r:;9_;;
    .
    t
    r j:*:n
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    ,,il3ao Ui,9.,1'1
    ':
    fL--rfL<U,{Jl
    *;fg

    _.trt*)U,ai.."jJl tFJl
    .-IJrJ

    ;i

    rtt

    .:tli g."'e.+ .+ FUr-ytt ttysxr.,lr+l J!

    j:3

    *+;
    .+uu

    J1- Cl-

    {r,.

    A5\fJa A,'i'3liA

    .-ilAti:f l s.l1n-Jlt
    .^

    i.5l,vr

    : ".^r-

    c,L-l.'r)l l.elA ,iJ*"lr:iJl Jt+tl


    p4-i;. S'U, .i-i-ll 6.L0 $! 8;rollJl

    i-b Cl .,,'.)r

    HCI(S) + HrO(/) -e H.O+(aq) + Cl-(uq)

    iuc

    i'o-.'i-Ln
    i.,.8 j.iliz.est 4* ta yz1 3.a p4-,61:::..,t J! 3F it^-y-tr ,ro

    W,g*
    ijss

    t-t-sE
    .

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    Cljl ,-tFltl !FL-)l e;t;* 69 r,rt+ i.,.i i q{iJl lii

    t'i

    &ttj1 dlJJ

    .rl-tl
    F" ,HClOa ,rl,_t!S>*,ll
    -l

    UCIO.@A) + H2O(/)

    -e

    3z*

    ',''
    "

    H.,O+(aq) + CIO;(au)

    333i

    l+:;,r gglYl is$Jl


    6, 69)l
    .!il+n+*)l_,F^,_, ,LJt .nr &UXl ,ij* Lc aj-,1t" .JL)LiJ
    6.b4-J1

    q HrO+(cq) + CH.,COO-(a4)
    i-oU
    ,j;*
    '.;.;i
    '.-i.;i
    6jsl,p* sJsi i*L;
    j:S; irS.-gUlr r-- ;
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    CH.COOH(aq) + HrO(/)

    &S-.{ )!"L4=J

    I I l-^

    idi+3

    .:' : *

    . .'. ;l.ae

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    !j{j+-il 5;+

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    :";ttt .|sl;lJaj;e;_4- f H.,O*;ri
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    ,e,t :. ...!t L'_, orry' .j:^4jt -r.6 .,.JL:JI+, H.rO* iJ-.L DF r, )t ! ; 1 ...1,os
    .'gi-)rrJ^:L-iJl JaJcL;xl ,fn ll iJ* eJ"rr .d;jclr i.-U:l jo .CH3COO
    .*ro:o-yr_ "i*" +rrls)Jr^r.b+ C. .ji+LJl-J+U:r ;i ir;-y-rr ; '+
    t.
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    tt t JeAii Jio.),lJt.JLart ,J. 2Leildrt i)it;iJ I ,9.r ft-9 i".e. r,tb,6b-i:-t ;f
    .3r*,:i q,o +t- tr" 3. [::1 + ;o:,rSJ, a )l p*t lt | 6 eLal tj J'r.b ! t'a*J I
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    ' i -r.19-i
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    9i ; i-j' '

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    H,S

    6.!t 13aiJl J*"1'i-Jl,sn i-*.,s.f11


    dr..dt,;i .c,YLJl g1.a ,./ .+J{

    -.dr:"-15.)4.atl

    HrPO; Cl+ruajl

    HCIO

    &Lill .r*.t,ll..;rrb! dlrJll


    i.rcliJl3 .j';'Yl LFJI t-n J+SYI

    p$

    9r

    .jr-

    : .!:rt'isrl

    ijEKJ'{raJl

    .ji*

    NHi

    c,U^<lL

    HCO;

    &J*l

    .lj;r-. jlr*dr 1rf:r*r,(lr '&dl

    HPO?- ;ii

    --, "rt
    -. s.1.r*4t 5:,r,

    irl

    Hzo
    NHr

    TVhr-AriEVA

    Jt+tl

    ai-tt

    ,"t ^ll i.-rg"L'Yt

    ,*<'til

    LJ;JI
    ;i *"!:-Jl
    iiib.lli.rlitlg
    d,i{ J-l-Jl J.l-ill ,./
    L.s,A tJ.rJ-,-

    ,-!il-*Jl

    **-gr4all'"191i

    &+pr:dt

    H2

    *L-t"U**ii-:E

    i.-t:

    3s4r t
    ,. ^!-.
    I

    -9y46'tr )
    1*l;*ejr ;r9ri e. ; a;y l..r.tt -)l'cr.+
    -r 'r.i.
    o#'w! Lr' (r. f*-,tft .J.E,,F.sJl ;3oJ){- O..t;b 45U:lt pf

    rU |.

    3'J<,:J I

    -i- |\OVo

    e.Jd

    .,

    UI

    U i;r s t

    .7t

    :-Y,a.{bts

    it}

    &l r i.r.

    t3,r--.1.961

    .er,Jf

    d**tg
    dcll3*Jl J- :fljt i..lJ- & dJ
    89

    al5-'Yl

    j91

    i'+l-*

    i-i-

    32-31J

    f:ra;r'>Ll;

    eSrye;.cxl &q-3rfl

    i-i6

    ,Jr^itt

    I,-l9ii .-,F

    gi rs:<,;:u Qi,.O.,: .l"r.E L[e I :'

    o f"!ag;i

    tar_;si,.i ta:L
    6j't-:lt ,ctt: !l,Le .amphoteric

    J".lJ

    "_t
    .;,et!r

    (-8D *,,o,,,o,*'',

    f$;."1 ;L:r .ji e-L-l -fi,f


    l,;-j; a*us ti ua.^s trctz:a

    -ai;^ ?lJl ij.l-c ,'-l-

    rd+iJ.)Sjl L,.a.aJ

    iltrl

    .]i]:E@l
    :rr+JLsll--*
    C:'-iil tul C- ij+ J.t !

    ,CaH,

    ,.r*+3-,1'rrO ll .,1G

    l.Li.r 45 ,a+Qlt Zaarrtl

    (a;gr:s) u,lr

    a{*{: lJisl
    ls*-x ;i A+-fc""lr ;t +tl It Iffi
    ?-r-J'-,af

    ;,r'Y ur,pSt]l sl"i:'ll

    CaHr(s) + 2HrO(l)

    -r

    lilJ

    Ca(OH)r(aq1 + 2H2G)

    HrSOo(aC) + HrO(/) --e H.O+(a4) + HSO;(aa)

    2rst3

    2rF+

    :JtJt.J4liJr
    NH1(g) + HrO(/)

    $,

    ,!.'rcli

    +,.F"J

    iL+

    at-lt! .4Jr

    yl5rrl j-oH

    ;*l

    NHf(aa) + aH-@q)

    **t

    L,

    E.rct-iS.r,*;"g4Jl

    r,

    Lr--;.a1

    2r4,+
    lcA"2i.rt3
    'i-et!
    'rL! 'r":.i .V*r""i -U+ -".gs .;stX ..i -"i"*S ,f.t-.1 -,i ',Ul iJ.:""{ .ril
    ">f:* .+"&t.n ,.Jl ;"rc$:l 9i .r:"*.ll ig J.31jJl ;rt:ijr l.u
    LhL,a lil
    Ctg a; u*;i,r,:.* e. J.Ldj lll l-i .i"lcljs'.:ll,4 Cle.r:" 6J3i!F* C.iLJl
    .ircUS ;lJl,j.:el*Jl "&U! I a:*,.,:rdJ'JAl ;:t...

    ,i i i .' * ,:ss:

    , ,LJ

    -){-J:,ll i+!
    .H- -r.,__.1 ,_,( ll
    ,.11...r

    etL Ljr*-'oJ1 a:*r ,rJc. .lt-:c.YL


    ,Lll ,-,...:(, , e-< lr.r^\ ll':i par..r3
    ;.xi 6. J.Lill .,,i,J6^ll .:blt

    lrF+

    lJ.*i,_ .;-r-lri^Jl

    lJrrt+ 6i

    li^ ,,i

    aiAti lJisl

    ;* t':-lf Jt+tl

    63,alJ.Jl

    Jr^; rl ( ll

    lrt3.r<itt

    i+fi-Hl ,rr+Jlrt

    .iJ+l,J.itxl,

    ,':.1t|

    t-a:k3

    .,JS::,tt

    ;.r; gi tS+r ai f.ell

    +tl .<c,L3jSlYl
    \tJt ;F ;i &:-i c,t;i a.r,* ri
    JiJ^'-, .:,i" gts .i-iti "tt oi! d
    i+.tt:.^ll oja .J-':-l .;..pG,Jl ,,f:

    re--e

    ;i t*:s-", -OH pt -g ur . ,,u L-***rr ful;+, aui. ,,rr


    LJ*+.
    i: ,*.*:t* li"^L; -OH Lt*"t+;.fu-r--r-i
    ;,,L..Sr-r+<Jl
    .r-ta ljrEr k* "&t .Jl elnJl 16 2,1*,ii {".*l ii;* t Uirf r oj-o ;3S, .=JJ-t
    :t<-\ p tS-t".;i$Jl ra L.r*g .J*-Sl-rr*Jl .Lt +, ;ri,i,F,9;J+^ i5l :+-r+
    ir+lrl i:.J.aru,r'+_r, r,g;+r,a,.U &l -rr .ai+t"3 jjsi O-H a.t-tr,:t$lS t tS
    .f**Jl 'c,tr C.lilsul "g; .iiFl i;t -ai;+ e- f+"n c,g:Jt ce fur, O-H
    iF9,,a:.l f.,a$t,r{s,.fu t4 g.:t 4 s, t1ttlt )t -t4r rr O+qJ r .'ui,e ra-:
    gFr":;:rl.S-r+ .-ii;"-Jl-t!.J91 ,r e rl ;1-;:,L.je,r-t'rL'e)l i{.o_H J_ .,r .,"

    A-iGll c,G)si)ll n*"1'il| f.el ;p-idj


    .i**r'Yl u;l^'Yl ,1q ,;-Jl
    "J.e./
    :._4 L _..ri, .L"rt...rlleJ",l-Jl ji

    .r- csroii:i

    ;lc,[rjsj)t !ih+l

    o16 .sl(i:

    ,1sr-iiJ.l Jll-{+lj+l
    (t,:rr
    .r "u1
    (Fl ^-)l Alts sfJ .JL{*l iJ",lJl
    uii lll.1,1 ,JJ<ll J--irJ ;i'.:i."SYl

    rxi,,,1_fj;,h-:.i*Hffij

    L,.,"+ O-H il+lJl ;- c,L3.,;SJYl


    i:! il"$-*tl J+i..SYl e,l-; j .r.r. .,1.,.,,;,:
    ,',i.,..1i ,;t ^-Yl 2... j ljS.o.,rl(ll
    ..jr;l e-+6i O-H it+bll

    ,.,._,

    (G)

    86

    _-t "^i1,, l1 i!11 i:.ll o -c.l A


    .,+-t-:ill .+ ,,J,,tsll ,,,,1...i", !f

    ,- L.lS:-ll cr6L*'Yl ;.r!ii.Jl 14


    .i*--.SL

    tsJSs .*s-. J.;

    ,-r

    fl:Q:fl:
    jJ,JJSJ*dl

    a{+$tji;tgl

    \^t

    !- yrl fff

    ,;^

    .el+".lr"ll

    ;i;*.t :r"tt JtCtls


    ...t,.-...Y1 u* .r- .j^;i si ,s-yi

    u;-

    -iri ,L g$-+,,rS 1+i+--lYl

    alt"J

    ,ji-..Sll ;r" t.g;lJi ,r rr


    -{**tJ

    !r.;iJr ;i

    ,rrg

    :-,

    irr-:yr

    ;S-J .,F-Jl ;g, .L;.*


    ";e! _.rtrrjt_J)rt-:.

    iit
    65i

    gl+-'-rK.,,r+ll

    J.c

    ;-,1tj3

    j-

    l".q

    1",,"'(rr,.^ iJtj

    ":--{

    .,

    '.-

    O-H

    r$LXl li.^

    ;r.rJS*.xell,.r-.-+

    {-L--i ;i..1rut ;
    :r^.'r J.r-,.rl+ll
    a.J-+Jl
    ,r{:-OH

    J*J'iJl

    r./s
    'L"g

    ,ir*+J.,rq'a -;r:, .r&.l

    LjJ

    .r-Jl
    ;L{JIJ

    ,9'
    rj:,!sl ;:*

    u;-

    iij:+J)l

    )Jlsjl

    Jo4t L+,

    jJJg

    .l: ^^L-i

    alt,

    tj!

    t t:y,' >r*J)l

    l2-3 J<i,tt 'r4J4

    ;:rl ; : i,16 ;l -at'

    X"Jl? _!

    ".'--.--!.-,-rsj d;:Ut
    "&JL.J|

    I
    CH,COOH

    O,H
    ,- 1,,,.e.a.A
    sr:+Jr
    '

    J:: .i+:Yl

    .k;i-,+-.-pr+<Jl

    :L;r

    H'C'C

    "-*

    i; ..rttrt9 .lsl9 ,-i+Ji ii+ r-x+-Lr-,:n;jl ,JS


    6urj+{r..;
    t"'tJ-1;sj1g-11 1 ..13;;r er-,Lt'L*i
    rL4Jl
    r r,l-, r .
    al--1f l ijJJL -ald.rJ*Jl J,j*JYl i:,|j.,
    }'U
    'j"r-,* rj-rf
    ;
    ii.'
    * irS ':+ lJ,J1 lt-A i:sr U, ,'0. .-611
    in+-,s)l '.:r3: .'; ",0<;;r
    ,O-H.a.l-t.>g. l',r*, lirr:<JXt ;BESJl".-.*,.:i+Jt Jl-a::Lr<SJl ;iJlJl 'nllrl^
    '>ru.1d!.L;;'+; L*
    i:,l-,ro+ " oiA dji,=i,a;fl:,*;r,1.S.r- i:Xi:Ff i;1
    ir,tli+Jl

    -l
    ir^...r

    vv-

    ;{,;Jr 'r*Ftr-i !-l-re;s):Jdjjr


    '=.
    :I

    u-*i

    ,l e+-.0-l; Sb.\.Ser=,a
    .r.rri- ,er,s,;- ,s:l J! .r3"r.j .r$g';.ry0
    a-i-; 4l ,'. -i * ,-':. ,',i ^-ti- .crt',,ltt
    ;: ^...: Li.;sriJ. >" ,J 4+c.
    u il^i- i-c.ve^*
    .r3*:.i J+^S3-;.ryt
    9.Jl
    L
    '

    cL-ds"*rll

    ,F-Jl + JqJjl

    -iL*Yl gr ,.- Js 12 lFatl

    ,.tSrifr

    ;lS li[1. ts*lo+

    jJrJ<ll

    9'.

    ll:O:Ql:Q:

    ll:Q:Ql:Q:

    &*tr

    U*t;^i

    Cr(OH),

    Cr(OH).,

    (ll)

    L"S

    .-OH

    "t

    H2CrOl

    l...,spr.o

    'r+Jproo

    (II

    il1.3o

    (lll)

    :s sJl

    ^osJl

    Aij)<Jl

    ;l+-x:r ;:,li i 3-rc :l r)l LolS 3r :; jrf r ii.' -- Jl t.:^ iA> U


    ,Jtf+yl F)t*, ,iilt+*rlG,J!, l3-3.J<jJl + a4+t
    ':r5orr_".g.i:-;r:
    t- ia,, -OH -a.J* -aL-:Jl .1IJSJ l tj l". it+r^jt+."SVr ;. i;f: i; i f-t
    -i. ,"lJrS.,.{J J9lll}l Ji_J{-,?",-ab"-Jt+ *t:*:t ,:*!fu '..+ "J-":
    .k#; )-UJl J. tl''61
    ,.rl a.r" etl
    .-a*

    ,5rsi ir;

    A4f,EA,/it3l;A
    Urtr^ll

    ;iJ+.lri^ll ,Jl+tl
    HCI ;-4 ,fcl;:ll .t !J,-ll n+.-r:Yl
    t lrJ*it ait-:*if61ll+tl .NaoH3
    .'l-Jt ,-;Jl Js- U.rLrJl oj-o a., .r-,i,'r
    J.Li: ,J ..g-.r-1... ^ll ;.1'.r- tl i.el-i.tl3
    t3a.<1

    H,C

    "(5>tl

    t.

    .'.:- ,ei.rlir 9:,1,i-r.6.,ai.a* 9t L,S-r. &L; .'L f,gt;Jt i!-Yl n- 1i<Jl 'qyt
    (,"H;q,-Jl ,.rt gr <* ) iito": lrr*<.t, rl.Jg--Jl 5Lr,5u .Ftl k; 3-rr.lr !:L1

    .J.rl-r.jJl

    .j*i:Jl JJtuit
    .\

    'r'

    ,rid' rrJu sl^3

    d< ""'" L.-^.H2C4H4Oo-!_,lAJt F*l ,NaHCO.,


    ...131)!l /*,5l .,ib ;1.:;*^.13J*Jl # u,1yetj:: l-Jj4,
    .il,SJf

    (F) *,.',,-.*i,

    87

    -1r9,i

    .;;,..S

    .r.,LYl-J:+ UiL:jl :, i

    r l-r-o;yrSJl

    y) 1,,.a<t*l f JrU:
    1;;,-l ,;{t!5;;r+Cl_.r* ;* :j[l }J*Jl .-g esliJl-j*:Jl 3cL;:r*:
    -;-G
    -+;-^_p9:r9,-jl ;aJ9;4a;o, .H,9* t-:J atl Ji!.55br lie3 l:' ":.1: Ls ,!cL;xl r*: ir,utr:,..<{j .oH- tjjJ itt_Js+ :'r<;:: airs
    ir-tgl

    HCl(ut1) + NaOH(at7)
    l-:,r

    \2Qtl

    i.r'<::,

    t-a.J

    -6

    A4A,,a

    :iJ[iJl ijrl."ll""

    -9

    Na+(rrr7)

    l-u;r I mol .-lc Sic:)'tu

    -.g

    + OH-(aq)

    .-4:!5r:r+<Jl

    ja* 5it!

    TrlAEA

    xl;; eYt- lr;,^r ;i,'*-l'j;l ;!..ltl


    iy:: c,Li1,b ,s J.rLr:lt -J1". t-{+i
    iJt:":< 6..rL -l(,..',1 UrL- Ji..; ", "
    ,lt ..'1...1 .i ,^-^
    -i .i .1. L J. -Ic
    L\:vlu
    */ ::l:L;t a-JU-J L;.1-lJ .rl '' "
    ;r.' ^-ll i,:-rJl o+>Jl C)L) li ,;J:-ll

    --; NaCl(aq) + H,0(1)

    ,arr#t +Jl ,:^;- I rnol -L t'r.-, iU,.lfL-NaOH(rrr7)

    ,.):4-Jl

    t 6r.c

    .XJSJ

    .L-r.l-ill i-r,-riJl

    :4!lJl 4J:[*JJ Lin

    oi

    HCI(ari) + HrO(/) --1 H.,O*(ar7) + Cl-(.uet)

    Lr-";a; aiari lJisl

    i.S ,;1grr_;r"Ls "i: iir


    ,-t e1:t 3y J.L; Lr=.14-3_JK-J1
    =i3i*"-r,
    .i:ralsJcujjl
    l"u .'.LllJ NaCl
    t-u;c "E!9 .OH- 9 HjO* _;ljltl

    .lrjr^r jl ,,* l:&Jl J!+tl 14-3 ds,Atl


    ,A-ilii.J !r.rri- .!Jt 9- ,*-<-i L's.ll JJ..ll oj.o.*-L: . ;-<
    ..,i :,-,

    _gr:9-..11

    :eJLJtS.all'Jl 1i:1:t s:rUf

    H,O+(nri) + Cl-(ut1) + Na-(aq) + OH-(aq)

    C lrdl 34U:jl

    Na*(zrzy)

    .jrt--.1.L+ L.;

    + Cl-(uq) + 2H,O(/)

    Jlt -: k!: Cl +;y'i'l Nit- ,'9,rr-J';1,9,i 3i t-,


    Ii^-"i.i:,+-tl
    JCUXI
    .rrSJHI .rFJUly,L;i";.t tr )+r- t{,i!.41L,Jl

    ,HCl ie;-eJ(3-)-,re

    ai,9,!r aLlrt."lr

    1r*l;r**Jljrl

    Ilro*

    C'l

    r ..15Jt .,ul

    AF:q-Jl

    !!r

    .r*J;",r:+Jl

    1l

    14'3 dLt"tl

    .i*

    ;F

    +,-Sl-,rra;r- o:L. JrU-

    rL

    u--il

    +i-+ .\rr()H e xr_rJl

    +,

    riS J

    JS

    tJi \,.i:r:,^tt e jt ^iil.lJ,JFl


    ,r ;rj*-lt :t-j,:*l ,-|.-i JlfJl

    f,$Ja AtirSl;A
    Jt<.yl-2.$ le.r-r-1

    Jl+tl

    ;i

    "+^t':iJt
    jl .,r-:Jl JUt+ a-i.J.iJl
    c,Lr..l-3Jl
    '
    t^;;
    .
    lleL:Yl
    ,;Jt
    ;;lt Y c,l-c.r;y'|
    r;Yl
    :,)lS;Jl U;*i .t-,
    -S^, Ft Lrl.
    i,i-'llt
    -r:*+ll J-r,.t'1';;i
    ,r.
    c,)lS.LJl eilK ,:,^,^:: .J;-Jl -L^ll

    .,,11

    oH

    .c,J.rL.: -rn NaOH J HCI

    g.:L.

    \..

    ?)
    t{

    ljrl

    . r t r rri
    's
    J-;ll Jl4All JUI rJls!
    "lJ:: Jl
    :.i*,tt ;,L.r;dl
    Fl ,l Lr j1,

    -*,:jj

    qtlo-l -lc
    .-lo
    vI
    L

    c::3w

    -------f,

    J*a|J
    ------------)

    %'hnd
    ,-r-'@

    88

    i-b-r"*Jl .a+b{il

    ljrt Jl e! i.i+":^

    t"s

    ,/d4r+dt i:,i:

    Cr+yrr.<tr

    ;ri U.
    :4!l.:Jl

    H.O+(aq) + OH-(aq) --s 2HrO(l)

    ,+J3 oJ4Jlrall

    ,r*Jlt 'le ll ,rL-gi 3.*9 H.O+.lq,l 'le lt gL3,i 3.r .g3l ...! -il:l*Jl oj-o *s
    l:h:J r,.+i:U t.lJ t*J l,*r t L. eJ I i L-:,!L<-,:" 5t, .)t ri-A Ai-*-:i-,, OH:4 a*94J r ;t b y g pj43-2 toat aU 99i ;1.l jr+l Lt Jl | :J. UnJ j^ neUtralizatiOn

    r4/15t9
    ?.i.3U.
    eJ.rl'i,-.lt Jr+ '

    .,r;*tl JI^JL

    !-Jl
    a;;t:t
    :,^tlWXr
    Crtl;s
    LJt:{
    ,J.:Jl
    Jt^llJtjl ,-p cs"*: L
    ,J.
    -i

    ,Jrl'i^Jl

    .ellt;U!j2
    'elll .+"e4 6!ll:L:11_,JcL.j

    f r*tr

    .rtz,-tr )g-;ry;eLaJrgjgK

    {:JJ: .ri JS-: cjillJJJ| J.!U .ii+Jl


    ,Lji * . i:ii':ll
    , -i Jrl-r-:Jl
    -9
    "fr.L-i:

    .,r,:.*ll.LJl

    oj,o .SO.j ,SO2 ,CO2 ,NOz ,NO

    _j-ry' -r.'l"ti.":: i:.a*


    jLi &j*aJl_f*;Jlj

    J,lr.:+i1

    "E.|SJ
    gL;Jl ,-C -rLJl ()i -al->.uq 1r-13

    ,1a

    itjs+ p*i : (, ,,o Salt pf 9 .U+i

    t& &liti
    b# ku-

    .:r"-alf

    ,-;*-ff

    ;:,t"rt* o.'e-,J,Jt*- e-j -d+.r)+ rrar ,LJl cts L,eJ: Lqsy'l


    t-,JS,:.
    . yi ,'r--;',SJlb .,e:S ll ttt
    Jl ;>l 6J
    "1-jSJ

    (..9:u, l0)

    '.r*.s:t tl, .SOj e4;sJl ,+.,5i gJb J"tfu.g.rll SO, r-,'.<Jl ,rJi ;t:
    :_LJlll 4J:l.cJl ,/ j{gi u Fl&}sjl ;,b,6'eri:J j*Jl
    9"]3lJX1 tL.Jl C"iJ.u::

    Fbl

    di+ Fieis

    SO,(S) + HrO(i) -e HrSOo(a4)

    !:^X C-g
    i,:rS JrYl"|-l/l;lr+
    JJ3JI rgLi=l ric' J-si $;^-Jl ;J"^JI
    ellJs .; -j.rr+< +tJ;,+ 6Jj-Jl
    J)h 'bdl ,]J-,-SL rr,rs-. JJ:+J &Lil
    J-"-lri^ll J!+tl .oi-o !9lJi-Yl iil^.
    U!:,^-,<rl c,YrLe^Jl ; iJ-l* trSl ;i
    -x-L^+ i',t g,Y"Lt-ll oi.a .il,oll crli
    c.ri ..iis .;*a.X'Vt ,JJ+JJi=nJl ,.'.JJ+SIl
    .-:=-o .i:.11. c,J.'+Sll ,: .tSL *+:::
    J.lJnl eLJlg- JEtj':'i oia ,r...tSYl3
    .a.irtL^ll cEl-'Yl ;.rS:t,'t a.lt ;

    !-:r3 -4i;4ilr i1f- f:6i irs .o t{js: ,ii;.-Jt ir*t;r; rtu)t ,1,#
    ;tl -,""1:'o,l.ibgJflj-:.;r 'rtJlf-.:;-,.1i,:*riU.i
    il++Jl ,t+5.,'-:*+Jl
    all
    Y-.
    I
    Y
    y.l-111,j1
    .;l.t
    .4.:^*Jl alj"l-a:JaXl o.r"o-pL;tsb'd+ l5-3,s-:Jl .;:rLLillg
    bifl d,li6.:l ,f ,..0!.r' "L,,..eJl 'l.Jt ;i ,t J tl !';+ l-9 1970 iL el
    K..r -"iS^Jl is:)l Jl]-J,li &nl uujl J. t49 .tt4:xto':l ***Jr !"9 r5.J1
    ,
    ; '-.r:L;;l -'='J! ,Jt'er ..;-:.-Jl
    '
    ,r3 it
    Y
    Y
    "' ,JQ:Yly;:rlreJl
    tAJI ,t
    '!i,.::t
    ';o1' ot""'t-.t,Jl

    ,ja J_.;,iJl.+:".1+ ;t39

    d**tt
    .3 JlSJl ,-l- :fill a,:;lr-

    6-3 Jlr+Jl_e+l: .i

    .:*-rutt.gF ;4i.r .il:Lll


    g.o
    ,i--s,:r
    ',-i/t
    ai iuYr ,tr-.t ii r-o
    t-

    @
    :iJl.:Jl rEUJI-u;ra*ll ,:,).{cL;

    -e .i
    HCIO4 + NaOH -; .HBr+Ba(OH)u J.G

    .+

    ',rlt-

    el

    r3tr',:5.a;

    i-i9-1 il5-Y1".1- ,,Ji^itt i'ilJ- &dJ


    92-gl i-i. ,22-t9 J
    3-3 fl-nlA.rilJ- ilel

    ,cooxi ;:rlj t f U i<+ ..6 "a_r.),l,iirr.i r au >L 3


    it + ;i -OH .ac9e .L .t-J,*l r.S). q,s i)*t"

    Ja

    89

    .ri..

    (fi)

    *,'.,,

    9:,:rU-;tf |1Xi .l

    HrCO, + Sr(OH),

    * tir_ +;

    NaHCO., + HrSOo

    .rUr,

    g!::-tr,

    ;*'r+

    cHlcooH + H'o

    4iJtll

    -+

    a.frt ."Lf

    .:

    .J:'U

    cH.coo- + H.o+

    *,*',

    ii+!.r 90'l+t>ttf a:tEll &EJ-+!l

    il g
    o$('JJ.e,.d.91 uF (A+lli-ll . i:.llSl,
    i.rt*.ll.UJri^ll eJAj,-+- i+-+ll
    ,r.-Yl -ililll ,-!l,rsi .r LJ1JI
    .-3l,lgl ..,- L5Li" J+;-! t { iS ^rii*g
    e.).!ib.. JrLi.l

    oja .lr.r.:,:,4-J .pH, i,:.tS


    .i-jLL ql:., ^ ,l.r l PH',L:iY

    ..3lrO'Yl

    fug+i I g,"Ail ar?fJr


    ,-l-.-iJlJ4 \ri,.S,Jl J.t5l ..f
    ++.s.K)l iit i<ll l*a-SVl .:l_rj .,.-...', 3

    l('r,rLi ,/ +,1 L- O-H it:lJl ;c l.qr1


    t, r.-,;
    .(.--sx
    ";6-i

    { SrpH)' - SrCO3 + 2HrO .i


    HCIO4 + NaOH
    - NaClOo + HrO ..r
    2HBr + Ba(OH),
    - BaBr, + 2HrO .g
    2NaHCO, + HrSOo
    - NarSOo + 2HrO .t
    H2CO3

    + 2CO,

    CH3COO-J

    89

    6J,iilu:-Jl9-o H,O+ .i
    .6J"Yl t.rGllsr

    ,.,"it

    ',lty9.;lItI;)f-)l

    r{31 11,:rl

    p:l4u:ie.:*:"L ;t ,q i;L+Yl ii*; r


    -u:.-Jl i;lJs lltl j:L-)l i; ..cl*:Jl
    .i1"9 tat-i !:jJ ,rtg"Jt 1^ J.L:j \.!, .;sL"Jl
    ir'-e- ore
    _JiJLJl qF iF U.j. +i,r<slr llu
    +l'>l-Jl

    d-;J

    .:-:urJlr-4Jl

    &'U,--l

    ,^F.,1+<Jl sJc

    "*Jn-i:nJi

    j:+.9-3:-1 r

    i*te t-i .^-11e1 ,16rl *Lrl ;F..r :jUlJt-Jl


    -l4l'4JI -e.+Jr.,:r:+lI it li i.rjb J-.+;{^)i

    s,rlrtt

    (3:u" 9o;t':'

    u,tL-

    istlr';9s9 *:J+,ari ,:-';9e 3 oi. .


    .r:5[l J+JL-JI ; ,*Sir. ri kltt ror+

    r:.

    Lr-i W .1-;ri"1,.

    34l9Jl

    v!

    &^illJ)l^

    '{.:r .

    i. -ll

    (78) weak acid


    t-

    ::..

    Il

    j:'Jl

    j;*
    base , -rg+:i i*tl

    (77) Arrhenius acid yJ+i+arl

    (77) binar) acid -Juxr j;^-11

    (77) Anhenius

    (77) o\yacid

    .rtr;t
    la:"":"1 ;i .;+Jt ,.E;J i$e1 ,l! e:,''Uyll I,e
    -Jc '' r:.: a-LL:Jl r.a:

    1-:::;r.:"rr..tt

    <i:)b

    .-,JrrJ-iJl

    ;r3.; iLe)l

    .i+Ul &JL-JI

    j.r-t'. .. r
    e+ N t,)y - I )+'rr cJB J-t+
    .J9 t.*' rr i;r.r.

    LI .;:,f,e;(J)t ;ra zeJ ''t;:u

    1++-slt j;.*.lt

    -+-! j,:+
    .+!lq ;SJYI .'to z; t : -i1"3,+d ;s[3

    irr
    /t

    gJ,

    Y-

    39-36

    9n

    jtr/r LrLl .id,

    (77) Lewis acid *JJJ;l-es'rs brse *91 ;xE

    lat;!E

    (77) diprolic acid e93r.:t


    tLo

    t
    .L,s-ri*l :fi+J &,rEJt 9\ -;.-*Jl i:ljJJl r
    ;jJ! -<i5tt xgl -4.JlJl -J. 'ro:': -OH i1-,9 -? o

    ;rljr )E -L 4UrS L:--9 ..g;ll lr-6 !F JFtl


    .-OH .a-3* -ir.-1lt ;;r:L h^,:,. ;:r;o*-Xif

    fJr*

    g:,J
    t

    77

    ;;e2!isull

    ) llrrrn.tctl-l rru

    rl

    Jt--i'll .rl ,:rl

    -F.'Jl

    iy4ln J-,;,8t3-,!r.as.J.b U d
    .}.illrll ,ratFJl-g
    "r-L-yt ..f .rl+:j '"o.f:
    i.r.[:19,i:0..'- i;ltr* isl,!r aJ !r;rr 6;.-ll
    ':.i."r.

    .r,:j...^ G3tJ-6;;;- t4

    (91

    i:j;ff

    .-ir;il i stnl9 t;-;!r .r:.*.j


    !r.;e;.:t

    ) neutmlization JiL;Jl

    isjYJ

    .r
    '6 I .r

    ,15

    E
    alr>l
    . - Jl aroli
    .r.

    (-

    'el,j!'e+t tt_rriJuU:jl elc il5i:Jl "c,){sl.;Jl r

    (91 ) amphoteric

    '.tl

    J4ur

    i.e

    (89) conjugate bssg

    .l

    .1

    &lr_;irll
    (91) sal( 'Crl

    et

    ircid- hasc reactirlr

    'J

    .lrr^ -i,,ii ti;rl t+sr.-r:LJ:Lll &L,j; e4.


    .i;r.4uio-'.., -g's:L;. i.r*Jt j.t!l 'c-io r

    .r ,-L. 33;l* -

    (77) llronsted [-o$rv basc

    j;^-r,

    ;X 3:+,

    ,93 o.o 44J'ti."

    $;l-;;ie2luG

    (77) polyprotic acid

    (77) triprolic acid ;9:er-lt

    177 ) Bronstcd-l-owry acid

    li,lJt 3!e j;4Jl

    !t.-J.l-;

    (77) l-ervis acid-base reaction

    Lilr" 40 JlSJl ,93 ,s,o $[ rsn 41 JlSJl ,93 e o-rbSl .".- I

    iJ5-'il

    LL:r:-Yl ,.lS+ 's!,-.4$ g,cV 1cr_Jii -r ,Jl^ill ,l ,:r | (.: .) pri:tt ..Pr,

    ja-

    3;9J-;':':;2

    (78) monoprotic acrd

    si.a

    42 Jl'J^!| ,93

    rv{J'

    46U[ lt .utily'l iu:Ll jr(: Jl is4r iL*:t .


    r3lr,,lAll
    (//)

    arrt.,'.

    LJ"-ll

    j;+ r
    ;xl,! Ll ..'r$t tJ "aL r=ea 3l-r:-i9;
    .nf,l,+: ;|r;:"' 3 .'-Jr- i:'-: ,j,,

    9t

    oi-a -iI
    ,-.:,.;; ,rJl ol.r;iJ13

    J)h_;ilit+;t i.tr.Ll ;S^:


    t-ei
    cAr1
    &rLJl J+J .Jl iI-Yl

    iilr_,;&Jl
    (77) strong acid 3FJr j;"=Jr

    i- i.-ir-ll

    dta.atl

    .ll

    ^,el i^ll

    'j* r^t '-aiiiJl ii-:Ul_J,J[-ll i ''J$ L.:rj.


    -it--)' l,* lJ. Li: g s L,J -;n^*l r';; 95 ;r /i

    !r"+-i:^Ji

    ^1

    Jlaelt ,r"JrJt

    ._4:jul

    ..tur

    UA\ p3fiJti aralil

    e.2
    J3

    i .8

    l;,r/r i-i;lr
    j:"*Jl

    (89) coniugate acid 31y'|

    J.4

    .9

    e.s
    ,.r.-, (otl)

    f.eli

    ,- ;]l

    r.lellls u;L^-

    Yl .10

    "-tca .

    in'11511
    .FL*'Yl .oL!s-;Sl
    elrtijl C- J.tis .u:-ts,-!l-r. qJ

    eiiil il;Jl
    d"tt ;.'3l .rcleill g- &l-ir3

    .H.,(g) .,,:+st ,_,(ll,rG

    ,r-

    li .ElJill L.i .'LJt,


    Ai ,bl ii'i I , a5ala .r-fr

    .il;

    t(

    J9.

    .,LJIJ

    elll4s:.J;L*Yf
    j. iJLrill .FL*il -il'tii .i.l I

    A+Jt- 6 j ;-.s.3 oi+J-.1 '-r(ll


    oia ;_,....: fr .,Jci -+tl+r+<
    .-JJJ+a L.rt tll 1l rr:"'L Ft^il
    f dL:ll r.-iil p- lr.r+ t(. ri:

    ,,;L^YIUi

    ot

    -:;-Yll

    90

    ,ru"dl!'i:,.,S'

    ;. d[i:i :rl-,-..<Yl
    (;1iV t tU) c,Jt-: r"-.c, ;*-Xll,
    : _._
    L^.1' ^ .t r-F.j .pl.FL"-YlJ
    J'j<I J+--.sl s_,i Le-l c!- a-i-)llt+
    ii-XJt+ t-!31*i."g::: Ft ;
    HNO. elJi=nll,J;6,J:i.,joFl u;t-Yl Li.HNo, jJJi+.JlJ
    --0.+a Lrt tll .rlc tiiL-i .5-.:-:
    ..gi ;*.-Xi c,tr: ta.t ;r- in=)ul3
    gJ.+ Y csill "l+liJl
    ;
    "'^Jl a'*l
    L.rt
    ,}
    $...-.ir++a
    rll
    F^
    js,,Kl c.ral HCIO jJJ!SJ-,+dl
    Ln3L-i i','r r-t*'Yl .HCIO2
    e!- i=i-}ll',+ c;*J -,r* L.rUt+
    ,J:-!l a'. Jrsi ,'F-<i sJi t-{J
    ;lc ealgJ+ Y csill"l+LlJl
    e!-,,_rK_*+ll uJl4 .--p1 ii.rl ,ll

    _tJ*JlSJl".:l-.'Ja .r

    .r++,g; ,-,( ll

    !.t

    .FL*i

    ,;^

    {;rrrrr

    .
    ;Jl-e
    _!51 ^

    rJ:L*

    i*ar

    >{J -al LJ

    .el-ll

    ,, F- .n

    .aj_isll

    ,UrJl

    i,-;i-.i

    tt

    .,''olc

    #q
    Y

    __ S.rr

    qs.rll

    .it
    I

    t9,Yt

    J iiln .re

    !i

    JJ.-.,;lt vg',As .r
    diil..,<Jl

    ie

    .r

    l&lr- tJj iiJtJr ntr1:t $i


    cl- j HCI .c
    oH-J H* .i

    a,rj!l &rLl- J'4-Jl Jii 3Fl l-.15


    yt- rt-.i .Oiro,l' ""!>t- uZ,'-St9;;trlt
    -1"

    ctLi,-.-.-Jt-r

    Soa2--e

    .k;

    H,Soa

    .r

    NHf : NHt

    .:

    -;* 4i+-.+ l+JtXl_t+-Jl 3i


    HCIO4 .c
    CH1COOH .i

    S.*f.:o-:r

    HNOj.-

    HCN ,:

    t"'r.'.. .n .17
    o-i.a

    |+; !1-r-n g,rct.iJ ffif y't ,i"-jt

    3a

    t6i
    -f" l,^t

    .7

    5;:rl;l:-Jl

    Hzo'e

    PO13- .i

    HrPOl .r

    HrPOa.:

    u H,SO, - tql* h[; ri. :,s:,


    . <!t
    _r
    -=
    ^llt cno .'Jo
    .Ca(OH)r^1_9J*"
    J,t^aJlSJl

    5Li J

    :cJ[SJl lJqird.s

    *'"o'' -t*t'

    .r

    /rll5r'rerl ,j;'* 'i


    ,4:*-)l ,j:.* .-

    ',ar!r;9-rU.l

    ii

    J<,+ .r" lurr ;L+yr


    tLatrjl ji5!l Ft :.^rt

    'il*r'bJl

    .C

    'erjj .r

    o-

    5,*r!pri i'sls;jZ 33-;6-rll U .i.14


    Fi9 ij-rs;eUJ -4iiulJ+Jtil eJ4 J:JE- A-i .-

    .,;r;!l;x 9s1,3 .i

    9r+*Jl rrljjri

    :":;,:
    .!-l)lJ.l!Y...d

    S!*i.:Jl_.}tcYt 3- a:plt ,FL*)l /i.r liU .i.13


    .;.t+)t9i3;:t.r:L*Yt iF ijs -L_ipb- J..l .v

    ..;sly,r+.r1
    iper,tr $rcG i-jg9!F;gg ;a L>l,.rr u .i.18
    sJery'r k+:.G ;{se}s3;is;o a;Y-L' t-" .*
    '}r*t-:' '-Jy'l+ r:l -:tl e-r 'i'19
    .,4,;:*i ;e3l ^r .9, e-9,i -ei irL ,L iU" J..i .-

    ..:t+Lill

    19--

    -in

    .;l,e ;Syl,>^,Etl"!1" .i
    .;:,l,li(J)r r^,a9 | :l+::-_ .s

    l4;:.J .r)t9 .i:j++J)t


    .,-L*tr tlri j, f r JrS -f. ilr"i fu)1, J"-i ..r
    lSllg,;l;.^11 ,=-bi.;i*j,4,JLi,rit -i ;..; jS:r .12
    .l$t-lG:-l i.ri, ,; i.lt l4i^11. -:-

    -i al.s,*r H.POI elJso-s"Jl


    , ;1.3 ,:t iLi ^119 i.r*Yl i,r't '..
    .-"A,a . .esill .....< ^(-o ,.:Ll q:-ll

    : r(tr
    J:r.J .A-aJa)l
    -;r+J :,GL-L(

    :L-

    r=

    S.5;l- -c;.921,-lrg,* -a.!Ut.r

    .f1

    ,+ t"" llS, 39^;f l L" i3"9 ,9:,):L.ltu

    :l

    l.*ii il! c, t-,j;;+ C-Ul l-:,; ,


    .tli- lr+<Jl ;::i i5; 3l:; .i
    .;:,[ia:i !r.:r igl ."
    ..1+_r-rrr<Jt ju,e+ .e
    .;3,rs:r ,raJi ,ib ju "er{ .,

    e-o HrPOl .,

    1..r4:

    ;,f;

    .r[l

    9n HPOa|.-

    .djr ',iJ s:-u;!t 3o -a)u:l_ua4,J1 o1;*p ;" $i .16

    vl

    ro,.o.#;

    OH-r:L3gi 'd;r .e

    T,"ff;l

    .its)i,,i::tilr .):L-)Ll

    .i

    t.rii*1 ,'L.llGjU )LLcJ L.J+t


    'J.t-*!l;pS 'i.r-'Yl 4't 1 .1
    u; "- ..:l;t :...!l ot+-rU^+,;-n:Jl

    ;4i .r.l L'r. Jjt- HNO3 ,'liJi+Jl


    .jt-YL ofJll F^J .Ji!*
    ;.r*il i3t... */ fs..r
    ''l:r "' )LJl: tll-JlJ c,l,+ iiiJl,
    o* .Er',r ^ll .rl3Jlg 3t+-YlJ
    ,..
    I . ':li
    ,*:3 ,HCl c!,,1353_,1 ':+ll
    Jt LlS aJ-i'j.-r,.'l ':L-J,oll ,*
    ii'iliill rl3*ll e+:,-: uJs -iln"
    tt*S 4++.r-ll Cl*Yl . ;,JL'.iJ
    Sdl i'i U:*i et rrSr.2.r-r( ll u *
    ,.,F.- f;{ll A+Lr' o-i i"4t...^ll
    ,gJ;L u;^ CH3Cgg11 ,'tr:-,"'Yl
    f.: .1lIl ,...rca .:L- ,-lrL- rar
    .A<lg.ill ,1,.r'J .iJ+Jl J:rdl{ {?L:jl
    t-rs:,..1-o JFI _lll .=+ r:J: _tsaJ
    ,a+S:i-)LJl .rl3Jl actr. ;

    s&.-r i.r

    .9

    Qul + H,POI@U)

    J -etr,tr
    ';*L;rt
    &

    .r';.f2

    9l

    9l

    lF

    jn Jl

    "LlS

    HrSOl ,'1-':rrrSl

    'eLr t.:litl ;,trr ,.:t ii

    i-u.rrr^ HF

    .HBr .HCl,HF

    .H,S01 ,HNO3 .HClO3

    JX'il

    Ur:t IJC

    HF(aq) + HPOllarl)

    HCIO4
    .HCIO3,'lf!sll
    "";'s3
    ,dJL'i .FL*i .c,t+Lr)l Lrs .f

    'i+i_,--si

    .G

    .i

    .8

    ,iilb:t

    -qji-J}t riL-yt

    6^'>s

    jytpt!**9

    "-p- .Zl

    HCIO3 .c

    HNO1 .i

    HNO, .:

    H2SO1

    2le)Yl
    e"

    .-

    o"**ffiffj1'u
    g11:qqt+.Jl-!i.+ .9

    (.,:^-Jl) ..rrt.xit.gL Llo 11- .20


    ;:,!.t ilt ;- LJS
    '-.i*, ;
    - -, (;.*U:t

    ,')ice .-i|+JtJl

    HCOT@q) + Hro(/)

    HrCO^(aq) + OHlaq)

    ;913J591alt.";e .:

    a}U'll e:,):l.Jt

    y;7;^ L-:t'St:*

    ,S,t

    .,j;!r ,,;*Jr .i
    .'.:,,;il ,ji"*Jl .iarrfr ';*E:l .6

    .i.27

    ri tlirijJ -.rs

    ;'ut.*,rt"- "r:13i'bJl
    .4{:t}+SJl1JA4-J
    b4

    q:!.=sd:Jit

    :"

    .Jii+s,O^)L e.28

    .a:Ut ai:rXt U:LJi

    ..q

    28 -F!J

    H-,PO'(r,q).6t^JL
    "e

    +.

    US ae-,,.:t

    ii'r,:t

    /-i

    ili--"Jl

    'jsl

    -r

    .i

    Al(s) + HrSOo(aq) _+

    .*

    Jitjtlj

    ibJ'-Jl ii'r*:t urL"tts

    g:,J!

    a"

    -,5
    ,.:<1
    Fr ,J.L;i
    i;.9 .o*lUttrL;Jl *)-L.n 3Xi ,32
    -.\--:ei;rrlr
    furu.:t_e alUt ii'*lt arrU.:t
    Lr;l
    i1s

    :talr
    HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq)

    --e .i

    HNO.,(aq) + KOH(aq)

    -;.-

    Ca(OH)r@q) + HNO.,(aq)

    Mg(OH)r(aq) + HCI(a4)

    -e .6
    -e ..:

    .Ja i+,1;Jl

    '^

    ri**-:t j;+ .;eer.:r


    t
    g.,J.t+r:ra
    ^
    +l;r.ci)i ;c Ua"7 ^ 9

    .30

    aJ:Ll l i,'<l .31

    .HCl(aq) s Ca(s)

    \,..

    sr:;

    CH.COOH

    .;i.!l

    ;;ft.tlJt-;i*U::t
    Zn(s) + HCI(aq)

    J;LeYr

    .:;+ Ja -a:$Jl ;.EUIJ 63lJ{jl J"a4ijlj


    i)l.3 ,Jc {ri{- 6r:; H1POa lJ.-tr-$:l j:+ .9
    F){:,LF"J ' 'a ^- 4^t rge91 ,.^ 9rl;i

    .NaOH(a4)e

    urL..lt9 eJ-J! aj:Llt

    isLill .s
    a;Ut
    ,Al^^ >.6'J-.22
    ,iro..' i-r.ta *+ &:;:r.r;*l L:r;r i-ou:r .i
    .{

    .29

    L;^ iJr<Jf

    a;rt;r_g,rVt ,-t-*Jl .lrf:..:Yl iiglr<Jl


    .Lb i)JSr-tl_.r:1--.1r ;.

    :.JlJl e-;sl .KOH(aq) _e HCI(aq)


    .&ti:Jl lrCa+6JL alrL.ll .i

    .ii.'-Jl ii''*vt a:ru.:t

    rijS{ Jrii

    "r-L-i y
    :iis;
    "Fl^i

    .HNOr 9 HCI :as9!


    .H-.PO{

    .JAJI

    s HF

    .'.i OH-

    c,t-3._i5;

    '
    NaOH(aq) )b- ol+Lr)lg3;:

    ;
    ;,

    ilr .J;r.

    itrJl HCI
    ,i.o

    !:Lr_*a,es
    -.:t ',da,-HClfuq);i .r"_e.rr!

    l,f;:r

    ;.

    li'i

    HCI ;U;t-a

    ;txtj

    .g

    -x.;o^ri.*--j
    ):; !rt*- +

    Y ,,4:!"3

    .!,il . tl
    il+plgJl o. Flji tryl .l^ 6-J,*J 1-9!l H-,PO. .:
    .5.rll HCI | ^.J: .r'^!..' (:)* * ry:z$ 1
    b* go tl+pJ*Jl Ji i.bl_r ij i oI",$:*i
    .tsp

    Ji:51;:Jl

    ii;iajl

    ;r.

    k'p-.2:

    .V

    .ijr1r;

    L;Jl .15
    .'(JF JS;a L;i l"r-13 L3:3r. d-t
    H,So+JL jig-,+ll ojlJ F-Jl
    .'19-,1i JS;;*:-:l L,#3',J-.1a esi
    H3PO1 JL .r.5r3r+ll ;XJ LJ:-JIJ
    .e.5* J< cr- crL$J1a U)b do
    .HCl

    Ji..

    ..,.rr.rJ+ll Gi-Jt^i

    ,.o g1."1^)U u-J-J . itJri.16


    .,t. .ii s.rL 6i-i.,J^rilr .--r'Yt
    ,i *r*:*.ri LJJ.; .J^{ ui.* l+i
    "-i.-Js.ill

    L; ^- t . ' :l ,_r-6-e 6_pJ-.r:-ii-13.,p


    .,r:st
    u.:J,,*(rll
    l$ :
    "St

    .t

    -:^.

    Lo5l,r

    ;i.* 'igr. FJI

    a:+ ;i .,-, i .tl


    :U.rLrJl ,ri .tiil=;" i.rcL!
    HF+HrOB HrO++F

    .F A-!3l!l i.rLnll3 HF:, F*Jl

    . g.ll L.rllsr

    rdilLll

    .i.t+

    i.rcG NH,(aS) L^.+{ .A+ij SJcG

    .a;lljltril ,,.ltJl a!+ "94:r

    ;:,1+r: g+ .r;u .*

    Ut!*

    i-iiiJl iJlll ,-l+ll - ^tt sp 100Eo


    ;-l*.lr ijr-";ll ;t^Yt ,,:'Li: t ^'.,,
    .lo09o ua

    .r^ $i r:ol1 6-3..13-.tt !-b;lL.l,l 9:,1-3J-Jt_1r;il .21


    ,3o,CH3COOH,HNO1 .HrS,HF r;l*)r,.,-n

    .C

    i l...rr LJ.iJl cFt^Yl J+'tr .i.fS

    HNO. + SOI- -+ HSO; + NOI .e

    jg1jJ3l_.ra'+ .u

    a{UA::.;|;-t.Jl

    .r

    H.,O+(aq) + CH.,COO-(a4)

    t'\roJlJrJll'b+ .i
    Di-JiJl.Fs

    *,

    CH,COOH(aq)+HrO(/)$

    ,1; Ut .ai;*.Xll_,J:LsYl'e,6 \.tst .26

    irL

    uaJl 9
    .t-Or,lf 8.sl-!ll J.-il*J t .r:c. ;lS::
    i.lcGll Jil-Fll u:-Jl3,a H,O+ )li;
    ,jil-,rJl

    'Hzo

    ,*'@

    jr$

    FJlr.,tS r^l< .i.fS


    .ii+a; i-i-ilJ,"ll ti.rcG

    l+J-e

    .y
    '
    l(.
    .1.-!31-*ll

    ,gS+ L-91;-rcl-!llc*,lS L^l<


    .l i-i..'

    ;. ', .i.ts
    .r*5 ri u;--< Lt&tjri

    ;i

    ,:<^,

    G;

    ;rt ,*ll

    )L- ol+Lr)l 33;: .V


    H3PO4'..F^U Lnilll 8.rG!l
    +J-..1. .rr,..1.o--S J--, ;i,:S-,
    HrPOl

    te

    .HPOi-;rS+J ,a.i=Y

    ;t:

    92

    ilUt ii:rlt ijrU.:trto-:U i.trutr ,,xr .33


    i'"_.--: t ag::.:l
    _!i:: U i#Jl-l g4^1: L:l Jc L.;j,
    ,r+J:t.rrot H1PO4 4tJn-JrJt ;+;r ilS.t

    aJ.rL"Jlj

    8.rcLill .CH3COOH

    :.rJl

    .i.ZO

    cH3coo- u3bJl

    J'illl u;-Jl
    diilll i"rctill .HrO:,.rJl .-r
    u;^Jl .HCO. :i.rl-iJl .OH-

    H3O*

    .HrO :6.rcGll

    ,,.;^;.bll bpl ,f ,CjUi t[LrJ.40


    .u-13
    .SO2
    .CO2
    ;i
    & :,.*tsi -r. -+tt= 4+rJt3e)
    -dj:-t!
    ii:* &tL* ij$ :r*-tSXt o.ra
    iri
    .;|nl-l c;;,+l

    esjl}+,.s!t ,). C-F;i r, .*;iUt ;i geUa-)1"


    'el:::...Yl r"aoi :"+:"i::rt t i.ti.'-- $:-'ra:x
    4lt j lgsY ;l: ::... |,i-a: ;r*rt r" J"ci . |;+* ,*J

    Li;

    Jolr-..rr Ji

    ,.:r:rt .Mgfofutr_rr*-*ur
    i,= ps..1si
    $i Lgrl

    .Fl.-t
    e[ll

    ;a

    -!]Li!l

    ,:,t-l,iijl ..r i.Js: a::jrtt a,l:U.:t gxr .34


    ,.r-*.ebly, iLbYJl /+Ji.

    COr(r)+H,O(/)4

    H?CO3,.-!31-*ll

    diil-*ll S.rt-ill

    .HNo3

    :r-Jl

    .Not
    HSO; .9rl-'^Jl

    F-Jl,SOo2-

    Not

    ,io"L-

    HNO3

    't

    HS

    :i.rct-i'll

    A+rill .rcb,illg

    Lil-:-\? 5l JrlJt Pj

    .rr ^-it

    Lrl$! ll+:i-Fsjt.+,o /6$! i-s: i ."5 aJ"nr .41


    .t+r+l -*ll FLr,^Jl aF l;*)n i,Xl .L A ;t . :a)

    .l2l

    H,S ''+

    .J

    .i.ZZ

    NtO-t(s) + HtO(/)

    -n;

    ilut ii:tlt

    i-tru^:r9i-0,-:u iJ.rt l,t ;.]<t .35


    c.rj tCS^* c..ll".J:lJl 9:,yer ;:r , ig ,-:t a!:*:t

    iJrL-rl-9

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    ;:,1

    rL:.^ ; Ul

    g:"r,o

    il

    . - ::... l,,

    tlA ti..t. lzil;^'iji

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    KrSOo .:

    -a;9e

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    ",<

    u'^*

    Jn

    !!q

    *gor*ctly'l rtr*

    .rSrS-*!l6.rLi

    .,

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    ,_lS;+

    u:^ .t 23
    "t*.lr,(Jr-44J1 u:^ .Y
    ,.tl-;=nll ,;^
    .i.z+
    JJJ,-J+SJI u:^ .9
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    .13.r::'ll ,^^
    HI ..f
    HF .i.ZS
    "l:-r,tK.t,.,+<J|

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    HCIO

    93

    ..r

    HBroo .i.ze
    HC|O2.i-r

    J+.'|c t,ill fu31j,tt .::t,*s:I

    O-

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    .,i
    I c .
    glit. ot+J+
    ;,. -il\+ HCI(8).6
    _r.S Y .&Lii Y 'l ^aL;.1-13_1
    :"+ .J. ,r+t!ll ..,1a<. g.xJl c,L5,--.p
    d,:'t:Jl L{1,.. r...': I HCI,:li;
    i-. _;-r ,r.Jc. ..,;-Jl ;$ -r4iri .J
    ,-r( ll i+.<
    ,+ ,*Jl ..x'[Jl
    "r.r+9-,1
    HCI .-;-JLi .'fFl j ;r3-3,"J1
    HjPO4 dliL! L^r++ ..,S rS,:.1 ;ta

    :, :<l

    iJ:LJr rs,t.37

    .F4*J i+tijl ,:y:lt-j-L:tt ;:,ljJ.;J e:,!.rl..Jl e-:51 .38


    ,'rJ!5'Hl r:,l+tr cl+;rU .H,eOo A_>s;-s;sl
    .iYJl ,rbla;Jl
    ,,.-.39
    ,i.Jbjl o:L'!l
    ljsj 4!j+Jt i:.. rt g.i

    6JiYl

    ,;^

    r^

    ..g+'Jl.' i::Lf t 'i


    .Lut io'*vt iJ:L-Jt ..a"..--tt :i'r,!t i.rrU"I .6

    u}.* ,,i H SJi u5 .-'


    ;S-i ;tlt+r Ja-..Si;ra it",:rir;,'rr.-,...i1 o*s ,,r
    o'to
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    "i
    .
    zi oJ+
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    Ji+or
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    :l
    -" . AL'JJ""
    C Et+

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    .i+FJl

    ;; .36
    *"-1r,.-:*

    i.trL:. 9.$S UiJ- U,i

    L;-Jl a;U-

    ,'lr'r-...Y1

    .i

    BaSOo.*

    ,LiaHr@q)esElle HNO.(a4)

    ..t:Jli-gill

    . i-- rt
    .r:Ei )l

    Rbclol

    CaCl, .6

    .42

    uJ.e*+.'t(i'r:

    .J...+:,Ai*lJ .,Jc gFl .r;*lt


    .li,jil-*ll u;-JtJ a-iit-*lt i"t.'t-!ll
    '
    ,_ro t'.< ".: )l-il , i.. ll 6+rt l-JS
    i-rct-ill si,sg"ll

    -e.-; .6

    SOr(s) + HrO(/)

    .6

    .i

    HCIO
    H'CO3
    gld:,-J'.(Jt

    9!s.J.

    _ei

    .9

    HF

    .i

    .;
    *li+-)t-,;'*.s
    .g )r9*4t -;4> .C
    HCIO. .:
    H.,PO..-o

    feD *,',,,*,*;'

    2KOH(aq) +HrSOo(aq)

    Ca(OH)r(aq) + 2HNO.(aq)

    .J

    (aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2H.O+ (aq)

    + Soo2_(ac)

    2K+(aq) +

    Sol

    (ao)

    Ca2+ (aq)

    + 2OH- (aq) +

    i-i-,ll :-,'*Vt
    (.c,

    +2NO3(c4)

    Ca2*(aq) +2Nof(arl)

    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    U.rL-^ll ,r-o iJ.rl r-^ll

    Mg(OH)r(aa) + 2HCl(aq)

    oj-a

    +2Cl-(aq)

    LiNOr(aC) + HrO(/)

    HrO+ (aq) + OH-(aq)

    2H'PO o@il + 3Mg(OH)r(aq)

    + 2HrO(/)

    Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)

    tlrPoo'r,d

    - 2HtO(l)

    rr

    HzPoi@(il + Hro(/) +Hro*(aq)

    +upol-@d

    6iuo;'utt
    HPo24- @q)

    + Hro(/)

    H.o+(aq)

    + 6OH (aq)

    d,ihli+JJ

    e!_.,:1is,,,+<Jl

    ,; ^-

    -;s

    .3

    H2SO4 ..L

    ;ia.t':^lt .J. r:+. .c,t+b)l LJrii.40


    -J. pr: v ;t^i,J. alLil-"t':
    ;i ,<*1. .HBr3iHCl J-:- i+i.xYl
    -L-J"a: t-{-.r * Ft ;',t^tt lJ.i,.3U+
    ' ':
    dr+-:* sJl ,-!..;,ul ell+ i'. ^. ^ .F^ll
    Y F', )LL;;sAri. ;,r':.ltta*l
    .F*ll e ;=-<Vt JJ-. J IJJj*j

    - H)CO1@q) .i 34
    SO.(g) + HrO(/)
    - H,SO4(o4) ..1
    NrOr(s) + HrO(/)
    - 2HNO..(cc) .g
    iSS
    RbOH(aq)+HClOo(cq) RbClOo(ac) + HrO(/)

    + ClOa@il

    Rb+(aq) + ClOl(r.O)

    + 2HrO(l)
    HrO+(aq) + OH (aq)

    2H2O(l)

    Ba(OH)r(a4) + H,SOo(aq)

    ..r

    BaSOo(s) + 2HrO(l)

    Ba2*(aq)+ 2OH (aq) + 2HrO+(aq)

    +sol-@cD

    BaSOo(s) + 4HrO(/)

    oii ,1
    i-i Jl i+s:Yl UJt ''-^tl i!-i dllrl
    ,3
    \J
    .;rl<ll i.i.l,,'Yl U.rLr-Jl k*ir
    Ca(OH)r(aq) +2HCl(aq) + .e

    {-JJ:-

    3H.O+(aq) + Yo]-(ctd + 3Na+(aq) ..-r

    +3OH-(aq)

    3Na+(a4) +VO|-(aO)

    + 6HrO(/)

    - 2HrO(l) .e
    J! csrel : i-'inll c,UjsYt ;.l.)

    H.O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    :il-rl-r^Jl
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    Jj*! >- o.lt

    6HrO(/)

    cl.rL-Jl oia i*3


    A-i-Jl i.-1- Jr-Yl clJLrJl

    J!..e"1 oj)Li

    ,+

    Zn(s) +2HCl(aq)

    -ZnClr(aq)

    CaClr(ad + 2HrO(l)

    Zn(s) + 2HrO+ (aq)

    Znz+

    (aq) + H2(S)

    + 2HrO(l)
    2Al(s)+ 3HrSOo@d

    Al2(SO)3@d

    2Al3+ (aq +3H2(S)

    + 3Hr(g)

    2Al(s)+ 6H.O+(aq)

    + 6HrO(1)
    Ca(s) + 2HCl(aq)
    Ca(.s)

    CaClr(aQ) +

    + 2H.O+(aq)

    Hr(g)

    + 2HrO(l)
    HCI(aq) + NaOH(aq)

    NaCl(aq)

    Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

    H.O+(44)+Cl-(aq)+Na+(a q)+OH-(aq)

    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    Jlcs"e

    2HrO(l)

    i-'i:ll ,:U.rpit ;.r-)


    :a.i!l o*sril U.rt--ll
    :

    2HrO+(aq) +2OH (aq)

    U.rt-r-ll

    4H2O(/)

    J! "s!: 2 ,lc Url r-"11 oia L*!


    JLI-.I j+.I gll diJ,-ll 4.i- J,,-il

    3l

    Ca2*(aeD + H2(S)

    HzO(/)

    + 4HrO(/)

    .:

    Ca2+(aq)+ 2OH-(aq) + 2HrO+(aq)

    .iSO

    H2(8)

    e,t-3'.i J+JJ Y i-l.lLr-"ll

    + 2Cl (aq)

    .i.ZS

    (.c,)LL'^ll

    Rb+(aq)+ OH-(aq) + H..O+(aq)

    H3PO3 .e

    e!.-"1-Sll

    2H,O(l)

    .6

    Na.PO.(ac) + 3HrO(/)

    COr(s) + HrO(i)

    CH3COOH.,-r

    iJrJ<J+++llF.* i

    3Mg2+(aq) +

    H.O+(44) + OH-(aq)

    .i SS

    ,'llJJJ<!l L,:^ .J
    ,.tJ,.9i-9ill,_.:s .-a
    HBr .g

    K+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2HrO(l)

    - 2HtO(l)
    urPo^(ad+ 3NaOH(aq) -

    33

    zPol-@d + l2H,o(/)

    +vo]-(aa)

    ..-ir;ilsi

    .e

    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    6HrO+(aq)+ 2POi-@4 + 3Mg}*(aq)

    +HrpOl(act)
    a-.

    Mg,(PO/2(aq) + 6HrO(l)

    .g

    - 'l gCl,(ae) +Hr(g) 37


    + Hro(/) = H.o+(aq) 38

    ,5'lt ;'St

    H.O+(aq) +Cl (aq) + K+(cq)+OH-(aq)

    2H2O(l)

    .i.ZS

    Hzo(0

    Mg2+(aq) +2Cl-(aq)

    Li+(aq) + NOf(aC)

    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    -KCl(aq) +

    HCI(aq)+KOH(cq)

    + 4HrO(l)

    HrO+(aq) + NOf(a4) + Li*(aq) .'-t

    + OH-(aq)

    ..t

    Mgz*(oq) + 2OH (aq) + 2HrO+(aq)


    .i SA

    .Zl

    iJ"t-rJl

    MgClr(aq) + 2HrO(l)

    )Lt-^ll Jr-l+ i+-ll Fl

    .i

    d ",:'utt i+-rJ ..1


    i$LXl s.lJ.rll d W. J+i<+

    ,5i!.rVt

    2HzO(l)

    HrO+(aq)

    Hso;(ds) + HrO(/) =H.O+(aq) +


    soo}(aa)

    + 4H,O(/)

    2H2O(l)

    HNO,(ac) + LioH(aq)

    H2SO4(D + HrO(/)

    HSO;(44)

    2H.O+ Qtq)

    + 4HrO(l)
    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    .E

    Ca(NO.)2(ac) + 2HrO(l)

    KrSOo(ac) + 2HrO(l)
    2K+

    .i SZ

    Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + 2HrO(l)


    HrO+(aq) + OH (aq)

    uNOr(ac) +KOH(aq)

    2H2O(l)

    KNOr(4o) + ..1

    HzO(/)
    H.O+(a4)+N O1@Q+K* a4)+OH (aq)
    (

    K*(aq) + NO.,(aq) + 2HrO(l)


    HrO+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    2H2O(l)

    (.c,)LL'-ll

    i93

    JF

    J:rfSJl

    ,.JKi.,.J

    ,,1-r'rl-.+<ll

    ,-*

    .e.,.ett. lb it'.arll

    ,-1i.4.41

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    cllJ. ..1."l Lrl[i-ld i ct''+
    c,l.lt

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    Jf. rr.,.Li

    c,lrl-o- gJ:.3 L ;.rG, .Mg(OH),


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    arc

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    f .-J^. .t'l1 JIJ+.1':-Jl r; '


    f .L.;$llf<;s, f.er- J-iU
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    ;|-Jl +,,L;1,,)t o.;s , 8 C)+, dl dJ
    101o- '<ei-Jl-l-'ll

    97

    110

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    .:119c

    o-,6-1 al.:-!l ,f;Jl a-:lJF Jr


    ,32-24.16-10 ,9-6 ,S-t ar:-it ,J,-iJl e-rlr^
    105

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    116 o-,a$L;! a{?i}.,Jl.7eJ
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    I2l-120 oo ,35-33 ,23-17 ,6 aJ:-Yr ,,t -;:l :e-lJ6
    2-4 f'-''zJl l'+l-r-

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    orc LLlf - .,ir.al I of h.o

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    gi*94!$t

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    135

    (J.,-

    n3;Jt

    3'rel ;:*'rrr+l iO; r 3>i


    i- rr rL , trl-.:. , l&" 2-'a!-3
    .25'C.;1t-

    3 ,g_.!itt rir_iJf

    ;i::rJCr_fitl d-";-4
    .a.l-r;:."1

    i!g!.r 45 'gJgYt

    A-41
    1r,*rPr*eJl

    .loHl ri

    (J:u,

    ro)

    cl,r,JdJl 1}Jt+

    lJ,^ii: ;i;*.t r"lt ;l+tl


    L*J Jl t++Jr.l I ;. l^ Jl tr(rr...)L
    ..J. 3,a L.s .rLJl j'ti Jn^r t J- l 'J.
    IJJ*ii jiil*Jt ,'lllt ."1+1-iJl Jsill s3
    ii+lJlilrb+.i. ,* e &LJlJ.t-iijl
    L1.i9"l

    ..rcl9illg

    i{+*strLlt J*lrJr
    ;i,*e,+4J' F#'

    drh 6lrJ,ir

    .FL-YI

    c,t+Jf,i

    & Ueaig fo9i9ra.#J |

    4ij:* &L-)l Ji i+LJI i'r;, .1)r J" .jij bir


    -L 1,,;+ ! +Lj,Vt o-,-t jl^ f ! .rr*Sj-,r*3:l PL3+i Lljdjl ;;<, U"
    ,-tjp! 13,r-rr ij;;i .rur .9i ,t*:^.1 t:',i lrs^1 il .;ulJt-l,l r= !:llll
    ..lr+p"r*JI .:t ei li:ur..11urr

    Lr:.:*.

    loH-l ,,i lHio*l :, ..-r


    .'--i-o,ry'l -d Jl L.r-:*"

    .-r**S :t

    ?-r_-;r.l

    !+,:-nl

    a{.*li lJisl

    ei ;3rYr

    a.

    F+tdtt
    ;tr*

    ;J+.a"c

    ;JSs

    txl j+S!l j+5," JJ*lJl


    .mol/L

    95

    ,5t,

    t .1.,: ^ x

    p r':-'r. .....

    ra<; .;r!

    .gt >" oH-

    r:<J

    -a,+-_$:r
    ta

    lls ;.5;;i_J+-*,-:t LL-t :i i' '+!i-e


    .25"C;rr- i-r: rL 1.0 . l0 ' mol/L
    ,mol/L + j{Spl _Jix 3-tp:t }npr "x';]e

    .:JJ:e

    _}i- .L, [H:O*]


    '.1rri

    . 1.Q x l0-7 M u-lLa9 ,OH-

    lS;

    :lrt ,," 3 +Lr:

    H.O*(uq) + OH-(rrz7)

    I H:O"-

    ",{,-1
    .:tlr 4r."3t)rr'_tr+lrr+eJl

    1"rr u . t I ++r"-.+-r' .I?-e:.l

    ifi"

    ri ,,'mol/l

    s--eL4 H.,O*

    .tOn-l 4 [H:Ool

    l5;

    Hro

    L-+a 6r+:tro<Jl

    gr- J-LJ .ii-r.-,r'

    fq5) "*.*t

    e;!'r i.*'r--"-

    rr

    6/E

    Hr0*

    qr5;a:

    ,25"C ;;11- i.+;:

    ;rj
    rt

    i-o-'rt ,:aie

    C-U:-{"-U
    HrO

    v ,.r-illl,[ll ;5000 L r+ d
    .af. iJL! ,r" r93. Y!

    f ifr,:;

    ;rj"rr g.fUr
    ._qLilJ i;.,-.;
    ;r Lo..,Lr tslr{Sll_J+-Jxr Lrb: l;4li
    eL+nFr*Jruji;.Jt.; j r o ^iL-:t .1-4_rLS-iJl p. L--S,ti:t:'j;'L:-:Ut-"
    lJ')t,4+.srJ,!,6 ielt ?yt)+ dtli "U q;,7 6i4self ionization of water
    :JLJI ;'l r >U G+ .jt'J, JLiii+

    urlr

    .c,t-3a1t r ( l^^" .,:Jl

    rror.r

    .r.

    ;l!l ;qLJl', 24 dil-i-iJl GLJ'i.t;-)l- J* lri-Jl Jt+tl .<eLJJ


    ,LJl c,l r:-+ u4 l,:j lir. ;i . i,<
    il+ll+tl il .oHl H.o*;.rS:l ;i-1
    Fr'.r.-rJl isrt+ d or+cri-l L LJG'
    c,tj-Lll ;l.ii.Jsijllii ip o3Jr: L

    r+<J

    i-:rr-r,s! .;;:t1 -,Ul

    H,O(1) + H'O(0

    (a-igr :s)

    sr-i

    ;.< 11.,.

    i.e>tt'.r**

    lH.,o*]

    &t;

    oH-

    i. j[: lr^

    F!r.t' :i-L-JI

    .r-1-+ .anI

    itl>-

    _a+t:

    :_LJLJI

    K,, = [H1O+llOH

    -i-;: rt .aj;ll
    K,,

    .; ,a;;-f t _4:jUl,l:JLl.t,

    iJ;LiL

    S"l_r ,K,, .,U1 Jj'b

    K,

    (qc)

    1.2

    x lO-t:

    3.0

    x lo-ts

    l0

    I.0

    x lO-tr

    ZJ

    5.3

    x l0-tr

    50

    joai ..,; Jbtl_J:+*"


    i:iul.&J[^lle ltll 4,-rHl 13
    -L.i
    :ilLJl a!' ).1'Jl !i+it:i, 2-5"C ;rt

    =[H,O*][OH l=(1.0x 10-7)(1.0x l0 7)= 1.0' l0ra

    jo K,, .[t_jL :-..8 jlr; ,"url tlll .;)lFl q1: _;:!; ,Ur fi"U 3r,;
    ,j. alt t-1jlr !:n (, i+;i ll . t-4^.1, q.rl :9= L.< ..;)1 --Jr _a-;:.;r[; j.-irl
    g.a I .0' I 0- a 9L; *-ll, (,,. ., Ul ;i'U * t 4^+ jF ulJrJ .,i-!r ;;tp .+1;:
    ._allzrJl 91lp,q;: ric i:,|r, i-3

    6Jif ;-1" J:r:ll lJ.o .lSJ{ l-4 $aJt


    . ir f. 6J LJ+jJl iJJ; +.r.i e+.ii

    ;i;*-t':-lt ;t+tl .:..ri Lk


    is.dl ,-; K,,. i^+i ,f -|-lf lrt=\

    d+tl -5i

    .9-

    '$-s.LiJtsji
    ',Ub

    F+lr:,$ tA*.i.

    oltl != ;L_9L:r.+-.slr:Cl r)rrlt_pr+l::*Jl ;J*i 3;*S;;i t^,


    r
    L;. ".u,Sr_;ru:rYl ; ]l l)nSi 4+
    .! :L;*
    "tJLJi,.l:f-" $i i;$^J {9

    ;_JSb

    i5i!;-..a,.-tr ;i .r+L;r-LaJt :r= t4...1;:;rlii


    ,. i-si 1H]O*l t6=& ijs! ,Jl JiJL=ib .rz-+ JS.:^:r +',r{},i L"s ,.d:jttl JclJt
    i:i ll J+Jt-.t I p- OH- jsr ui i * 6 !; a;b -1- l, r--,^r'*..a* !:,i Off
    -)-si
    [H:O*] ;.
    ll.rUr JiJLr | 4 tOH | ;,r*, .-Z-+ $;1 +'x-r+ L"s
    r;c 9J: Lj.t l_,p l^t I e=,;3eL;" tOH- I : H:O* ] irl l+ L- )Si L.se, rt
    ".r-r
    irj 1]l ,4,1c iti,_r.1.0 ' l0-7 M t*.d!:Js L"ipr.25,'c;)tr- i-;:
    Lb j,a"',,t t*- ;t Sruf t lj*:, . .0' 0-7 M
    ;,. [H.,O* I
    "g!*; 6111 ful,f
    ir<,,2S'C_;trrl+t: ,:. HrO*-Ltr:i o. 1.0 l0-5 mol ,tca; j:t
    [OH ] it,lt lll .JJr_;-<- -1., .10 x l0 7 g* Fi l.() z l() s;) ,li *
    J-a:-^'p{r.-r.sr:t :bLll-b.IEEJ9L"tl"e+,-t t.O x l0-7 Mir-rxi ,;l
    ;) ,t!.cts ir1 Z5"C .i;l;.- .a1;: i OH +Lri :r" 1.0 x l0r rnol
    .l.o x lo t.r insl l.o x lo-l
    3. H.,O+,.:+,9t,:sll

    : "( "ll .:G)Lll u--:,13i .


    J:"+Jl i.U.rt-:riJlg a1.rt-i.ll3 i: ' ^-ll
    j=Stl 6';:-a-Jl o^J .1-4
    .:G)l-'ll

    Jj*i

    ,.;JlFl

    .' o rre i.l,rr:tr J+rJl

    .;iJl

    ,' r r. r9 .-X,

    i, a;^-ol l3S_,1.r,9
    ,-50"CJl 0"C

    ,-l+lt

    ol t'l"l

    ^ "tt dH+

    "-r;s

    -.|

    SJJif*ll

    .r! Q*r"'+

    .n+lLJl

    .t++ll.,+"LjJl

    :s-:.. J]IIOH l= [H:O*l :J.rL''r" J.il-.


    IOH | < [H:O*]

    IOH-I > [HrO*] :6.rcG

    J:J-

    trJ,*,-J a++{i tJJ'.-l

    *'1o
    H t(

    )' )=si

    ,1.!

    (i)

    -2!?

    Js'ill

    . ..irll--o-,r-.,",**!
    .rij jui Ly4r ..LJl J! (; * 5ll
    Jl .J:or-rr.rj rr;i .L'li, ;;
    ,,

    ,* gasYl :.t l. ll !,JS,:J ftY'


    jtill 6l!l ;Y,'LJl
    ?Lr -ij<:
    GL:L oH '*S ': ,t"', (-t' ,,u

    L)ho.,LJl Jl
    ^-r"Jl
    .,.lLril-i,+ill ,**F' :rL

    -''l
    $a$l
    '.

    ej-:

    $ oH-;ir ,(i) ,Ft d J.rixt ;


    .(:),*Jr(J-i &Li:lt;

    CO2(8)+ HrOtlt
    I
    I

    HrCO^(aq)

    - H.CO-.taql (i)
    + HrO(/) 3 H.O+(aq)

    + HCO;(rz4)

    '"-'l

    * Ji
    .sJrlt
    "!ll Jl

    j)l3l i:tl c,Y..rL*- ...1<q


    -2-4.;S,i.tr
    eji Ji H3o+ ,li .r$il ,,.j(;Jl ; : rr, "tt

    NarOr(s) + 2HrO(1)
    2Na+(nq) (-)
    (aq)
    + 2OH
    + H.O.(g)

    ''*' @

    J+iJ:. iJ< lS-S":


    J,:r^ j- JS .:ro

    :t :*J:r:.Jt J! :ltl
    .5.r.1

    lH,O*l J IOH

    .i+Ll-i:ll

    96

    tOH-l S [HrO*]

    F+bAttZve'l6Ui,l
    irit-Ll I L;,i.tl .rcl3,lll
    .r.b"ll o ja
    1

    J+r..,1 .rt

    "li;:

    i | dr- .-H

    ^1

    .g_,13"Jl

    NaOH(s)

    Jsr+tLt

    LJ-*JI J,-tjc c.,l.rg.Sgu+++

    c.,l+*Xs:.r:++ lli<J .(MOH

    .(M(OH)2

    tJSb

    Ca(OH),

    HNO3

    S(OH)z

    r{soo

    .rl.r.,F

    .,t-.1-"

    le3

    !i 4f

    =+# =*f#

    t-: | *-a lJ . [H.O+] l**",-r"

    -rls

    = 1'o x ro

    r2

    il+ irs

    d]

    tJ

    i f OHf

    U ur

    .&*E
    tHrO*l

    ole.,?F.j;*

    HCI

    ;i

    u*,e .2.0 x 104 M HCI ,131*.;vt +'uy


    ,s.lJ L.i'e++ iJ .2.0 x lOa M .5-9t-3

    HCI(g) + HrO(/) -e HrO+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

    l, ;t.'r' *

    mol I mol

    il-/--tt

    ru

    ..r!:ll3 .1.0

    '

    mol

    I mol

    l0-7 M a'. j.si [H3O+] 6i.u-:


    :JtiJlS L!'l-ll ll{J [OH-]

    K. = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x l0-la


    t:9r"=10-'o 1.0 x lO*ra 5o x l0-r0 M
    loH-l
    =
    [hl,u.] -- ).0 , 19+ -= -'"

    Cla

    ..,,-tic c,l-r+XJJJ.a JS'-""1 |


    e:i{ Y .el!.J .;L3.rll d.!t-3 1=.lllll

    ^-

    [HrO+]

    K. = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x l0-ra


    rH:o*l

    l.0x 10-la

    L',

    Na*(aq) + OH-(aq)
    I mol I mol

    :llJtSlsl*rl t5r"

    JtLF^ e'iu!6J

    IFu

    pl-r- i+t, Jj. 1.0 * 10-14 t*- Lb FUI 119l*.lJ K, L.; rt! er*:
    ..;vr ;3;ir fS; {-* a;; riri!.r;'Cr<.r ,iryeir ,-r, &i ;45; ,l!b ,.a3,oll

    Ba(OH),

    .JbJ*
    c,Ljgi.r.r ;.rL-! I:JA:J ,.:llil .[H:O*]
    g. Jc$l+- t-or- 1'^."3 ,!i.HrO*
    utli ./ OH-.i$-i i-l*i ,OU- c,L:3ai
    i+LrJl oj-o;*:-: .25"C & .Jd-Jl
    :i.;L;Jl U)lrJl .:*;

    L^r;

    mol

    .l .0 , l0-2 M J l1-jl*. tOH-l '&* 1.0 " 10-2 M NaOH;J* r= ()i!


    .t.-E'.1-rLrr ll! .jihll . I .0 " I 0-7 M,..,. iSi tOHl 6i .ti-l

    ::,. ,)

    ::,. ,) 2 LJ-JI ,,-L,c ,-;r1

    F{tdJ ;,t*i.

    Jrt,..'

    .ea;.rr 3{:urlpt-rt :1'a3r- ri ';'r: i:r;lr .rrgJry.FL-lt ;i ti L- i=*.),


    NaOH ai Lo.e .,aijp-;L*ir:.1r" rt*'t a;e 342-46'r,t *.ilr,'t<+
    .ijul rtjJ*rl z--OH- +tjjgi g'. r3*b'tJ. sl.+ a:. I mol ;U i13 i--U

    ^tl

    lis -oi*"-:r..pt^rl 4 . tOH-l dr. Fi [HiO+] a.+,:!


    e [OH-1 4ri ptrOl f ,;rL-i,!i ;l-e, ai $ K, L*:.;4 *sr,.djil
    :,t* ild I -a iio ir;:r ili*ar'c*r,y .r;lr ;r*!r ;,SJi :L Li-n 4id liul
    .

    ot:3ai dr. d+lG isli t-4.:*.f


    :i+- Ji lia .e[Jl .,i +i,.S3,+dl

    .JJr*r l

    .,1-:*,

    ; glr-) 1....r'..-^ll .-gls 1l ,:-'t..'l


    .irJ:< Ji i. 'J ^ lt rl-o.S (IragloHlt

    (fr)

    -'*t*r

    Fitre 6sLa'r-r6arr ;t1e

    t:,t*t [OH-] r [H:O*]

    lf

    .1.0,

    M oS;,.tt-r:4

    &,1* j+.a,n Z6_J*:;f t ytta;Jt ,s-!1e


    :Jg-rl+tOH-l s*l .: .,JJJ-rre[H3O*] l*r.i
    ,rz,r>

    1.0 x

    l0r

    ,li,

    M HNO] - Jjr-lt ir.s; ,*,:..r'


    IH-rO*l .i ,.33a^rr
    IOH-I ..r

    il-.rt
    ijt

    dlJl,.,,r

    aa+ljln
    ,"r3

    tr^j ,&p.1r* HNO., i.tr


    c.t+,.-* i+r. .1s;iy .a;-rrJorl-rr A ( 10070) rlt r:j"r: ijre ci
    "J+
    ,t.K,,,Ji
    to.e..!".-ll f!f-rL-.J9r^rl e t+jrr*Jl 9[rri 1f]iJs!,a,r-l
    il
    ,r*,yt,*n;ei
    ,Jtiijt< ,IH1O+J iqt,1r *.'..1, [OH-] ir-,t J<-"tt g,.!e+ ,i+t
    HNO3(1) + HrO(/)

    H.,O*(aq) +

    mol I mol

    mol

    mol

    NO;(aq)

    .-rl3gJl

    [H:O*]=1x10-2M
    lOHl=1x10-12M

    .i

    I mol

    HNo,

    gJq

    = HNor t_,!:,
    ,JJ*- | L

    mc.l

    *:t.T,,9. mol H.o+


    I molHi{O., Jet- I L -

    fit{O.

    ,t

    &J*lL

    tOH-l[HrO*] =

    toH-l s [H:o*] a,- k 't'..'^l l-4


    0.0tM HCto4 J!-

    H.,o*
    1.0

    l0r

    mel tli$O,
    ,,lrt*" I L

    I mol H,Or _
    I mol ltiiO.,

    loH l=
    e,

    irr"nrU . 1.0 x

    10-7

    ir. Gi tOH-l

    1.0 x lOa mol H,O+_

    l',9,']9,'-

    ir* -r,

    1.0

    "t 't:IL

    lH.ro,
    1.0

    ,-rl3;Jl

    .H

    IOH-I =1x10-3M

    r l0r

    ir. tsi3a"

    1.0

    5xlOaMBa(OH),

    10-10

    r:"--l

    .i

    x lOa M H.O*

    t,'0=^ 1,0.'l
    = 1.0xl0r = 1.0,

    etz

    .u

    x l0r.s_eLs [H:O*]

    f:-tL.qat ;l }r+*fuj'a:4jc

    i{3

    ")++,Jl

    q.r. ;.rlriJl ,ir.r!


    ,J.5rS1 nl f.6r i
    I x l0-2.r-uJl ;..i-i
    l.r.r. I x l0-s
    ;+J,rlt gar.r,Jt i+US il+l!+tl
    dlliJ

    ulj*Jl

    =lxl0rM.l
    IOH l= t x l0-ro M
    ,lHro*l =l.0xl0-rM.2
    lOHl=t.Oxl0-rrM
    .[H.rO*l

    ,[HrO*] = 3.3 x lQ tr

    P1

    .,

    x l0-rr M

    tOH-l = 2.0

    ' l0r

    e=

    n+Jrr+eJll_p:+-or:<.f

    .4

    .0.00001 J 0.01
    .q.;s-r.uJl

    :t ^{ I J+3t<

    J*{ -i )tiiYl +SLl

    .l.0xl0-3MHNo3

    )!*

    )+..S

    1-1,r*eJ

    tl_1r+::r**Jt

    '*r:+i

    &!S; :"*. t

    j_ri SiS;'
    J+l-- r- rJe)-!.dle
    ,,.t,_ae-9q4Jl
    ,
    -v

    ^U

    .2

    g)fu,s\

    .3

    .4-1

    .3.0x l0-2MNaOH

    lOHl=3.0x10-2M
    ,[H.rO*] = 5.0

    &l*

    .lx l0+MHCI
    t_,---ti ;]*s; l^t

    1-4

    L .l x l0-ll M 4+i H30+ jsJj


    s&J-JlL^rY.r- d L.e sfoH-l

    loH-l=
    ' ''9':
    'l;'t
    [H,o*]
    1.0

    ,,ri

    ^_,;

    t-,!r^

    * l0-ra

    *jL &J!

    Ba(OH), J

    alj-il A :i+iJ.i

    &JL^i J. et

    98

    . -r .4

    r. rt'r :^-ill
    ,lr Jl-qjl
    ,L"r-l-* &.:J
    108;-_i,o

    l.0x l0aMCa(OH),

    '*' @

    a-i-

    ,8 . 5

    ,l if-Yt

    j- ,J^ilt ir+l-*

    ,24 J13,,,J.|J,120

    a-_i121

    &,.:J

    ,12-10

    i-i-

    98

    i-i.i.r 45

    {till ?satJl

    &ll - "l ALi-|,, 25 diG;Jl u;f


    .(!rj++JJ+dl fiJl +,rlc .rl3*
    .:L!).'Jl IJJ*\ Jl n*^l'iJl Jl+tl
    .i-,. ' ^^llg [H:O*] J pH cr*.t i.r3'-. 3Jl
    I

    9at
    ,'rl
    A{-i
    v
    l"

    \P

    a+

    }t

    eJtr.r,
    ,'r. ^ lri^ll ,r-r+ -'i:

    100

    lHlO*l

    l0,r l0-2 l0"r

    10,.1 10,5 l0r'

    10.11 10,12

    l0,lr

    l0-11

    +
    I

    pH<7{:;sJl ;)tr)

    i:!j

    pH>TaiaEJl

    pH-7

    ; rl, Lr< ${ r'13'&lt


    J"LJI ;.. .- rlr-2r p3a,32: 'r+ll
    -r,r.l;$r JE t -l<r pH Ar
    ;.r.i

    l0-3 l0-l l0,r{)

    0..r

    iS-

    (pH)

    J.LJI 4+ELi rtr; p.j;3r4.dl


    .pH

    -ri

    rlr..1,1g

    .tiu.

    ;*,:

    i4! ,\J*,jr L;t i-'.1 ,+r: [H.,O+] ir!'1


    .[H:O*]J pH r]: :-,..<ajl U)lil +51:Js
    - , ,t,.i il 4+i
    ;.rta;Jl
    rrr: .5JI $U;Jl tJ-i.j-l
    JJ'JI ,lc ,o*S.;.i: QJ ;.r.r'.tt .l=i,,.i
    lj;+* :.t^; tjJ.i J Ui .;*1 l.r.o .;Yt
    t'
    lr.L:ll ;slji^:'F JS Jlj,lJ+|4 J!
    .pH

    ,)+;s'td rt Fjrtt ifu-

    $F Lar, _a!.-Er ei,,rr,r* i:";-* ! j++rjl


    :.
    ;{.(1
    .
    .:!l
    .:lJ l rcr,o*:lj
    J! ..}}ds,J l.d **J t43t l.f-n l t-.J elj JJ
    L3s*

    Ji OH Ji HrO*

    JlL.tr e= nq+.r-rr+s]l ;q:l i5>, Jl LAi A *s,pH ,i ;-;.-prs.rt iOrlt


    ;}j, **;9 .pouvoir hydrogele;$*;-,;tl lj114KJ1 _,=-,lt- pH jt.br-Jl :Ji"J
    .IJr..-'YJ.:

    upl-yJ p4)tzJ,lJr -,tt- aol 4l*.lS pH l;1;9.1r*AJt ;esr:t';r,j


    :aJlJl ]J:LlL PH .'r j{iy

    .[H.,O*]

    .9.1a91 ':dll

    ft.irqatt pei isJrJ l0

    pH = -log [H:O*]
    | 0,"s r.: r + Ar.ri- .5rJ | .-*Yl s^' i: d I 0 ;- L'){J'e+: t-rUt
    eL-'^=--+J
    ' i -- Y
    !.
    (2-5"C;,r r> i>t: rt) .l:L;.I+i*-:L aq-q>rrrJl ,',:.i l5; l9S1 .;r,f,
    l:a.l'p4rr:"rrt, ,1 ' 10-7 M J L1-,91*
    ,sJUtS pH "^*:"sju.-7.0r"

    ,l;i 8 ;ll:r++ll ljrti Jr .i-,1. il


    ,i*r. !larL;tt + Ji^+- ,j+ JS
    ;i,
    8
    |
    '* i--l.r--,'SJ ,4,'*
    .=.Sl 8 ^! Jl
    a6

    .r!j

    -,lt-11

    -v

    ':r,Jl

    lvJlr

    pH

    =-log [HrO*] = -log

    I'

    l0

    7)

    =-(-l.Q) = 7.0

    1 d- J.4u" 1u.O*13 pH;p L*:t


    -st- a:i * JtJ^4J pOH &,:...g_,rJ"c6jr ta3,/t i.;; ,t4;t; _a;_JAJL9
    .3-4_,Js;,rr

    .[OH-l l-': 't,:tattiujui irs ':s l0 a.L-yt f4)GtJtl

    e$sr*

    pOH = -log [OH-l

    j15lJiJl tutl&

    ,i,s.

    lHrO*l J*+ U)l!l-!,*i ,:J:t-(-!+


    . i:1..+ flliJ ,;LJl JJ-JI
    \Fi tOH-lJ
    l"^l;
    .+_*"
    U,p+
    l-9^
    a.rlt...l .rL;g

    iit...^

    .,!

    14

    J!.jrt

    JS

    [H3O+] L,L:.'r Cr*


    J! loo M J,"

    p^rl

    ....

    ,t'rL;lllt s,L+ SJl,:S^i ,1909 ftr' */


    ,'irJl + g.J o- cr4J9-.J.:l..,,r,r
    :1.' ^-ll Ert r. L:...,:l ,(pH) uj++J+{ll
    elJj3 ,a1.rl-iJl3
    l
    .4++J-

    99

    I,

    lO-i M,..1:U:..3rt*.4 OH-

    lS" C+
    .pOH = 7.0

    14.0

    {rL+

    25"C

    i:l2'i+;,

    ii
    .itl

    "rL.JrL;".JeLr pOH e pH .:j-*a te-+-

    a-;, .r; i-r-. ^ fuur ia)l-rr JrF

    pH+pOH=14.0

    lplri db

    eL JL-...1+

    .POH o PH ir++ i++l :,' ^ll

    rl.rcl

    _;rr- a-;: ric

    .25uC ;11;o

    irt
    .l ( ...i'. f..r:Jl q+kj -1. r; '': rl3 .'O y
    'o
    ,l0o M J! r0 r1 M ; ;Yt .+bll fr
    n*Jr:iJl ;t+tl .tOH-l a,1. !-,
    ,.t'-rt ",-i ,.rJ. Ftro*1 ,i. islr rt,:rl
    &L!^ll toH-ljsJ', i,rjr .8j*Jl
    .r.:.lt i..t ;l i-,tt ,+ r1.tr "lllSJrX
    U)l'll r+;d tlsJl r*l,'tr< ^,
    {-!$

    .25"C

    +L- : - .a ji_, .K,,. L^j'i-i tOH-l I tH3Ol ,;-:-{-b.ry al>l-,-:r ,li Frj
    1;-1 :,r r. r, .25"C _;)l)- a-;: ric I t I 0-la = K,,. e) . I 4.0 .*r Kr,._fn-JLc,

    trrt

    .LJl

    "t<l
    ,sJLJl

    ,,

    Jr-

    Cq;)

    -,*r,.-a'

    e;rre agar-ua-arr .!ts

    '

    .&t- 6;ea' .'-et;::

    ''

    25"C

    -;rt- L.;: rt

    iiSLlt JCL-.IJ pH ,qs

    ,"rr*

    ";*a

    3r;!

    i.

    'l,o

    i:gl

    pH

    l-

    6.0-5.0

    i!-,-rr

    3,0- | .0

    5.8-5.5

    l.rr:u

    2.4-1.8

    6.0-5.6

    llall,ll

    3.4-2.4

    6.6-6.3
    /

    i:lll

    pH

    -tt

    '*"t-.lt

    4.0-2.0

    -l-b.-')

    lLtl1

    3.?-2.9

    7.0

    (..L;r):jjl',ur
    .ir".tt

    1.7 -3.2

    8.5-8.0

    ,+r lt"

    4.1-4.O

    t0.5

    1,..,;:ll:..,1-

    5.7-4.5

    6;Ja

    ttF'lt

    i!L;.rr

    'olertr

    .r,!ll

    '-, o"*r*tt

    3.4-2.9

    8.0-7.6

    r ll I LlJl all i;':.ll ,;yl


    rly'l ..r^'+l ^++:Jill pH #-,

    .'r

    jJ.+$!4

    4.0-3.0

    7.5-7.3

    irr.

    ,J

    b)+

    .lHro'l , l: i ut ;:.il .r--.4.1 v


    ?
    3.r .,,-!r^ ^rrpoH .pH i"t
    '
    or^
    sG)Lll ll'.-ii: .';*-ltill

    pUf"Ut
    ,,i+,

    ",1J-i

    &rLrr
    .r-9L{

    *o 6 .IOH I .r Fl j:-,J]|=- + lHrO*l ;l ;;;:.r


    i-,1,* ++-,, -; l--;* -t9L-- )- lH r0* I J$l -L+- -.t. .ai;'.-lt
    :J+ u Lbe.6.0 J L"l .^ -r1-.r.r pH !* t*
    . 1 l0 " M

    >= J4L-r'

    2-5'Cl

    pH = -log

    ltlro-l

    = -log

    ;!,:rYlrrl;jl;;
    a-.=;l

    ,i.9;J.Jl e+o1

    l-1.0

    pH = l-1.0

    6.il =

    -^ll pH

    .r3S1
    "|Jl
    pOH: 1.o u^ r.PiZs"c r-b

    i-+-;l

    )l.ll Jl-!i.tl,--rll
    '
    e-lJ .15"C i5r.1 .t'.. i-,. "-ll "|'ll - ^ll
    .rc a1.rcLill $ll ^ "11 al-:LJl c,LL^ll

    tl.O

    i-;r ric !xij.r1,39J-^l pH ;i aa.U- 5;i iUr. - kL;:,


    j.;
    .5;i :its)t e.LG>ur ,'r .7.0 j- !--i pOH ,i. .7.0 ,* |si
    "
    j:,i1r
    j"o=rt
    1i;;rt_,-:r Lr, Lr* t-*rs ci j; .J-J.r;r-Lr :=
    ,i pH -:
    U ** r --;+,a* L,;.,- U *"-r ri;:-i": L;
    K,, +-*-p 3: *u :e p( )H -J
    .;iji ,nJ +-b pl{ + pOH = pr(,,
    2-5"C;;tr-

    ar;

    :,G)/.,J1

    )Uj Lii 2.5"C r-,3J


    :r ' ^-ll
    pH :p,L:Jl tliJl
    lr.oJ 7.0 J,. r$i
    ^+:{ j
    j-.i-.i
    \.J.A';^Jl ,Jrlt -^tt \P Pt)H

    (l x l0r') = -(-6.0) = 6.0

    r;- 4+";'"-Jl JrLJI .:.+ 4 -1Hl -.a o$i .7.0 .r" 1;.-l ;rr--f r ls ptl er
    4JtJl -r t"s .7.0;- ]sl pt)H ji 4rrul !Ll .-!l l*e .25"C irl>- 1+t,
    .2-5"C;rt- 1-;: *t;rpt l {;M>Jl lL-Jl @
    pOH

    ,/

    Ln

    .:G

    .25"C

    dAEoi*
    ar:Li'Jl -:l9ll pH

    ,r:.e

    iiurr irurr

    =lxl0-7M

    !rL:rl

    pH=pOH=7.0

    [HrO+] = [OH-l
    pH - pOH

    [H.O*l>l'10-7M
    IOH-I <1"10-rM

    lHro*l > [oH-]


    pH < pOH

    L;.-rr

    lH.ro*l < loH-l

    !t&@r

    25"C z1r2- i+';.r


    [H3O*]=tOH-l

    &ibf

    I M NaOH :ilLJl .rl:,"I


    |

    pH < 7.0

    <lxl0rN4
    lot{l>lxl07M

    g,t

    i .+-a1a-.
    :

    rl. --:-

    ;-l L; Al.r
    !r-*t
    J!* .$i- tL ,-,-+ eL. ,l:..-j'.l^tl
    ,-L]6 r+,-r. ..J.- .L . ..:l- .;*+Jl lr-*
    i;LL!; I M HCI .Ja .JLn;, ):,-c
    .rljJl oj.a o- JS pH -'+i--l .i-l iJ
    e- (pL'Jl .-iilsll) pH J-,_l Lr rri... ^
    i,(*: ..)L a-+f- -sl.
    IyJ*
    -*t+-ijl

    :++ls

    pOH > 7.0

    lH.O*l

    : 1.. | .
    ,4+l';

    pH > pOH

    pl{ > 7.0


    pOtl < 7.0

    1"'r (D

    -rl i..rL

    i,lli.,

    L,itS ,a-Lt-l

    lS

    "-l
    ,jlJYl

    '

    ..

    \:j],ffi

    Jr:-'- .i_,lr i$l3Jl ;rt

    a.rtlLtl ;JtS. rU+

    ol .

    u.ltl

    r-.:' '?r),{-rt
    .J+:rJl

    HCI .-lJt ^

    "l hii- | 'il),1;iJl i,. cr-1;i;l

    ,Fl i'lr-i ,:* lJt J! .'ltl 'c,;L


    aj Jl rl* .',1+c .L=:
    "jJl
    :rL eJ:!l l-1"- e ,(pH) ,:.+r, '-,e tt
    ,3-4 JKjJIJ 3--+ JJ 'rll ;'rl,"tt

    r-.+ .A-a=Y-ll :,Ll-ri;)ll NrOH-.


    a:+ ; -;il-iJl
    a, ,-sl Js rL!.9 : vJjlr*Jl
    J
    I
    ;iJ+ 9t 5 ,s L,trl1 Jrl-. pH J-rc

    rlJl trH 'l]^--9-.1lt- * ' 'i' 'rl

    tJ**ts
    .3-2 J{Jl3Jl J^ :l-nl LilJ- J' JJ

    L.

    v_

    ''

    .LiLrll

    il*ill.,i

    105

    ,16-12

    4-<..:

    as-{6

    ,- '.r,',
    dI-Yl
    ,l-:rLoirll i-r-lJ4 JaJ
    ,

    120

    a-i,.
    100

    i a,:, tf &qu*rl

    f"l{
    ii'!.r

    .15

    '

    ?.iJlilt

    pH #.,*-:.9;r+CJf

    l'-t|l

    .L{jL^ ls^l .s-lr i..:.rtl.;;-,JJLr pH:.jiJi [H3O*] i..r a;r- r:r


    4:4:11ta, 4.is'.f-" pH ;), pH *U r . .-, r- 1 .r; r:= _a.r:.t t_tt3Jlt lL,:- I

    '.-,+r
    .

    4r;'.lt ;rt-t,;lt 1"r- 5i= 3p,tt_Osrtt tU+ Jl i; JJI igrlj


    alsr:t i*.r9L.e ri 1,."1 dJ! .fu;tt_tt3Jll ::l ...- ,)^ ,t:-lr_q* i;-3*
    it* Fl qg-rJl :".r,Jl .a- a:-r;tt ater:l C" _4:).:..J1 al.o[,iJl ,q4 .* .,:t p_r;,ft
    t3:*p, t{J .l " l0 7.6_-eL; [H1O'] L+...rut'_.i** J,] ..ai.:,-rqJt -4;.i3
    .z.sl1zJ--,;L !* ,+ g:,*:;i i .=: a-,-iJl ,r-a -log:i pH rF ..iJil .LlJ
    !-UJl-;rr l!].r-l3,alti -b .a.$Jl r.ra *log 9i pH .gji-1 ;i i ... <ot iL;
    .0" = t.O Jr1 .{.rdjl
    Y 9a9 ,,L:'o

    #tJ.,.
    a++!9"i

    .l x lOa M HBr.&l-J pH,+'.-l

    2-4

    pH = 4.0 :.-rl3sJl

    .5

    x 10aM Ca(OH),

    JAJ

    pH,,....-l 2-4

    'lt*t-t

    lH.rO*l.;,o PH

    pH= ll.0:.;lJ+Jl

    [H.,O*]

    L+ irc_Uual

    a.rr

    .pH

    ia,:;rrJ"L-rt

    ,L^. ...i

    ;!l .;- i

    ;r..

    ;r"_tJJl l$_Jx pH "*S+ .O.Ot M -ri I M .p . 10_ps!r ol Lrt-,tri-tr


    qr.l-lt ',I-.Lrl .'>u .-;1L;!t ,op c
    r:rr--,..11u-tr
    .lr+:r.r:<Jt ,r,u3gi l$r ;!
    .5.0 J t1-et- pH 4,J:,sr , 1

    sl.0

    '

    l0-r M NaOH;3ur

    '

    l0-5 = [H1O*] 4:e

    pH'"*iilntl

    1.0

    x l0-r M NaOH =,j,5;e,13r-t1 i*,rr,,:.,rr


    &l24lj pH

    pH a_ H.,O+ _r$_p <-

    {.rL+ K,"..ri L-r.lNaOHlJ

    ,.13,3+rr

    OH--iS; e- I.rLiJl !;

    tliL- IOU-1r*.JtlLe.,lll +*lr! *i4 L"t-.NaOH


    .pHiL,-id"r-:H:O' jft!L^ls.i 1.0 '

    3.irr
    Lr<::-,

    lO-ra

    lH-.O*ltOH-l- 1.0 * l0-ra


    l'9L10. '' 1,0=' l9-'] t.0 x
    l0-rr M
    [H,o'l=
    = I.0, t0-i =
    loH I
    pH = -log [HrO*l = -log (1.0' l0-rr) = I 1.00

    .LirJ+r 6r,o .[-tl3rr-rr

    i,rs*

    rl.pH

    > 7 r:

    irr*.';;1 NaOH;i,g*,Js,LtJ-Jt

    isl

    i1-]

    .,lf-Yt ;.r.lt ;L lSJj,ll.tteJYl :.r,J,9La _?rJ..tnl_;y1 .f,1Lfui


    Cf il)

    r01

    --.*r.."r'

    eit'e 6.*6'-154g;!ba

    ijl-

    ;,-

    i.lg

    pH
    pH

    :aJlJl,PL^.ll pH i,..,-l
    I x l0-r M HCI .i
    I * l0{ M NaOH .6
    1.0, l0-: M KoH .: 1.0, lo-s M HNO,.-

    ol3sJl
    pH = 3.0 .i .1

    = 10.0 .6
    = 12.00 .r

    pH =

    5.00.-

    c t.i tlai

    ;l-ffi|

    ',i L^
    ^! Jl J*
    ,*"-L&ll ,J. -,,:':* Jni ,riiJGlll J't
    .pH t g ,,t' J+iJJ s-a+i-ll,rirJl el!r[
    frrll + ,+ JJ-il| Ji dlJi

    i:;l $ DH l.o

    lL+lI FLJ| 'Uil ilri;*l


    Fl)a |1,*!;+* JiL*,:;-:::
    +!)r'pX*e ..oi- L-] I llr J _; U-r r,-_Ji L

    lH-ro*l.ro pH

    er:+ .10_F J r:.. .\ 6rt;!.19*:-r-r-xll ,rei


    ."

    log

    "

    _6t'

    i,ij-

    -ai- L.l

    o:r:

    jl

    ;i ;Ut J:i- -L .:;.:;.t.,'r;LLd_Ji+-J alt.r;;t,

    pH

    l0r;ryier;3.4 " l0 5i"o;rt ;1 L+.3.4. l0 sM_JCL-rt


    i"t\ * 3 -1 i! rr^t' i.rUr'a;ry 5 I 4
    ;i :+ UlIzlJ
    "ry i;:
    .

    .[H,Ot ] = 3.4

    '

    l0 5 M 14.Jrr-r

    ,1.:tl i5l

    is F"t
    _si 4[H.,o*l
    pH

    ;F . I 0'i e

    pH 1os

    *t

    , ltrs

    MJ

    L__9t*.

    ; '-r rl.ri- .r-r+3;

    iF JJAillJ

    .-

    ;.r$ ,:':
    .lJ+!' ai);r.

    i^+.e

    s3.4

    Irlv

    '-r(

    ll

    ;-;c JlJn^ [H:O*l t $ .,.i ULiiil


    t"+ .-+ irla-,, t. ':i .ri-iJ t-{lG.i
    J- J;il .L{lG.i i-.iic. ;l.r: ^r [oH-]
    ,[H:O*] :--:; rlr:F pH = 7 tl pH = 0

    ...1:. ..L -lG:-L;:^UJl

    PH

    or..all

    [H.rO*] 4+ .JJ*.5rlr_J3ru+u

    @
    pH jtu.n

    pH

    o.i

    .iJ"" l0 000 000

    14

    tl

    pH = 0

    l011L^Jlrn" [H:O*l

    .(3:"

    t-.

    ilAll
    [H.Orl = 3.4 '

    l0{

    .Jrl:4X pH

    ,*-t.rr

    ,.1ea-t,r

    tLr

    pH <- lH.,O+J
    3.4

    "

    Lit- I

    ;49 -<J'L-f r ,ra ;a+ !-r'f t ir-:t


    . "log"_at: ; tr
    G:.-L_f::)Llx_tG))l :J$-.1 i' f< .t, .a*LJl aJ)l G' :-:....
    _,t

    l0-5_g+-rti9.: -a.1s

    *.r,.:,

    i4-

    U,l pH_,}:t-

    ".l-

    .!:-*

    L"

    .lil:- e+iLL o+-LJl c,YYl ,-,+J


    c,YYl ,;-J .l (...ii L"+J! fr- t('.(lg
    Ct:'iJlJ+ (-) CLiiJl .Yi" .a-Lll
    EE

    6t':i"tlJ+

    Exp

    isl

    pH = -log lH.,O*l
    = -log (3'4

    F*trflJ ;'r1.ar. ;JSb

    at':i^ll

    ,i,+l...1

    i( r9

    l0-5)

    = 1.47

    i,r<o-,,ii' * Xi if* H,o*.x

    >S; li it*..r!-e .5J, I " l0-s M H,o*--reJ-r pH ;t


    .-qr-:;f al-tjJl-;r4t -Jc ,11^3; pH -f ';F* .-.-,y*;-;*;, i1S>il .r}r .-5 ;- ..1si pH <l

    :lg:Jl
    pH = 3.17

    pll

    .1

    1.60 .2

    ptJ = 5.60 .3

    pH

    = l2.rd)

    .4

    >Sl

    aj+!9,.i
    lH:O*l 4+"

    ,U.r ^ rO52.5

    JlJt ,,..

    iC

    qrr- tH.o.l o+ i9sr JrtJil*-rj pH t


    .2.-5 x l0r'M HNO.-1'-"1.1 pH i-a:, ..-l

    x l0 2 M.r

    .2.0

    "

    l0-2 M Sr(OH),-1et=-J pH Los:**.-

    ;Ja JJLJ pH L. 3-4


    s6.2x l0-eMtiJt*.

    .2

    pH = tl.2l :erlj+Jl

    .3
    .4

    JAJ
    ,"r--'

    pH

    i^g '=...^l

    3'4

    .0.00074 M NaOH

    pH = 10.87 :'..jbaJl

    102

    pH
    54-,!.t+rJ*eJl

    sjt- Jd-J

    [OH-]., [HsO*] ,.....-t 4-4


    .pH = 9.0
    s-i+is-l+.dl A^iJ

    i,.

    tOH-l s [HrO*]

    ls,,-

    l** L. ..:,1.'l
    ,.rti Fr "-r,.r^:;'dS-c , :,<i' [HrO+i r,. ir, ,,"tAr pH
    ,.,rrrJ Ler* ir:ur i:rurr e; .*l s:

    a.!""f .d,i jbr:nJ.[HlO*] Jl +.Jd,rlat^l

    pH f, 1..+

    d;s

    pH = -log [HrO*]

    J! tirux 10er-p41r:oll i-,s-L*,.rJJ.r

    ,;f3pJl

    .10

    jo-pi.;r:urrt

    ;1*i ;i f;3
    .rruJl ulJi

    lHlO*l=l xlg-eM
    IOH-I=1x10-sM

    log [H.,O+] = -pH

    [Hro*] = antilog (-pH)


    [HjO+] *lQ-rH

    l0

    u...(sJ+dl ,lJtlr.S- j t^ 4-4


    ;l.S lile 9pH = 10.0 si++JJ+{Jl {*3J

    &l*l

    sa:,rY3-.=r-o

    ;ir ;r .i-!*

    tir"rci pH L.a r.+

    ir" ol

    r:^ ,,)L-:r

    L*i

    ,J":y

    irl
    L:r-rr
    "a* .pU = 0 i3s1 L.rjc ,16r...:r an-loJL-e .10*2 M J ti-eL- Ls+u [HrO*]
    '.lrJ^:'f+ ';S 4-4 t*t *al {ri""rr t-- E .l = 100 u} eute , [H..O+] = I fvl
    .1*F 4i"=.s tt+ 5-4 ii- ',.::r i.ri*ar, rior- e.*- r:.e';rs L.J:. pH -a.+e
    .pH = 2 td c,rr i*:ur

    Li .Sr(OH), &J-Jl
    ul39Jl

    ,'>,r-.1

    .pH 4,.rL:o [Hro*] sr.+ 6Jr

    .l-r-.

    IOH-I=lxl04M

    t3s pHi,rs. :

    f-*

    5x10-5MSr(OH),
    t4.0 d;_3tq pH al fitr,.131^t

    pgri 'rg-,t::,

    tr+u.r"dl

    '-t

    pH = 4.0 ,".urr
    [H.,O+] ,.y3g-rr
    [H.,O+] <- pH
    -;1.1

    u,.ir-t3tug+.0;i

    L*r.[HrO*] th+!.i!ir,pH9.:-:t l,pg-airt-!


    .,-r-t3

    !3;.,,O1

    J-

    qy*!,-j

    "...3;

    J!

    f-,t3arb

    i.ri.-rr

    ,:.^it=:

    ,3;.,ilt ir-Utr

    pH = -log [HrO*]
    log [H.,O+] = -pH

    lHro*j = antilog (-pH)


    [HlO*]=l;lQ-uH
    'gl

    [H:O*l =lxtQ-rH
    [HrO*]
    J!-a+*xt+

    "6*

    t-r-6e,

    =lxl0rM

    1.0' l0-7 M(""lSi, I * l0r M,-b-Jt .1-:*

    pU = 4li&J-.r,r

    .l-;*,tnt*
    Cf O) *,-r*r

    Fljr.l'r

    6s6tr-r54rr trrs

    'nt

    pH

    1i,L;s J3it^llil. .G

    S!,.rcti

    pH !1+er,

    f
    F3, r*+
    !;s.Jll*l
    j.S; t-.i
    j.jSt
    Sag+l;.+eJl;91i
    sr+."SrJr+djr.r9li
    1...j
    .7

    .52'aLt

    olsb

    tI

    7.52 = J.rJrAlJ pH

    :uJarlr

    i,lt-ll

    dl3t.,r

    ijl-

    a:+i3l.f

    tl-l
    n+t .ti :JJ{iIl
    l11r\J'l

    foH-l .c

    tdG

    tufuj'lJjs!

    .e

    &lai

    IOH-I <- [H.,O*] <- pH

    F^ JJJ.J [H:O*] a-:G L 5-4


    .l)ul . ;Jh'.'il trj.:*Jl ,'l:r+lS9; ':( ll
    .PH = 0.45 , '.:- g:+.dl " ^a, ;i L..L
    g

    '

    ..?1,+Jl

    Jl 'eb-i ,1.:LJl pH.;lit-ip ,ili,-,rr ,r"


    ilr:lt .J,-L^:t 9-t:il.c;-t "JS^r,[H]O*l +,; jjo'i+-t-Jl c:tl-ll$:-l
    .[oHl _a-*r-t"J [H]O*][OH I= 1.0 x l0 ra

    Jle.pH = -log [HrO*l !.r:t,]r

    :L

    _p,nrr_,F*].r

    lH:o*l

    pH = -log [H..O*]

    [HrO'l = anrilog (-pH) = antilog (-7.52)=

    1.0

    "

    l0-7s2

    x l(f t't

    .1.0

    ..{-r1-;:l

    ;ei 15;y

    fp

    t0-? M ;,",,J+u+

    ;er-rr 3i

    i,si

    A t.-

    .pH = 7 i.+

    J-

    l0_r

    >t+b

    !t

    ,-

    x l0-ra

    [H:O*l =2x10-eM

    1.0

    IOH-I=5x10-oM

    =l'0'10-lr
    lH..O*l

    -1.,1

    x l0_7 M OH,

    f<,! .pH ="/.52

    i'"+

    F+trilJ ;J+.a. ;JSb

    .7

    .rri 1S; r9s: .)i ere ,1-url J,l3;lt-f l Ji Lo


    y irjotr 3j:: .tl3*. .10-7 M J..J:l+ "J"i_p+-lrro<ll

    ul3all
    lH.ro*l

    =lxl05M.l

    lHro*l =

    lx

    10

    I:M

    9pH
    '2

    j:.19rr*a.lr 'ai3;,19.r-r
    ,"r+l-,r*eJl ,.r::i

    IOH-I

    =:.2 , l0

    ;:*1e".a.tt

    5.0

    .pH
    .pH = 3.67 ,=--;.-rrr.alr f,1:;

    il-,..1t-r

    [H]O*l

    .2

    12.0

    :r3;iU,, trt-t [OH-l : [HrO*] L*l

    rr M

    lHro.l =2. lx lOJM.4

    ,S; U

    SpH

    ,[HrO.l =3.2x102M.3

    5-4

    ,JlJ+Jl

    o+"-r*,,<yrr:<Jl

    .iLiJxt

    &J-J [OH-].' [H:O*] ':.,,.-l

    .PH = 8.7 ,r++3-,1 '-,( ll a*3-;

    IOH-l
    1.0

    J+"Li'

    = 0.35 M

    log [H.,O+l = -pH


    3.0 x l0-8 M HiO+

    [OH-][HiO.] =

    -'--

    .3

    l.-50

    i*l

    .4

    o*'@

    6$-Jl ;l ,,'l .1rt a' l^ IJJ!-I


    ol.rL;-s ,.-ljLJl JJ.l . ll .:lr+c. ,rlc.
    Jl::Y .a.Jr-ll A+iiYlJ ,i;-*Jl
    .,:Li-giJl ,t g.li.i a+li+",:t^::.
    ili Lir,o .:G.f:- .:.^; itltJ
    ^l.r-iY Jqrr Jl :r$ ejl .il+Yl
    .:rl .:'.^ll i c,L;3ill
    d,"<b.SJ3S.l.Jl
    tJ:J*i crt-n" .ll3'"Jl i--iG J*a;i
    f,l.llJ{:i:! pH J. irt+*ll .:Lir-3'iJl
    uU\,* grt -'i'.^ll oia. i,'.. 1+S-rllg
    ,.s13 .-;o,,p.,J+i-l oLi-sill l-4-ls:-l
    6in cr++ .i)UiYlJ a-t:':ll ,jtilj e.
    pl-r-:,:-l -i.r-o ol-i p c,t-:-Jl

    S.13,-3Jl

    .t

    -,i crLi-giJl

    104

    i;l'|Ifl

    f 1i$fiiriiriirli+r"ifi i-]il+

    q
    .rl ^^Yl pHrl3ldlt i:..11 .,;o,3.ltG
    ...lLl .,(Lirl;llf q:J"ll -rl9ill3 |l-'
    i*+ Uy.rJl,,Jc trl..,*: ;i;*^t gt.,fl
    t.
    .;L:Jl i-1.r3 6.rG 9l
    pH

    "^J

    .i+-

    clc

    Jt+ uc

    Ji-l'i^Jl

    NH3 J KOH

    5-4

    j::,.::

    r2.00

    1.0

    x lhz

    1.0

    x l0-rl

    t0.63

    4.2

    x lOa

    2.4

    x 10-tl

    7.00

    1.0

    x l0-?

    3.00

    1.0 x

    2.87

    7.-5

    l0-7

    lO-tt

    1.0

    16-:

    l.0xl0rMHCl

    16-tz

    1.3 x l0-l

    l.0xl0-TMCHICOOH

    clf't+Jt

    tj:yi Uot .Jd! aie i,r:t!r

    IH:O'] 'f+

    .tF- ,. 6JL-i

    (...ir pH t
    eG)EiYl oj-o lsiil;-x
    .l

    =.i

    -5-4

    !J-,-Jt

    |"iS.^tl9 rtrt-a>Xt ig.g9 pg &t


    ei &"r-.** -b *ril &Jl-r pH ;ir ;r

    ir,: .ij.,.:Lt --tr-Jty.r-L-yt

    ':;yt

    pH e [OH-l

    .HCl .J.
    .i.r.i" i.t'L; ,CH,TCOOH .gLor,-lr d;^-s.aj.,*:Jt _r-L.,lr,J:JL- Li
    ..i'lr_Cd d:e .3t)9rl ;i,sFr ,,, lrrr- l*j,Jl ls.. ) [H]O*l L+.rr
    J:" 1i+,-:J I s rgJl iJ L 2- I ;ar ti ljt i j'< t r, 4rr:-)t_!"b,s rq)+_g: +
    .,.

    Jl iS^r lr,r_g .,!1".Jt_"r$Jl1J1Llt ,rC pH jt++l '"*+: e.e .NH., . g1-yr

    y'j.i'c r-el3

    .L-.;rr pH pos;r" IOH

    lH,O,

    -j

    .1J

    ili-Yl ,l- :"t^iJl 4r-lJ- & i:J


    ,32-25: tr...y1, 120 i-i- .g
    121 i-i-

    ,7 ,4-2

    l-4

    r-nl ir+L-

    pH.e

    loH-].:

    :.r{ Li,..--l.pH = 8.0

    df .:J

    [Ca(OH)r1.6

    Ca(OH),

    a-t

    loH-1.*

    .:iJl tul 4.-r+..s::,r:<Jll.1f+:t-sJl.,=,,::i |X; t525uC 9;l;- _1-;: ,;.

    [Hro*].i

    lrr*tt

    .5

    lH-ro+l.l

    l4 -.rr

    I J^,FL

    l_rs^-r

    .pH'p- ir*',U

    rglr j{sii

    -e_4:Ur_J:JLlt

    ,Atf:l eE .6
    ir",pH_F+"J l'i1: 4iJl.:tJl JoJt*ll ;
    .0.10 M H2SO. ,0.10 M HCI rar5l ;1 rai-i

    !119i>;: r.irt.-^'V9f*pH = 7'j.: lU


    f

    t-:,....-

    t ,4.-5

    x l0-3 M HCI J.qt4,Jl*L

    eitte ;.*dr-F

    rr

    6'b

    2.2

    4.l.g.>tI I

    x l0-t2lt4 .,_t
    pH =2.35 .e

    lOHl=l'0x10-7M

    5 x l0-7M .g

    0.t0 M H2so4 < 0.10 M HCI < 0.10 M

    10s

    HCI

    :69!.oJ,J!l ,'itji F

    HF

    H2SO4)

    .(.+..;

    4i-ua
    (wJ
    f+tt'al| at?f

    lH-,O*l= l.0x l0-7M.1

    I x l0-8M .i .S
    I x 10-6M .,-r

    Ix

    100

    ,*r ;rG

    .6

    [HrO*] Ci+ q+.t^I ,-blt - "rt dar"

    .l x
    Jrr. [H3O+][OH-] =

    .Z

    .3

    .4

    :A

    C,G) -j*r*'

    .1

    !25'C -;jr)ijl

    .0.10 M HF

    u;^ HF,y cF

    i lJ," J'
    105 i-i-

    r:..--.eg

    rr^)l_;r.+

    .;r3;n,J!Ll

    JJAJI

    4-,

    _rl

    t*

    LL^'J<.i k;r ,tOH-l J! :'r,:tr KOH,t r-. i:_r-19- "rg


    pH .)+ j !, 3-4 j:- rJ^:Jt iJ'L"t | 4 L.S pH Lt-,;s+ H.O+l
    _a:rr*, ;",
    i:r-.,.rr irf.:r i*-,,J.-t. j+.9.--.tl -a.*;.tl ltjL- 'O5r- a:".;: ,rir * J:,grt r:<.1
    ,j;,+ sl ._u)-e.;-lr ll- ir-" 2.g-;st 4.LJL- - r r pH_.-Loi A i-.r-;;*lr
    .*t urr, ,o*rr
    irq:ill_JrJla4lJ lrL.-:.!t^'.rr-l
    :s--_J ,!a,-*.HCl

    ;i;*.1,:iJl
    J_lyll l.t_r,r+_.J !/tlJl
    "/
    iJ'.'
    llJ
    AiJ-iJl
    .;
    ,-ElJillr .rl ^-Yl i*+

    iI-'Yl A :f-nl

    HrO

    eJ

    .[HrO*]

    ;LJl i-1.r

    ,6-4

    lQ-z 14 P11,

    J!-"

    ;! +tl

    l'0 x

    1.0

    \ri OH- -:L31i;S;


    .,lcJ.NHi JJI-" ,,i L^:.:<r iJs 20
    .'t,'1,...Y1 {J6^ }S_
    JJ r:-,: awir.i JlJ;"ll
    YSt ;F cJJj 6-.1 .HClj*Si jtr ;J,- 100
    J.rt4

    KOH

    l.0x I0-2MKOH

    .2

    10-14M3

    x 10 raM,iJjLJl

    lHrO*l = [OH ]

    clJtjill

    el+11-Jl ,rJl ;,...r1L


    ,-l+ll -"tt ,rsc .25.C i+t.r

    pH7 6\ I x l0 TM rt+el*: u"<-! csi


    4.5

    l0-3

    .i

    .q

    (6:u. lo) Jgi

    crrKl V
    bJLf lJr;_JJ.Ufl e. iJ)xl lln

    4i,!

    *'+:l
    '*
    .JS.;" ee ill -1:r- rllti 'r- .!r
    | 4)t y2 ;pt"Utt,a;"9 iU.
    i.t*
    l-i'r.;' tl,s.*4sisl'-.t
    .oA.a;l 9,lss.rl { ;r*r*"1 r g.rL-i
    l":t, Jl <rs Fl ,'Lo.l*ll +l+13*
    s;! ,prr,- :;, jr)t\:.\S
    9

    9li-

    4 6Fi

    ='r^ :-r- rZl ,' ts^:.'S

    :'9 l99l tLJgr+Jt


    [- -a..r-.t ar".Jr si

    -r,:.**t:5rJl

    Ylc; ,ii3^p )nsJl 3FJ


    Ld! .'J-r1 a,tse.&.;41 Jl :>l*r
    ,'i
    ,'/r-.
    .' {
    Jl6u"-9 'l:',aY i)+- er
    irtrt ,t;.jr J"-r! Fi r.t t+

    i.t;n

    .6),t
    i,a

    Jl

    _;r:tsei

    .)*f.JS+ ti9c.;c"lJl "JL-i


    )ir-+-

    ItsJl sPi

    -+.:'*..Lu: L;
    .;ia

    2_t

    .rJ.gr ,rJt sjr e+:: iJL*Yl


    91114:l sJe .4t +La;rr. ^'

    4.9

    !i'Aat| t i-gt.t"tf a'"tb

    's L

    ,i .ar*.:tSt

    lq

    SiUl

    1989_lL

    ;i
    ..

    gb-

    L.

    tqr-Jl lra

    +l,rr5::r

    ' r ULIaJ

    .rolr -l(;" ar*.i-" +ti"fi .-.J<Jl }+>


    ,-

    ,\

    !:.-Jl e!3'*.ll ,j.Jsjl J4ti:i


    .rut pH 6i^ at" "$i 3tj,!,.lilut

    :L-it i1L .-;t 1987-tt" +


    ,' .lJr J, *Jt*\ i ''r' ^ ;r^*.
    g; Sl*;;'gJ/,+ ql+ 4t--tsl
    .!*Jlt +l'1!9Jt
    .e-e >r+- iU
    Jrrdl ij-lr,.rl;3l 4JJ*UI Pt*l
    ."t:,Jl -i" t{iJi9 k<JL i, 1l!
    .lS

    i:a:j3,,:l-i- ;rX {r+.f &3}i:-l

    4
    9 .'.t^r-rt a:11,,* U 99.6.54 ;t
    _&ull a,in&jl .4+j+tl

    L-O

    1i+-rr

    ir.L;r i-r"r*

    J! r[r

    5.97 3^ 7e eJt pH J^-9:-_eJ

    ..:,,

    r. it - rtrrl
    i5i .-a:--lSJl
    a--.JJt ;iL
    i-L|
    cilc
    L..',.J-!
    !'l

    ,7ot _p9;].l)l

    ,L<;@

    ii;.-ll rll".)l :, .. ...


    tt ',
    irr
    )ftl
    )i+.J <i+:l; JJI .;JtL)l
    in JIJ;I g*s Ur;La9 l4l*<rr
    !tr;t

    -9a

    -, t-t

    .-

    -L "5-9:; ir9-'eq;;913,:r
    2 'tf l )l+.rcC, i-i", y;1..}9 i+ijl9
    ;t'dt i3.ttgJl
    iL. i;*;U
    ,llr,},Ut f.rl tUPHur:*"

    F+r*.(Jl

    pt3:- te.;

    As.i

    ,5.5

    L"s

    Sti r' t
    sE^t-z^-:t'Pl ;;;"
    'j4. t*, ttajxt tJil, ?Jl pH
    .U-!r ^1a,. ;L*;L J K.:-

    .."JgL

    '4'3

    Srr. L;iji r:b ,.i-llrJl

    'CYu *
    .t*&r+,pt !,+

    ,,!t^

    '(buffer

    ^tl

    .rl>l

    ;r"_]

    -J" ai3u.

    ,l-

    ;.pJr,e5-

    iJ^+- lJ"J .rri,

    t.-

    .tl

    ll.^r

    d ' ' 'r' tir-

    - !*:,t- .',i Y3
    pH st-:,rie i, *'-rr ju-Yl i)

    ,.Li a:y;

    lL_

    i-lAi-ll Jl+ll-Jl l-{+

    d _,r.r-lt !rsJ. ri+- n J*^!&Jl_&


    iiU!,,6,41 Fl c,r:-lts1l e- &UiJl
    i*lJJloiiS.rcl3,ills o;l^'Yl
    "i) )l-:.
    u-Kx i.r.iljJl iit;yl Ji i+r-Yl ;;rl
    Li-

    ^ll pH

    r*S J+it J!gr.r, S


    JJJ1 Jl J<{ .5Jl .,j++ll
    .:lliS .ilttll .:$ ,,i iJ-Jl

    ,+
    ot-ijYl .-... *
    ;i". .lS'Utt .c,l-l-;Jl
    c,t-jtSJl

    aJn

    'LAl*,i

    trJL:il g.Fr oJl .:i$ .';ai 6Jai J-lJ.


    .(Loo+s a-lJJl'Lii a:,U,r;S

    a!-i
    ;Ui*::

    Or:f.:*-;6-Gb ; :' ^

    ,gJL*)l
    ,-t

    i-"+" pq:S aeL;t


    J-9.:tl J! CaCO.;*U:t

    s_J.lt ,1"

    k*e -;rp.

    ts:..;r}r

    .:r+1 ,'LaJJK

    '91:r'l

    rai

    .2

    bs- d

    'i!:+

    1987

    -{;L}1

    -u-:--r

    -a;!!r ,r o!:l ,'L."lJl tjt*i


    9lYeJtllolel11 -si 4

    Jt,?ul
    i+Lll iiLt!.+&:J . lcJJl i5+ i.*l;r rli-)l it"L lE
    ..lc$Jr

    DH tb

    *J<JL

    .i!: pH.(t-;t-J

    l1

    tuJ#

    El

    JJ'&I t{+dr
    .\a, j,t-.-r
    .e t J+
    .qrJp'LrJJr

    ob

    -;;^Jl
    ;J6.,Jl i-l:.Jt t^
    l:-;*Jl .'Ltl
    .is3
    o-ta'rl,;

    .!

    .+4.u>J@r

    ,r

    ;;s;"

    "i+

    J!

    .irjrl

    jl.i,: ;:;;E,5.97 ;t a.j;r

    o*' @

    efi-JlL.J,=llis";:r .1
    u:+ir J!.'lJlpH a1r eJ ;..t-iS
    ;.rLr.- r$Li d,. J+ et-Jl!;*

    CaCO, ebJ-

    elJil t-r+i

    J":" .4+" ;L.JJI Jl.+JiJl


    ('. ^J ..*UlJl o j-o-c,l-3ei ;-.SJi
    .)l.i. p3+:-lYl
    +-tSi,-r.f:: .:,u313 ;5.+SJl .2
    I

    .!b:-l

    J,c' L--,1t-ill e,,;a<!13 JaaJJi+,ll

    g- ol;l-iJl oia -si: p. .A-piYl"9l9tt


    J*lt+ .,-,-:1- drJJS rl3all ,rr 4+JtJl

    .g-:*ll

    {+rntt 6J;i'L;JSb
    C$ ai .Y.rL':i. 6.rL'Jlrf^Jt ;:S,- Y
    tJ'-,lL ,lJ'dl j JJ+J-ll ;iarSr 'rvxi
    .,'lriJ+Fl F6 J*JSI rt-Jlg- J.tjl

    Jt-ll .s,:^ll JLJI elt^" !r.*J


    .6.rtrllJUt+ L,rE i:" ^- Ft;s$
    ctiJl

    106

    .2'4

    ttr

    r-.r

    lrrl

    g*Zll,t^t^\.
    FSjt 'rr'Lti
    g g;* g,.rl.r$ |

    .ra.^

    i-n !.r 225

    ii-il

    rrrh

    -l-5

    &rpio

    -o;4:Jl :&ls_J@

    ,;"*; lLu

    5 ,g-.';iitr ir_iJl

    a*e,r#Jf //F#' i{r3

    , ;::

    a:Jr

    &pullg

    L,-i

    aii l;*

    .irls

    ,,rJ3Yr A,asr1t

    l.L;i*,J4-Jl

    pH

    a1;:-r. 1....*i

    .;;L"ll sH*

    (J:u.'

    s)

    6;l

    elJ.cl

    .4_4 . t<i

    UJll.3L.i^llaal-r, ,-i3 ., i-:l


    trr*Yt J!* itjJ', k:-r.e ,ulJ
    ;..r.1-3 I*,r.Yt ;L ,.* t i"llJs j .. iir ^ll
    ;JJt r.Xl. lJ';*"+,fi e+:J!,,.tr^l .i.i+,;
    'gJiill
    rltl
    a; 'ar)dl
    JsJ)"s !!l3Jl ;rt
    a-il . ^ l3-g+r ;i ;*.t-. tl .,JcJ l+irJl
    .-*-, ..r-rtJl a..; ;s. rU.i .l .r" Jni Y
    6J+J u3 .r1'r, ol-lta 6tl1ll . il:i "
    .;*JriJt
    :

    4+_6la

    ,, -ti
    a-s-._oll :,il1

    HIn*H+
    ; "gj'.;;fSr

    ul+Jl

    - Jf ;:

    -F@l

    f -;Krri;rat,u. "i-:r
    ta"!r .p] ,: ..^::.ll
    _:l'*
    rL;.,cl ,l.-:.ir.111 . ,-yi'StLf
    L.,

    *i;lJS, J-,-,Yl .:_fJll,-,-ell_l

    .4:r -. rL

    t:' jii:r++tll . ;:.lJslJ$-r Js^t

    ;&.J l;3Jl 6:s, JIJJi A


    ll l'l
    ll l'
    jJlrtll JILlr*lr
    JJs+ F ,,LJl .,i
    ..+-lJl ; ,i- f..JUl 9r, .;Sfif
    -ijrlr J! Alr ; :rt J.l c-+ . ;. 'i
    , ;.'l.r'Js: L. L-Y: (r++ll .-l;lSjl)
    J!.+lj'Jlt+*"Yl ; Lst s-n1
    ..i.r=1 L L-Yo.-i;LSl
    erl3l..;,--r.ll
    .

    .:

    i.

    \,

    ,i-Gl!l ;Jl h'.ll


    ,a.)44;r
    ^;
    itll iFALiill ,,Jc'J .J+::.Jl
    Jsr_r
    'l
    .r--J|.,

    3 Ul ..^

    J^'ll uJnl i-i* ;

    .pVl .,L.

    1.191

    r[.i

    ,Ely'l e-a ! nbLaitt !,.c u-l;:tl


    .;JS:J e-+Jl J-.j-Jl pH J-r.r,;r;l:^ll
    .d*iJl,,i {1(* J+ er 5 irr
    107

    ;rrr:r, .1+;tSr ,r ir+,yr : At t-: tr- 5n)


    .-!, ;t;c Ur:;- iS In e H/rr;. ift...1l

    ';ea':Jl _!.cl-

    {i.EtiJl

    'i-djttt "a'iUstl
    ,Jn^tll ; p-JlJ+-rJlJ 1gLiJl

    + In-

    i'. ll

    el.c o:;,e

    La.'*Uj .,:rr

    ll

    +":.l,rlr',Jd:.":3 ,J+;.r' xl9;5 ltt 5|,.9g.l 'J",: ,_4:;.5J1_JiJLif t z


    ir., +"s, irs,9 .Hf,, .UL ,'.. ,Ut-,a+-,.i? .";.i.KJl !j+t ririce .s:"",J1
    .4-+ -t<Jr + x4 X .-*.,ltr_1n.;;tsj ;-yl jrr' ,r, . lurr l-l/a a;*
    .!r H- rt et i- (;rLilt L^j , ^-) oH-:ufl J-:: .<.*ulr.-L.lL-tr p=
    lr<Jr .H* 9L2i a;s ar.
    3rr;.4 .::.i,KJl t4:--:,
    "Ar,,lJ rulsll +LlL;;t
    :
    ....r<*r,)esAt
    p-r,)e!l
    13 Jt JLXIi J/-rr
    .r4J1
    Z I n ;r:r !.S; Ir r;

    'r3bL&iJl l.r-eliilr

    ..:Lt

    i;-Llg.S.l
    .r.

    ; f3, s|1s,.!t iilJi+ill


    ,_bJ-Jl lj-o p.r-'r...1 .Jtn
    't. 20 mL 6U , Jl dJ ,:l .el . ' .. i-!-r9,0 L ; Lt:(l
    ,.r.tJl

    r9

    -.;a.-Jl Jdt35_tlri:-t ,;i*,l3Uf ,4it-,,- pH _4^.3 -L jtf--.tt ':So


    ta: tg i +;r,-:t srx acid-base indicators !.rc t i.t t,.jaqj t : r
    bs 9.-r s LnJ l
    .JJJnt pH \j!+
    ;';r ;!-, .i;r..'^'st.s Lg iro.., t1"L*'i L^t t<.r_J<J kjqj :...t.rrsJt !;
    2 r:'=i f-:rrt ,iJltr ijil-f t ,;::.i JSo J91* + (*:.; _;*) :bls

    sJ,r,JJt| &s t+

    -ntts J,. c,lAl e-:+

    jlt I -

    ,**-*L

    - . ,,,'i--r' *r'
    t;
    ..r;J"";; r-.
    ;.t"t-'"tsr

    i';,
    H/n j3+Y1..;*c 61'tl+.1*,
    ,"-tl J! ".-:*tl 3Lr "rl J,r-*l

    Jt-*Jl

    Jl d*dJ, 1+

    ( 107 ) *r..<:t

    Flr

    g..o

    I
    I

    rr

    il

    ur9Ji'

    -ot",S'

    F.tte.srr

    :<&UJl .ln!^Il 2-

    ;: Kl er ';rL 5l))l

    6!b

    ,c

    eJul

    ;-l,)r :-Krl

    !E.
    !l;
    &-:t

    H
    II
    -

    F+tdlJ ;J+.4. tJsb


    3i ,.191( J.r3

    i'orJ1

    al;)tt+4

    .ii+t; .-Fl ^^l


    .5"t 9i .r;^ .r- [.r.lr t4-1L'.l<l
    .i.rcGt [-r,, l-{Jl!.!

    .+l!j,;-!

    'sL.lri:-)J

    .2

    .pH J

    tulllgrli-J)r-.,...++
    r* pH F-.,.r ;trti ,.1S:":t if+

    .er.ll

    ;-;r.b-.p;l

    !J-:

    f& ,+ J*ri

    }*,-H-ry']

    .;J'-Jl

    .i*Ct lt*-tl d.fl ,r: .!l e;1.:Jl rl-eJl_.Fr+l pH_f." J! olL;ylt

    6-4 J-sr+l

    e",yr pH.r;

    Li+

    Lr--;a; a4*li lJirll

    q,rrri

    tt4Jl .jtlsll,!.r pliit s4.tfntt


    (pH ,-!-lf)
    -,1.rL^ ; -rf+:,ojl et- Lr--il
    .$^!l eLJ ,i't-'^ll al I ^tl "lLi< ,ij$,i-

    c;J ;J'"-lr&.ll' :':.'1"'

    *a ,(p'[l meter)

    3*'j*:

    .LJoJ^lt

    .6.,4 Js;Jl

    rl-) ..rL':rYl lja ...t." lJr.lJQ


    .(..f: ,$S+ CaO L-J<IL eJr. ortt
    dt-r^,llelJl3.9s 9.*.,.* pH 6ll-r.l
    (6 ;ts d,- pH) r: ' ^ &+ $KJt+
    rl-JlpH FJ.+i HCl r:SJ ellj3
    ,lJ"dl l;Jr- eLJj ,-13.r cJJi 6Jl -J.iJl
    19-rJl cf3all CO2 .:+*+,eJl is ,'7 ,f Jr-'.,
    tjJS. eul i -.3.r1
    ,el'i- J+JSI F^
    -. J,i.tl

    ;"r,: ' lJ*

    ^ll'LJIJ

    si+j $ 'lJl PH ;i ae--r^;i a"t'r"tt Jt +tl .l$ JSi,

    ilr, ,iL *"rls^!'l*. l"uJ;tt rt+:)t Lr.;i9


    alyr
    ,ae3:a;,;Ja Llri;,zoe..:jJl +$Jl r:tiio^)!!i *t "'<t 'J-i;rlr
    pH
    L
    ,i"r;Jl!djl-cx
    .5-4Js,rt {)e us
    ili }*":!J}*4" J!
    | ].Yt :,.i t-' ; I
    pH
    a-+,1^
    i:,
    "r
    fu-J
    ;xi
    _.)-t*;. il.s.:-r'J<.r, $1:
    , pH

    JLa

    7.0..,.

    ,*a: .(pH paper) pH

    pH i

    cs.lJlHCl .c!;sJS.r-;,re U
    t+J-.:<,ll
    1L'l^tt

    .. iliU

    '+jtnJl
    .7

    'llpH i-+'! Lli'l


    Clrii! slr' iJr-Jl Jl-r3

    ;d*Jl ".;t3st
    'Jl.o'o'
    4ir;:
    L sl .1a13* J.
    ai"a
    ;t l+; q^9.tjdllSjl tlr.i l+ ;"
    ,.:.i. ,-l,1 !*'.i,;i
    LI3c,." /n- 9L3ai ;r^ l'".:.13sJ1
    Jl'*;;-t ,)t,6n:,
    raF.:.;l i:'ll3Sr ,-'a'"13i*::rr-,+-Jl tiC.'jl+;l '9r-*?i .r'.tr' pLr-t-.,+
    ,*6J'Cll I Jl;;Yl el {u<'1' o+ L.r iiJt" H* 15-,1. l)* fJ t" (Hln) iir:r.r+
    *;4 fu 4r'd; bs I irs: + ur I p-- -r pH -:,a;.r.".gl *;. "c:,,o .; trs
    ., ,-.' i t-:L-i . >u;lu;:;-,;rL( ,pH J ,-).\ st
    .!r'r.ni^, y)i}.^ ''-z;lJs ,6i+ universal indicators LA ",;zttSt "t'o
    6J3i L:"t--i ij...l.:+rr UurS

    irt.

    'F.,
    'll ir,' ^- i:. r.1
    i+La i rr-^tl ;i v1 .a3t ; -...'.Yl . it':t
    ;." t ra...'.i l+)h s--+ ,,!t-:.- 't :'.;*

    .4itL,:,L<J\'4i-;!.i1 6.rlr pH -1"6*s.r"lr ,rJll "d,!,-3.ir:.:" ir,r'li :j,ji, IJSIJ


    .transition interval pt;:'.!t 6,At aig,rnlstr lt;+'; :j4 6JJt pH 6u ,-a t

    !.rct;ll-"ric-rl r;;l-f J" id sJU:iYl g;rtle dljl ;'t;1;"

    dl^

    "|.i.!: sjll
    ,,iSJ A{.t'-ll i',t'

    Ul,

    .9.,til1 li-.,,r-il,-+ plt

    e+r4l

    dl-

    LF^

    4r!l9Fl
    pH

    IFlri

    '.:laj,
    -! "6Jl

    ..,+[1

    u_J-)l

    1ojtsl

    t"* jxi

    S.

    (,J t+lJlr+iiJ

    J*;

    LJ'o4 c,t ,-.jr;lJSJl

    ). >auall , (pH meter) pH

    1.41t'b"..LtlJt;sS! 4u l4*t I LiP.Lt/l*3.Jyb t/'.JtJ^l


    .-j"tJr L- 1r+p:<Jr ;ei 'f ;" e".r{+Jl

    "

    ou

    -'

    6D)

    .(H2CO3

    r08

    ;.r.lall113J LJtaii*t !t.{l dC


    )6 <iLir,.ll
    -21x 6,lo,

    !.irKll

    rFlrll.)JJ

    ..pyl
    .;lll
    ,i j* l'jiJl J!Jtl .(,-n;lFl

    *-l
    ,-, -ttuJ3 raEld;-JsrJs

    (6.2-4.4)

    -,_;Jl .-i';ljs *ij ^ ;l< IJA;J{


    pH f+ . il:- ^ & t-{jl9li i.rcL-iJl

    e LA Ua;

    &d.t"qr"Jtb;i

    ,-;! ;}9 ri
    .t"ll ;*,;*J,jll
    J:t* ;i ,pH ot-,; ^ glrri l--''-:...1
    -f(i

    .r e

    ...i..

    (7.6-6.2)

    *!)ul+ ,l-1 .r-l3Jl . ;;':.[(Jl

    ol,a ^ U-rr .ri :*.lr:-Ll


    Lr:t !:LJJ ,-itlJs i.o .r" ei:t-3-i l.sl: f,! .-,ly,lJl .r- l.'"j.*

    .,Jr'

    *ry

    pH

    .-sljJl , i:.lSll

    JJI*

    A4A,,a

    4+t

    F,

    L^S

    ara3Lir

    (4.4-3. | )

    ,tj

    -s

    -.8-'-6

    i:.ljsl ,-;r+:+(; ::<l


    .4.s: ;+-!-il1 J!-,ltl .+1.rLiJ13
    .i.rcLiJl- r--Jl c, )/.c.1-iL,l il^i* C-!1J,.
    alJ,* i-rcL!l-r^-Jl . i:.|,s, -;tJ)
    .5;i ...r*-. ri -ccloH J+-srJ
    A+;Jl

    i'r.. iuullp.',2*

    .f,:,:r

    i.J.cLill

    ,^e,

    ;_2.rG

    :;,r}.
    :,Lc.-+
    'lYl
    -bf,3.J;a J.-iG ii C+ti-*i NH,
    -*
    .(,-;-Jl

    l\

    ,c*i
    I

    LJ

    1098

    (J; ..t gLi.r-J+J i+lt .tJl aiJ,aJl


    .4rjl .:, ll li.iiljs.Jl

    ,\

    l't
    CD

    oH

    .1*:4' ,rrsr.'t

    ('Ya"
    'h\,2'-?',2
    rY*'
    \-/
    J-q+iJl ,sl

    109

    ddh;J*;Jl
    (

    r0.0-n.0)

    /t

    "*l

    (8.0-6.4)

    "_*,' Lo

    \'.\:,>*
    /\ ,"L!P
    U

    IJ

    -!lj,-!ijl

    {1
    \__/

    sl

    (4.6-3.0)

    .t

    ;J'.J ^Yl a-c


    ^Jl

    ,l+i+nJl

    Jt Ptnt)+t o))l

    *"*r

    eey'teDgdr-*:irr 6'b

    49iuV1:"r' ^:"2*

    Jg.s:+.:-:
    :ij:l ,l.t: pH ,_aiJurr J-Y.ii-

    ;- if--"lf

    .6

    ."Lrr' ,U' ,J-i,ljn4 5_r*;*


    :'Wl- :J-- .pH 3trri tlJn: ....- l di ,.\^)na;,LlL.lqs 2-.
    , ..-:

    e;J"-L e

    i1;* ".r"j;

    :t

    t+J:r+

    J'tf l

    U
    "JF
    Jari
    t:;l
    !!l.l1's'1
    li"n
    f

    :,-6-i*l I il .+-i:.:t

    Jt

    ,t"rt ,U pH L*a

    9pH

    ;,--t--Jl.llJ--i-j*l&:l . .L" 3
    iL!|,; - " *L_n +_.'is{l--yJl
    + air:r l,q; ''*<* -"S s,*+l
    !*tt"lt
    .g*.q.:'c."-eri

    3i 't*..;i

    leL

    "1^ii"s

    3ig

    S^ .4

    -i"+ 4 -a4,Jl
    .irt /,.rt ;p "oi->l- +y;r
    SpH

    ,.r-o().trJ-E:;cg.rllil::: Y1 g
    u *,b l Ldal:;:...1 .':^, 5i",+Jl
    ..:t L,'g 4,lc :-i -

    4 ,rrih ,5'J+-

    !..+ p- .l
    ai:iu ,-itLi" +

    .1

    5!:t

    ,# *;.-. -, .6 irt-Jl ;
    Ji: .t! .pH u+ !sr"s i4s "1SJ pH
    ir'U :.1...t ,'7.0 & J.i.Jl ,Lll pH a-*3
    t+

    .,al:L:.,a*.li

    kaj-e-e

    , ;,<

    j-. 9...t-^

    rr.Effi

    .:il
    s,*Lar .uLr pn i"*a

    c,L!.r-Jl J+*tl c,t-L+.1


    J3.s:+,asi ellis .4J 3 J:.iJtiJl
    Al^Jl c,t!.r-Jl J:-,.J ;i .:l-la1

    54t ;<..,

    ._.L;ll,L"lJ pH .t--:.r: -

    ri.il

    J*i3

    ; h^

    )t-

    .{+r :,ll!l ,S+5ll

    !. 1Jrrl.J

    t-,LL 24 U )Jsi';r1r;
    -,tlr "&t"
    ?-isL;'l i:rf :', - n**1
    *-p9i
    : )- 24
    '-,
    ;:iri J' eA,+
    i;. ijs,&.L"

    .,+*.t ."JiipH i-*3 JJS

    J3 :1.0 !O.2 .l
    .,'llJl iJ+Ft'r"'<i ;t:

    ,:,rl!tco2 (:-+,..1r.'=!
    ,c.,,-;SJl r*...<i

    ',,lt<
    elJ.J.pH

    .,r\

    4-!--bJr.l :aL-,-..-jr_g..,g j, . ^ .e
    /t '
    (a+;f

    _r>t'tl a-f

    "l-t PH

    ;,",+-9eiJS
    lqs

    L'all:

    pH:L:.9'-"

    ll l:_c..3l

    .r

    'r
    :q

    .4

    "*,1,i'

    ':

    .3

    o.l'+i. p.rlr...l y,*


    'fj'aU
    ti..r.r"J l-r:r- .,1t.
    UJI
    i
    .;.JI

    ;', .ll

    .irl,l*Jl

    ,1.^':..i
    olFL^

    pH ; ^,:

    qL oFJ.;JL*JJ 6F ii::-i
    lr+ o+-r, ;J*ll jJ,S, t-&;-iA:a ;i d-.itS-b ,cG3Jl,.,lr+ ..,-

    t-l

    .il ;.;.;JL
    _
    ..!r;-tl i JJI ;i;s

    .$!

    Jl-Jo;l JlErb!or.,+Yl j,";il $


    )Lli rul ,< cfs UI ti6 ,l o ,L'. Jl

    t .,

    i.S..,. ,;is
    .e,U3,Utri

    rt:i.tt
    .i
    e5n" ;.;;ry
    !-.
    _g.ali99
    L:b.+
    ^re-.lJl f+k,

    ..Ule9i9

    - |

    etr

    )5.8-5.5 .2
    c,b3LJl .tiJ

    .,,llillCO2 i+^Sl l-iiJ

    ,a+ltIt +Urr.tt_JL-

    'r...<i

    Afi&gt

    .,.tlt
    i r rz,ior< 0. ...y,V,-s^ J4r:-|
    ,,|- 915;[!: e[ll ,i..gol ,; t
    '
    3r)!l rr b: ..1 .U. I cm Jl l't|+)-"
    )-tll tU pH *.r;1;rl,uj pH
    .-a+-r.rjr r-r. ,;0.3-0.2 J! tij;-

    J+a!&oll .-J. .f+.r.J

    ,-.i;5
    iit,J'

    .cr'"1+!Jl

    3s it, r "r<: .("J3Y1 6L atJl 5)


    ::.rt
    L+;Jt *:l:jl Qi.;;t'+t

    dt:Jl,rJr.

    ..luU..r fur,r,

    l.rt

    ^:.l ;,f+Llyl

    aj*
    .il^Jl

    .+

    c,^: pH .+ lil.e,t+Ll!l ;1,:'r... .J


    i:!t 65: ,!..i.r. .flJ JSi+ 5.5

    .,F.*

    't*, @

    JLJ

    d**ts
    .l JlSJl
    :f-itl ar-|J," &.1J
    "l117 u^
    ,18-17

    JJl3Jl "!-:"1^ill arilJ- Jr.:J


    t2t-]l20 oa

    110

    i3$.r 45

    'a1iEJla' 'rtl

    ';urL .-,-rr;:rr-r-L-!r 6-'.1*:^1:Ulr py^u:

    {.:ur i.rrurr

    F+tdtt tJ+.a. ;Jsb


    g-

    i.,11Lr-

    6rl

    i.rc.l-!ll

    6;tr-"ll

    ,i ,;*tf

    4+^< .-r'

    .A,-ij .-i.iitSll

    crl

    r13gi

    rl^"

    2H2O(l)

    r"'^ll+ s'yt

    S.,',Li-^l

    14l;:tl l-lj

    t t

    IFJri dh
    6.l1.r.i.Jl

    ;3,s:J H.rO+

    *uri .r- I mol -9_l:,+.r"raaJr 5,L3ai ;'. 1 mol;i i-rrtlr ,ir"O!,i


    "J,^4 . l mol : l mol -i*;, ;t -s:: Usi-e . t$ t.^5 ;bbts; ;l:i"os i,*-Jrr',s
    zc,l6t ;:ll .rL; Lr:e
    a*t-"":.
    crL3rig_;3-..r9;l ,lerr ,:,L31i
    !:l ': tl
    '' '*i
    "1.7 -4 JS'XJI 1''44 t-S .-r+.,,S-eJ J+C
    dr':-r
    +ur:i L* 0.10 mol ,.1^ 0. l0 M HCU':a.Fi-ltljrul
    ..i.+rJ"rall
    a,i
    mol
    i:*;i
    NaOH
    0.10
    I
    L
    ;lr .,:ru:
    J! !.t-Jl
    ;,.
    ir,
    +Lri .r" 0.10 mol 1 iler.rt 33XQs:r- NaOH g! .0.10 M HCI^6j*
    i-i .i,:lt*.;:ti.Sr 91.!-]. NaOHg HCI .1! .r+J.rq*Jt
    _1:*-l-r+<Jl 'd,li.:xi
    'gl-ill i.--*r-:.- t U ,..; l.: 6,*-1,3JL9.::-+:ll *:Jr:' I d lt".:,r U *if
    1:*::er.lctnJt lll#'dU1 NaCl"Sr-"-e.l x 10-lan4$Jl
    Jl tOHl[H-,O-]
    .'Y:Li. !:t-irf 3rr-f r irs, .,aiF iab, t'J",.rb ;ru a.u-f :kll .alLe
    J!,";.-.l iar;trr Luyu .k+ t-i.b N.k: :rr9:rr.r:L*il Ji L-.-e
    {r:as:l J. Js -i$t Je iubrlJ t<1t.,;.:*t iS^1 (";* Jl l-b -r'i ; ;-L;
    ir;Ug .;*U:t9
    Lr. t*tp i4;,ti*t taoZ.ri-;:,r Ut';!r:it* r.o titration
    Jtg.JlNga.U;s # e|lct;:J r.7t; /,lt)tJ }o-St;s ptu,p'tx
    t.ir+-: I,v "uJ 1- U* riA ;JE t-f I ailc t:t i ;
    J:J t^l S U.tr i:b Ls:t
    ..fnJ,

    .l.,5L^.<

    UJI

    ,-'"-a!)+

    ;u U,. IiJl," 'eri


    ;. tle:er, 1,".''<: OH.

    ;r(+ .r-S,jlri.,ucl J:- go" +^


    sjjl il"iill & Y.rt-; eiul &J-Jl
    uiit<: ^ ;.retiJl3 {..i;^ll LiJ: .fJ$

    !i=. Jrl

    .etrl

    H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

    $- LJ i.rLi

    NaOH

    ,j-53

    ;i

    Li)lll

    ;:-!s-lt Jl +tl
    Lt-i-YlJ

    Jlr!-r..

    leltll.ell

    Atlil)l.

    .,aj-et33l

    <83,,l*Jlr r.,,p iel3'i

    ,"Fr ,9-4 ,8-4,1-4 Jt-s.i.)t{

    1"l-ij3 equivalence points 3'itSill

    ll-ii

    .end points A+L.FJ|

    ,*r-rlJrg^rr1** -@il
    jJll JlpH UtJ or.*rl l+.llC
    jr,+, .6*,
    ci r^Yr
    pH i3.,,r ,r-i-+Jl,i{Jl ; .*rll
    sic .6sli {.Y iJiYl irlll Jl

    9f,.ril .J-,-*rl
    .

    Ut-. Lo',*

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    I
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    ".*t..",t

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    * .- 5:.--e .pH = 7 --- q:rr:i ..-*-lt lt! k;r ,+rlrs.lt 3r* ';;
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    Federal Environmental Agency

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    -.,-.L.r;a tkj.lr 4la;
    i ;): t -Ir u;;
    ,$ rL .'lelal ; pl -g p !l ;+Ul -r".1:

    i rL.l -ir.r:r Jr !sL;tt

    -;;i :t-:;tt
    .; ,IA::.

    d,i ;:):3! .-;rEtdt -al--lr ;t )!* -a;;19-.rgJ*X itU' '*,1-t' i '-t i


    r_x L- 4 il k;lr at;r Jr slJJJJ 5.0 x 0-3 M NaOH g,. 20.0 mL rJ! iL-:
    1

    o.r-o 9.,;4L!,t

    +L,t+

    il$.:-l ;,d(-,'",(

    NaOH 3 HCl .;dxS

    ki. ii yur

    iL._e

    .j:S)Jl

    HCI

    10.0 mL

    e.
    ^b{+i
    s,;;--Jl lbJill lil!9o.5 s:r

    .-aj_eid

    U:

    Lxl_,tc L; 3l:
    .

    Lo

    fu .r4

    A4At/214*"ln afi.i
    31

    5'0x l0-3molNaoH"

    lL

    s b<,

    !.lt

    11

    ;i i.r+ c!, , t

    g- .a,,:jll

    ,i!

    ,-=ll
    .
    lOWmL

    r=

    lir;i*ll

    u:to+_,'+:rs:rr

    NaOH.:)jr

    mol NaOH

    i"re

    :g.

    HCI

    lO-2 mol HCI :erl3,.sJl

    tiL

    5.56

    NaOH

    10-2 mol NaOH :,rlg.sJt

    KOH; &J- f"- L .3


    1KOH;0.0825 mol ,r}. 6J:-:

    2.76M

    L*.e

    HCI

    :_LJLJI

    l.o

    loa mol

    29.9 mL:.-r13,-rJl

    I mol HCI
    l.laor
    t',ffiffi=1.0xl0rmolHCl

    4".1rc:Jl HCI^bJ*

    +,j:<:;i '-o*r.i*:t ,r. iiS:r ".oe


    HCI rbi* i,-J)J- it* ;lt "Cr<., .;rt rt

    c,,. 10.0 mL

    ,+

    L"s

    I x 10{ mol HCIx-

    10.0-mL

    l000nlt
    lL

    1.0

    1.0

    dllr.tn
    a++iJ..f

    x l0-2 mol HCI

    lL

    J.rt .:: 6-4


    JJ- ; 19.22 mL 125.00 mL t ( ^i sRbOH $J-Jl r+,.rYs. t- .1.017 M HBr
    RbOH

    x l0-2 M HCI

    ilur grlr FbJa;.Jt 6-4 {,- 'y;rl

    ;--lrr,

    fui,-rr

    .;rr:iblsitl ;J4Ujlja);.-Jl .9:l"S ii^jjJ:Lxl ,lc|;:J ij-rljll ijrt

    -tL i-bl

    ;r (9*Ur ,i;.";^-:t
    .;,JlJl r--lJl &{i*ll Jjirf l 4slUt

    1\--:...tl.fj,Lfl ,ljJ*ll

    ::r)3r

    3c 33,

    i:,)3r

    1-l4

    i3'

    .&{+r &il5.U;i-J\- 33-

    &<+rr HCI;3J- s.20.0 mL

    "rt

    0.0154

    .;aJl_&rLf

    .l

    0.7819 RbOH:.;rl3s,Jl

    .2
    .3
    .4

    a* Ba(OH)Z Jst- at'r-: 6-4


    $J-;16.08 mL |!2996mL
    .i:pt.^t1 i+l^c Jl-Sy 2.303 M HNO3
    sBa(OH),

    M Ba(OH), ,.2.27.4 mL;r.!.r zjsacyt zo.'i


    |?6_-1Y3rr

    i:.c

    Jrt*;

    .tit{.s
    .!;,JL-tl

    ; V- pS .l
    J:J*;

    * Y- f .2
    S1.39 M H2SO4 Jrt-*
    20.0 mL
    "U.rL*^t

    L^l

    .1,i

    Jlab.J

    .1.0 x 10{ mol ,: i,3L- ;-l-11

    $^r

    "+3a

    2.14

    x20.0nnl-= l.0x l0rmol NaoH

    mol HCI !rt-.L

    ,-r.Sir

    ,J

    s0.688 M o_i$.;l

    HCI(aq) + NaOH(a4) -+ NaCl(aq) + HrO(/)


    I mol
    I mol
    I mol I mol

    .;r"Lll

    .15 mL

    &J-

    LJYJ-

    0.6180 M Ba(OH), :.;13,-rJl

    i..l.lel .33t5ill aL;r sJl_&JlJ liiSJ:Jl

    il'.Jt
    0.0154 M Ba(OH)r

    =,|g;y J:r-tt ",c-3- ,"r-,1


    r.
    20.0 mL - &{+t Hcl,y3r*'p".27.4 mL

    ijl-

    ;,.L.-Jl rb'!-f l i:-1:,3. ,.t5.1!

    Or-, @

    ,r A &J- .'lrJ 6-4


    NaOH &J- e- au- 20.00 mL iyLrNaOH &J* f+s l* .0.j19 M o-,l,S_ y
    sl{l_{jll ;L;'. Jl J3-JX t;! cs.rll

    +;,:.r 0.83 M

    o.1',S-

    NaOH

    "lgJ*

    32 mL:,.rl3,.rJl

    lt6

    6:q.S izrcrr 9[.s:r <- irr4r*1r*:r i:rt

    ; 6t+ JJ*

    J+,:-r

    ,1.0 M KOH

    .'*, l*,

    lS

    *o, bt ir. KOH,'*

    Y*
    v\

    mol

    t$fgb
    &"c+l

    x Ba(oH)2 Jjrz^

    i"*!!lr,

    I mol Ba(OH),

    .So

    .4-l

    5:^...;ll :.il.s
    117

    Jc gJ

    ir+b.

    df .:J

    2-4

    ?-'dl

    4X <- 1mL)-;GiJl_tJLrt SrtnlJel-.tt 'f+-

    ii *t " mbf|,-

    = ,not Ba(oH).

    L' ;af1r
    1000 mL

    IL
    t

    ul3sJ
    0.

    t57 M CHTCOOH

    k:-0.21-5

    l0-2 mol HCI

    '

    0a mol HCI

    .3

    x l0-2 M HCI

    .4

    = 1.22

    IL

    II

    .l

    a'-;Y:n

    .2

    rnl

    20l),"L

    .4

    *2l.4mL=4.22x lOamolBa(oH),

    HCI

    1.22

    ;X-f t ia-

    .l

    x 4.22 x lOa mol Ba(OH), = 8.14

    1000

    -a!:Lll j.

    io:Ba(OH)"
    ",:l ',
    I mol
    8.44 x l0-4 mol

    j"orrf f

    i,--:.lf

    {ibtt i,..:rt

    i5t I mol Ba(OH),

    0.0154 mol Ba(OH),

    .2

    21

    mL;l

    15.-5

    .c!i:*!t.;*
    u*

    21

    .4 mL

    J:L; HrSO.^1ri--

    5;;--Jl

    "trJ-rl

    ;^

    17

    .6 mL.-

    J-eLl

    50.0 mL ;r"L* -a!U^


    .0.

    l0 M HCl,_1jl*

    e;y're

    isii

    6su'-'*t

    "L.f*

    xl*, )4 e.,2

    :+

    L"

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    ".-*Ul,l

    /:.i

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    t'^,...^,Jb*,i:3

    !:Lr

    !i-; ierl ,iEt e5t .4 ,1rrC" 0.

    mL

    t-,yr t-! .0.0 l6-5 M LiOH..;er--

    Jer:.r- 20.0 mL i;r: ci ;r:;.1 .f


    ja
    I
    2.0 mL _aj:Lr 0.0 l0 M Ca(OH),
    )r*
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    ;r

    Lsr

    * *o;;

    t;!_9-:,....-I .41:-Y1rJ":_Jlt-jur^

    0.0t28 M H,SOI .2

    HCI.1x+r;rr-rr:z

    x mol Ba(oH)z_prr,rrJ:,urr-- = mol

    .2 mol HCI

    J..:J

    ili*Yl "J- :"1^ill ir-lJi


    121-120 i-i-,35-33 J23-19 3

    2 mol

    (mol)Jrs+-lrJll-rt 4..,tr]t a".( 1000 tnL _


    ,..
    =Jx+lJl-ll
    ' (ml-)J.s-ll-$l-ll e*-

    a-i-

    mol

    Jre+tl +-,)f. <-J"6-f l ? sl:Lll .:Y3* is

    t)Ps.>t3
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    "ll 17 a=i,.
    I

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    J-ohf l ..y

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    ilr

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    (.3:U, l0) F:.il

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    - :l

    0.0100 M

    ftrxr-

    l0 M NH.,_J:,I*

    irs

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    psr

    i*t .-

    20.0 rnL i.ir

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    SNaOH

    6!t-.

    -t*r

    Z.r.3ryf I

    p"At Aa7!a

    L-i &i-!- J,.J-'+ll ,-3-pls J+ill ;t-i:;', .l .l

    .,lLt-t!ll ;ti:'[]l

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    dl
    5

    4
    I

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    6.67x10-3MNaOH )
    0.030 M HCI

    .2

    (sfur

    FfJt

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    If ,a+-;j +.j*Stf
    f,!l gt-Jsrt n*.1'i^Jl g. .'.3U
    li-a JEj'tjJ .c,!l-!l {+jJ sj++JJJ+eJl

    Vurp,oiu}Ci+'rt !'i" L
    .8.5 7.8 i tC Xj.+"rrr+4ll i.3rl

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    'U!^l< tl c'l-ll-'ll

    ,'t" Lale:*a _L"e


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    .gJl
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    g.rtc),i;-r",a,; 4,j:.l,t
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    !-g:l

    'u;:

    fu,r,rr

    (
    (

    I f i'lts

    107) acid-base indicatos

    l0tl) transition interual


    ( 108) pH

    .:u;tt grrr
    pH;l*;

    mcter

    .9

    oH-'e
    A.r- ti
    51-o

    s iis'.,Y.-.

    oi '.'..

    irl.r- -r+r,

    'u
    .',-i Z)u
    ^ /'-.
    - .rr-,zq-v ",t-i liL".l I
    5 +:" il+

    * .irrr ,Ul 2 [H3O+] i*t^

    .'t.tZ

    57;c

    a.+.1-= t.+ "C-- srJl L .u


    _JCL^IJ IH:O-l

    il::a:Jl
    .JJ.I*ilj pH , :r"-;f t--i;9 .i.14
    .pH +t "-r L;;--f t 4ptrrl 131t .lt t;St .bel .U:r.J l0.oL){J.gctl.rlt+ iJ"-;Ll t .e
    :JE + d!t+!
    525nC _artr- -+>;: .r-ic

    i_rl,r-.o+_r: ,:-

    ;rF9ll

    pH

    L+.+

    i+Jt:Jl_JiJl^Il

    *" 3 t:, :s.15

    si,n" ai ii*u ri i!;*


    ,25'C
    "-i

    [HrO*l=l'0x10-7M 'i
    =l'0x10-roM'v
    IOH-I= l'0 ' l0-7 M '6
    [OH-l =l'0x10-rrM ':

    [HrO*]

    f,* |:.*La

    c+Jhjl

    Sljrl

    +, (:-+l^.lrr+[

    11,-:...o.!f

    Itlr^1ll .j

    'pH_tc;l
    ;+ajl .i

    'j

    CBI .:

    dJF*lJl
    1...,,;;ll i_dj;

    l-Jt

    .2

    ftL"ul

    'tt-""t"

    Sd.;t<lj

    lllsYl dJl,

    .C

    :.+L-Jl ',
    i3ll .o

    3j"-;Ll 1".17

    i..a

    l0 u.L-)ll e,+rGslJl :lL- .i .ta


    .ll+,o-l 'r(ll ;ei;5>l

    .Z

    .s

    F,<Jl ,
    'LEe'-Y

    ill*l

    &

    Yr,"91r;,.7

    el-

    ':dtl .:,t

    991

    .i

    --lc 6$*1 Y
    ..r+.,Sf:r+Cl

    .u

    i.rct-iJl-,;Jl. ai.tS .i .18


    ;-rcL! L! -!r; _;^,
    ',.<. , l"l-Jl evjr.
    9 -i --ittjll

    .i ir.. '

    &L:^Jl J(:IJI e- ,l;l nJt^


    .r31ll ' ;l':r "ll
    6s+ H3O+

    StriJ-)l

    "iUl

    .nj*Yl '.:,t ;; .i
    .o.l*)t 3-;; .-

    .d11*.;!

    .\!-!

    ,s

    ei$

    ipoH L3 L&.6.32cfg-l pH L.3


    '7.68 .e
    6.32 .\
    x
    x
    4.8 10-7 .2.1 l0*8 .r

    fui't"
    a,lll

    OH-

    E.rt+-r

    "t1jq;l;Yl

    .-'!i .u-<nLJ

    .;it ;rlt .Ft+ ;l;Yl


    .pH ol-,;^ al 'r:...L i .19
    .PH i^+-i ,/ g1+- .l*ii ,Jt--i.u
    . ii.KlliJ ll"- r+ii: aLii .gr i .ZO

    .;9+9-)l "'+.Xl ''

    l--,e1^

    ,L ,t,J 13 r_6 ,e ,: ,.i.16

    L!3,a

    iL'!K-

    'J

    .lJl J)lr J+ij: 6Jl pH 6u .i .tl


    ..i::.t(ll

    9si ;.91-; 5s al .6
    .:;9va -.r+; ) .:
    (Jl llll L.
    .lc!*r !u HNO,
    -Y
    r", l"t-- l4Ui ,; .:,Ki,
    -t

    ,llLrio .z
    ir.,4

    .-rrJpr+CJll_tr+ttrrCl +t

    '^**o' ;;
    ,\ .'r

    JrL':. .i .15
    F*G ''l

    .i

    15; a:

    H.,O*

    ..:_,GSU|
    l

    C+-+J l0

    .t Ln i

    loH-l

    7.0 J

    vr.o

    .J

    S;4s

    .:
    J,ln ;l-3!-"

    li..- Le'r-,e .r

    F)l

    J.rLr:. .-o

    +" $L ,NaOIf s,.r:_jc,;-rtsrj3,u pH;-irr.i t:t


    SkjL^ is^J$1^11 l,ta 16:16.;

    fr:rt

    99
    t,

    ;!Jl
    .7 vlE-o 107
    -:;Ef$

    IOH-I-4'4x10-eM 'r

    grlrrt

    ,r-r'JJ l4L*^

    0.000r M HCt .c

    [H:O*] 'e

    .pH = -log [H'.O*] ..1


    t
    "
    r .i.rr :
    t+,1
    g

    )!,q:+Yl3-S
    .',L , gt-rtt -;L Jr irJl

    :4;:j'-

    i:J.: i:Jti]l_Ji:t*ll a- &i

    lHrO*l= [OH-] .r
    pH = 3.0 .e
    pH = 13.0 .;

    .-

    IOH-I=2'4x l0-2M 'i


    [HjO+] =1.53*10-2M.-

    i;';;
    '''u

    Uilr 'a-* .gr:t L .i.13


    Si!;4-JlJdJL"lJ

    H.iO*

    ..

    .1

    -5.0 .:

    .:L,1:1.* -t4 k;: -, L.;:r -.+ J. .*


    =
    L+3

    .i

    4'o 'e

    525.C

    [HrO*] i"ia j-*i

    6j;t!

    "tllH2O

    s0.0010 M HNO,^.;.r^r pH

    l'.,..' !L $",j-e-*;::r iUr rrU :J;.10

    <

    f.*

    jJ"ar

    -t

    .S';aL-Jl rtj-:i

    'S

    .i

    -ljJill
    .;;l 'Jl -i-1: !" ,{::J1 ..++J9) 'rdtl ;ri
    f; + /+-Jl .C
    .4F,.F*)J.*9.r

    al^!r

    ili-i

    .9J

    .;lll,.',+ ,i .l
    .3.irsjll

    .j;t<ll \Jlt;:'.Yl

    ,<-uJl

    .'*.rij, ',i.-

    .33t31 : L:r PH ,rJr'

    Or-' @

    ;-r.L!

    /ari LF^,LFYI39:-r: .21


    ,i . *--Ltt t t+ 7.0 I pH ,o:s-e
    L'

    .el J+jJl J,-l Jl, JJ[ilJ-i:ill


    i-rG IYJ
    /,s d V.; ,JJ-+JJ!|
    ,l-iJl I Jl-ii pll .7 ,'* J"ipH :\r;
    ,-3,.,r1

    I ^.,; u;^ ,JJi:iJ.J!l ,-3r-,i-ri

    .r. rSi pH :a;9! i.rcG


    .&i+Jl J^i Ji ;Jt t;trr,itl
    ,Z

    ui..

    riJ=SipH :iis; i.rct-! /, ;,..',


    .JLri , ;:.t-S J+JJ Y ,7 u.;*i

    .-J. ".1+.r ll e-

    .z; .pirits:

    ,ri-iJl ,FL ul:.::

    .22

    iL-ij c- .l l3 i=iJl

    120

    1.0, 10{M
    1.0

    r+:F 8 Jt"]
    lH:O*l= 3.0 x 102M .i

    .23
    .24

    :a!tJl_.1!lsrl

    ijsj pH

    J;il) ,liJlrl

    [H1O+].f+Jl

    [H:O*]

    i.*t

    .9djlJl pH-f$J |:+.29

    (4-4

    a;.;";:t

    .26

    ;&l*i.JsJ [OH-]:..

    )tr,l )

    :iltJl

    (5-4

    L r, . .-t .2.70

    +;"lr *,*

    .29

    x 10-7M.,-,
    I x 10-rrM.g
    I x l0-sM ..r

    ";=:t1.1y.lt

    .(e ) ;r.l;-tt

    32

    l I x 10-2 mol HNO3 .e


    1.0 mol

    NaOH

    ..r

    .i

    0.75 mol HNOj.,-r

    0.10 mol Ba(OH)r.g


    0.90 mol HrSOo

    121

    .o

    i1-5,e

    i.r.u-r r,..-

    !.Lnt3l ?al

    b*,i"+;t-*E-&F

    l"ro

    &*

    ^,i r. .' ";,t-6 -i'.,.. :,j,:*


    ;

    .*k;.lt

    .al;+*;f :-;Yt
    -;-pLr pH J,;_e-,J +9-4 ti 9-4 -t<Jt.l 'r: .r .22
    .i;+,,> ; eb/':ss,-;'*
    ,et -a:E;.1;+;:l g.9;Liil gn!9a*3t::tsl .23
    ).sI,, , f .i.[S3l - ,*Yr j]Ur Jlil;*i +;S .3rttt
    :.Lt
    pH -a-ie )l+y ;-.+t-tl air
    iGil .dli+;Jl
    .

    (6-4;rr+rt tlj.:. ..) J+r4! a:"rrr.l'

    4.23

    .l

    7.65

    .-

    pH r]t
    i.ri.-rr ."xt1

    .+

    t4i

    J<r

    4ljsJ,l

    Jll-rl

    33

    l*

    tOH-lr [HrO*] i,.. -1.24


    (

    l-4 a+-b"jJl

    0.030 M
    1.0

    " l0r

    HCI

    .i

    .-

    M NaOH

    5.0 x l0-3 M HNO3 .e


    0.010 M Ca(OH), .,
    a.:i*tt

    ,u,t; :iijtltlCtall .r.b.l

    sl-al*tl iL HNO3 aj:s .r

    pH t-....-t .25

    (2-4

    10*2

    4.-:u.lt

    M HCI .i

    1.0 x l0-3 M HNO3

    l0-12M..-r

    HNO,

    1.0

    5.9x t0-5M .i 31
    2.2 x l0-8 M.-r
    3.3 x l0 t.G
    'n

    0.69 g

    toH l .!
    HNO..:r!3r 3-r 'e

    .:

    " l0-s M HI .e
    * l0r M HBr .r

    1.0

    t x tO-7 tr,l .i 30
    1.0 x l0-3M..,
    1.0 x l0-ro M.6
    1.0x106M.,r

    ?ekr
    '
    .-

    lH.,O'l .l

    1.0

    5.0

    at; -'j- q*Ft pH e*rs js.2l


    {g i-*u-&* j.a*, o-:_gr:}l e} l,l | 9:rl'ir 1.
    ,'r tr,J5
    v
    lr
    v

    l.

    2.42.e

    2.0x10:v.i

    SiJ{trl

    J"r-.r pH a.:3 it+.32

    6.33.,J

    t x tO-3M .i

    *r...t .19:,rlyl+lj pH 9i

    4:-ilijt ijiJl

    .i .28

    rJ,.5.50 L

    il -.S Pr.l8
    ;'A<*; '.,< .i.19

    ,ir.:

    pH_p+ +t i_J+lL-lJ [HrO+l i,. ..- I .31

    9.48 .e

    10.00.e

    t+.:O

    I 1.00

    ,1

    I L00.,J

    e.".t

    7.00 .i
    ..i

    6.00 .:

    \,:

    .i

    -' .lJHlpH

    4.00 .e

    12.00.r

    ili--l.t

    3.0 .i
    7.00.:

    11.0.e

    l+

    F,.l*- &- fiL-y-'O<+ .5.rJl L .u


    li,'1L. ill.i _at; af i '..r-r
    s;J+Lii?t#,!.kn jj.-all l- .r.20
    S;rLl.l iilc e- e;'itsJl j:, L .*
    _d;tc +:ats jt al ++r+-r*r JiJl ;L)t l- .e

    .i

    3.8x10-3M.6

    /$l ) ;Jrt*.lst

    pH

    .28

    4.Jxl0-7M.u

    5.00.,J

    t2.00

    ...-t .27

    2.0x lO-sM

    5.0 .r

    ..r

    Sf;r'LS.at

    t1 A -t , ...4.i .,
    4Jl'--ll
    tJ-+ d6lsJl

    ..r

    7.00

    ,.

    c,ll-,!t-Jj pH;,...-l

    .1.25

    8.00 .i

    ,rt-.l-f pH

    x l0-2 M NaoH .i
    1.0 l0-: M KOH .'
    1.0 x l0r M LiOH .c

    5.00 .z
    t:

    4.10

    i_,"

    jt

    ,i-xL *-'+.41glS:.ll it^:l :ij;i

    1.0

    3.00 .-t

    4.00

    M.-

    10-e

    l.0x l0-2M.6
    1.0x l0-7M .:

    lOHl=3.3x1013M
    [H:O*] = 1.0 x l0 lOM .,-,
    IOH-I = 1.0 x l0+ M
    [H:O*l=5.0x l0-3M.C
    IOH-I = 2.0 x l0-r2 M
    [HlO*] = 5.0 x l0 13 M .J
    IOH-I = 2.0 x l0-2 M
    2.00

    S.;;t<i

    .i

    1.0

    t&1*

    "'*r*l

    Fiy'lt 6"*E r*.*Lcrr 6tb'

    JSJ

    pH i, . ...- t . iijtjjl [OH-]

    for

    U+ .20

    ,JF u
    ,j3tsO'.

    16.6

    25.9 mL

    mI-t:L;

    j'J2; i r,t-

    3.4

    SHCI

    14,*.

    l0-3 M Ba(OH),

    '

    ,t :

    6;lrell

    +.44

    3.oi,....-l .iijtiJl _;.EUJ|-oa.eJl i:,lrgL.g.$ r. .33

    i3-rlr" r" .HCt

    :a,j$l ;r!,"! t!L!d

    mL;i ;-;r- t:t .Ca(OH), ii-Jv3. i+ .45


    6.7 x l0-3 M HNO1 ,;. I 15 mL g^ t:ta-l3r*rl
    .;'t4. {Ls A
    7l.4mLy'J:t :3HNOjy 10. I mL;i *r;lt .46
    .i'xl^l| air4 {4.2 x l0-3 M KOH,.!I: g.
    ,2^ 428

    .HNO,r.13,t*. ts-,p 7,....-

    7.50

    fulS" -a;St lpL;rr ui 9JS:J;rlt ;rUt pl3.

    3.02

    mol HCI e. NaOH .i


    0.75 mol KOH e. HNO3 .*
    1.0

    x l0-2 M KOH 34

    1O-2

    M HNO3 35

    x 104 M .r 36
    1.3 x 10-llM .Y
    8.0

    0.20 mol HF g. Ba(OH), .6


    0.90 mol Mg(OH)r 6. H2SO. .:

    &*.r^
    )b!*

    b^

    10.0 mL

    ltrt

    15.0 mL

    i;l

    ci

    ;Jrr

    .SC

    t 2.50 x l0-2 M H2so4

    ,j*jll.Jj-

    .0.

    iit+r

    -ei

    i-rt

    'o,rh_{-.,J

    l0 M NaOH y*.ysa-.r:,*

    .:/:.^Jl &l.-ll -+J4

    !,,i3.47

    ilt-"

    o,. 14.5 mL gl.lt-r

    -.il!.l: ::...1 t Lrlr

    .,;s

    1.75

    .HNO3 rlJJ*" 4:r)Jr

    Lia,

    ri!

    e=

    [Hro*]

    x 10+M .1.41
    9.1 x l0 rrM '9

    .i.36

    1.1

    L+ u .*

    x l0-3 M .t .42
    3.1 x l0 12M .Y
    3.2

    1.0x10-7M.i
    1.0 x l0-3

    5pH = 6.0,f
    15.0

    (mL).iL"dr NaOH

    Fs

    '

    iJJJ-l [HrO*]

    a+ [HlO*] Loa,,rrgr pH:, ...-r .i.40


    .8.4 x l0-rrM

    !*l .v
    tJi-cjirl *tdp+.oJ4*- + OH- j5; l- .i.41
    J.,il*- ri .i.-;: crl :. ^ Ji.;l
    .Jst-:,Jl pH!-J6;+ (.r-ja!) i.;i U.ti-vr,r*U,
    oi 4 pH u-- t$-t ,,.,- ,1. ^::. Y E= f.i
    -1rEi
    f l *,i J.,:J3Yl
    v

    ,'L*JJ

    _ei

    7{i1*.rs

    .9.rJl

    .ul:l .-r l-'Jjl

    i5l

    .rFl

    icr,3ut*1Jl

    p: .pH

    -:

    ii 6i*

    .48

    1.1

    lriibi-t

    [HlO*]

    L"*s

    .5.4' l0-5MMg(OH),
    .&J*fl lL6 *H:O*F- i7,..--l .y

    4 HrO* 'aftry:, - .-t .i.42


    l:L6 l. OH-15;ira.l
    .u

    ,pH = 8.90 dJ/JJs

    *l-ll
    4ib

    tOH-l

    L..

    er+,"lrr*r pH

    i..a u.lS

    t6.9 x l0-ro M

    o.r--.r,

    .43

    lO-2HCl .44

    t-.3S

    .9.0x l0aMCa(oH)"

    lO-s M Ba(OH)r,6r-t pH i.oa g..39

    .pH = 2.50

    .rJ

    4.84

    M.-

    i^+a

    M 38

    .i.to
    3.1 x l0-3M .9

    :ZsJEll

    l.0x l0-r2M.6
    1.0x10-5M.:

    10-6

    10.08

    r. St pH i.,;:,... -t.37

    [HrO+]_ge,.:li-J*JHl

    .9

    10.00 39

    54.0x l0rMCa(OH),

    1,4^lr

    3.00

    st

    5.00 .J

    x l0-2 M Ba(OH),
    |*l .HNOrr.5't*

    )t)*+toH-l

    .i

    12.00 ,E

    SKOHJll* i:-r:r" u .tcott


    (6-4;;o:r^::t
    u^ 12.5 mL ls'"r- + j +j ltL" i,r;, +.35
    a:L.rr ,,g;r;

    &. JbJt

    7.00

    Cl)

    .3.0

    pH

    .45

    l0-2 M .46

    e4i sf tJl+illc,l-;ai:Jl .r.l.i

    .47

    itjn .,Jc JJYIJ+;:Jl J.r,-.1 .,-r.t .uJl


    il.i;,+ *,,lll r*i:ll J.r-u .JrYt H*
    13 i ^r;ll .iJj pH .J-F-i: .ditjlH+
    .0.1 NaOH

    &J*Jly:r-Us

    "Jl
    i+l+tj,+ s^Jl rr;Jl L34J uu
    ,*r l+t J=r JiiF- J-,+ll &}- Jt-i:jl
    ,..;*,'bll iJt c,s:-r Jd3 .;"Y1 i;*t^
    (J!, ili-^ll +++ll u;-JlJ
    (J;ijlJ,|.LLJI Jl.!J .t(Jl" iliit-^ll
    U.rLr-,Jc.s*LipH
    re-::
    9:a
    Ul;! ".r;ll al;iLll i+,:*ll i-i,J.Jl
    .oirJl ;g;i e3r.;
    \t-i dL ' "K

    o ,-r-t-oll .

    Js

    rliio

    .48

    .49

    , ilh'.'i c,tal-c

    ,iYJilb a.sll Cl.-l


    i d.iJAI .rfJl ;.eJl u"-i+ i!
    ,",1- ,el+JJ<JJ'i(ll ..16.* JJI..
    UlJl
    .A-t*i ar-

    +lltll

    r-

    122

    .;:

    r_acla-a-chj . ;el ?. rl *

    &t-yr 7' ;-. .i, .lS


    c.l rLll ijcr :-,'.J.:Jl nt^ si Jl ; ,L'! ;G
    -!
    L:.

    ji..,+ r t+i Y! .c,r+Li)r er.:i .50


    JSi .&-ir- 6,.tn ,sA u,;l e:'l
    :!r1r ^ {ai!5 pl ,:.:...L
    J* lri^ll

    I>)4

    ',$r_o

    {t.--r'
    .@t

    ,,
    etu

    Ob

    itr-n
    -}r9!t -o-HI
    -gJAl

    .cIJi gc l','t.

    .i-i)tpH J

    J*.h-ll -S, -t+t+)l 33+:: 5l


    L)t-ll ;,ijt- riL'r:. .l E'19.F+
    k+o + J.'llJ d.ils LJ+:rJl
    iJt--'lf pH i-+i LLl :s^Ic 1'sfu 52
    Ljj! ;.rr^Jl ;rr; 2,Jlr^ A+.rr-ll
    e

    &ri

    15.lJlHCl cL-JJSJJ.44J|

    sJl

    t.rJ+:S+ll,-|:rs pt-rJ.Jl

    .{tJj{.Jl!;s

    ilrl

    LJTLJI

    ;rl .

    ,rl:i.50

    JiLi +.eiAj eF*ul":**

    cJ. gr-Jly (:;h;

    i{tt:ll

    qr+ ur;.;
    ,etri.51
    -.rA4ijl dilJs!.y;i-V
    jrl*
    gn;,.rc|;Jl
    ,,e;.ll;
    +Yl
    *Jjul"lL
    ,.
    at.
    4*,|,l::'!.c

    , .- r .,i,,r
    .,, -, i r-,,
    J+|'z e-tur ..tuJrlr )-9^r, 3t)tt3\5,)l

    '.i:s-.i

    :j.:,ls ljs

    .*Jl aiuill, i{,4-:Jl

    iir.b

    rta)

    '*

    f-*:g.

    iJ:b^e ai.r-t3e
    ;j: .+.|a)L*il

    'kJ!ai:

    ei

    .11

    +t-:. 'Uil iit- ;Jr^!liiYl


    L^, .. et:t1 J- te :-...'.i l+Ys J^l
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    LLill,-.. i^lnc:.,Jl:tl^" J)G.


    .8JLA;JJ'-,rJc UtJ.Jl;
    So.t-'.ll i(-,r...1 i:.JIl ;JbJl l- .i
    c,"-r1 t:1iitJ..r- i-rJ..iJl oi-o S f ..f

    523 J

    '-

    241

    er-^i;r

    1('lh(

    \25"C ;1.45'C

    i{6

    iJL,- i-. _2.r g.p


    ul34Jl
    0.41

    Jt;xrt;'
    K;t

    k;i;.r G!3u"rr ;r
    rtl-r- -i+t: .r;c ;Ltl ;r 6.2 L;l !3U"Jt ;.980 1g r :,.:i Bl
    ( l--5^.br+tr 11,.:..^) 5,1"! iiikjJl ;Jt
    L;: L"!.291 K
    "-.lr
    .313

    .2

    K)

    isl

    J/g.K

    .i

    7.0x102J.,-r

    293Kr1^

    .2

    il'," 6-rt* i-.-,.r .ll.r.,j 1-5


    l.Q ftJ t 6. . .l ^l 6J 45'C J! l5"C n.
    6Jl!lL i-rl-r= SJJ'- ulr' i-il-l.Jl;
    Si.rtll.*l i:..rll
    7a g

    L{ihS
    t

    Jst;;st
    t+E

    -.L;i

    rt"i;.:*:

    ;tr;J Lr:;rr ei

    ':!.5,lr-J.Uxl
    iysr' {r"",r+ .enthalpy lFl ,sji-tl ,-:d
    .A

    >;L-;;p

    i,r-

    j.^:'r:1

    ul3pJl
    0.89 J/g'l(

    iuf"f".,' '31J

    'h
    .LH ;^-S\
    i::SJ
    pLLi 2- a--L.iJ a.;, J" r+q >rJ cljrq .lliS5.'< rl ,Jl . ca:--ll '

    H;
    =''

    Aa4}yl Gr-rr ip"olr."s3;Jl ljr 4ijx' &t rU;l t f<e t4!


    l jl;;tr",-*:.'+.tr-:l 4i*tl 1l1;;rr Lei .i. LH\;t.dl.u .-Z jirt,,
    c.i.," (bjr)

    d**rs
    ,2-l

    6ye u.b, ;zt,A;tt i ii.z:-!t :/J,l!,Jt 2tLaS 4rlJenthalpy Change.g.;rr*tr gol^ll


    t
    Qrt1-f g>Jt "2!i9 .14t3,-bi'.b,.i4 urai aiJ& Jttt o*.fltai JF * ltrto:- ?a:,.:,){- | ;: olj &r'F' g:aL l_eiljix &_, F t,lt-f I iru SrJl l"1r5l "r 1o

    oo

    .5

    J I n Jl3Jl

    .9,_9i;Jl

    &JL^i drdJ

    Jb-

    i-i-

    :l-nl A,-lJ- & et

    i-i3 iJ5*'Yl j= ,,.,1t^i,tt ir+l-* .t" gJ


    149-148 i-_i- .18-15 J

    -iJ:L.Il*

    140

    ='n'''- H'**'

    laal;lr ,i z,-iat) tt,-;Jt.a-iltlr)t ,4 ,? heat of reaction ;t


    1.9LL :* Jljjr J-L*S J.EJI i-:lr- j;-r r<ol .gtgJr $t;tt

    A:i+i+t:

    130

    :iJlJl

    ;rJ*l'J','Jl

    U:f r i-,1r_rc!3i t)tr,aS

    e,t|Jt: +)Lu:f

    ii$.r 45r113lilt Z/at?Jl


    r.'--,' Cri)

    61'1P;'t &Lf
    ,107

    cs.o

    i i1":J

    uo[lill i{.Cl IJLJI

    ...,.t+iu

    ;.rlri.ll o+i'i+- i+Ji:Jl oja,*-i .e,.el


    .i.r.sj- c,ljliJ A.c- 3JlSJbJl
    ii+!.r

    45

    '

    liJl,itt A/atJl

    130

    Ut* Lu 6rr*, ,:u ijs:r., o=-x!ly_;*el-*:t Cr J^iB Jdi tll


    g:, flj,lj t{ie(j -n e).{cti:rl J-t i;lLjrl FltJl j.ae .r$lt
    i:U i+ dbJ ,exothermic irlJ*u tirtt "&utt ;4 &|,;tt rr4 L;1t"1
    a:tXt

    7*r-Aril3liA
    LJIII

    rtr^r(ll c,Y.rL'- a.li[-; e+r:

    a.lall ol.;.*isJl it+l-*l i-il- i-J'i


    .,rr c,)Lt-^ll Fs ;i;S* Fl
    , dr. ..;1lJr:l.ll&.iJt+ l<lliJ.rt--Jl
    Jh^l l-JL gJ-Sll J-t-^Jl JL.!j-'l ?{*
    .c,L:,-.,!l ,-Jg erY3,"ll J-t"-^ll lJ.o

    ci

    ..rr

    ;.

    _.pu:lr

    id

    ,p>Jl ftl,r-

    mol"uttA:,,,j

    r;J .Jel,i!l ..}>ti !.1l;r-

    irrLtl ?tr*;x2

    ulSll

    ",.+Jl

    J+i!l

    .r1.rs3

    .9 >t- u:1t

    ,g*

    6^i molf,;-e-iFjll ilc

    t:y &

    -a;ILifl lntLJl g,.

    i:Lrl

    o-u

    llj*;

    mol ;3<,-r-lUi-a-aU".lr ,2^483.6 kJ;ia,l-:rt irr<ti


    .298 K ;11- ig:-;r ,ric o;rLie

    Jt;

    -a;lLul asujl -a::S.r fur::r il,L-r,r

    !;

    2}{r(s) + Or(s) -+ 2HrO(s) + 483.6 kJ

    ;_JSb

    thermochemical equation alsrr-tr 4lr*.+rr iJ:trlr -1*; furLll ,-*e


    #L;j-J! _t:,-;.6-,rr,-s zt:l-b:tt 9i t .' : .!t aSlJAJt i j - < .'-;-z:.: -:1, i.nLrllt ?-.
    -;i; ,t U-:lr
    :,Y:" t-r.s t,){.Llt
    ijlj t}.Jl lja ;r aJ:L" fti Z-9 .r-to.4sr

    tt

    1*;e

    2Hr(s) + Ot(s) -+ 2Hro(g)

    ,rr c,l.;tu3 iJt-, ^:( e'l-,gi: cr3.rs 6.rJ


    J:J.r .r!i ,{'.il .-.eJJl ,ri irl*Jl ut^
    r,rl,:.Tl

    .,l"tt

    .&Uxt

    F+trflI 6+i.

    ptt .r. ".pi " U ; a:u


    i+;: -ric ..;e.914.6J1 jli at" 2 mol Jtt-t ,JJ

    fo U.SJ r iJr Lr

    )lSJ,..-'

    ^U

    ti-a'p-;:trarto eJc.artj-ll pu".tt :ix..,! .;,tJ+ ;r,s..r:Jy


    a;ltjlr e-atul li;s;ll
    Yt.g .^jlulr.:rt4l::\l
    r'
    ii:s sJA L; .-i it*+.t U 3i
    '
    .ii;sltt
    ,ut 4:s e, [r>t" i*ui Oz sHzji ,ut .',j<, Jt;
    J- 4 mol tLi!jL
    iir :j .a;L"rl 4JlFl ]Slr^sjr _i.J:t*lr :- -ae:ll .aq:Sl : ,..' g;\,.[l ;U-q;a;
    i3lLlt ;.r 2 x 483.6 kJ _J4U:JI iF ,iltjj-J .+!-U:tt nYJa )-E
    i:rLrl itt ,rr i:o:) rJulr i:-:rFr _+r:.pr !:Lrl 2 lny g^ L"s,;rr5s
    . (2 . L e r,>,,'i; u-rr i;rr r-tr +r..S.'l'
    e=

    iltl.ll

    6J JLbYl d "rJl
    .trh..tt .,i ,,-ilJ.lt

    Ji .JcuJt

    4Hr(t:) +2Ot(s) -+ 4HrO(s) +967.2kJ

    i:.)r. ).* +.-; J! 'eb*3 rUl lL; -4.s d---: et::l L"l
    tr' r-.'l' fo !"Sl i.:rL^r,r i:sl, j . +Sf .O kJ .5i a-eulr ii:s 1 :. ^r

    bL44.1:ycUnf
    -JeL,i::r

    14

    :JL:JtS

    Hr(g) +

    lor(il

    -+ Hzo(g) + 241.8 kJ

    l! Lie
    ;: nU Lrs- i.rl,-.:b! endothermic iJlJ*J -ittrl c,)lcLitl
    ,t
    iL 3*Ul r. :[l .)L*+ -,tS:;: "lcL; .r! .+)Ll;tt iltl. ir. i{l j9s_3,ta.]t
    a:u

    ..

    :tj.r+Ej+ g- al:"f rFU.rr iiX

    .eLlrJQ;Js_,lc ta !-ss,-3.a3,;)lr*lj
    L;.lJ.-il,l i-3t!Jl ; J .5.r-:L;,rr--J)19,''l+91-r-'*Jl .rr-:S:J
    O!

    6J
    -.:X-U,fr FLt.l+ ij).Jl J) ,gr- ;V' t-ur .:l,ll_ei1j$ gtJe 2. g.'r.jnl
    +t+ +i-altjl j.<.r;:.a*.:u.rr ii-,I>^rl -+f*-.gr -u:L.ll ae .-"i-i+ fjdlgjjlj
    i:.t4ux1 4 l+i-r L"s .,',<,Jt ,r-rl, &url J)L- 'c,j/; ,te L4ri -l. !,y4u:ll

    ..li.r-6 )L-jl

    .oJrJd

    Cri) -*' -, -*

    131

    _aJJbl

    it -sr.Jo','."e--@l
    rJtul
    dr-J]

    .)JE IJIFJ

    si+ lraJ,LJL- 6Jl!l


    "rn:;i
    ,.F;;14.t1 r:ll ;61gi: Utt"tt
    9-ll;>'

    \.;.3.JZ,.s:i6t)fu!l

    I
    I
    I

    :,1-9,-i', l+ ia-il
    .r-21J.,lc.l-ir:

    i:.ll

    -;-al {g
    V

    g-;l;.Jl cSJi-Jl

    */

    ,li f{*lt ,.lLl .r*J':^Jl..J. "irt-r-tl


    frlrJl csJi-Jl ,/ Jdxlt lr ii+

    ;g U)t'll a;, .crt-:,!lsrl*s


    U.rL. J)L:. Ja N/-l ir+r'illU)l,llJ
    "lS*Jl

    "
    .)li.

    6.o'"1'

    .&|.i:Jr_iii"

    2HrO(s) + 483.6

    t<J

    _e 2Hr(s) + O2(S)

    "J.

    lstldJl i?bs

    i qt

    kJ;r lxi .t1t


    .)t;r Jl J:LJI JJ#,

    1r1

    ,,i=,51.r:..Y|

    483.6

    .N-l

    AH -ia;:r ,r.r;, 'art^ i:;rr;l fo! S' irrUrr '.-rs


    t-:i t, i: U AFl irs ;; | .,-rJ i :; Lu l + y4 Ux l re, l:,ri,& U:.s

    .;,

    ia

    ir+ i f.rl: I ;l
    iJL- + ,;r1,,*! ,r;lrLJl_rlcuxl J.;;"f

    i.rrUf

    'a*a

    ..dJr-9

    ."teLilt ;U:i

    Hr9a.*:-9. 'Ul Jt+ g.2


    -+ 2HrO(g) AH = -483'6 kJ

    2Hr(g) + Or(s)

    ei Lttt

    ,.tb:L( ,02r

    fut!

    mol

    fb ,jl+- c,lj r-l.+ ilj rL-j t- t+JG


    .-.^iu si ui:1G ;rlr,= i1.l .r..cr JL
    ojal +-i3'-3'.,11 e'!.l^tJl e! .uc,r$ li;
    SJIII c+JJ d c,l*i: ;-,-::
    "L+ll

    ''js

    i'j.r +Vf ilLlo:t .;rt,* t ))LlaJlilcl ;: rl t-"fu t ( ,t ; "><E- 2-5 J<jJl


    '
    J)L- irll.jl J3 a3U"Jl ;i A trne .elltt.4i:ki.lt FlL:t
    !^Si *,).lcl::JJ
    .aiJL AH
    .'alU i...'<,

    i|i::r

    ,rLlt

    2 mol

    lEq ,,.

    ilt

    c,l^lSJl

    Lll,,

    * ='nrr- Ho),t Lit-tt


    'F Jl S,Ltl
    r 'e .L ,Jr -ll ;*;r+< ;tSt

    gJ

    iir;r Lu i;l ll ,erxt_11$;-t

    ^iif JftJl $i

    .+J.i .i-fs-Jl
    ,Js^i *'ljr'J .& Hoy-uar-u JY-! J(+
    U.rlJl pl-r:.:-l

    ------->

    ,liil:6iraiJre,-.y41;:au {,:!i:.Jl iJLJljsl:,."J.4r1_,-Jl .sto^st }J)Lll e"


    *(.n:'i"JN' Lf:rr';rs .Jlxl.Jt*.}:rlyJt i3tLjl -tis_J4+- afg f+t
    .erjt ,}{4J

    i++t ...^tl t di

    "r"
    o-,.o L-e .,tcL:.rl
    L!irs lr-r'

    F-1,, ol+L'Jl oja Jt-:Sl

    eY.t15l:'as9- mLSt,;)lJ*J 1-[r ;>LL;.li:--e


    .:ri; J^ ;iil i;u:r !rrr-:r '+U.Sr' furu-rr 'a*,; , rr+:r

    2HrO(s)

    ZHr(s) +

    O2(s)

    AH = +483.6 kJ

    lfA e: istlajl l*t. -,^ts.;Jl ,*lJ &Ul .JF.U:JI li.a jL- 3-5'J<Jl 'e;J,*e
    .eil|;lj
    4$t{.ijl giul i-r;fei irS S:,)lcU:.lJ a:*;r-yr ilU""rr ;i A &UXl
    .t'
    .1,.,r. AH1.lt--11

    ,;i

    ;.s $tr-:t

    d1:t{.=K]t

    ,;

    r= iu.s_r

    .r!.:l,Lt ',r.llt:;:*r

    .i-*- |ilsi

    ;.)qr;JL

    "*rll13*-sS::,!Lf

    ,F

    .g.rJ

    cry4l::ll .:)3r 1r Jl; _a.:9r4r _4iJlJsJt i!t+..<Jl .:!:Lll 4 +>{+Ur


    oro ils i"L-Jl -r:,e f,s.1 .:u.r": .r-irr.. s.|,i;..it 1.-'j-.j ), .,u;'.a:ljJlr

    6.rJ3.L:.'t;,

    ti;llr sJl"Jl 4+r" J!e,lCl


    6Ji-Jl ,,3 *O' ;iett" :u*.,ilJ:.Yl
    ;Jl!l i+,r" .rk.l 4*ii r-i+ g-rl5Jl
    le
    J)Ur+-,1911 .el. lA rl L:.'llJ
    ic,, it^i jp r, .,t.;b.i_,1^.ll
    'J i',,1,1o i i',.r
    ni Lii \'rri (J*i+Li L..
    a.='5l-4-iJlr i=.51.r:

    .1

    rYl

    &tiill

    r+ii

    c.,JJ O.o LoS

    r.r--"r'CrD

    JJJA

    Ct,

    it^:-

    rlt*lli^*il| ;i ,r+^f':^ff Si
    Ji. lii ;l,i*ltt LJt- Gtl"ll,,i oj-:
    t<-t+; ,'tt:^: ;i! I ;rU J<-i .jS,;r. J+ ldJl 4- Flr.AJ_ J,- a.3l!
    .AHl LllJl4^ lll
    Y All J :

    132

    c,L:ii,,

    15

    iUr i:'ll ,r:J.l

    ,-U,l.ti, up grl-lt6Ji- ll
    ilJl +tl .!*"lrj."ll .,lc (sJb.-lt
    g,l>Jl 6U:- tlJ*ir ,ji -i5 ;$
    .i r?l i ^ra rJ 8Jb^ il ,-u &titl

    -'d'
    e

    a.alU.

    ti.ll 4-, JL^.:...| r)..1'il1 J!

    +tl

    J* gjii
    iiLut
    .j*b,
    AH
    sJL:.l
    { r..( ri
    diirir Jul J.$-l lil-i .Jbti3Jl $i
    :^tji .u-i.l) C,.Jl
    \'3 Utl"ll rat.
    Jul i-+iJ .(i.rt *tt i;lll c,)Lc.l,iiJl
    (y' 4{t-.- JIJ-fLll t , i,' ', .;Jl
    .p.rillut...^ ,* t*t*l (+)ir+c- i ,.
    rii Ut- d txr*ri) JUlsd Uri.,
    (;rt,-tt i..r.zllJl c,)tcLiill d iitl"ll
    L*;t1 t (-)Uii"r"+llJuli $r
    ;g4 U)rlrJl ef..oC.<<.,pii,...cll>
    r

    3:31+...<J1

    ijrt rl e iri 1,", i{.

    'J.te-gurt 3i-,1cu:.lr {6lij$Jl ijt-Jl

    .F-rl.Fl

    (*r:e

    !:,tJ, r.b

    ,JlttzJ

    sltl 6e 2 mol

    r5r.rg

    S-rtJ*Jl iit l*.SJt

    ilrLrr a L&a r pu"rr a .,itlr S

    grL
    &{- .J,s .r,ji:u ;oulr f|Jltr
    'J;J du.tl
    .ti. 1 mol ralai+er.o kJ) i.;NrFu.lr :.i,;

    .;,;t..pJr .a-.;r .r1;+

    ';rr- 3ib r

    lA

    pu"rr ,fr:

    i*a .l

    'irl' rl

    'afil

    jgi.,j gl
    .
    4-a
    I
    t^.{-t$Jl tdd|.- + ^., Ua Cr f,,Glr o+
    ;3r+.Slr +y-U:lr 'c,Uf*
    |rr4r.O"-.r,r:Jri.rt-ta-,i.o;rac.rgSijl :.)t taitr-r'3Ut+tjlti3.r!i;fr-rf
    ry,sbpy gF a;et fu1 g;lt 911,^tttli4molar heat of foruration
    .I ahr. i,bt2|Y Ltr.4tt * fu,*tt ttb **-t;c ,y ly
    ,.riJr '..ht i:Jl

    ror .rr:S iJ.La f^r*"JylJlE?Jr+alt ir" ltll

    il-Ldl ,:ll-Jt 4O{rS:Jr ';rrr* ',4& '#,1 !l- -i:.rUrr..glr


    J- ir t-9 ( I atm),.r-13 fu4 *-i;,:-: .9i,AilJ*JtJ
    '.ri.l.iJl iJl;5 i+Jr
    jrr.
    y.lr*"lr
    I iti*lr
    t3
    i:u e. ;u &rp' irt-lu ,ulir .(298 K)
    .{rul
    i.c:l-.;;rol3
    **t, i,r. rt i.ru.lr *.r *.r*l iiW' irulre .i:3ur
    i^) ,,:11,0 ,-rt '*it.' * .{-t*:tl ld)t- e 3lJ! .rJ^ .eoi ,=Uf"a'd; L*rl
    i$-Jl *Jl fto!a! .{-U:Jl.i'Jgt 9tt- ,;u Nt q!r+6 .Jlctail iJlJ,,
    .{+liijl.O{JS:JI irt- ** ,44 g t.s .formation .a.iS irrby }r.:l ,f
    9r!cr::JJ

    133

    -'.,-,^nr,r*

    N k'i;t. {-

    i : I I ir,Js:J

    i*1-i

    ;, rr-.a.s,i,,

    b # r U .r. I mol.jr-rS::

    t.

    "-

    0.,1-Ee e^,,e;

    ,--^t

    --,!

    -i ;.1r-'-r

    .-,.,

    L-.;>ttt

    .OrrS:lt

    e,rt

    ;*r,

    * )s4l ?
    '?

    .-ri-U;Jl *,YL-ll

    A4AraAliAliA

    .a!l3Yl

    aiLiJl j*^lr:^l f :!
    ilr.r3.rl3Jl .1.or.l J+JS: iJlF .,lr'
    .r-s ..rl3Jl ara j. JS JL,ii-l l*9

    +f":iJl

    a4495;
    jr-tr

    c'Li.Jt jg;-,"t

    6252--s

    ;tr;- .rF,,i-F .r.ls:,JrJ tu.:r 6. i*5 fr5 :-. :rlrl I !


    .rL r:,::-r,.irll ir<r..r!-!.J.:)i*s fou- t+
    t^"*t
    .Mf = 0'crt:; t<,i .r^ *-t ;lr QrlL I il:^rr ".=-;:
    i)lu LHf
    ljl.,;:-l 1Xi ,-rrFt n+.Ji ;b Jl3 ul:i: . (-393.5 kJ/mol) r:! i.,99Ft ..'+.ri
    f+

    t.r.o

    ldJS

    .t-oJl-,i:-l

    i 6r:l 5-i^.13-t4.ll_,i,,t et4

    e+JLiJl

    AlrOr(s)
    CaCOr(s)

    -.ds--e .'>L\

    W,lp *tr' l-hl L*


    et!!l
    i-:u';9s i."g r ;rr--**" i.i,:u
    2 -.o.a!I;.lr aJLJI e=;Jl !r: ei ;*S;:r e;r ,rJ 151ell e+Jl Lli.LtSrfl
    ir"<:'i,r.fu;9 I Hl;4-3lrr+ll *rrr;U
    & .?"fu ii g"trr

    9^

    La3,':.

    ; p

    -1616.0 kJ/mol

    -1206.92kJlmol

    No(s)

    90.29 kJ/mol

    or(s)

    142.1kJlmol

    -!Y

    .\

    "'J

    .l

    "jt-:rtJ*;;lro f .*:r" .ilJ'ijl ;JlF -i>1: -r.ic iij;


    ri4 [!-i
    jL;
    I, rlJt
    """^r,t#))-tt
    iF+ gL ,ar.+26.5 kJ/mol e+ :t ,t*;
    L'
    i..lt JUf

    .16:

    ,r-:$Jf

    dJ+

    .ki< -iu,

    ;Lje,t-g..r. S.,,.
    g",;;*';;.;,rrg LfUy a+-r-,c.,,-is itlr' t<r *,ir '-qs;f Ui
    .; , .:., ,,r ? : ': ri ".1-t : '
    .CrHr. (,'l+ro-i) Uu*y' J! .JL:rl_J-i-.."--r.rb
    ;[tjJ^-i 1&:;;4:,i1+,.s)l e?n|y14,@Hf = +226.7 kJ/mol)
    *- io.J f-,i,*S:';, tr- o-:, HgCrNrO,, J jJ I LUn4l-b9 .,.,::-,-Vf >= !r,t*
    rt"lJj,.;ct . ^< ?'rj';-l Lb lr. Li ];t * ;*; .6lt, (+27 0 kJ/mol)

    Jll.rl,.r.r ;l ;+^lr:^Jl J!+tl


    ;3Sill ;-,,1..,1,- 6l3riir .-[S a'- c,YY.ri-l
    .(tllmot t I ( i. J+"-J|J) ot-.ri il1,*.lt

    r3-t .|1t4i

    -.

    fet-9:i

    1.897

    0.0

    .g:,1

    :.-ylJl.C(s)

    :,-.lil.!l

    .C(s)

    0.0 :Ir(s)

    62.43

    'l

    }lj'->?fl6JtJ,.-_l

    0.0:r"+ri.P(s)

    93

    tl l,: t-:l :,,-

    7 sl

    rs t.* ;y,* /[};,t Ui * i8


    g

    OL;-Vr

    >.r.

    l7k)

    U'6i

    -17.46

    ,;-:;ttJl.t' ,b}!tt ,rlgt Etri>tt ,gtl i;ll;tr i-1t ^tb ..q+J)l e.


    ;* -sl cJ:r lY.r ;l;-Yt ';1tr* !;:ri .;st theat of combustion grr:-f
    ai,<: irrrr 1aq9 .6:ur u. .str-Jr. iJ)r ,',gs:Jl "rt, *:u* L"+b .J.Li:lt
    '!icj .&ti:Jl irl>- c'._r...,,t\ >= L,H iul j+-Fl i:;:*, .A-|+JI l{;JL
    sl r Jt. LH, 3+,:; ( combustion a^s i* J:11 GF ) c Wt ;r.lt _a;L;!
    Jrr+:l_.!."-t^ 4r!1 ;:t ll,r-.5=;" a;Lg .-L ey;)l ,'r11e9.!31 i>)l
    istro

    'r^-i

    ,P(s)

    -296.84:SO2(S)

    l-

    N7 tJ^,> l6 i i-it i:.U ...j,--pl

    ]9=

    -395.11:SO3(S)

    ._.q

    L.S .!3l

    ,r-!l

    itle_/:sJ

    $l,:Jr )r..rt ;tr;-Yt ,'.+-rrtS

    ,rf. "clf,;rUl, 3,;, .,,..^, *


    ,li-iS t.n:ii*l aa!r, .,:*j^urr
    i.r.sj- Ll.rY . ;1.. ^ JS:.{ JFnj SJIII
    .iJl -, ^:(.r 4Jt.-,,1" of;i; ;
    .

    il, it-i;

    .4-5 , r<.i.il

    t.r---t@

    134

    Ut*

    )"J.J' r=\l

    Lr--;.qt

    a4*ri\iil

    ,:-:rsJlSr 29 ejt i:.ll L,--*l


    .J*"lri^Jl ,lc ((JlJi-Yl
    #;
    ,.,"1+J _rk+ll lj.r JL-:...l rS-1, i,<
    +! ...3b:-Yr &r-ii d al:rJr utl"ll
    j" JS i-i+lal IJF;Jp ;i;*-t :^lt *11
    Jl-' i :.yl el)l-i llll ri-.gJlSJl,!i
    .el-Jl .!;1.)= : l$i-^ll i_,t_rEJl Ljtll

    :r'l-:ti

    dii)re aiJts

    or-:l-

    b1r5 ajJjs

    6)d4l;ill

    74tt'b4

    {:l-,ri9u

    .*J-)rlb.LsJl

    glfu,s-ll
    ,3-2

    ,l -6

    Jll'J^ll "f=

    Jt.c,1j,ill

    :fill +r;l.r* Jo eJ
    140 isi-

    b+ll'r*Jli,J--ltt

    i b- &

    4 ; lj; ,f qJJ ld:.i--, :i,lFl llt.S:r ;-):t ll ,+; ';rt r 'O<.,


    itl-r- .+l-..- e &LYl '-!j.+-l .i:,t lllrl J:lr+ 4 irtl:Jl _,*..JlcL,injl ;Jl_rMI &)Ust ,l:l;*r l;j;:lr ,1i 4 .4 6:;r, Hessrs law i..^n qfrL+.J.t;:lt
    .;,ttLt,,J. & ji;sg aJJ^:131j')t tit FJ ttt- ,i:r.u t':,*t f,Y..s,&U3 t
    .:tr!:lt_a *'.1-LJ6_&U:J| AAL-yr hrFr .r:*rr 4 ,1;:rr ;i .*i* rroy
    ir y4 U:l l 4. i3ttJ l JF rr! J. UXl _d:I4a 4 iir)-Jl f ct;tt htz-l l .r-::-l l !=

    _e*,

    dJ

    149 isi-

    iirij

    4-53arrtJJt

    b[* lt .t".--

    z,a$t

    .iit ;* slrl

    ;:lr ei r. * .gJl .;LJt


    sl4 rly*lj
    ;JlJ- ..L"-J 9).lcl:-.tt i-*;tt AH-p*s

    ;* E Loj 1U:---e,t:ntr
    .-:JI -J4t.;iJl
    C*'JS* ._a;+;*Jl
    teltl +l.s-l+3{r-yi ',... ,
    o- .CH4 !rt-:nl,t iti!{Jsi ;Jtr- i ....;,'-;3r,G_"q,J.: -al4s .7*;st|:
    298 K Vlt- g-1: ric (.+lr+Jl) ,,.f,.Jl o9,Jsjtj-,_r*.9:,l6rt jG 4_.,-j'.1.t

    :L-_9

    .(25''C)
    C(s) + 2H2(s)

    nrFl 7-U,: iil,;>Yl

    &|-n

    CHo(s) Mt =,

    iGil Ji I :1(.i_&Utt |r^ irlF -*L-&i


    .9r1,1l_9

    Oc9

    r,{l19

    tl
    Hr(s) +
    tor<sl + Hzo(/) A4 = -285.8 lt
    C(.s) + O2(s)

    CH4(.t) + 2O2G)

    COr(s) A4

    COr(s) +

    = -393.5

    2HzO(l) A4

    = -890.8 kJ

    :-! L iizl rJt .4:iL-SJl r)rL.tl.ta+ i;Ur !rr.,f r '^;


    .,J,)-)l o! tAirtat :rS;J4Utl a*<nl lll .1

    (Gi)
    \-;,/

    135

    -*-, -*

    a:rUt ,t4* cs.r.l ,*L; L.=,4'I".*,rl-L.a;9r*lt 9:,)-:LAl L>.!.L. ",,.;.2


    'il:Lf t a,g .+h ,s!l e.,- :dl l LH L;j.+orf.f r aSrr-rl a::t{.5j1
    .l df..:',

    ;;

    J! 9-J tJr 6^ LH ;.;t:;,t12ii;i


    .;rl

    le .ilir

    Jl)b

    I i-t,

    2O2G)

    L-$i-l
    ,rerl
    ilt>l
    "l:.'e4.'415 t-": LS.;.re91
    Jl eU-; djr
    1

    u- &i-.i l,lt-.1t,:o

    JJ;L"f|,o Jiirt_.-l ;rtt ft,;|j J-ij.Ull

    CO'(S) + 2H2O(l) -+ CH4(8) +

    ,2

    r.

    .al4l;:, i5Ls

    LH _a.;j lLo

    2Vt

    t:,"t

    6+daj

    r"

    i!;l-e .r*.lt

    ,r..<i J-ei .** .ll;)lJ


    *,'LiJ .Jd+JJi=,ill
    ajlL d: 6i i.r,,t^t1 d .rl+o-r.+.ll ,r..i(i

    AFP = +890.8 kJ

    6^ 2 mol

    ;i

    U"n

    U)L t-{J rlrGJLi.;:-,ll r+rta4S 6J


    ,*...iJri,rjS:: .;t.,.' rl e l;!ct'
    J:1" ,-rJs.rl-:Jl Jt..l:.1 J)t- ;*e-s+Jl
    zi .rr rr r' - ,.9lJi-il crlSt.r-ur.rr urrJ Lll uJ.1iJ

    :I;->{ft .r-

    ,- 2 mol
    ;- li-le

    i,cUi, .,a-:t ;3LS ;lJl

    tt=r-s .etll

    Jtt>il J.ul + t:,yrul 4-ra


    ,Vl ,^2

    2Hr(9 + Or(s) -+ 2H2O(l) A4


    .4J!,j.aOit3-c1a-l;E:""u tL. i).{-:Jl cl):L,ll
    .,a;p-/l a.l:t

    l19

    mol

    ,l..tf,^*tt

    {+lYl JIJ;YJ J+ll

    d Ji+JJi+ill
    ii3.,p. .;ai &$Jl lia ..'. UJ3JI
    2NO + O,
    - 2NO, &tj,:ll;Y.LL;
    lJi .JL o+l! *..1: ,F ,.S'Ll69,,1-,

    2(-285.8 kJ)

    C-+J

    Lr)-aL- t ;'- , i;)t9

    ,lull.Oijs: ;JlJs :rd

    tl,lacy

    eOlS) At{ = -393.5 kJ


    2Hr(il + 02) -+ 2++p6 At{ = z1-235.3 L1,

    .J+iill

    C(s) + Ot'g) -+

    C(s) + 2H2(s)

    CHo(s) LHI

    Y1

    = -74.3

    r.y.l,.:rl cp (Af4 &_rrFr .sg*tr f ;!::r ;i J. J^i;E,1-a


    t&:;JlF_llr;.t-L_.!eLXl ;11- i+t^ "OS.i .iJ.!,J .JaUXl lL ;,. EL:

    .el3:ul-l

    99-r-,aj,rgS

    :!!

    L! l !J:

    Jr FI

    rZ

    t l l.g, AH

    :iL*l

    ;1[l::r,1
    lJ<.1

    .r-f:rt

    :*

    iS\ U

    Mf

    9:tr.e+i-t-

    {-

    ;e.re

    s-.

    {: r ur

    :ltt .h |,,;J t | l9l 6e: gr,;r<,.1


    irs, -a!r!r -a*- u l .ra: & 1,;:J l
    |

    Zr^u--dlJ,Jl
    'pc

    +)t

    U:f

    LHra

    t3a;tlt
    .-ai9j3,tl

    .r-r

    ,io-. Jtr', l +,xi

    sgjtir

    i:w'

    L,*=
    ..-r.

    LIlo

    i.Ft AH.f+l

    :+1.^ ,:-,

    1J:Lll 49)_r, ;.re e. t6;.

    -r 'Xf-',j+

    2-5

    {*:r^:f

    ali.-rr

    l.tzfilJ:' J J.t a:J, r,r".ffi


    :i,Jlltl z$l;sJt iijrr r:$l i.l:trlr :1 t"S ,NO,

    .;s ,ri a3su:,NO.C*3.;+.1

    t*"'s\.S i\

    NoG)+Lortsl-NorG)
    ldry+ttit t-rrl$t+"$t

    |*rgl * lorgl

    -+ No(e)

    lNrgl + orG) -+ Nozk)

    l.gfJ:lrll 1.6:-19

    L,Ht = +90.29 kJ

    LH! = +33.21<J

    :;.--' 6J)

    136

    cJlJ+ii,-.t^,,30 {it i:r.ll LFJcI A

    $
    ,+ "jci*ill rj-sl
    ";'
    C* ui lJ+jr:-J ig.J.i*.l,iJl
    6Ji-Jl g;* c,)lr.l-i:-11 g-;l5Jl 6$-Jl
    .&t-i,ill ;Jb- rrJ"ri A,lJrX g..rleJl

    | orrrl -+ No(s)

    Nrrsl +

    N2(s) +

    or(s)

    LHI = $9.29 kJ ,".t"lr

    - Nor(e)

    No(g) +

    | ortrl

    LHf = +33.2w

    --; Nor(g)

    Allo

    ,.y.es*r

    tJ.rlsll ,'u.!-3,;"^til3,j-+tS.a,.JJtfl ?Jrt..!aji(ll lJ>Ll.atlAH,p.o"e"+iAHi.iiit"J!lS

    .NOr(s):o

    "6q

    ir.ir

    iO2G) t NO(g).rteu:,,-a".jltrt

    NO(s)+|Orts)*NOr(s)

    lcull

    &*:9;-r^:-i,^NOJ,'dgtJ-e1t

    .j-K-gi3,3.'>r.|.- NOf.d*bl3qiJrL"Jt ek*jUa9


    ;]4LiJ1 al,l.,Jt -+t .S:r aJ:Llr l! Afl!1t;!

    | orts) L,rF = -90.29 kJ


    .r" NO, J iijsl iJlxl lrLf l .-r- {f"ef*f r t f(e .dJ!J .4;lx NO, !rJ;}l iJ:Lf t .9r:;
    No(g) -+

    Nr(s) +

    .Jid!

    NrG) + o2(s)

    No(g) -+ *

    Itlel

    '.,.319

    d-rr,=-o L5 9_leLic

    - Nor(e) Ml = +3t.zn

    t'bel + lar(A L,r{ = -9o.29 kI

    + o2(s)

    No(s) +

    gi

    isl

    - Nor(s) LHf = a33.2P1

    to23)

    - Nor(s)

    -ar3Jlal|

    aJ:Ll l

    ttLc)

    Atl

    = -57.r kJ

    {re_r";Jl

    j+ &tltl'oy.Uil|

    *_r.rrj;l

    i*g

    .il+q,,r:JrfoXi;U.1ti!*3srr,NO.;a-r;o:rr:o,,5\.5;iiUi3t >t_Jata!rilrr-:*r
    :Ljttll4JtFt aii!41sjl lrtrrr :L LrS ,NO2
    NO(s)+*Ortsl-NOr(g)
    .

    15-i )

    .39!d r 6..J, e

    ur_ Jsi:J

    it

    t*

    :,ti !s i Ji:-

    Ltqtl
    AHIS

    (NO) = +90.29 kJ/mol ,,r.dr

    AHl

    (NO2) = +33.2 kJ/mol

    LHf(O)=0kJ/mol
    No(g) + I or(g)

    6i) -*,-,-*

    t37

    Nor(s) &t:irj AtP ,J.x+rr

    Ul-

    g)4.J1

    dr)tcl ;:r,l LHI

    Arl

    Z*-

    = AHl(No2)

    i^i3 c. tlL: tpll":: ts\

    LH,a

    "J<4i

    ist

    tAHl(No) + 0l

    .cor(s) *

    -890.2 kJ

    .l

    2U*

    zt

    4-

    }3L"A
    Z.{r.i3lei

    90.29 kJimol =

    -57.I

    4j2-5

    -ai+t}..jlll 9J"LJl

    + &L;r! Af+'-a.! -.1-Y J){:

    kJ

    a).

    .UL.ll a.u {

    .f lg+Jl

    i-Lr

    L:^+ = LIto

    +33.2 kJ/mol
    _ar.J*.irt AFP

    dl'.ll

    ilJj.l-l

    :rrJL:Jl

    AH

    i-i'! ti. .-l

    zNr(s) + 5O2(s)

    "rO(t
    ";i

    1*

    ;4; ;i'lso* 3as .,'+;-.a+<&

    ";rrrs.r r

    1.

    l-r*

    Mf
    NrOr(S) + HtO(/)

    C..u,-(s) _+ c-r(.r.)
    ct

    - cor(r)
    C-"(s) + o,(g)
    - Co.(s)

    ;')t

    A4
    A4

    C-,,,-(.t) + or(s)

    5Y-L;:

    2HNO3(/)

    28.4kJ:r-rlj+Jl

    = -39'1kJ
    = -396

    = -28s'sYt

    N{ = -16.6kJ
    jNrtst+Jortsr +|nr{d - HNo3(l)
    Mf = -rt+'t ut

    :-JLll

    tt:5,+'

    lJii-l

    Hr(s)++o2@-H2o(/)

    .2

    ";St^r'i

    ,r.o koj!

    2-5

    zNtO5(s)

    :ebLl ...- qt' {+JtjJt c,t-l='Jl

    ,:-.,"tFt !-:,.;Ju3)l_e,-,:;j ";st^9 ,,nt-St_f t3i 4


    &t.i!l 3= o-fr Jl j-+1F1 JJri '.oil^s A,l{):.....-l .d.L.Jl ;; br;
    i,r.

    2kJ.2

    irll
    "fct

    kJ

    aeJ-P.-lslg
    ,2-1 ;,J;|'3-JJ"|- :i+i+rti JdJL^i J.

    ;'1c5.:.ll

    8,.1-..>

    i-f-.r.-'

    138

    .6

    itrSf r'J,:+ U r;
    'Ul
    irFl 'r.x'q .gU::r
    ;1.+

    tu

    U'er! a++JYl aA
    .rB ir. ! r+ JjLj ".o; ir.r .r,rFl r*.si ;S
    c,tU:rr_grr^,li ti9 .nl)gl .-r*^ri 3i *-t eJ;9r<Jt .a.t-l3r;.9,rsJr +*Ji
    ;,lii .-,,-Jl ;," a,F .COr I CO ,'",e>" Jc'J@J 4*;; c.4)l 4 r-,!>+r
    t

    rn

    3"

    r.r:,F -r.Ji

    -o

    -t

    'i*V
    n,,-,
    c(.s) +

    C(s) + Or(g)

    itt"^,

    iOr(s) +

    .CO;t,,:-r ;;rr*9

    rE

    t!)S 4

    i-i-

    r 4 j+Jl:Jl J,: :r-nl {' i lJ140

    ,10-8 aJ5-Yl

    Jc gt

    i-i-

    j- ,J^itt ArilJ- J..lt


    148

    a:i6

    Or(S) r C(s) .r'CO(g) ;gr55;1t)-

    CO(r)

    COr_J"-rs:

    -t COr(r)

    co(g) + lol.t<l
    ,J^1 .:Y:Lrr 'eo,

    dl

    ;;t- 7;.; t; ,.;-l

    AHru =

    - Cor(s)

    LHI =7
    ,a*u ir^

    -393.5 L37-ot

    AFI,I= -233.s L.17*ot

    co J! t4*t*J gLxl!11'_"**
    .rlrSJl _r*..SlJ!;,.!tl

    i*

    l Jr.rS:JI

    ,.,t*
    ;)lJ*

    r,r.--'CrE

    138

    ,,'r+P'
    ,',J{JSll

    adJx.i 1*+{J tjlsl

    L'*'Jr-{ :1

    i..sl duaFtblr LIF

    .CO.'.r{rSll *y.Sl-&lJ CO,

    I
    I

    lJJ..q,;i ;a"t^r.tt Jl Ctl


    ..,+ &iU dt++JlJE "JIeir*.rS

    -d'. lilH.
    a+^ls^tl Jo"t*i uS.t
    r,l$
    +*xi,li 6lj-l s.,l.p ctl5e .,Lr,rJSl
    ,,r-f: i;15 u"t+i n<+ t I ^itr,i\r*JSll
    {11J^r Grill .-q-Jl

    .r.Sl;iU

    .i.,;f.l-+.

    3l,ar

    "c
    i.1l.1'..

    npJSJl .r*Xi Uci

    C(s) + O2(s)

    -+@{sI

    i*r ur

    ii; rr-r

    ii.rqnq<r

    O2G)

    AI/o = +283.0

    -r CO(s)

    Atio = -110.5 kJ

    g*rur r d63,.,CrH,, &ti4t

    C(s) + OrG) -+ COzG)

    n
    CsHrzG) +

    (s)

    *Lortel

    DzG) + 5CO2e)

    -+ Hzo(4
    +

    6HrO(|

    t,3r-

    3s ist1- :, . -

    AZf =-393.5 kJ

    M/=

    28S.9 kJ

    AI{ =-3535.6 kJ

    CO2(8) Nf = 493.5 kJ ,sr.dl


    H2(s) +
    *,or<rl -r H2o(D Mf =-28s.s u
    g
    CrH,r(tr) + 8O2k)
    - SCOr(e) + 6H'O(I1 A{ = -3535.6
    .
    5C(s) + 6ll2(s) e CrH,r(s) N$ ,sx,+rr
    C(s) + O2G) -+

    -s

    ,,TbcsHnolr:-l il.rt .,jx,j lil .citx C5Hr2 Jlib-i .;.^ nilJ Gir itt*rt 9:,Irt rl$1
    6H2 iJ*:J 6 | HrO ,t,g: iJrL. ?,,"r .' | .&tn s 5C ;L.;J 5 | COr.o,,-fi urt . l+*t .AH"o
    .&lii.S

    @ -r'ror:;rl'

    139

    kI

    +)afs,

    e+XE, -+ co(g)
    C(s) +

    AIlo = -393.5

    * 50r{8,

    5C(s)
    6Hr(s)

    SOlgl

    sC.Orfe) Ar?u = 5(-393.-5 kJ)


    + 3ot(d --r 6H2O(/) All'= 6(-285.8 kJ)

    + 6I*tO(7)

    i....-l

    --r

    8Oz(9

    C.H,r(8) +

    5C(.r) + 6Hr(s)

    AHl

    !all;yl uljt...^ll J..| ,j*"1,j.Jl ik


    rylr.i! d3t*.

    +3535.6 kJ

    -r C-rH,r(s) LHf = -145.7

    kJ

    el:S

    Jl:;JlirJsidri,,i"fll ,L:h.ard.ll !)Lll "ll"c)-i5-13_,,llf -tlt,9;:,),tcU:ft jt.^:rr1;

    .t

    coH,

    ;be:+,

    t1G:*

    +66.4 kJ .2

    r 14 J rJ.br

    ic y3l ,dr:6;4.r-

    I kJ .3

    ,SOz,=a y(Jt /:--Si

    *iE

    . - 1 .2

    :iJbJl .:l "+l,llj a,9;Et a;t,"5:tl iJrLll 11-,-:..,.


    Srs) + jO2(s) -+

    zSOr(s)

    2 aJ.-'Yl

    ;rl-:.....-t

    u"-r,n

    d**te
    :i:;r,t: j+JL"i &t
    140 a-i-

    .3-l Al5-'Yl"J^

    ;- I mol 4lp"l ;rtr,. :

    "l-

    149-148

    .3

    :-r+JYr,

    :rl^iLll A-r-lJ- Jr dJ

    i-_i,.

    l-5

    SO.,(,s) L4 = -395.2 r.l

    * orfrl -e 2So.,(g)

    i.r.,,lJl

    .drJl

    :r;|;H;ffi,l-il

    NO,-,',rlSJ Nr-CLr.,*:r

    ;*:-i^ll j

    i|,li3

    .(5-l),..y, q.lr .;*r"efue;4r ai:q-5-tt a.l,ur


    *296.

    138 .130

    ul3*Jl
    -125.4 kJ

    ;*

    AH{'= -198.2 kJ

    .26- t 9

    f^ill r'+lrr ael

    Li,-i.r 45 ,Alrrlltl7'E

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    l]
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    .;bseie;!l ;. 1 mol

    tl

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    LII0 = -393.5 kJ

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    Ltl/

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    :r"+.prL! Lli:*

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    - Hro(g)) N{ = 9G24r.8 kJ)


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    c8Hr8(D +lor{d
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    elHr(s) x ] orts)

    mols CrH,, = 2.6 kg x

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    lJr;{J .cr.*+

    2-5

    f-nl

    l3irl1 f<-.r9

    S'U .Ur-+i'. C *JlJ*"ll JF L)lr,


    Jt.s.t'YlJ Jol"+ll lJlJ ,i ,a^l,alt ;i
    .J.t ..."tt lli<J .iiLS ,r_:LrJ13
    r. (tr

    ^+1-rJ

    ,- gls_ri;l+tl

    t43

    .r.J

    Y.u

    _l

    _v-

    -9

    .'ltL +:=.l. a,til .ailc -.L'e-r

    .--

    :.,X: F,o.+:-;tl
    .i:-l-'YlJ i.{-Jl
    a+Xl i.r-ll JL.?ll iilLi- J* lrill
    plaJ5*Yl+ i-iY.rl.rc! t.oJ* sll
    i-il'illJ . i. ll eLl t(^_rL oJr,J
    .rl i-;lt J:. Jl; Y ,,llJL<iYL

    "l's)l

    --

    CID -u-,.,-,-*

    li J..= 3"'Jr *+.lt')l p; !;3a 7-5 -S-;^:r


    4 d.rf l ,,Ul':_r'^i'Jl alla; 4 . (JiL illl*.) .sL;Jl :9= .SJl
    -.;rr ;i yr JL,JI 4.rL;lt oJl jsJr ::0.'i ,i7-5 .s;,:t
    tt
    ,i,L;;;-,.r._9)rj!l ',i-9S lrL,r, o.u 2 .')t,il ++ p.r:. ;.S!r
    '.1L,.i

    *:t,,

    i.r;.., .-.r-isr ,*a +i;;t* ,sJt trtjij+ fuu;:


    ,gulr 4 "r3:-.rr 1,. -l+..,i ,,+r .kk *isJ' .L-ii r. i.;;; ,Ut
    4+nr L"s
    ittt +Ej+;- i--.:r LQ; tru ,-7-5 ijs;t
    I eLtl .:,t!;e .sJr +t!; '*;3i to*;. jS-_i .iU_.jSi

    9t!;

    .J

    .{*ll+tl .:r-l,ri.Jl _+ "ULc, o1-.-*!


    ftX.*/ eL^-,...-tl ;it,J;-l* ;i
    L- +,JlJi,.' ..Jri;.rS d.JFyl cFia!
    J!+tl .d.rFyl,Jb cE ."/ *J
    .\r;LJ g',- r ,_S').ll Lt& ;*^lr:-Jt
    oi astti,s Jt+ rrr )L:-;,gJg

    :lr {;tr.i.. i:L p. rq ;jlt jt:.n


    .ail.
    .t''._L-.

    lr<-a .. lcl^tl

    o[-,j *

    .ll!JpLJI-t-r,.Jl _tllr 4 AS J i*J* :,*l *-t,, U,r1


    U )j<^ elrr:r J:,lsYl ,l- t.eilj al-r*JlJ6 Jk lS^r,
    .;laD;4 ,-l.ls- i* .p plJoi ,i . ;+'! r- le I ., LL;:.:l;1,-.J4-Il irJK .n o++:- L+ AS L'f.4::u:r Us 4e

    T'"{i
    I

    oiJt".rr._g_r-!

    ,rr

    -J-.lf rrl+ri
    I t..rl

    .Argr
    I

    .Jr
    9'v'

    Lr--;ra1 a+,31i lJi;rll


    : ^h'.Y
    6jLn,' 3l ijt i::.rl .Fr.l &
    r. c-Blr
    : r..i a.-ia: ....
    c,li
    .iJJ-! gli !-/
    t-

    (:)
    ,*
    s'

    7-5

    Jritl

    JrJ ! , Dkll

    44J*- .(i),.1sltt,Jc r9.hl J:nll-ll


    -,:- rf+lf at.r-.rL J"-*\+;g -lruiJt
    il--ili 4'^La.lt,i .a.'lt
    '/,-.,s-*l
    ,Jc o+t.: t;*i .,$Jl!l,5i s**["rt

    s(-) JK:JI

    i-JlJ-9 i3tHt ;- ;:)l LJI -e*j :;4:l.q6l rl 4 i,*.LJl 2 tt',r..rt LS


    .rj;::r ir.r'.-.lUr'.p|,:l 3:sr;L:.tt-'tl;bLr,j;:tnj t-ric .a:ild,Jr J- -j.)l
    *V q;,.s>L .a.rrr'+.- "e" :.-ro-,lf + +L;lt i:*;+"Ur !i ,: s:te
    s.a-i j{ tJ rti; c^:9,a!- i; 2- i : ;: rt -4 9.1,-?l : .j;l F I g3;.f r l,{;:f
    free energy i 3^s r aslUn: r n-;; !t: 6r'p' 6tre,t I e jJiiJ I L. ;,;t r is r.s t
    r

    {;r.lr
    'gl;t

    }. p';. r*-+ i:rr.:r or.o'.x; .ij^Jt a,,.!/+ iiltb j ,7tt;;tt.tu;:) ,G 9\


    1i.,t- ii,*.f":r Ll"{r,.tl ")aa;,9 . )UtJtj* o,r,l,!:}tr &rrr*:r lsJ:iJr a
    .

    jlr

    "t

    L :l!

    ,LH

    .4 6-)i)t

    ,free.energy change

    LGo

    ZAS

    TSULL

    L.r;:Jt

    ;i,

    ,.r-;i'

    LI{)-

    ii-t+Jl WL +

    fAS0

    Slltl

    -ro,:rt

    A.S'.:1

    "J^';!*

    fuilill La{t

    c,t+l^u 32 iit iiJl rFJcl


    -iS C.cJ .;+^lri"ll .,! (a-iu.ll
    611..!1 6J':-Jl crl..;,-.i: t.J

    r$ Ji Ja-:

    -o9j kJ/mol i rt- rol, t 4 :..;i 9:rl, -t I AH 9 AG ;o:o"S f,


    . f!:f;s 3U:.rr ';rq nC < 0 c-ts lll .kJ/(mol.K) i:Lc
    ,r.a-t:Llt orn
    U ,:.^J*_ei oiJL t!3 t.r;lr;i ;',-Jl i3itJ1 i,11[. r. ASeAHa.IJSJ'J<.r

    r=

    '

    d -*':lt Y a.l .,li iJFll UtJ.Jl rS3r


    dJJijylJ+ii YJ o'-J 15-;1.,!1 c;Ji-Jl
    .&Lifl4+ll-l$ ;c &3* o '^g

    ;jqjl igtlajr I ii;;:r


    .TL,S 4;i ,+q-J!t +ii + j)JsJl' Llarr-!:t: u.1,,.b rlol>9

    .t)q.?uar JsJ ,LG

    45

    ftdrnj SriA;J)sb

    ;oJt alttjl _l*t;

    1J!-'o-i+},JlS*-9.'4-i-ri:'J<.iij-Jl a3l Ltl +"A;:St


    V-l jSu t,t-: ' ttt 4lt rt 2>.y r/.&E:faa-;*t "ri. ..r+fF!l inf f:f 2-:f

    cr':All 9:

    i-i.ir

    !3JJr{ t+.S

    JS^:

    illUlJ.JlJ 6_l*}l.t
    .&t-ixl

    t- r l+ri j,-.<, Jl -_(ijr


    ji'
    .1-3n AS iJL AFl irs l-r} di
    "Jr ;rs ,.<J nt"ot{-aLl-Jr .11
    ,o+-f,.r-y .,rsji !t<j- $ur-: ir! &tJt, i.:it, iJL Ac "as g:b .1!u5
    .2-5 J9 , -.rt le .{ .p ,:Yl
    -e

    r.r.-, CrD

    144

    +lu-;;) qlu
    |

    t
    t
    Ei#lc3- it+.{Sll
    ,?-

    (ii=o" rs) (Y)5


    St

    G}-e,

    17

    ,;r1^i-..1tsl,i

    iul-itJl (-.',,l

    ,jrl4l6$-Jlr ,l.oF)l
    .,ltl

    .6...1rs^!l

    slc

    ,.Jh.tjriJl

    i;t

    l,b .gJt st!gxst

    at'r,

    15Ji*ll cr!r:.1-., i,i,< rt. er."l il+ll


    sJ.r-+ ;JFll UtlllJ c;.JpylJ fll-'-ll

    .&r-ill

    ":*

    .1o

    6 L.F' *,rt

    d *{' ,.,1 ',-ru'r *l*ll t-a;


    /! !r7 6.r.1-,vlJ! ;FJl iittll
    ..r-l* ,l.,-rl-*,l".l'l,), *: ."+rl*
    o" y ni L"{ .-3 kJ/mol 63t*1
    .
    .r1r,rl-lLi,&t.ijJl lJr ,'i dJl*
    &.c+il-F J! WUt &rli ,Jl

    gu
    !*
    -rrlJr

    .-.^-u 2s'c irr..r- i+-r.,

    JS.l.;$ y rir-J,;i! .:t.r3


    csl c+ilF J! {i-lJl
    L* r!:-t-;=- )l Lo.! s!.r-iJl
    ;,..r* ;urrrl qrrl I J{J.& u':Jl
    jlj cll"l-r.!-\.rt<r Y3 l.s
    .o:, 25'C ill..l- i^. .,1,l J.iG ,J"!Jl
    o.t,r

    ,T

    ,NI

    J;

    Lr...r

    i-$ ,irl

    2-5

    sl9.r{t

    AG,IJS: 6.rJl.:t.Jl

    e$JJ .AS
    .t.r,ia.]u nJs Y .L;1, ;Jl- {s..34
    ,,Jr' utlr+ 11,^:r- .{:.. ,. ri .*tU n\JS Ji
    .8ll;^ll i+r.r

    J!uu ,&

    .,-lr

    L* r.r-

    .r-i* ci l1 ,_t lt
    -i
    t rri"r, l-r., tiar.rLr!
    -;.rtc! !l
    c,lp.r:Jl3,#l f qp J$.lrll
    friJl i.r,r- ,j- 'Jtr: !_r+ )l*
    ,rr1

    uu

    .34

    tih!$:4ti5trt6iifi.3.Ji,

    a$Gt ai*ien afi.i


    c,)tctir:ll ;1.

    JSJ AS

    a-i-i

    Q*1't\j#;"tWr

    cils .lleJ.

    AS-e

    (rrl..+!,!u &r;:) Gy M f,rs ur.:.,g;r-r

    jldt iJ* L"rar .siub ;+ '.1.ur irs,, i*3" AG'&rsr (a3r *i*,1
    t., Li
    .i$r:i..g^rHr f,r.1Xas AS,a.l-!l +'r1t:t J AH&JlFt
    ASr qlL AH t{.!',iF 6x4Ln uJUr .,3;i ';rU ti.lU Flr irs*';.,,u nU
    AS;i V1 ,1sb$l ?1!At dt LH"&tc 953,1 9:,Ie|,;:Jl ajr.o & .orilt *." a+lU
    4pl . -:r.r.t:j)l il" *.o ,6JLrJl &t.ijjl +.dJiS j-lle ..:tl: irL;i i,lt-lt
    6t*tl

    'CrrSi

    .lijti,tl 9:,lerl

    ;e

    crHn(e)+H2G)-CrHuG)
    g. ,AS = 4.1207 kJ/(mol.K) ,'r.-9,i)l :1 j*,s it d L3s lrLll aJA I
    .LIf = -136.9 kJ/mol L"a o+'aF: ,r+5 .Js4 .;')1..*! 5;llo iJetiirr ;i
    .:+ai ra m 5"r,.,i't &t;rr rr":.*
    LG' = A,IP

    -?

    ,f,,'LK.ll ,tl :L. )l

    So

    = -136.9 kJ/mol - 298 K[-O.1207 kJ/(mol.K)]


    = *l0l.l kJ/mol

    jtAF;-: p*i,5tJl drtr:rl

    Fr-rLJU

    ri^ i:rU.';<.1

    g.lt Il^) H2JCO0,ia*l;.


    oi)r.J;4t;. l::ljiil.!.Jt
    . ( cH3oH Jttil ts,Jt5Jl.f*-jl 9l i i1 ;l r:
    ..l3r*.slr Fd-"ll
    {u:r3.6$;t-itl

    rr

    '.t

    11

    CHo(s) + HrO(g) --r CO(c) + 3H2(8)


    ,AS =

    d.215 kJ/(mol.K)r

    3+ l:ol

    .-alJ'iJl

    ,a*'!l a $:l
    LG? =

    L.tF

    AFP = +206.1 kJ/mol3;..yl.pll

    !t

    11.Urt t:o

    li+j" AGtrtiJr i* .fuWr :L.JJI ,:4:


    ,its ob."- i-bJ.Jl ;'rlp.i>.1r rie ir-r-+./ J.Li:tt ,;i ,rta
    .ri3t4

    irlp

    3>-;: .r.ic

    - Z Jp = +206.1kJlmol - 298 K[+0.215

    kJ/(mol.K)]

    = +142.0 kJ/mol

    LJt* rir;-iriri-ll J. J+<i a+lLJl


    .4J

    ZHr(d + N2(s)

    2NHr(s)

    .1

    AS < 0 :,-l3nJl

    2Mg(s) + O2(s)

    2MgO(s)

    AS <

    C6H,2O61s) + 6O2k)

    .2

    0:-'l3Jl

    6CO, (S)

    .3

    + 6HrO(g)
    AS

    KNOr(s)

    > 0 :,-rlj'-Jl
    tr1rr..l.fFi)

    K+(aq) + NO;(ca) .4
    AS

    > 0 :..rlr+ll

    CIB)

    -',-,,-,-*

    1;rtr-uj.t tnb)

    176 kJ/mol i;3s; ,298 K irr> ?>.-l: -r.ica ,NHoCl(s)


    .rjc ;rUyl or?.jyt ,- rlrt.ari J4liljrots rir jssr_, ,LG?
    LHa

    NHr(S) + HCI(g) &Li:Jr

    i":A:.*r

    .AS, = 0.285 kJ/(mol.K)


    .298 K
    d.5tr"..

    lhrl
    298 K .;;tr298

    K;;tr- i>;:

    1-;: lL

    Al1) = 176 kJ/mol


    ris A50 = 0.285 kJ/(mol.K)
    298

    AS.AH ,T

    __s

    K;;t- Z-;: ,;. AGo

    d{+i}.:,

    itt-

    ,.-brll

    L,; ,.....-l 5-5


    J, e-s .ASoJ i-AIl ,rj-=r! L '^'r.*^
    t+it-!l &liJl;JS+i_,21_,p i--1.r
    "r.
    oL.ri;1.ti:tt

    JJ<+rl

    &.Li

    LC

    AGo

    s298 K

    :|!L:Jl iJ:l . rrr Ule AG 1":3 LL- :JS"r

    CurS(s)+S(s)-2CuS(s)

    LG,=Lf!*7ASo
    =

    L,Co

    176 kJimol

    298 K[0.285 kJi(mol.K)]

    176 kJ/mol

    = 9l

    'fl,lll '4i-ii

    l-J,aJ .298

    K.;tl:-

    qlr

    N{

    LSo

    84.9 kJimol

    ric q:Lt: iJ,-*: ) &UJl lr^ Ji AG "r Lylr L*r.lr j*rx

    333 K

    ryu:! ,Jilw,,b

    l.ii

    qic

    ++iL;yl

    O}/'=;;"

    aF elci .l

    o-r-o

    La.rL

    ir.s

    = _19.7 J/(mol.K)

    p.,j .AG'= -20.8 kJ/mol :,-rl3sJl

    kJ/mol

    .,lx..lt ."d_r,NH*CI;-rs.:: NHr e. t$Ux HCI JAL;] .!:"


    tt'lr?J

    = -26.1 kJ

    =l-:S

    rr'- l+:, i.Jri L .ASl' = f-i.O Jlt mol.K) r


    sfuur:

    ;*

    .J.r

    ...

    ^rt

    146 ,145

    '|1,'e-l'i-Jl

    .ik

    J$:i6ll j irrlsll
    .d-r-ll

    i!.,rr

    glfu'&\
    ,l Jl3Jl J- :i+i+'ti
    liLt',#-.3

    ,j. 4-r9+Jl irt"i_;:)l AL- f:'.il:,6rt4r &*J.i


    ,i" iuS .F)14U!l j$-: J. |,{i;$ "'::'; t+t+.J
    ;Jl .*! LL (, .r.tt ei::t * l.r.-!r "s;ir I iir.,r1

    (.IlF.$i)

    ,xi ';_eqll1gJsJl &i .+Ur,


    .rrl+lj! li;l:rl "riii)t .i ir.-lt 6r;it
    f.Ua:il

    >r.Lj

    3r 3-,lFl Jt>Il

    e: ;i:Jl

    146

    ,i,ti !i .l

    5::,){cLa:1

    iIUl+ k5y-

    rL 't -;

    . r q JYI ;rL'r

    .1-4j.;-i,ll

    a:;!tl

    .Fy4LiiJl i$Ur:l

    aex,.lt

    iFr

    t"J gr.eJ5}l

    :r il iiJl

    t"

    146

    .2

    .4

    i-i-

    J I aX-Yl "l- :,-l-^ill ir+l-r.


    150-148i-i. ,31-27 J l4-11J

    .1".:J

    r-nl ir+l-*

    df eJ

    5-4

    pUJr

    2-5

    + ;0, ae>r,:r_-!e .5
    -ajiJl 4 JSIl.J.Gxl 4,ior-)l .::l:jl l!1,J, .6
    15-5 .ai,

    isi6

    - r:r'd.ti-Yl |s .^...;ll aril.*


    .7-l
    Jr.1J

    -jbq .3

    +str;1*:r a3tljr -bic

    eJ

    (lr'l

    5t5b5

    .7

    &

    J,,-JL^:

    !^jJt

    a-t-, @

    tu*il*zJtlaty
    ltiJF,Yl
    .ri*ll-

    r:s .ri:i+:.*1il: J.l-ijll ,,eA ;l


    .Jbl ,]. .xt,"" Jl; rr. rl E.rLJl ,- .o1.9 JJ- J;
    AG

    ns$ .1.+lr .EJLJJ .r-t- J.Lir:Jl .AS SJl;!.r.r-i


    ,Nj = N-I - TAs.LlL ,lJsj AG.eUJ sit-il J.ti,:ltJ i.r+_r.rl.rr1 .i:". ;sS ;i :r+: At ,l!j .AI1> 0 J AG < 0 ;i t ^,,
    .J-il e"*jiil .lJa " 1.3 !e|=!L . i lrr L. ri. i.ji Yl r/.Jpl
    ., il: ^ll p.-rYl cr Uthriljjs:l
    A11i-+3

    -,

    ciJ.rs e+Ji

    .6
    .7

    J!

    qr.JFyl oi ;.rL-,!l

    ulPd

    r-r

    _.

    e^

    ea

    6.U:!

    lrLiJ: &Li:
    d,- 4$L-,+"ll ut-ll .,i.a ri.-t. Lti!t/tJ+Jt ,.l*;:+ $ 3
    JtJl n-Jl-Jl ; ri,i6ti.tt ,iitt-J Ut-lt ;!: tt. tt Utsll
    .&U':ll J)E e'L.-,...i11 .r.tc 3.rL;3 ,q;l-lJl +Jt-Jl

    t.i ,Fl alUf o. ill UtLJl .4


    15ri-Jl sf ;rJl d,*.t oyll gJL.j t'J .qr.spYlJ csJLJI
    C *-,ll i"+ ,y (iilSJl+) ;JlFl i,--,1.r -;- JL.-I-J rl:,-Jt
    6$-Jl si { cf ,bl

    ;a*

    L46

    g.lrttea,,,'tf

    \ g9fiJ|9
    (U+.r

    atalJbtl

    ari i^l;t oja ,-;I


    J^ill Jl- -.: 1l,rll c.,l.r;,iJl3

    /.3G;t 'J*;

    "ll +:S:jt _;rtr- Lt:


    ':.--,.
    Jr
    I
    JLPJJ,
    _o)r,s
    -,I+4 L.+p .o s

    .l'i -)
    dt&tt;tJ.

    J!.;)+5J1

    SO

    JF

    .Ji

    !.lt

    ,,

    Jl

    1*JLJt

    :J-13

    61rr-:r "ria:t
    25"C

    ;l fr"lt ;S-:
    L.6ti ;-rlsJf J+J ,Fl ali-Yl

    4ii-r*u'

    a1t

    -i+:,

    .trJ

    ;)l ,Fa;alri:-L.hl.::ll
    .,\ -

    cr iiJji" L il_r" q-42{L-\1.151 u.. $U rsir 50-48 ali*'Yl.151 u..,!+ p,3t -

    .Ft".S.tt

    i)**i

    ,jjl

    .;JlpAt

    ;:)ltJl ii:sro Srrr-.lr

    gt

    Jl

    s" 'girjt

    b-;ist* t,ss--r.iulr rrilr iri rri^'.,

    -t;. -4-$Jt tj:.lU 4 rufrt

    .iil-,i-Yl ;)t,r;t

    ,150

    J^i; r.-: {r"i,cild


    LrJr 3rlFl J9:all e: i:;:rr *-_+U::t irr-.
    .;l+"$J _Jr Ux I J )l;'J,--!
    it+l-s I )l,-X 9:;[JaJl .,:!cl;:ll + oiJL AH iF .
    .;,'lFlJ itLll :,)eL:Jl

    .,oll &r+ F;;..-,


    +'.i-L-.ll &Jlr6jl g;:-tt r= jii:tt ;,*.

    fL;,

    L.JFJI

    .l+E

    ;-)t

    .- 1S-:.

    .a-:L:Jl, ilcU:f t 313+tt


    -ru:S:tt

    s=

    iitr_;i.cJl
    ,ef:lj
    (

    "-lc aey
    LLrj-Yl ,JS-i td!a.a$ g.U; F13rii 5 J^illJLiil (c, .r) psdt ;$-r,
    5 ll^iJlr[ ,:rl el'.rl isiYJ ,25 ,r

    irrr;1
    3rlFl Jjiarr +'+Jr

    (128) specific hear {,.r;rr

    +J4r ;;t2-.tt

    133) molar heat 0f fomation

    5l Jl3Jl,15l u-

    .82

    J'

    firrtr O.rs::r irrro

    9fV J. rSlL gr,sly,ljx l&

    oi-o J)IA,.-;.!tjd

    11...'Yl

    E
    -:!rtLJr c,1;,{; i-l).! {i-JlFlil{q$:11 ui.
    .i::!j{ljl .:,f rj;::r, #fo.s.:l o)lcL:u _i-l ^\l
    !1,^:.*:r iJrt rr .ro i3-rrr*lr for."S, i:rLtl r
    aj-r.l1 ,i a;rU:rt al1g.jt i*.5
    .J4L;:Jl Jy; irl)*S

    '7'r;:*'li
    .g.rtt

    dtaiJl ar1t,,;r

    4l -33 i

    e!J>J

    ei;r+<it i++ell_J$SJl

    f+oljr^Jl

    i-Jl
    F!

    '-.--i

    ,,1,,r,

    .i P

    !9'Fi

    ( l-14) hcat of comt'ustion


    (

    35) Hcss's law

    r |.10t
    {

    (127) rhermochemistry
    i

    j.utl' ir'-

    ( 127)

    ( l.l I ) thernochemicrrl equatirrn

    ,J.Li

    rr

    trr- Jl+Ujt-t"U.!,U;- .it S;

    .;Fl i3u.J1 v= S^zk-Lirtljl 4 :r!l'{-L- l!

    .l:t*

    rr1

    ttljlj

    J.U:.rr

    ti:U-b iJcU:Jl

    irq.

    :eq !J

    'eFl

    127) calorimeter

    ( 127) terlperature

    lrrr-.lr l:ro'.t't 1.g11

    -* ;;ts

    i<rl

    !r ,.l r'"."":rr ,)'rb-rrKj

    enthllp; qh1r,.

    l.lor hcirt ()f rcacli()n

    '4:)tFl :ti

    ;;rr-:r

    ! ,,

    joule Je'.lt

    128) hcat

    ';;r-:r

    Jl Lt-u:Jl ll*ni-a,*-ut e.
    .a:rttll ;-;:)l
    ai:b,:.rJ,!t*.lnr;rt
    *, q*-9ri!l r
    jP i-+l .
    ag.1r
    :,i.rr-Yl ,$: +lr*'u.1i iFl
    ,ei, .iLnl l:l>- i+trr S:lFl .5y:Jr I x;lr9
    1-JtJ*j)L.-

    -iil

    i;rl.tj:!.rl
    (

    144) f ree-e nergy change ;',-.:r i,etur

    ([) -*-'-*

    147

    !;

    ( 1,1.1)

    free ene rgy

    i];r

    fuU;t

    (143) entropy

    -,.Ji;)l

    Eg

    ,.a;&jl

    !1

    l,.i l crL-).r,.:. $ Uf:'CUQ 3

    f;:f f

    .,ar;ijl iJlJrJl 9L.;r -l.ic,.ygJ9


    .i4;iy'r ;rlFl +L>-2: rie r]:u: irsr'3r;rr

    . .F;u:f

    l! g:j1 lbrr *r sr &i


    .&_rrF,,lt-rr
    4ir. :e9.*")t 4irr5 .i
    -.r-r,r-r'
    ,$:-f l e ;rUJo1jr-ll 4ir!j .*
    .ptr-p.ll .r3:."fr |ir. :r*-r,rl:t Zir. :l .n
    .&-rrFr ,sji.ll {5:L-Jeq7,.lF}t ;e-it. 'r..
    9FU!&Lar

    .a

    ,rjl ilt*.;.r .rj^.r":Jf


    - $Uf:';gq ),J.|-a:l .:

    l i.,;l

    .r"ru

    ,';- J.Ui .l-.9-atL, 4 a,l# &)lFl J:;rll JrLr .6


    L-rL.r)leL;aJJ !lt.;*:t 63::.f t
    Jel,ixl
    'D<t
    .;Jl FIJ l]'-lua .9
    .aJl,qij ti.t^ .i
    i)lFr_J$SiJl itl-r-l_J.Lill

    itlr.lr *

    .:t

    ,7

    .13lJ:,)l
    ;11..;+3.tr-fS:Jl

    ;JlJr rit.dj'-6:,j

    cr..J.L;Jl itl-r--pS 11L^t

    6.rJl

    Lr;:.*f t al:Lf l ;y:Sl

    W+i"lgr

    ei-e.r$!

    sJ.

    a FL Itn

    irlF 9;r

    AST

    p.

    -d Jo ..c ,.,UJl
    vv-_s

    =?
    alf..S:r !}):Lll C.l.;:,4!cU:Jl llC Al1Li! U
    lilur f-rrr*lr

    Hr(g) +

    tork)
    A,iLl

    CHo(r) + 2Or(s)
    .9

    *it*t

    i: lptl Sg'+S .tZ

    AH.:j:,.a'gt l3t.r,=J.+ s:,.13

    siFra3tljl

    f b +r.- $t<.5;rtr-ll i+t, "l+ T$LAIt.e:te.t4


    rl _b

    -r

    -+ Hzo(/)

    = -286 kJ

    COr(s) + ZHrO(l

    AH=-891 U
    1856

    kJ

    .c

    75

    qrJrFr !-4_,' 4 i!,i 6br :.4r4 a-j-),rl

    rrlFl Ji l^;,Jl .i
    g.ttt
    .;i:!t
    iJlFl -ei /'6.;,.tl .u
    .irl.,-Jl i+jr r= a;-n jiJr ;r x4;l-..-:.j| .6
    .cj.!l

    .t,llL.ll ,",o;. Lilt"t j--r:JtL<^l V .r

    Jl

    295 K .1r ;trt ,;,.

    fL-.lt

    1-*i it^J--t l-5

    l-5

    ii".i*.rt

    ;. ii

    #,s19,i.4^'rn+.\
    I L;rt-.o+J,
    i:J .y

    r'*

    :c..tj

    Fi;

    I mol i*.; .6
    .is'i l.!" 'r; ) .:

    i-

    c.^l;J1,.-! liJlt
    ZNOr(e)

    5ry.i ;rsur

    tl UlJ.ll

    JeLi:Jl f

    :.

    JL:JI 'J.UXI iJSr

    NrOo(e)
    , i:ttxt .rt;l,.rt

    ;^ $i

    .lfilrlu-b'&uxt

    .i

    s,r--r'CrD

    i+.S

    o-a

    NI

    .6

    .i

    AHys.,it+-S

    &ln J)|:. a-ilt-Jl


    j.-J 6.rJl 6-,11-1Jl 6Ji-Jl*- a
    cl- ..=Sy

    .t-b [- ;JSj:

    .-1..

    t-.r:s.

    l+Yl^,rr o;-t-.
    '
    c+ AH,3 I atm t: c,^:,25'C
    $.

    4,1-1+Jl

    dlJl 6Jl!l 6ri-JlJ-:i:


    u" "r-lJ J3J J-tlll.SIJLY!
    .i.rLJl

    .olJ &^J JlJi-Yl Srl-;", -i..9: .,-r


    i.l "tl ;
    J,rJ ;*SJl E-,,l_r=.1
    "lcl

    .eilll;,.

    JslJ

    LJ +. - e,lJilJ Utf 4^- = Atlo


    Jl(l AH.il ...^ $cJ .c,)l-eti:-lJ AI{/

    .8

    ?ts e.+ c,)r{r.ti:^Jl3 elsJl .rJ.r. d L6; -|Sl JrJ-9Sill iJlJ,- i.=,!
    .Lore llU.rLrJlg/ dYJ-

    .350 K

    | .15
    fpr-CP>J Lly.tt ;.ltr*:t
    g
    594.6'C
    J:rdr_ert-r
    Jt22.4"C.J,..55 U$s

    ,.xl; .fJ.jru.a:.Jjjl ;rlFt

    lii-:^

    -{^};Jl

    .J5LJ|

    a:'t-rt

    ,Sigt.r;lt UU .i
    .i
    .Ji-l
    ^ilCl UG ..+

    .i

    -75 kJ .eb;l,,pe ;Li3l ..: ^ nLlS LC .;t.,-;,je.e:


    ;'r'rs
    &i .;rrolr
    = "' ;* i,3u.;- ,!l:;l:L. irri^:rr

    SaJL ASLll..p
    Y. *Jixl +t",r-rr

    .i+!ti i4" trtp

    kJ

    -1856 kJ .:

    .,J14
    z

    1,j^Jilt;JtJqJl

    .r5

    A,H

    L,H = -394kJ
    .8

    t.l
    ,

    e.4

    t-cll
    eiJt -:_,,
    ,

    -r CHo(s)

    C(s) + 2H2(r)

    ;JlJs

    ii.rr.Jr

    .t.]j) tI*

    a-.<a

    :L/ul

    tqP.:ii)r
    5l.,ll,.l;

    ;:il

    C(s)+Oz(s)-COr(s)

    ..5: j.o.D,b lsit .10


    i:3tij{itl .aJLJl -Jn ,j. .'Ja Ci .t:F}r 3rr;;l.a.ll
    t- slir. 'ejtiJlg XU 9i r;U'.j.U:f r fa." irS;:r
    sir.:r;:r r:, ir;,:-,]

    l4l

    iLYl l- .$lJ':-!l
    .o$S:Jl

    5J6H.tua" A An

    A1>l rll Lrcrl


    ,l

    ;.,*<:.Jl.tqbJl J.lc ,,s jrll

    .l

    L& Lrlr.lloia u;JFc ujs:^tt.9


    elJll :)LLiiJl ;3<:
    ; jtlr ,ii ,+ ./4 Jlts o-\.10
    it+ S J.Li: Y g;l>lt15Ji-Jl
    SJti i J.LIill f 'lJ- ,ii,tr i-i.3
    ;i ',i^t1 g* ..:l3J.i ;.r" 3i ;.r-13
    JEtjEl tlelt 6$-Jl ,,sr-r o-si
    o+lJ Jl ,J$Sill itl-,- .r- l-!)lJ.:l
    .elJJlJ;,Il i'r^ll
    (aJ!,-)

    .J-a*.11

    'qr.JFYl qri sJLi','1""r

    .{FJ- Ng o+lL
    ;JlJsJl
    L-,,t

    eL3.-,1.r

    '12

    4H.13

    J-L ZAS.13,51.14

    "t5 rls J<:{ lJdi.. A;ii.iJl


    .r.r-l AIl irb!.-r!3 .ill! .AH eiJL,:ll sbt.r JL .AG 6JLL!

    rAS J.UJI ;ra -'i anill


    C-,-: elJ+l .AH a-+! .rlc. 11; a;_,1.r
    4='51-il bF ;t t{'r ^r;, AS SJLL)

    J!lr+S

    .&Lill
    148

    t^.ll LHf'f&i-zJ;j.,rr-Jl_1E,.g- _4* +


    &-rtFt ,lJi{l r= j;:Jl t,t -J 5-iJ:r+lt_ri-r"
    ._r1r>jl ;a I mol.eli;l i:Lc J)8

    p. lt

    3.6x l03J.l5
    570 K .16

    | ;r;f3Jf Or:S.ll ;11;s gl!t* t'L0.23


    .s.li Lcl JS.J.Ln -;Jlp:+l '-J (5-i)
    CaCO.,(s)
    CaO(s) + CO,(S) .i

    35.2 IlK.mol .17


    27 J/K.mol.18

    kJ

    .r;tJ" ,-393.51

    g-L

    ,-44.02

    kJ

    H2O(1) +285.83

    kJ

    SJLJI

    .r-,1u"

    ..r

    i9sJ
    .l .20

    i,,2lr,ll.5l-J.
    .2Mg(s) +O2(8)

    +62.4kJ

    3CO(g)+Fe,O.,(s)

    ..r

    -r,,;tJ.

    CaClr(s) +795.4

    kJ

    .ii:Jl

    |..^

    "+l-jj

    ,Y

    Jl

    _aJrLll-plj.;i*t_dl:jjl a). Ji-i . (5-i

    .i .Zt

    fhr)
    CrHo(s) + O2(g) -+ ,1
    C6H6(D + Or(8) _+ .*
    -277.0 kJ/mol .r.C2H5OH JrtrYt.:$i irr-.26
    ;-l itl n :,....- | 298 K ;;1.,+ !-1: r:o^ )9
    .H20(/), COr(e) rz^ a.:lgJl ;i L:; ;; .J't+)l
    ('1-5

    a;

    291 .5

    fuu.r9*t;tr i-,;rro
    -36 J/K e LH = -356 kJ 4 Jal,ne. ,27
    SSU.r N^U:JI ;la .25'C;;t- l-;, .r;. LC i.+
    As L*r ,98 kJ,J.Lx e AH {"i! ii+ .2s
    i5-rr

    NI .- = +296'8 kJ
    .d
    I

    Nl = ll7 .6 kI .22
    +t7s.2kJ .i.zl
    +106.5 kJ .,-r

    i-;r r:crlcL;:Jl {5U5 lL .292 JIK


    |;:t
    ilut:+3.!5i'b;-lt *:t i+-r,irlr-'rJo
    l..t
    AS L*:,-7 6 k|p){ct":l *i 4 AFl L=a U.29

    ._a"bJ.ijl

    ;Jlr*

    -i,Jr J^ L.r4 &Ul

    -24.8kJ .?t:

    kJ

    -3261.5

    kI .,,

    jLnb bt irll ,AC = -345 kJ .27

    trlljb

    iLiti

    J{. J.l-iiJl

    ,LG = | I kJ.28

    C+6r Ail Y! .25"C 8-21=2o i^-,1.r

    ;,- -,Si)

    eiill IJLJI c,l^. e.r &

    .(63.c

    &tnf

    .f3S1

    fr,

    ,LG =

    4l

    kI

    .29

    .r+Urt

    J.li:ll

    t49

    ;3S1

    f-,

    ,LC =

    -:.2

    kJ

    .ljt ili

    ,In 1r,s)l

    tilA

    ;r.f

    $:lr- i.r., iJt t r;

    J^ .298 K irtr-

    6' :,....-t .18

    53

    J,"*:.*

    .299.5 K -.lt

    _rfwJrirr-r*
    ii-e'v ,LH <^asiJbjr .:):Llt ,.1- f<J 3L..19
    -&l';:Jt
    . (;rr -*t: 5ru
    ,.i !u; air.rr
    C(s) + O2(s)

    CHok) +?Or(il
    CaCO.,(s)

    kJ

    COr(s) + 393.51

    .1

    .-

    COr(r) +2HrO(l)
    + 890.3l kJ

    176 kJ -+ CaO(s) +COr(g) .e

    HzO(g) -+ HzO(/) +

    44.02kl ,t

    eAIla+l1i'^,li:b,l c,):Lll J. lJsLtsLi


    SU

    i,r^ 3.to g. t:,


    ; -..1^ U:: t
    o',

    ){-

    t,iar I _ri

    l3.,J

    30

    .20

    :,-t+

    (;rU*J 5rl,t ti
    Hr(s) + or(s) -r H2o(l) .i
    AFl = -285.83 kJ
    .

    .-

    2MgO(s)

    AFII = -1200 kJ
    LIP = +62.4 kJ ,tr(.r) _+ t2(g) .e
    3CO(g) + FerO.,(.r) -e 2Fe(s) + 3CO'(S) ..
    A,FF =

    ..'"

    't+S

    f;S.*Sf

    L;

    -aiESJ

    L,H1,.:<l3,aiJf,l

    -24.7 kI

    5-i^1, eJt iSeJ-LlEe.2l

    ti.*U.

    ..:-,&Jt_Jcu:rJ AHi^i3

    .,.-aJHl !r,l5rll

    ti-3

    ,Jeu:rt

    ,-

    CaClr(.s) .i
    (;+:rr-i_si ..,rq!) C2H2(S)

    .:

    sor(g)

    .e

    2FerO,,(s) +3C(s) -+ 4Fe(.r) +3CO2(S)

    \:
    .rr.

    i.;:,....- I .-l17 JIK

    tsr.tt

    "J.Lidl"J;4.22

    .i.ZS

    -1361 .4 kI .26

    ?.

    AG

    rftur:3*:r

    -2813 kI .24

    -1560.6

    K.ro

    ii

    ai-rF;ll i':i'-rt ,u't ;

    i.... - 1 .A,S =

    kJ .6

    SOt(8) +296.8

    1.0 mol

    t'--r-

    2Mg(s) + O2(s)

    C,Hr(g) .,.i

    Mg* u= -228'2kJ
    S(.r) +O2(s)

    23.0"C rr" ,NH-,(g)

    t+r.).1

    Jl

    .24.O"C

    NI.../a.-=+'795'4kI
    2C(s) +H,(g) +228.2kI

    .,,*t

    ta ,--tt

    "**t +t'
    ;;t- 1+rrg, '10.2 J ,:f^A.17

    r-llr- o-.J.Uill i:l-e

    r91

    Ca(s) +Cl,(g)

    artr-tt

    34.0 g

    .HzO(/)y COlg) egs:


    _rjsrt+:t
    "r
    :,. .,- t .25
    ;rtr'
    4-LsJt J^ti:Jt
    rr-'

    :.cr-r<tt

    ,+24;7 kJ

    illrJl

    -(t-Ll

    e=

    ,.Jto:!.Crt Ut", CuHu';';.tt,, C2Hu eLilt Lo+o


    '....-te.r^d;- lJs 4l;.:UJt H,O(/) r COr(g) i9<19

    llt

    -l2(g .e
    iJl-Jl

    2Fe(s)+3COr(S)

    ;'

    })lFl

    rttr- i+t, t;.28.2

    + HrO(g) ..1

    .4:lFl

    3,,1f,.'JJ .r1l-t

    ,oL,Ir(.s)

    i+r.)l ,*

    lIl+.,S.lt .:,):Lll.rcJ!! J,r "lJl


    J9-r=Jl-ri,*L ,- i f,*tl Affl'e." |:G:.,4 ..ajr:_xtl

    2MgO(.r) +1200 kJ .t-r

    ';rrr-.Jr L&.20.0"C

    ;)t )ajl 4blJ l-5,lqr-Jt F l) SJif<JL i-...:^

    FerO.,(s) + 3CO(g) -e 2Fe(s) + 3COz(g) .e

    I mol !r:*1 t-JL

    .+176 kJ .6

    l.

    Ca(OH)r(s)

    +
    + CaO(s)

    .L,H,= *1263 kJ/mol a: ,CuH,rOo(s) irs,g^:r .2a

    -r;t-J.,-890.31 kJ ..J

    SJlJall

    ,H.(s) +to.(g)

    .i.tS

    i!q;:r

    ii. J!i"tl.Jl u. 3.5 kJ -";+;f r:r .t6

    bJlaj*LA
    ^J9

    ;JlFl
    ;JlFl

    l61l:(.a.5-

    (ilD

    -*,.,-*

    .COe H2O'g-ir COr3Hrs yilliJl iJLiJl e:FUr.30


    J^ .AS = 41 JIK!,.fu l l kJJh.tjtr ri{J AHL.i

    -100

    i298

    -200
    .,

    -300

    l4l.i

    :lSJ
    -

    a:'U-rr

    -400

    K;rt-

    AG'6,3
    .,Y n
    l?JJr

    .., ;Jl a,nl


    Y
    -\-

    ) . qUl_..1,.U::r

    -500

    5rs

    4:jls"1

    jr:irrs irr-

    [L;.36

    .*-E

    d'. SO2(g) O. 30.0 g,'d<: .r;.

    -1yr:jYl,

    iltr.448 K;1tr* i*;.r -r.ic AG l.*l


    AS

    ei.;tr:lr

    a" .298 K

    rf,{J

    rtl-,,- i+r, Jjc,+ l" 4 Oi$l_Jcl,;:lJ ASq {.!.32


    aco r, ...- ! .0.00300 kJ/(mol.K) [.u .298 K

    t;l>- i+-l:

    ,j. Sl;! $t-

    o:-;Lf"l

    dritis E:":" ,!1jljjl ,:Y.rl-ll

    ;"

    i1s

    ix i.i

    C(s) + O2(e)

    --l

    3ru".i

    LL)

    ZSOt(e) + O2(s) -e 2SO,(g) .i

    AH = -197.8 kJ
    zNOr(s) --r 2NO(s) + O2(s)

    AI/ = +l
    CrHo(r) + 3O2(r)

    -2COzk)
    AF/ =

    .*

    -l4l

    tft*t * L

    1,tt

    r..l*rS:lt

    CO(s) + 2Hr(d
    .ASor.u,r, =

    -220.8 JIK t

    !+Utrr t-u,:r-s)

    -->

    ,.,;,i

    3-_ry

    2soi(g) +197.8

    s-i

    iFL;r .40

    .Li tC

    l_Je t"a:J t_, -+rJl,:iJl i:,1

    -r SnClr(s)
    SnClr(/) + Clr(S) -.r SnClo(s)
    Sn(s) + ZClr(il -; SnClo(|
    Sn(s) + Clr(S)

    +L;.:

    A,H

    A,H

    A.H

    kJ
    e*r, = -90.7

    ii5r^r Lu:r ,:'"irs

    l:u-e

    .iSS

    8-11:,.,1J .r.1t-J.

    +114.2kI-

    .2NO2(g)

    2NO(s) +Oz(s)

    ;Jl!l
    CrH.(s)+3Or(t;

    .y

    Lrt-

    2COr(s) +2HrO(l) .g

    ,+l4l l

    0 kJ

    i;l;Jl.r-;lJ.
    -560.4 kJ 39
    411 K

    J''<i.40

    grleJl J;*Jl ;"+ L-.rt-,']-,uJtSll .41


    il" t1:tJlSJLaJl?J-j g+- crcr
    'i
    t
    , .s-5t- s.o3r (. ^, i! ,&ljrjJl
    Y+,-,:-*"f l$,,|-p n;;.1
    "l+--S
    .iJ.+-Jt irlrlt .,lt tal)tl:l ;

    9:r.l- 3+:, fui L

    ,ln4sll .gJL: l-- I L!:...r,1J.:.s-JrKJl

    kJ

    CH.OH(g)

    LI{

    36

    -834.3 kJ/mol 37

    ibu!,Js.:{';-rt "J,--;
    .lcb;! .;.a ;;U ';- Ir t *+bjtJl iJSjJl 'J:.1 35
    Sn(s) + ZClr(fl -e SnClo(l)
    .'. i9tre; :.JSJ AH i.{s *r*t ,=,,L+Jt J<;.:t_a r'. .t

    I .3 kJ

    139 kJ

    roJbJ|

    ;JlJr t:,tJ!i e Jj.:-l

    q,"ti- (CH,OH),.ptiotl

    ,AIl = -51

    11

    :,....- t .39

    .(

    ,J^

    i-.J'"lFl fcl;:l LJc.33

    33

    trll-ll. _bLiijl
    -L *, t_*.<
    ,N/= -186.2kJ ,NI = -325.1 kJ 35

    !,;J!.,-J J-U,+U ,,::r1.s!: irrt' 3n d5.34

    1.0 kJ

    ;rt-

    C^

    i*4otA = -74.8 kJ/mol L3';4s .300. K


    }Wr rr"Lr*. J^ .AS = -{.0809 kJ/(mol.K)
    !tiur:

    14.2 kJ

    4FeO(s) + O2(S) -a 2FerO.,(s)

    Jr"+t

    ftl-r'l+-,r.r *ie-gu!r+dl

    .fi

    .32

    & iJlFl .Fl- &Li: ;+r-: ;!34


    lrl, ,S"C* J3 ,r,.JJijYl i.ltaril+i

    .2so2(s) +or(B)

    + 2HrO(l) .6

    :,Jt:!l J4ti:Jl

    AG = -50.5 kJ

    COr(s) + 393.51 kJ

    .fS

    ii-rr 3Ll ,+)Lt;:rt3i":4:t_+t+ +AH


    fL;:Jl
    .(irt

    sJLilJ ,-394.40 kJ/mol

    .298 K

    = -38.5 J/(mol.K) ,A.ff = -851.5 kJ/mol

    a.+?r

    kJ/mol .i St

    ii-9_JaUJl

    FerOr(s) + 2Al(s) -+ 2Fe(s) + AlrOr(s)


    A.So

    .-

    T = 773 K .A.Fl = -275 kJ/mol .6


    AS = 0.450 kJ/(mol.K)

    d-,i-l Lrt &,e r--:... t I thermite 9a,r.lt l.J4 U:J .37


    ;JlJeIJ Jlilllf ;l {;:f l ;:Lf l
    J>',1: -r-:c
    .rrl::,8;l:-,-" AH3

    l;rie

    ai-:dlr

    T = 121"C .A.H = -85.2 kJ/mol


    AS = 0.l25 kJ/(mol.K)

    kJJL_anL.ut FUaJt a+.s t,....-t .-296.8 kJ/mol

    J+c .l l5

    sjLiJ: ,-135 kJ/mol ..-r


    sjtjJ, ,-623kllmol .g

    T = 293 K ,Al1= +125 kJ/mol .i


    AS = 0.0350 kJi(mol.K)

    -600

    *o-si

    s:l-ll

    -rc ".Li .; ....- ! .31

    (4-5

    {.-W' *rx:r

    l:s.

    1-rr '',:. [itis J.kJt

    -663 JtK.42

    i.Lt; l-.41

    d b. -x c,lrFl JY ,(A).43
    t(:i
    L..rrc
    e,Lg.!l d.JJn! Jl+
    ."Lc'3Jl

    sj2..;lFl

    -$lJ.i..';Si .:l
    ru---".,'

    Cri)

    JAe

    ^-....i11 ..-.r;F C-+..r

    4.i+3.r.*fSt+O- *a Ai ,:it.44
    .25ItK
    I

    sbr.r Jr. t-ritjJ, J.Liill

    ,i.

    ,1.lS:.45

    *rl-iJ:J:cJ a,aii.*Jl sJlll


    ar-isJ*Jl iJlJrll c,Lr_,r.r

    .sjLir
    .plJ.iJl
    l!t

    ii-r.r

    e+il |:LrlJ ._r.lJi o

    *.46

    .r.JFYl

    .47

    .ris. A+.tlJirll oS-*Jl

    -ii.liig
    {-:i e+-^i ellil ,,3lLJl J3-ll
    i-,,;.r .ric t-.i,. ,.t. tt *J+Jl O.rr::1
    It hl ll iilliic .rl.r-li .,slt^Jl :,iJl
    ,rKs,

    .al

    Lrll ;!U11" Aj,1-!+

    qi$lYl\$

    al-: e'Ll^lJ
    1s0

    '"fi-

    .a:Ic

    .g-Jl iq,4-aXl t+lrr ri


    tt'r
    .
    +tir -- !,Lf I lttl::.' - .CJtJ;i

    ,..., [ ('.(l .J*.lnJl c,t+L:[Agr.ri.48


    i l:( oLr! ;-;r: ;i
    eXJl :.< ^
    ,'.. elall J," LJr" iJ.S pl.riil3
    ,'+Jri^Jl p ."iJrll i,l_,p i-;.r
    ,,-FJ=ll t'i
    i-)l_p 4+_r" (.r.l-S

    ,.,i

    toL .a,^r.r.t a;Jl Ls

    .a5l .".<Jl pl Jl 2- 5:qcll


    _!.

    L"j.b Jr.rf

    -.

    9.-*!l ,1" *.rc"r".jei,i ;;;lr 'rBGi i-,r.42


    *,,.JF)l ;!'. .-r .idljl c,){cL":ll iri-.]+L;iJv

    d"l+J

    .f.JL:Jl.;lel ::tt

    J.J

    _g

    "r;'g^-.41

    ,'*o L*!.:-.i. ^-

    q* j*

    J/K Sr(s) + 8Or(s) -+ 8SOlg)


    AS = -188 J/K 2SO,(s) + Or(s) -e 2SOl(g)
    AS = ?
    Sr(s) + t2Or(s) -+ 8SOl(g)
    Uji .;o:;- Nt-q9-rj,all g! ;uU,,oo.oU.o'-!'.,-b3 .43
    -a!5 6a, ,a,h &i u:L:.l .la 5l lU tgt r' :il ,si -, !i
    5i:,L3.'t I g-rr:ilj pl jFl _t lJ;i-rl
    AS = 89

    ,etri .50

    (A)

    LJJ"J| o"s:'(L.'ts\ ltb.,r.li

    3i- fr.&l.ixr AH
    .alr$rr aHi4+

    (B)

    :tlt'

    \,

    1o0

    CH.,COONa(s) -e Na*(a4) + CH.,COO-(aq)


    .49

    $ I r iiiill :li;-J i+$-,,f lJ4 q-L

    v.

    0.r

    ....

    !];

    .51

    .,J1;na""Jl

    t ill.-. iJ,S irlr- i-,,1.r


    plr:ilj. .lStj -;-JJt<ll
    .rl3r3 a;l qJl-e!c,l3tiJ J+"1'iJl
    rl-Jl

    ,l-u,.l.u 4 AH LJ c$ ,gt-;; ..'t .rJ-'Jt '-' "'t .44


    i>;r ric t!Ur:3U:.rt r-'r lJ*-l ,8 kJ;;rr-Lt

    ;^-jJlS

    ,'t:r...\ll*

    .lS-l .iliJj'"
    ^+:6:
    ok pt.r-:...L ,il_r+*+

    Sqrj-r:j)u'd/r '.$::r u .25"C;-,t*


    +.+ASy

    .,-;*Yl J4l'.. llgJ.Jl


    ,..; r [ ('.(l .,'+^lriJl c',t+Lr!
    aJ,:,i 50
    ,," L-"L- aIS Lli!;-;:;i
    ;* L3Jr. aJ:S ojr.tlJJ-ll .:t'r-,...i

    ;Jl!l

    .qtt

    .U+ L)rlJl,:lrt-.i;r[ 3L*1,

    Ji:dlli+ili
    i'Lill ;!S.r3,'Jl ,e-!iJl ;l :.lt^l .
    ,+l!l .:ljS,-'" 141 a=i- i+Jtll
    i+irr g/ e JJF.iS I (ll' 3l ^:')13
    .iliLr'Jt "
    ...
    , Lltj , , Lc i ,i -ll
    ^1.': ^ll r*.i .
    v

    l+ix.+llJ

    vJ

    Vev-

    furiJt

    I.6-J;>e

    t{r"

    .9 q;ll

    ,gr-ll '+J*f,("J!:t :aii,c 3!'"-a3.47


    r-:'"
    '-]t !s iS-l t ,* 4+ -;:,;Jt .j.li3 1S.:

    l'r4llrts 1o1- ,rtri.48


    :aJLJl 3l;tl.llJc*:-! .C11l rk--il
    -*,.r15

    ,(alA3L)
    .)" #<- ,lb{l

    i-,11,^+

    .:J;*tLrll c,YLJl $J c,).l.ct ;.ltr


    tat,
    .
    . .
    al-rr.Yl ,.Li-l I il er -;- ^. ^. ': I o'. o-o

    l]l ,nt':::...lsla JJr:-1.45

    1Su]u

    4lrf t 9rtr-:t *-r".::

    3gF 5l
    .tVJtc ';sll S ,(i '+.!iJl -.Jl ..r!.
    t,
    ,
    4=.5t+ Sll .1,[l i'rll ,-rl+ p'.o'1Sj
    :o-lc.

    cr[s

    L-! ,&rt'l-tt

    ++tJ.'"/ J+illl

    i-,irLrll
    os Jltl
    '-6]4i Jl
    i1^lL'll e,tS>iJl o;r+ Jb .8JlF
    i-15l oio. irf,.F .,Jc J.^:

    tU VtS

    ,,:. rtr>*r t''+tt "j1y, :,g ,i,.lL


    X -+ Y'&Utt Jls tlr :?3)lc slc 3J fi-t.46
    5Y -r Xlhuijr ;rJta rrt-3.q5u!

    5&utl

    u.t-,;J,'t!l
    ,:-!iJl;LclJ- j" -lSlj i;tJl
    4+-tj,. c,l-+l.t ols_213 .L).Jl .rcl3'iJ

    151

    ;rlFl

    AH-a"s1J)t;."i-a4!ajl i5r

    ,ri 3L!s;Yl +.r:: p ,1 ('.,:...:,

    "lil.r

    :r.:<1-9

    il-i5.1t
    '-

    ^-:[:jjl
    l_J.UXl AH.*r-lr:r..L4
    ,

    l.+_.rt++ l^ii;t

    .L)rl-Jl .r.le!

    .J*.1,i-ll c,t-+L:! AJ,:i


    ,c,t-:""1f i l'l( *L! ,:-,-:: ;i

    ,,.'r^t .alJr

    L.rgrr :rrrr je,-p*"-o:r 'art*";i r:r ().t-;rr-e


    '. t= t
    .r-.rr
    -!r
    +l_e,L.;Jl ;ry r1.,1l?inrriJl :t+! ,+ .i!,+Jl 'lpY

    il,.rs-ll ,lrl.r eljll +'< g;33


    Jl (. il .rr1 eLJl 3_;l;,". \=1.r ,-pla!
    elll d.F ;,- JsiJl e- .elijl !i.<^
    -.r*ll ;:! "i ,,,tr .8;do i;l'^+
    l".tr".l J.Jl .,1-,i...\J| i.rL;
    ..rrcl-* ,*J&Jl ;i ; S'U .'rr^;*
    l-4jl Yl

    -.lt

    \ r+:Jl ],n F;
    ilj ui', :^q
    ;r:
    _g
    'r
    gru9 t4!l i't:'r:,,:Jl-ejbjJl ;p gt!){a)l
    .p";Jt
    aJ)*:Jl 'f,+46rf,4-b+ liJ. li,-F lib,. .1$$AJ1
    .pl-!;.:-l er 4:J! -c"ldi t"_, LdeiEi-9

    :li;

    _q.-Jt-Jl a.33_ai.};Jl

    "tJl

    .i+:

    -r-f I

    GD

    -,-,.,'',

    -*

    1L0....,

    *j t j\-{tlic" &Frr-.,j&rJl
    ?:l r 31;: rie tL" .tl)i. ,>*t"y

    Uy.b t)3jll&lJrJl
    117

    1l

    i".Jei Adt

    ,J'.E

    ta*

    lzt
    o..g--r-gJ.eJ"t

    3l!r5tt

    !.c'|iE!t?.s,.;z

    U*5

    o,.,J.U:JI

    .J.tdl -aaJ*J..jl:-Jl ):i l2z.t4


    170

    163 ,161 cF

    d]gJ

    o,.

    :; &dl

    rL^;Jl a.o1r4

    ij.1t

    artlilf if !+trtl

    .r1f9c

    o4,0-t araYt ,f,JJl a-lr* &


    ti4-173 o- ,ti-16,14-10 ,l ,+-l at:-\t,J-;J1 q*:rr159

    5-6 ,4-6 ,3-6 ,2-6 ,ai+ iJ.*


    169 ,167 ,166

    u-,a1bl;! q.53' i

    JEL- &

    170

    CJ

    ,-l5t* 7 l

    174-173

    o.,S-t

    -6

    g,
    f*;Jl : -:1_'- il

    ar:-Yt.f;Jla:lJi &gJ

    oa,20-lB.15 ,9-8 ,s ar-!r ,J"4iJr:.rt,r.


    2-6

    e';Jl:.+l-r. 3el

    j s
    c,ltetiJJf
    "u
    ./

    ,Jy.et4:J I irc-*

    rtJa,ijf CIUAI'? 6tSZi


    (nrr:Jt

    etii

    1rl. :ll 4:Jb, iL3, 1-6


    Fl.:l:ti1 i:. F Lri.'.'i1l
    ;,)ljt i:ll g_,+. k_++_l-+
    a-!iJ.3

    .4=Jl+-1Sll

    !r' i,;|JlJ-lr.ll ;\ t;3a2-6


    ;:tl 4'r.-,++* 'or[+Stl
    "lcl
    ,ol/l oia , i:. :p i'irS
    a* '-jll ji[t .'ll -h. 3l ":.)[aJ...,

    FrLlr.Jl

    L*Y | 6pt-ill9

    rJlJ*ilf

    i-'-ly t! ,d':i"tt at:^,


    :iJLJl

    i.

    rl (-)-

    I J"-nl) ajt Ltl Li- .


    (rLLnl

    i,

    tl .-li 6

    J[-ill) lrl:ll ciGU" .


    (r"t-'lt 6.rt-Jl

    J--lt)i*5i!l osllo:JlA-:
    (r;i. ,5..,t-.tt , a' tt

    li, a* I Jt-!l) grYeJli5Jall

    (-t'rctl

    Cro.r..>

    i.c;-- lgri-*, ,:i r,:ot<Jl s,J-&, ic,l I


    #too t t;l crllr'li;Jf

    l"a;r. I Jt^il|)J!-Jl iJlJs


    (=Kl

    lJ,rsL

    a.t[-tl tsV rl4


    ;i ;,:-l,Jt Jl :Jtl roj.oi. :. L_,- , i: F i-sJ::- 3il,l lJ,=-,:n:
    lrSr+l ;*-leJt -rcL- .L;.r= J:. ^
    j. ;Jri J-,r' lJ*ij
    a-erJl ,l
    "lu
    ,:)ut Lir: il-J f+!! ,.1L1_l .r-:Jl

    .b,f,i ,.Ji.r.Ji

    or-1,
    - t. '.r,

    ;J+.S a-cJ,--i

    4l-)l,,^;ij
    -

    i='-!l+-1S

    .+r; "Lll orsi


    3i f t J.ll a+ 4+l^c
    .r-l

    ;;-i[ . 'l!liroi-a

    JrJ-i

    -h+:3't"J.

    ::-lJt :-

    r 'r
    i:
    .l',Lt
    Jl +cr* -rl.-r2. :,)lcl

    i:ll

    I't

    JsliiJ, ;lLal

    .1-6 FrdJl ,t^t^\r


    d.e'EiJf
    i-n !.r 90

    (J:u"

    ro)

    rfrh &rr.ir5r
    ,*.,';J

    ,lt.l. -

    ii'!.r

    a$e

    'CJi,atl Lr.-ilt

    .ojl+q(Jl

    &rtl

    tt4UJl

    -r i.',-:
    ,^../,.r
    e)!
    .s, 'r'-'

    l!-tgrl

    45 ,sJ9Yt

    cs,JJlt

    .:L-Jl t,ta, i.:'g*

    9;1;'9 J.a;*ill

    FC.* J+l

    $*- -1,3 .-l+|1; l)r' + !*: $ro Sr !>t'.LJl ,i ;1 ;;,:q^5r ;!9


    jy+-l.l it .t, 3;o ["j* .,!Cl tr+r
    :L+ 'ur-ll i '. ^t ,"1bll
    ;-#trl )LiJl 4.
    j.;; .i-;-+
    i1-U::t r a:,', _Jl iSLtJl lL- -L iti*nSJl_JUjJr LrLt ;;:ll,
    J.l#l ;r,:..,_!Lo.Jl l:r}4._at Lrll irgrr ;":gr*Fl^:r:lt
    .;lo-=sjl &hl .o->- +; j'*r

    'J'l.dL

    '+t'". eLs:31 ,c,t!,+ll 6jL; , er,


    e;::t, ,l;i .1l.rp3 gumdrops)
    ,''l ^; el I" e H' .'*+ -[.t i':ll 5r.,jsl Jl nt:^: H. + l. - 2HI .fcl i':t|
    .*Jr;Jt J! =Jtl .d_roJ ;-J.r ;

    Jsti:st ,1iJf

    t s .-c.Fl LIc 2,J:t-'Jc|; Lr** NaOH e HCIJ-a4ljl".;1-]taa

    LJ

    i'lt:'r^ll J.tjrjll

    ,+

    H.,O+krr1) +

    L^S

    ,iH, - 2H ,2H + I, - 2HI (1)


    ,iy -2r,2r+H.-2Hl(2)
    \ -2l,Hr+I*HI+H(3)
    H+I-HI

    r)t-b.qiH:-a:il,;tl iltr-:i jl aj-Jr a{dl.::tl .-L,t)' ,:,


    ilt
    tg)l i.-Jt !L::l S.EFr 2--I ..*41 Lulil ;-bb L<
    i+
    4SFr 43Ll"Jr Lt i Lt-p:rr LUrYr )' ,$ ,3UJI s* * "..i::-, )9 l-,;G::
    J,-iJl ll-6 ,: l::.:,;L;., "r;;-.l3ls [t|;j:--.rb tjt ]1.1;:: -Jl-s ,tL o.JL'Jt
    .+t!Fl ;f+ ::5i sjjl ;-)tcLJt -fc
    L+'.f*rr--;r.: . ,.erl +ljl ,r,619i -L Jll itr.Jl-ar+9rf,*6lf ;|s 3-r;=
    ,t* tt+i e. jeijl ;+rj!l t#l jt-:r .H, .rljrJl 1i]tr ftrr. ,Jj<:J kj+
    ,'* *:;.11 .re,Jl .:,la; ;e9S-:l L'rt rur' i,ll, +^ rl;ti u^ ij<-, .:l;lr
    ,'gl;:j a,rU-rr .!t

    L^rL

    oQs

    vg-'v.g

    .-trf;r:<J1 'a:91 .1.!lJt i1l '-Jl iill;r rt.rtiul


    j

    F{lt-lu ;.!.ar ;.,Sb

    "r*+.blJ

    -'lt'

    p.rl

    . 'r i-a:i

    H,(g) + I,(,q) -+ 2HI(g)

    JjlJl eiL;lJ' 1-6 dls't'tl


    ;r1 HCI J!*Jl ,.1! NaOH
    "lsLi:
    .;jLi,Jpe.lsexJrLri
    L_J

    il+-Jl

    '.ti
    3i ;4!.r L3-. i;t, ^,<tl c,)lcl i:ll
    ell: o-a i L]...J1 U[^:<ll .rl3Jt .;.Si
    ,J.t-i;Jl .*fi.r" ;Jtr \ri crS:^lt .rt.4t
    i oLLjn. ;lLX,.r,.n+ a 'r':"': .r:ll3
    g

    ^ -,

    .a_i-Y 3+.:.

    ..

    NaOH

    trorll

    Z'?'3UA

    J!+tl

    +(;..1 r oJ! Lo:r+--e+l-,,rdrl +r3, 5lr:-r+ i1*ny

    ll JLjiJ...ill --itlS.,J

    "ll,J-,-x ..,._.,"J| ijJt-+ ,J t

    153

    UL:"r<tt rl3Jl .u,-r J*JiJl


    JzsHzd,+ &Li':lli
    f

    !1;-s.* it{.i<Jl JcU:Jl


    jlxl fu * ;U r^, . Ht
    l
    (
    LJ
    .
    U
    2-6_, lsJ * ;<l"i
    ;+Jl{ r ),roa'r-ro-,,+<J l +l-.:;+_.rF:
    ,,;,:L U:tt & u ;l :. ^i jli j t! l,.rij-; t+-$ I ;tJ : LI t9

    ;rL!9

    ."/ tJt+.SJl o)lcl-iJl F+ J..i


    i,*+ &tl,ill ;i.tar*1 .yj- .s.i-lJ ;Jta
    ; '-: NOs COz artJSJ NO2J CO

    .st!-ts|

    Cl fuq) + Nat(c4) + OH (rrrl) -+ 2H,O(0 + Na*(44) + C\-tuq')

    JLj;'l _irx"r r-::,_Jl.L;Jl L)- 3"t-tj 9,,l;ur: -4aar -45l.jjl ;J'" J-uijl 1$
    p=
    &U::r i* Y .c-iti a'tr d"-, .da,+: 16t .r :j:U .gr OH e H,O* rLj,i

    iL:=Jlr

    (Ai+iJ J),

    f ljl
    1>e

    :-.?

    .l-6_,1(;,tl

    .:l:ti J:*l

    ,,1;:\
    \ l:-i J rLldi

    &F

    ,r'tr'rl

    2HI(.q) _+ I2(,v) + H,(,s)

    *i
    ,i s

    ;r

    le, dn \.Xl :.qF Ie oi:;j eXl +Uii.J r ;t r^ :; ;[J:Ll r ;bLa'x;;


    eiJ .b u;J | ;tt!-t z.t,,t-,5i reaction mechanism ;t uu: r i;..1i
    r

    .jsst;t a;tr ;);:tt t+-tu

    .'Wt lrtl r, ..ai:r* S.rr 9:.)leL;-rr _pL"* +,i;V L>q U;i ye


    -;;:i 4 aU:^tt gtjJ;:t .a!LL ;r !i;*:lj.srt?:Jl 'fi-,-l lrs- 4,!b .&tj:ij
    ri : C 3-, ai** t14 1;{;*J | +.ri_Jl. Lt I )rl}ti j4 ;9t; JS j! J4 ti:J
    ,l^ e ib$- iSrU- furLi; erJl +Qj+Jt3i g.Uelt 3i c,l;r]t d,. ;yr,4JrL"{
    ar. iU** iir.. ck9 -aj3j9f l il:trf l ,i" j{l+ .g-rJl iJcLiJr ;i .:- .;rL-.lr
    r

    .il.*.+ *lJL; as9e'e

    ild
    sl+S-4,O-. ;3rrYt k+r^+ .'t< i'r, rJl
    il" a.a:UI (CFCs) .r.l..5.rJ-ljis:J<Jl
    &li:Jl

    [:, _a;+Jl

    pi ;t\;-s ,2-6 .,s;;t 41- 'r*l+ X ,.rl+-p .r,Jl -+ rj!.dJ<j i'*r * i:, -i r "t;r
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    a:!-)t ,L.lq Jt ,.oqs:;1L1, it^i.:tt 'iA'tl icn


    ,:r+
    J.+rpijs+ *:ri ..1^i;:rr:,r-"+-^.+ J!
    ;t"&-;-;,:';
    ,:,!b,l!;;:.;:--rt il"*rl Sltl _!-s4 -lcl fLi.lt +L+.-+
    4r*.:'.r",r9,r.:ra-ly;A;;l r1- r'--; lj< Jaj^ill r:*!
    J

    .lawt'-rn
    ,.-.s

    i,r- l;u..1
    *;1 l'* -F.@rl
    e-.,---.-.
    6;Lill,JctiJl J)t:':L,:Jl JLJI
    2BrNO(g)

    (?l '*"-' '-, "'

    157

    Br2(r) + 2NO(s)

    I
    I

    "^:

    -\

    .-

    ..,r-fS:l

    >.-(:

    Eo' 9 Eos

    ,NI,

    ,.efttJl, gyaLai.$ crt yG

    '*t

    f.rtl
    E o' 3 Eog'M
    ,!/ltrJt

    ",n

    !*f t pU.ll l1tt{t tftil ,Jbls


    l M *r.i 11. ilS Fii LFl F3

    ct lbi

    L.;r.- na.trf.ll .rirr .t11 .ri


    "r
    &tiijl nl .cibilb o)tc,Lri.fl raa

    i{r.fJl

    iiir ;i AS.r
    6;aJ a*.l*.tl .-rl'rat,.-l dr. "r;{b ts,
    UL..tl d ..j|.*ll rFLlt ..fr* - i:
    rrl-i

    C*.t+Yl

    )fS

    .1-6

    ?g'i,o

    iitL.99o'Cgl ."*:tt ir.-,--9+rLJt 1liSb.:r)le[:ll ifU.d3:.u'Cii


    ifU afnj .i|5Jsll.!*i^ i!. iJ;fl y. .AH&t'i:lJ il,,lrajt L6jialt l3laJlr.lJl-4t Cr,!d-!l
    .qalejyl ys L- ltib &Le !t*:*:J,t j) iiu
    9J *,ar ,e.&JlJ l.Lilt Jauijt.eit+t gs /.d.:rr
    .l.futt
    Eo't"'tr
    69o
    ;p
    l3tL
    6,;ll s&
    ..ri.lt litLs 5:,)fcklt &U" a;g- ln ir;lt ,42 e ,U\
    .,l".L.irt/:.lt.liUrFFl
    gbJajl

    lJl3tra;|3:Jl

    Eo

    ;slrrilr

    pr4Lart

    o*; o*i.'t J! +rl

    *ir

    6l,s

    li!t- gi$ 1.1*tlCtl .U'ul Ji-r

    Eo'=

    8O

    ilu

    U/mol

    -6119lr iau. = Af/*r;


    0 kJ/mol = +50 kJ/mol

    rr

    f"U

    ai

    liJt,'

    &t''tl

    &tiilliitLt dt+JtJKi"fl f*Jt 1-6


    .AIl - 30 kJ/mol + . is. sJl

    g; .o1rg Eo = 40 kJlmol
    ir. JS f+FL J* iil,.L 6J,i... ,.i
    c,)fet-li.ll

    bijl tiu -J:,y-Uilr i3lL = LH n,


    Mn = 0 kJ/mol - 50 kJ/mol = -50 kJ/mol
    r:,)tek$ iet! -,l"!;lr j*rr tu = f,
    Eo=

    ar3U.

    ,iif"Fll Jst lf si i.5l3Jl NLE|'5


    ;';f.l+ll
    .1-6 i** ir^: tl Ui*u
    'E3lr-

    M*.rl * 50 kJ/mol -

    i{+iJ'"itl

    .Eo,

    g,NI

    6,.,M.,.rl

    3m

    0 kJ/mol = 80 kJ/mol

    jlr iiu = r"'


    6rpr iru -,r.:;$
    80 kJ/mol - 50 kJ/mol = 30 hl/mol

    3o
    U",-.rt

    r-rl5PJl

    M*."J = +30 kJ/mbl

    M'o=

    -30 kJ/mol

    Eo'

    = l0 kJlmol

    -_

    ol3sJ

    QjJa
    ,3-l il-i-Yl

    , 4-l

    A-J5-'Y|

    174-113

    "l,4-i-

    :"1^irjl

    l-6

    a-i6

    \l

    i!q

    '00

    '

    FU.r. Fl

    \r;

    =';,

    |.i '-i)l ')-J

    !rU. ;to.rr

    r
    _.lKrJl 2-:+f J.Ur:t J" .+

    .exi

    50 i-

    -50

    .\.2

    d;j

    ttr
    T

    .g

    n).{4i::r.l
    Pl'iJI

    r-ill ir-lJi

    f,,'

    o)rb

    &lEl
    .l.l la*gH
    l-l

    uat

    st<J Jr-1"

    -----> <,r'ui
    i2.r
    b.ajIrd

    Jc.lJ

    \-I

    p-'.0
    i9

    {'ilJ-

    1l -16 .14-l

    250 kJ/mol =

    I ili-'Yl j- :f*!ll ir=lJ- Jr.:J


    159

    ,1

    AsiE

    .l

    --****:*

    .lSJl ;;" s J il:.r+r)tr aJLJI L i:..r r a; JaJl r-ri:-l


    r
    .Er' .LHJs .AH/bi , i :._r- I .43Ltr Julr llrrl
    ..;s ;+:,
    e
    v
    \-

    100 kJ/nrol = l',,

    ;rL; & .lJ

    :i+n+!oi
    159

    ,6-3 ,

    *t9

    -150 kjimol = AH__,, .i


    + 150 kJ/rnol = AH.,x"

    4 -r00

    -l

    dl eJ

    50

    .<--

    -----------)-

    ;*

    ?v\

    iltrx qil+ )rs; *:19-:t .r.2


    {.+
    ..&
    Eo =
    iF !r!l _rlc I ::! t {, l:*,J
    .)i-FltJ! si4 Ja +)tcL:ll.e- .Eu'= 86 kJ/rnol 9
    .LH
    9AH-rr i.*u r*l .*
    -,-s-;"e
    .-:1.tr
    StC.r-1",.i ;rrr-1 i;u i1.i;:.lr riai .a
    'p= -.

    _1'L.1r

    i.3

    +rr JS-,r a+ir

    25 kJ/mol

    .+:e!

    4.a3t!l gfo >{s; ]xr9 i*rr .i.3


    136 kJ/mol e E, = 154 kJ/mol

    .erll_.!c|',;Jl

    .AH
    3

    .:--s,Jl_Jcu:u ,8,' J+;-:,.t1 a.au :, . .- I .+

    Lu. ,l.rt. ^'" ;ls


    ;!e -;- til-1
    -

    3EL;:

    Lr= : ,3L

    .S

    .Ja..:-irjr

    @b

    LU .3ur.r',:.ti,+

    t,,:.:':r,',Ti

    .ia$'i:Jl a;t!;rc,j::;;

    nB"+23

    ,lrL.J

    i:g'r,J.h +l-

    A!lS.! 33;.a;:t 'J^lt'Sl U .2

    sAi+

    t^" &i :nb3Jv J+l-i .6

    .JrUiJlJis g. '.FlJ+ +
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    .:J:.L>l -r'p

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    J

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    . i;rr.l:.a' .$rrt +

    3,n;Jt L" .4

    (rs]) -*,-,,-,...

    4*ile,,iilA,,*qty
    *a Ll 'llyi-itLlltlrL

    ,/ i.+i ,"i.^ii JirJl lli


    ;Jul *,.i J.Ls.1J ,J.l-i:Jl {+lirlrti ;* 8-r-le ;rf^ *,n ;i*
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    .i=,-iu A-iLt lj p.rl. :ll ;s! ;i,.r-l:'-ll j- ,J.U': 6ii3-r-J
    Y .1.rt. :ll ala:l ..,...1'.^ll otiiYl d r,Li;ill ,:S ;i ,.i:,
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    c,L..rL-:Jl ;r" J-'Si 1i.,. ;i ,,t...llJ .LL[i Lr:.'.'r UII c,lj qJYl
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    .grll

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    .,.i alilJl tGVtc{i:l
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    ,

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    t.e.

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    159

    .Lj-

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    rlrh 6lr-t 5r

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    '*t..
    '*Jt ;l
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    jJliJt,-a4

    ,n}Jt + itjf l_&ltli j.: t J.tiXl _Lr- i-l:r ul .reaction rate


    |
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    u*z;

    J-otg-tlt

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    _Ll-

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    ar

    *,',uLic LU:Jl ij '. * J- .Jcurr .4li


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    ","

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    o;|.l.io L g. .&=ttt JJA4 d+ll.-ri;l
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    '

    EJI

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    Stl> i+t.r ,at;:-'.1, Jt-s;Yl ;
    +:sL d ;Jr-iYl_tJl ,di-rr^ll PlLill

    :e=

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    !t

    ^; 'a.:[-Jl
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    .tiio |'rt-or,t^t:+:;l -+.itrJt *L*...'tl-, ajjLJl lqJ|'.rr "JS.:


    Lr"r"!i ,a;l?itl_;c e,),tc[nJl 1s .l-r.+ ra:0.''oy.U::l Lr;
    .,jl.U::r
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    _et- 1-L* -L
    Lr;u .rtoottt- ,'4:.;ju)oa ;4itt> 4 i!.uz' heterogeneous reactions
    f.-r ..rt Lu"rr il tr-1 ,;r:'o:t-io;.r;LJL-J1 .]->r; ur-:-LlsLilt a:-.o
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    .i;+:f l ;c;:),LcLi:Jl _L;- +o jUr +*J .-:t
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    + ZHCl(aq)

    cl'rrJ.ft | &a

    dHl

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    Zn(.s)

    ro)

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    225

    .rii.S.:-41 ,l;Yt g>l .;1J. -rJ


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    .Ib ;Y elJj3 ,c,)L.t i.lll ..:, 6;-9: ,r-i

    c,Llr-:...13

    ;i ,:; ,--

    .J.

    ,..rtr L l+lG

    t<+-e+

    order of the

    ) L/l

    .J:+

    F+trntt ;rFA;_Jsb
    cE-J

    ei

    "rnn

    +,

    lr[NOu

    12

    a i+b +.r
    ,CO 4 "r;- i+,

    .NO,

    fot {s
    2NO2(s) -12NO(s)

    +O2(s)

    F+!nu ;J{.ar ;JSb

    =klNO:J2

    .NO,

    a{.:r: i+,

    .*r,

    .f t*-Stl &LinJl ,ri k iq! ' ^:t


    Ll:.'.rll aiU.J ,T iJlll a+-r.r o. JS

    .,Jc

    ZHrO,(aq) -+ 2H.O(l) +

    Or(S)

    tk +,

    R = kl HzO:l

    'Hzo' 4 J-:l

    ,ct

    +,

    +;

    J-ri 4ls *+,

    iJlll \-2.r g.: ;1, ,L,:.'..lll Utl" ;


    Ft o*r;tt c,L.rt-:Jl .+*J ,+ JIJJ
    .alilt ulJ"ll e-iG ,rs !$::

    ;j9)/l

    Tratrtl

    ,t P;*&t il il J L-l-.
    ,l2l 9-,(Jh.LiJl *-x" ,-,Jc,t i-rt;i,,
    .-l+!;3*lr&ll e9i1 L-*jll oia.o.d
    lv

    t+I. ..DHJ,r*r.
    .:'.<^^ d:rljt i'-< i.r.r_t'r.

    165

    +s...1,-

    "lc.tjr-i

    c,|:Ii &ll*

    ,= :: rrl
    's -4-/1 Jy[e

    *#t 1e*.lt 3.ru

    !e/l -*.rb j!
    ,l_,.3 -r9' *1. U -Sro lrsf l ..)-: .-)t U:Ll

    srJl i"*Li!l '.-nUr, (kl i:c:jjl

    L)-tl +t l+.r.ti-+iidf .-r.&t.xl (,*l )t,1,sr-r;. .l


    ,f!e -:- ,;;i ;)1..L; >, Lr;- fr3 U t I ;i-.J.Ui LY ki^rs 3t .2
    .t d...:l la.9iJl,- ; L.i.*i
    .-J.u:r.r +sjr -a+rl
    -i. I is3 "ro;: .3
    (
    ::t.r
    .r.rlr
    k i+ ';i:: Y .4
    i.+
    .JxJ
    .tu:.1
    Jj+
    ei i){rl
    islt
    _s /
    1' - ,\'e+ ;+
    :'

    a-i-

    : i-jiJ 45 t a$lrt

    t 'GrU.:

    .9iI".Jl

    Jb-ll ,-l- :.1^iJl ir-lJF J. dJ


    173

    ji -*.r,i ..)l Ml ;f
    .9iLJl L )-:rl jrl-it+1J. +rl ,-* 31r; l.n .tuiLX I *,

    4 f bLf

    ;5rl,J!",&L;: Lr-'J*.

    diie'+tC
    :.ilJJ' gt
    :l-nl
    .5-l alj-Yl
    "|.
    170 i-i,5

    aj:LLl

    (rl-:.r,+ rL+-) ;l-+;lq j-.i ,.iL:. .',Li.Jl .4i,Jl 'L& . ili


    VL
    ,.r SIt: ie- ,Ail i. ll SJ.LiJl
    .r+ll. .+.:,-+ 3'iGrj :1'2Li rl:Cl

    (rr]. -*-'

    '., "

    .:-dl C^ '+ji Y9 .J4L;JI J)t.,ri:,: e9r-icLJl


    ;JtF
    L1,
    L;;11 lrF .ajr- gtt-r- i+-,, Ja.jct:rtl k ;+ ii*i
    .ehl;Jl
    .t i^o" jr,;
    .jL-Jl :l+e, 1,-sl '-^) ;:r:: ft 4.+n!

    .5

    .6

    2Hl(g) -+ Hr(g) + Ir(g)

    :sjllts
    (M/s)

    i.J*Jl

    c,:t{il

    I s. Jli:J1

    GjUi

    aitgj

    ar.J,+:Jl

    IHII(M)

    J.t-ill i-14 up 2-6

    l.l

    x l0-r

    0.0 r5

    4.4

    l0 l

    0.030

    9.9

    x I0-r

    0.045

    2MnrOr(ad

    rla lr+- .J4r;:rl

    i^x.rytll

    .1.5

    ?.<l

    iJt'tl
    .nlVt i-,;'n:::;Ji f.l!.R= k[Hll,sp_&t.;:t ti+tiul

    -a+-.t -i$!l ir^*y."$ l+ d .*ru ,t,

    4Mn(s) + 7 O2G)

    l+r+iJl '."'"i 61L ilJi J:i'i': JLJ

    .9t-Sg *91 &t-lt *t3 :

    ,-a4)Jl

    icpl;elsi:,.^;t'b

    I .J,. ,.&-,+, a+-J.lntr-,45; a+;

    .b

    J!7.5 x l0-s M cr- s-,t-]jjl


    ;1"1.2 x l0a; i-!lc,.rl.r_;|
    lJ.(J {4!lnit3:nsl .4.8 x l0+
    .J.tijJl

    104 M

    '1l1*

    R = k[MnzOz]2

    :uljnJl

    .Rt

    R''
    4.0=1'4'--]!-tM/t
    "- - l.l * t0:rws =E '-*-'
    ,1

    -.$)
    1+;Urr 1"-.
    stj,i\ + ;t Lr-]J

    3t :

    r^-0'030M
    2t ) 'z'rJ
    =offira

    (2 J|t"tt

    .,'at4,rl
    - [HIlz,lsr::ri,
    =
    tH[ .

    4it a! 15tjl {;^r .'* LJjA ..julr


    .R = t[HI]2

    es *i..u. 1l-:tl ar",\r+,3Y a.4^rl f,,Jl ';,$:J

    -ac_rJl

    !it3 t+i.!rt-t

    i:,

    l;'1<n.
    :

    l'lxl0-1

    k=- R

    ItJt

    .t

    L.,-+

    gc

    I iJJ*:Jl

    9:

    _f*elJ

    11

    .1

    "lct

    c,rLi.-^ls ,ar'/l

    R = k[A]2 :,;rl3sJl

    M/s

    k = 4.0

    i:yi J! [Hl] J.L;i -* a:i "e; ,]ra:r p-- 3 -, l-a:,r*:Jt -ajJue +-lt,ji i.)-Jl +11;;:t rr" ii31 .32 6i 35t.,:,Xt i.*;r,.1U.i **;y'| L_x,:r
    .Lq-*-t i^*:3a-r*":r iriu ij,s1..:L[ts ..e;i ]jii &i J. t{,..:: &-a+a

    *lJatl
    k[A12=L..'-,t1

    lsg.A+B

    .&tiill l{l L/l

    ;f a1!

    3t.,; al:t-,:,vt i.*;:i;fr.i

    '-L*'JS4l

    irtl

    e 24
    d,- .(A)l ,Jr'Yl_iS- !l -iol.'::

    o.,i

    d,- a.-Fll Jdns ,0.200 M J!0.100 M


    oJ,G J+.16.0 x 10* J!4.0 x l0-s

    .22

    i*iit-f*" t#=- 4'e M-rs-l

    .2

    L.u.

    x tO-3 U/s

    '

    t.
    .&UJl i.J*;:,51:jl [A]a,;cl,ro.-e .1.0 M/s_;lcUJ

    dll

    J.tLLl l- .R =

    rLr-,

    ft[X]3J"6!:*.1.u 3.:-.litc.ri 4;
    Ji i-,. .i-r-' -a-3* 3r:;
    S"jtc.)t ;Jr:.ll

    Jb.i 3:>b J! ar,:; rl til

    .2

    U"r-'

    166

    .&tailJ aijlrirJl 7-J*lt yV

    4l.c o.Jt'i

    L>r:

    i=.:-..;a

    A+B--;C
    Ai6tJ .!.rii:,. i:iS

    i:ril.;i el:i::rtr ,e]litl u-;l;iJl a ir:,

    *taij:ll

    siJl

    ; - SrPr i.lts
    ,gJg LS

    (M/s)

    Jllt&rjilt
    A(g)
    -

    3-6

    B(g)

    ^r;

    s0.025 M

    .0.040 M ;l4t

    tj-sl*

    ir

    ^tl

    r.1l3;Jt

    4i^te J,.Lr^, L;
    .ll;'ii
    .(0.02s My( 0.040 M) = 0.625
    .ll

    i.;JtJ*il:*i ,l ,r-o i-:. .,/l ;i


    .l!j
    .0.625

    elJrJ

    .l*i.l J.l--ll J'iii

    tAlff)

    .A

    t.2

    t.2

    t.2

    3.6

    l0-U

    a/

    7.2x lO1

    L.Js:Jl

    ,ft*lS {--t'Jt ,.>"Jt *B i ,r i-

    *S; ;e$

    tAl n\rq L.rc i.r...t1

    IB1(M)

    x l0{

    4.0

    lj-i iiJ-J .A'Yl i rl,Jt .-r- &Lii o.o


    t-&. 1.3 x 10-a M/s .5Jl*i &lill

    a./l

    8.0 x

    .m e

    roi,*

    'ii-\r

    'p-"2,...;rt,i"Sg.iS
    L.{J. :,tJlri:J

    en; i it:;.R

    J+

    ,+:Jl airtaf

    klAl'[B]' c.nf Hl

    FJ

    .z,a-oa3Q=!

    ia...^ |
    :

    t.o =

    i+;:r .r"ro ll.t;lttt

    i4J

    (&U:lJ a.r*tr i3,iU i.Xt

    it

    Jl

    ia *Jr iuiti

    i.0,,!

    r: .frrri. [B]3 te t.:r tAl f.C.dEaJl qi:)+tt +,.+tAt..5lJ_ i l'...j i+


    d:Lar,a+ .4s .m.a+ Jf++l l < q al.o i4/' i*i ,-, .
    f, +-r' -a.-

    t-.s

    aJS ;Ji.t-Jl L;'.'ll


    x 1.3 x10a M/s = 8.1 x l0-5 M/s

    ilitS

    nr -i"10 ;

    ff- ,*

    ,m

    =I

    t.r.l .2r

    *o:@

    t\

    ,2

    tag!
    =

    * r..

    l:1<,e;:1:; [A]J l{4.:t [B]

    :r [A] :L OlSr..l.; i*,u l 2 j I g/;' r-:11.12t3,')9i

    fl,,.-r,

    '^o^ ,z.o

    J"4!..,,.:u i?z

    .2

    =# ft
    =

    ,5;:r

    il

    ,b4 n jS; i+ t Jjc ,.4hJ


    .B ac,&'tl

    1a!;lrr! trt.'r [B] l|rKr:,:.:.CFUI 3 J I d[:i)+:Jl


    1.2 x lO4 Mls fti .. a+
    ! ..,J.u 3.6 M tAl,
    :r

    2 ogf: Ul,J:i.

    f:

    =|2M = ,of ,X;J i.;


    \.tlt.n = 2 dJ.tJ 32 ,!;1g Jrl^L..,.rr i;: ,3 J.L.i A jS- ;.',i+ r-".r.;...ru:r
    .R = k[A]2[B] +..-rr 'a;ut*= .A !. iriuitl
    n.o =

    f+!r cr.:o'rl.t

    nJlS

    ffi

    .*. .)t.:tl

    =^-f ,.a.-x:'

    i.+-ll 'r'(a$Jl i+',:e aaJJl


    viF LY
    Y 'J

    iuil!'::+; irhr' r ;t< *

    .k.a.]!}

    ;l-=)

    'lii'+ll

    ffi= ##ffi:Xfi

    = 2,3 x1o-8 M-2s-r

    .r1l-a*ki^g9ac..;xJl sjjta;1 ."s;i ,a,.)+,&i :.tik,-r.

    6D) -',-,-, ", ".

    le:..::t-a;it*'OS-

    iJJ

    )s.t.r.J.Jt 1"Lr-o9

    +r*Jt

    irgl+
    {JrL- j-:.:

    4Ji -L.o.rJl '.1iB


    .;+i + rJ:J .5rll.-tcl;:tr ++^-,.r!l
    I ojl >= .lcUJl L)- j,. L;:
    l,ir-!.
    gr ).141 ;: I
    y
    ;
    93t>J
    -:r;.6:U
    i - l-l
    f
    .\:r),t{ ; :r.l_J-iLu Jl j,+-sl!l ;)- iS Ljr-.".Jr{-i-j-ll .4Jr-J
    li-19 lt_r; ,i ,;bf t_.L+-j. .iFl .stoichiometric coefficient
    lLiJl ir.
    .C,4:rtijr
    tinl
    ;;Ll.l
    _a.::t..u
    ;ri*:1j5j t',jG,B jUJt ir-,t'> C" irl .^: A
    :ilbJl

    .-l.Lill

    r.

    : e_j;J 45

    J-c.

    ;i

    r,..-,

    .;tajl + .1-lgl

    1+-SJl

    ,1.

    Lxr

    a.aiUr

    if3s.,J-l-$i i-.-r ;

    i..l-.L

    .{*i_;.Jl c,l-+?}lJ fl* -f iltll^ i+rb


    +_)i Y a.c.r+ ri'.r... iJtll ;il->t-"tt

    i*+

    iSe

    ler;=:*: ;i;*

    ; AL::*

    ;:r ; p;
    .2C---1A+Bei .BIA:r!r+r
    x
    (r>r
    Cl
    uo-ra
    y
    {*
    i;tz f:'^::tCl
    L--<.l I sl-L;J I icr* j G,.:u J
    R---.. = I
    --& [Cl] 'JlJts :*x^Jl Jau:x i')Jl
    ';tl+ ;L-.rr _aer--.lr ,lels 4 &L:- !g L:Er iSrlr o..rl&j u"Jr ;:r
    e:
    il r L ; :;19 i3).{-J I orn o.;*l !rj4 | 4il I 1:< I ilrLl I j4 LiI I J. Li .trL4 rl
    p. !r-*= Lcl ::ll .l
    Sf-;r
    *-,*rs9.;sl9;olo-i;F" llL-!++]L.t ,rrt
    .a+L^$lt iliLf l '1 -r-<- 9 1"5 GL.: .;+;+'
    i33-:^uo-lt ir.H,,ir;; |e J4 \'il*,fto.S.:r '31;lr ,,rr.. r:l L.i
    6ola;Jrej.j iL:. tt a.r-stlt;.ij3Yl i." t{+ J.UXI L,r- rY ,iL-lr lrU.rr
    -J.L;;Jt rate-determining step ie.! rrslr
    ,;rrslt +-si^lj C"..1+l*;tt +.si aU J.L;j J1'b
    -ar"<::r

    l A;qJl

    *t' i,jt-ii {3Fx ;-,i^ ^tt c,lrJ.-:.Jl ;l


    ,li .FJril .Ir ^s:ll gl.r-'Yl J,. r'<ll

    B92C
    Lf*. {5} IiC :trl.j i5 e. r:jFl,&li:.^ ,ts re r1're 11..^ ;i .:ljr 1::*
    Lr* *tl:S "-:nl .'--....1 .;,:t. -:tl .ar)- .a;L;- uJ! .J*lculll ar. :"JS -;5t
    it
    | \,
    '.-''.i **
    **, lrJ .;'LjJ' oral -lcLJt
    C- tl,+ L*Li: ;+;Jl'' ,rC.J.:'
    ,l-LYt_.j.t::tti.Fl Jitu J9s+ .B I A &lfi
    R"-' = A-' [AllBl

    li,;

    ar.t#f

    A4i,,8

    A+

    ;e-:S: C

    ..,i

    it^,Vt

    ,-.:.;ll i.,- .r.

    t*r"tt

    Jt+tl .i*.ill

    Jtr-Jlli+l i4{1i.. a$.i


    .L" Jl

    A-Ajl
    tw

    .-

    NOr(r) + CO(g)

    NO(s) + COr(x)

    ;.-:S:.1

    NO.

    J. .)Ei+ i:l.

    -:=. . I I -6

    *:,1^;.

    ,s-lr + i-i+Jl .Jr)r ;etrjr

    ;r

    "s

    NO,

    's.

    11'6

    '..g-*

    dlft'l

    .:Jl ,.-Si
    -e-i.",U hl i:l I {Yl
    ip-JS: l-Y .,.,ja;SJl .rr...<l_J_21 4,.rl,oi o NOr J^i..rl r.<!l

    .e=

    ;t-[;:+gCOt{}t, s:s+i':)4tljri:I.^:-,.NO.J. .rr i."


    ';t;Jrirs .CO, r NO: tx lJS.r",*lr ,n* ;;;;
    -&)r
    ,r;" l,o ,fi-, +r*r;,:.-.,.i:,rr.rr, ;";r", ;;;;
    .6Lt

    L:'.r &Lls .r+{ ;+"lll ,ltS-}l+ .r.:l


    c,l$-:Jl .r.siJl J.Lillg ;.r=13 i.$:.
    .L;i Jctjnll U.rt*" Jt,.Elll J)L:. d,"!l;loL!r. Jl6U- U:i ett:,
    .j++Jl L-rrr;

    r..r-

    6rl'll r-!l l-

    ir , air-". e. J.iixl l:i ;i "':'.,


    ',sh NO, + NO, -+ NO., + NO , t i3:.;lr
    cl)- NO, + CO -- NO: + COr ,2;3,t ;rr
    ,+o:Ut +:llU J1,o9

    F+!nu 6J*^A;Jsb

    !!
    I

    i3t

    it^:'

    ,rS Y J.tnlrqJl;,- .l:-i<ll ,,i


    eJt jlj ,r.* ir^,Yr \'.6 J_eYt irtill
    'o; 4:".:!1t 6{l JJ+i- o.-,r- ,.r.S
    li" *f {iLiU- f- .r1., ..gle-lt ;
    .,Jt^ill

    ---*-'**-+

    t+ .*:tt _;3Ja;Jl o.u ;a _ic,-Jl


    - ,.rQ;
    R = (lNO:12

    .-4cJs,l: i

    riar

    i-rJa;J

    I q J- ti:: CO .ri . tCO I a-,*J I ;i

    J.&

    .*rst 1;y\l

    ZNO, --) NO. + NO

    o*' @

    168

    :2qJ

    tlt I iJrl+JJ l4iu Jtt"a., t jli

    er.iri+-rr:+ I *-li

    jli J. U{

    (jllS

    2NO2g) + FzG) -e 2NOrF(g)

    :,r'o&tiill r4f l " rt

    i1.lig..i
    EJA:'ll65i Jh.LinllL-1*

    ,.r,S

    (,elai) NO,
    (6:.x)

    Jl. 4-6

    e.:i"ff ,i;Jl i.r-l3Jl


    L-p.l-ll U.rl-^ll :,]Sl .R = k[A][B]2

    .fr5ylr

    3"4 C

    ac..Jluiti

    ttr i:f Y9

    + F, -e NO2F + F ,l i:,t
    F + NO' --r NO,F ,2;ot
    :,519 a.J*rJ fr.iaf li3't ;-lt

    ;rr
    ;lr

    jF

    i:rurr ,j,i:,F,!sr...r't: irrr ";Ej-;"::J.-;.:l-;p,bl;.s: l:l


    .i-rJa*ll ,.b rJ4 !-)'sl br}i frS ;lr lJ<{i .asJJ ;:ilf ;3,L;.f f '..;9 .il*)t

    irr.;:r .*-..rrvr

    CetjibByAJfctl'il

    i.urr .{!-yr

    A+28 _C:.-rlJ+Jl

    R=

    J.liJlLx rs.G;i.ss 5-6


    lilLy'l .rl.y
    gt+ R = klXl3

    iJ-Jl

    tlNOzllFzl

    3.c

    ,;.r-rdl;JiteiJt aiJL Y 9 Xilrct"a:f

    'f-L'-

    sJt-i-i i.i)lJ X r+sr; .rl.rrl


    .27 J-l-+.^

    *-*ll .rlrji-

    ..&l;ilt*x114 t*

    iJS

    jn36

    X ,+lct i': ^ d,*+

    X;J" ;
    a-ir'r.' ^ 6.rJ 4 o-;l,r!.

    J-l-{

    ?=yo,J

    .&tnl lin LJ* ,,riG :$il .Z #,

    .(d,?bsiljr,:)!e)!..1:Lrr ;,.-4.)*Jl

    t^(:-,Li-t;rt..L*.:l ;i

    cli:'a

    U)l'/l
    ;*i- .2-l i"llplJ

    ,2-l

    ,166

    Jicilsls^rcF,!.sl5Jr -;Jt.JI iliNL:alrLrl ni L.i


    e= 1.J!"Lrl
    f,_J.u:rl .XF;g"l5r)LLt-;r i..,u;
    t[Xl[Y12 .9]:L^rt L 2_JiLr1 .5, Y

    .(R = ktxlt2Yl2)
    .tR = ktXltl Y12);i:r u,yr L#".r_cr -J:

    lirJAJt

    gJ

    il5-Yl j- ,,J^itt ;.ralJ- J. et


    174-113 a*i-.20-18

    R=klT-ltMl:.t

    '$.1 .'

    .s:Ji:-r. ;

    "r,t3iJl

    R=

    i{Nozl2

    .2

    L,,Jr J]+ Y ist i.l:

    M rL.L:-;rFyt_34uxr

    Ci]-

    ir-,;ir
    J

    NOr(s) + CO(s)

    ,+OA K

    ,:.

    "&i

    9tl-,- -q+r,

    t*

    COr(s) + NO(s)

    ic;Jubii i-Ji ;!Co2ni.,s Lr- fu; NO, iF, i;-t^"


    ** ry q* co 1s; {+ [! .3:i c,)l
    i:,r, r-*J a:
    t'i
    .
    i.-Xt COz +-rS ---r- 4 -,+L
    JcUJI l^ icr*;i
    CloD

    -**''',"'

    "

    .J4tjIl lJ^ iE,.-

    Lr*,

    13

    .c

    3l
    Lr-;i 4; .l li+a**l"JlJt
    r-.ffi|frFr!!!q.!-",r.

    .MJS':_a;-L;-JJtdlu.i 1;t3r:;e,Lf

    :JLiJl 'JAUrl

    169

    Fr

    L)Jl "d.t;: X ;Sr: Lr;- .i


    Ub"l _o*ri J! Lr*-:r "u-t x Y f; LU. .-

    169

    ,9

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    J.l-.i'ill sJ.l=J rJ)ljl


    .Ul Lll

    ^r

    Lr:.'.':ll

    r5i ;rtr=lj o-lJl


    .lth'.rl

    rr+i*ll &.rF-s

    Y
    .a.iLj- .:lr,t-:,

    .r.r-;
    .t.16

    _80
    :s

    60

    EO

    __>
    eL"l

    <_
    ,-&

    Nl ,i=+80kJ/mol
    N] - =-SOkJ/mol
    E = 100 kJ/mol
    Eo' = 2O kJ/mol

    173

    J-jul

    :lai,:t:Jl

    FU.r- -,5i os] ,*)t

    JEtt
    ,Y

    -;1>ojl:l .r*-si cf: grL ii' ,- Lr-r.tC


    i;l.rqjl .:,L.;: r:aj$JlJ+ 2NO2 -+ 2NO + O,

    irU:r .pur
    .-.rr!r ;*u.rr e kr+ .rji Jlo,:.;rr .i*ur ;.lA;.:r
    -g.r.NO, --e NO + O,.':evr

    .iHr Jetirjl

    (7i

    **,.-,"-,"

    iF Gi LS:

    .i

    :e!dr

    le14l
    -y4l ::tl .Lil!,i" -;fi ifS .,
    StjiFt lrg.r':0. ' .:u,Ft q+ erl . :rt Jts tll
    .F,ldl
    _g/

    43tL,'Fe

    .!"*Lill -,;ac9l+)l

    ;rrt.i

    _:r;irJi

    :,rie'...i;i .rl, &L;i

    .4

    .i

    4.*

    .J.l;tJ

    et+l" .g

    crl: ;l'':.;)U

    alE ''
    ,1lill

    Lr- j* ill

    ')|.6
    ot
    qtL.
    .@.'.@.U

    :lttil ;ii:lj

    3COr(s) + 4HrO(s)

    .3

    FLr.,,r -l-si irs .e

    6 iJei os:,p)t-t;:rr

    e. .12

    ilur i:rurr ".p; ..p.rs


    .,,), -ri *g.i,, :-.".1i lll ,'EiLli! 5C1H8

    bS

    .:,*Lill alaiYl P=

    DlJi-lJeu: ii:r

    C.,Hr(e) + 5O2k)

    Lo:rrfrU .r" &l ".rF .v

    ^:

    Fl,t,;11;'.1U4*tC:t 9)leUll

    .2
    I
    .l

    lJ

    -gJ

    u .i.tl

    i;O,"s:.1 "l;stet',..tgtt-;.lr

    !.t-t;tt +Ls.,1_;:l

    .13

    Ft,=+,,i+Jil,Jj i t^,it ;rJ"ill l+!.15

    ic/l

    ir<::

    J*lS

    5;lcijlo

    .Frlli:le .:yal:-.ll

    l2

    ',
    ..la:-"J

    S;JtJrlj;Ul

    NOr+O-NO+02.14
    .slSjl ,lst;rll

    -'.rt

    ,lc ,]ittJt eJ)r .L9.:t1 f11 "a+.,1i .*


    5&tixt )Ld

    .i-rt-r,xJr

    fA'-

    LLrt.

    ,{;;IJ 3-1y.:r :L..iJ:Jl 1}l't-9;1t-*1J

    J+iill

    lio r.ll-1, ,',i


    ,'* , Etzll .<Jl
    ll
    .i.slg i3J.:*/ ,qFl

    :l

    ;. +i;

    &Lijll ;Jl-'-

    i 1...1... t<l c,Icl_i:Jl

    41

    rtl

    i){cL;ill i.l3l I j la}.ill "6,f r aeU irt;: , r,.

    59+r+,aJt+.S,ttg,i.e tr|

    .5lsol

    Utl. ;S.12

    ,.rt-iut

    4 i.lU:,;.>.r-U r +Q;+

    ,r*iYl .sll erS- Uf -r

    &^l Lr)lJl
    i+^( rl ';

    t nllyi ll

    51:1. :ll .4:,JiiJ 1J. :tl L .i.l0


    ;tt ,;Jt L .,{.Jijlt ,r<r G+ ..r

    i.r.

    -::U.

    &l-ill Jlg.s.
    ,!t i': ^ll :,L^:...i e;i: ;i ..a, .i.t t
    UIIJI; "r; Uhi oL.rL-:J
    ;.rit .sJU., c,L.l-il-ll i, 1.r latl

    a,rr, .!Lii,

    ..f.*"-U-ri, ,r.',1:-V. g!\t-s l"tL I .e


    ..1^U i{:i ti .:

    it:; .-

    LJ* 3t:;

    ,b Lr)rlJl
    oFYt+ L.rl. 't"ll

    li

    .!M

    .i

    .4i31)e. J-;,*!_&LeJl
    J.L;JI

    jrsl

    Y .:

    tj:l,t +

    .t*;..:: *r_r!cla:Jti..*

    o.irS Ut! c,li ;3S: .ri,,,-r.y

    6.rJl ....lnJl

    Surt .a
    .&uirtili ',

    .G

    5;- "d+ "db- "&tn


    t-JA Jicti:Jl !4.; "J,*t {JJl t 3, B lE'utf l
    tB-, A.dlLl,;;.tt ;*S t,s;".-a.t '',
    fo u'4fo-r, A

    .'i

    oyt3 .:r

    ..:-r<lr

    -:--Jt_r{. i.Fl,;:Jl .:r

    J3

    .8

    ir.r.;:r

    e4;

    .-lcLi:ll

    .,r.ia;.fl ]a! .r

    'r

    .C

    =DJ'.

    'rlcl ::

    ' 'J

    tt

    a+

    1./l "rii!,J-.r
    .\

    .6

    .;1l..Jl _\1:.9,lcLi:Jl l.:.)o.SJJl-rlUxl J-t-.v

    'f ::lll;-ll ,:Jl i'r";': '6


    .;;i;Jle_a3[tJl .:

    p,u i3lr il .r.-,^;s:gJt i;!.jjf KJt


    i'r'Lt
    ,ret+.,.1oL;:t
    ,r= ] 1.;tt i;^tt
    9=

    .7

    q.lUl Sr>t

    *tl

    -ie;:,),{cU:f

    1'^. )

    t_1-

    d,JJt

    .i!,:f

    istt!.:ji+!l

    l_f,;Jl

    i+.+ 33-

    .S,+L;rt

    l-

    ,JJ ;:3^r1 ;.L;Jl .r1..15

    F .o}.n

    ..r.i-ilrllaJl <f;M-ri = -10 kJ/mol Eo' -- 40 kJ/mol .i


    M*ui= -95 kJ/mol E,,=20 kJ/mol .-

    ,*t ,+.l- +14J1 -a3u! i!!+rUtsiYl

    LH_,r.= -40 kJ/mol Eo'=30 kJ/mol .6

    'eS f3*.4JJ6

    i-rrlr

    lictJilJ 4t*dlig--'tt

    .'.rr
    a:L.fr ,tr:t ; .;:-t-y'.*;t6irSt d
    ii:xr o:.,.6r;:: a:eljlt ir:Lr.r

    J-

    1<r.f 6

    .t,',, E,9LH eEtg'Sle*){sl;:\l


    E,.e+ +r; g. .ii,-<,J1, liil,4Yl +}al::rl AH

    giti

    &U:Jla4Js
    .fuu:r

    .it

    'J<-:Jl_f-rl .17

    (1-6aj-''r-:r1 a:i,-tt ,l;-:l 1.f

    ?^
    IU
    i9

    . f :,

    (2-6 a;1:r-.::t

    Ju

    'ql^t B, +8, -> Er + D ,l i3J";.rr


    G)- E1 + A -e B, + C, ,2 i3,toirr

    Nl ,i=-40kJ/mol
    NI ,- = +210 kJ/mol

    .t

    r"i

    sf

    ,,:1,::'
    :'

    Eo = 20 kJ/mol

    60f

    .J.tj:.:JsJ Li+_J.U:Jl a+: r+ ..r

    u '6
    tJLj.Jl i:tl.r--*r B 3 e aicU:tt &;:! &!;.19
    l-i.r-3;tli;St .2A + B -e A2B:esl3Jl
    sJ.-dd.tirll i>":Js -ist -a;.1"!" jit t- .Ji4ti:Jl
    (2-6 ai-:_*::r ui--tt .,ti"t1 .J.Url i.r- 4irr
    s-J'u:l: i-.icrr i+r':r

    iJrLrL bt ^S .l.U J.";\.!.20


    *,,1+!>1, Li..i .i + 28 --; C
    ,i.:ut *ul.*tt g.u

    i *f
    F

    En' = 60 kJ/mol

    20r

    '?7

    ol-

    al

    -201

    *-

    --qiiii.i,r>

    ,.6

    i3

    i*

    ><-

    i:tr":+Yr
    C

    i;l

    L.,,;r

    UiogJ

    .jlJ:JJ1

    irill:rYl

    ;0

    ja

    ar.pJl

    Ni ,i=+l0kJ/mol
    Nl - =-10 kJ/mol

    20

    IAl

    IB1

    E,, = 1o

    -+o

    Eo' = 60 kJ/mol

    x l0-4
    8.0 x l0+

    0.20

    0.20

    0.40

    0.20

    -___-----__---{t

    x l0-r

    0.40

    0.40

    ;/b\

    1.6

    kj/mol

    -20

    I[t/min
    2.0

    *&

    t-L'

    ,ai_ej3f l

    a4rJ

    <

    ->

    ',

    .i .18

    -60

    .i.tt
    _10

    -?
    l9

    .&hl i.>* g;U ii_i


    .r,
    .ii-gXl
    alcFl

    i-*l .u
    ':..vl F)xr Jtslrr .e
    t
    t,
    '.JS;J
    5C
    {,ilr:,Yl a4 Jl Ln
    SAJu4J.kJl iorU.,
    _

    5-9t3

    n^jr

    ,0.30M8-rA..r-15rlr

    SB J

    l+

    J.L.ur

    i;

    t-.

    .i

    .o

    .'lo

    .t0

    ..'>

    60

    <

    "-ul

    3s0
    640

    NI

    -30
    20
    ll0

    E,,

    .- = +10 kJimol

    = 3o kJ/mol

    <-

    -._-_-_-_>

    ;-.Lri

    -I

    U-

    0.,..-'

    (lD
    N'l .

    A+B'-Cz*D 'i '18

    .A \a-i sJJ.Yt i-: Jt ..r


    .B\f-i a,,L:Jl i; Jl .-a
    .i .zt
    1
    ,n

    n+.-,Jl .Bz

    .E

    i Ji- t+-!l .f
    i*rl.ll d c+Stt

    ,,.i A+illlJ A

    o-_r*ll Jl,', tAl

    30

    -o

    R = ft[B:12

    iic'l.' ^ R = ft[A]2[B] .19


    ir.r- , i.l. "r [B] i-icl .' ^ ,4 = J.l . ^t

    :l

    =*95kJ/mol
    En'= 115 kJ/mol

    .&GJl
    >
    Eo= 50 kJ/mol

    R = fttAltBl2.i.2o

    2.5

    l0-2 M

    min-l

    ><
    .-Ll

    NI ,i=+40kJ/mol
    E,, = 7o kJ/mol

    6.8xl0rM2minl
    174

    lit-e a;r** :rr.

    . : i-.:-i .r=l.r Li.i ^ lLLo ar:Jl(j .25


    1.rl
    .diJ.r- J-l-. J:. J.i e,t-!1a i*.i
    ,,Jr' J.f-.iOf .:,!i.5-.:-: ,i*,
    .iL:..r c,l3l_iJ

    til lll

    .rl;,^ll

    ir+

    Lri,"s',-,:i. o-

    (rr''orr

    JLr;yJ,a!E

    o-/t

    ,Y) B ,J .rlrit i-:rlr.Z+


    ,alir'.li5J . i. '.llJl,Firj'l
    s/ A+jtlli-:rJl,(, ;. rtl J!l+sJll
    '
    ,.5-rl ,6+;Jl J! :- i:- rl o-y'| jY) A
    .(. i. rlt Jtjsjlt (J6t ;r il

    cr"

    e-,- e1t::

    l-"

    2No2(8)

    .::l ;,r,,f,H
    -

    (.rr:.r

    c.r.

    4:,),leU:rt_g.i$.nll.f*iJl

    i.=t

    tt^
    .28

    qU':r

    .Jb-i

    .i..irljj.!l ililr.ll

    ..

    JSY|
    .,".+t

    -i"FJl 1t-;i-t,j.]r";

    "'

    i .1-t: fi*Ut +tri..r::t

    .(OUI

    It*r+ ;*

    lra"ll

    g, ...*UVt

    .22

    aJt:Jr

    .lq,)l .'- 'c'r'KJ

    r*si,*"*.J.Ur.l'

    .:

    ',:;l

    .23

    i, )"o
    3.- .i

    C"

    ! , ^; ..r
    .320 K -;1lr- _a-1r ric HCI 1i,.
    ^
    g .e
    ,Jo1>-+"5 g9i .ft*,;y!t":FLr.5
    j\

    ,298 Kl:r,)-.4+t,

    -r;

    HCI

    3=

    ;et'r';*'\
    Jl

    .&te-"Js: fur,rr
    (M/s)

    .29

    _.J-r

    i:t.

    -:

    e..*Jl

    F fuur iuLJt .24

    _"t-

    .A + B --e C

    tBl(M)

    tA1(M)

    0.0 t2

    0.06

    0.08

    0.006

    0.03

    0.08

    0.003

    0.06

    0.04

    _-!4

    U:x

    le;rr'

    Ll, 61 r

    ^:rt .4A + B -+ 2C + 2D

    :lr)+

    it.-9 J-Li:.I

    n$ liii- | J E .rt

    *-;iE

    ,r+_erJl

    1-lvt *q,l*rt ai "Ct"lFl

    a*;.lL ilar:: grJt L.s.+graJt j:t ;Vt -}cU:.tt


    5t i^-J.U:.lt-ar r t,-.9f;:r
    -a:.li ;**.U.1
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    l-.it t
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    .

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    '

    -- l^ll ;,L.-Jjll

    .c,l-p 9

    J.tnl

    Ls!,-.. i:...1J,tAl i.+r c'.i-L;j ljl.e


    &Li;Jl ir.r* ,;ir:-i; .. i. '.ll J!tBl
    , .. i. lll Jl
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    .J.l-inJl
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    ,sJ,-*

    .i .23

    !*r-

    Eu' = 50 kJ/mol

    F-i-rx . ia! . i. '. Jttel ,;ir--jl

    ..rt;!*!l
    ., i.

    .320 K

    C+r-t.X'\

    -"

    g-U'

    i;11- i--,;.r r-b HCI .,rl;*-,. all ..r

    I75

    ..jSt"

    acJ* .,Jc SJitsl J-lJrJlJ:j'L:


    Ul,!,+ t-rS't: cs- ,r.l+is .J!l-ill
    .i

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    qi

    _J.UX| ;" k{L&"-

    ---o-,rJl _,$e:iJt 3.- _iuiU


    e+ ^ J! ,l-9-ll +-l e. .c,Lri3Jl3
    ,t ,:rY c,G3'*Jl alo-lJ'. .i-rti:ll

    L{lY lrAr .c,L-rFl C)Ui .r- eL3


    ;r- l^ll c,t+*-*U .r*L-Yl .l;ll

    ;t\
    ":.-

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    gl.'i.-lj f-r=ltJ.l$ll ,ojt+ L


    .el3,4Jl . al<. J+i:j.iJ,. i- lrrJl3

    ,'ar j,calrjil -_A $.-;Jlitll or-o


    Jts-iYl
    F^ J!-. JtJ-lJL
    .;
    . i,i- ^
    ,'c^lriJl a=.3 .,,.-,:t-Yl
    "lil.r
    .,
    rL! pl 'r'l'..1 .gli ,' jL'.ll ,:.'1...1 .'ll
    "l
    'J
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    W.t

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    .d^x! ejl A jst_J+t;r .i
    a:Y.j Jl B J rl
    .v
    Y. ':i)l ;5ijl irtr)

    O.,-ri.;l L.>f-

    ,i

    ry.;:*

    'cj:-,

    y )- ;rts,;**g

    -is-.e .{+J+Yl g3i::.28

    :OAs.

    gstLJt

    .J ,: anL"b." .z
    ^;rt ,Jr. B :.'J .n, r.r:: .M A 1. ...
    s
    '-.

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    ,:r
    Y--.c-.v.eJ4v

    fr* Uor*'i;.Zl

    .2G it"
    L:.'
    ll
    r.r ,,iririir.',Li ,<''G ;lg
    jG
    No,
    L+s
    .J.Li:Jlrlr^il
    ;i
    ,+
    ,;JJl
    C-l'-:
    ,+-rc N.O* J J'*i
    ,', illl ir:r )+ii alJi:-l ,tS")t+
    .r

    bF_r,r

    .iu, !31;!

    r'. .I-b JJ," u+Jsil ;y.Ul

    t+;-, ;;!

    :,.

    r9J'-Jl i:lrt ;9.26

    J!.rr':tl sJ'+S a+J- ast..."


    it+*.t ;Jljt j!-i dllJ ,j++-<Yl
    .rlt itl+ J-c:! i3 t+* )Lus .,i""l

    R = klAllBl2

    ai.UU ri ;;lrsJl i+;r {_;:!.JJl c,,r,+ i:rilrjt "i


    .i..:le L.; .iJlFl j>;ro:L;;l :.+,+
    _.r,.rti9

    =;t-r-i

    33-

    AH = +30 kJ/mol E"'= 20 kJ/mol .i


    AH = -30 kJ/mol E, = 20 kJ/mol ..r

    JrPL,*

    il+:r 4L.-; ai:to"S,.y-f;) f

    e1a+

    ..';-

    NrO.(8)

    i3L>-..'i te*b'r."it'!t<*^

    ,:>LU:rl f : -ri3lLUi:;t"'V1g,r! 1+l .21

    ,+::Urt

    .rt

    ir.'p .rl.r:i- Uyl+ tBl ; ^*;.-,t_,9

    lil..i.22

    lj[.er

    (l-i) dr{Jl

    AlJi-tl;JlJ'iJlrJl

    LIr.

    3:lll

    aijdll

    -326'7.6

    cuHu

    -3910.3

    CrHr

    -393.5
    -283.0

    c,oHt

    (IJ@

    -7t36.O

    c,oH,o

    ir-lJ!l

    -'726.1

    cH-roH

    -1366.8
    -275t.t

    iiell

    i.rtll
    l]c+rd+a
    c+9l;a

    -285.8

    ,-ri9Ji

    -5156.3

    /
    /

    ijlijl

    LH"

    c2H5oH

    CO ie.Fri*,riJ"ri
    rltiJ,

    CH.,

    -890.8

    crH^

    !q!

    Jtu:.
    .rttl!

    -22t9.2

    C,H"

    !rt-lJi

    Otil*i

    -t5ffi;7

    -2877.6

    C,H,"

    -5'10;l

    cHro

    u_rlaJtrSo

    -3535.6

    CrH,r

    -2803.0

    c6Hr206

    igsJli

    4163.2

    C"H'o

    )t S-

    -48 t7.0

    CrH,^

    ou+

    . Al1. er" lf O. 'r:* -."i- ;iu;lrLv ;rlJ- = At/.


    i+B:Li; c.iJ 25"C ;1r2 _i-Jr ric CO2@\ t\ / t H2O(0 eJt i ,. <y
    .rli =g..FL =l.q.l- =s

    -5470.5

    C"H,"

    ,.rlsri

    *5640.9

    (c"H.)to

    cr?H?ror

    ,;it- O. kJ/mol

    -t411

    LFfjrilr

    C.H^ (ilt.rr) iru.y


    CrH, (irli.-i) ixtll

    -20s8.0

    .; r

    60'c
    0.019 46

    200

    20"c
    0.031 02
    680

    rils.ri

    (oC)

    ;;

    l-,;s

    (2-i) Jt,rqtl

    -i;-2r ric r lll

    3r

    L+

    r l'O<"J

    rC

    l0"c
    0.038 02

    "rlll

    STP Jj4 (L) .tl.iJl'f,+-

    jtijl

    0.048 89

    It30

    870

    0.014 88

    0.023

    l9

    0.028 t6

    0.035 37

    0.029 54

    0.04? 06

    0.057 09

    0.073

    2.582

    3.399

    2.299

    (;Eq!);,1+!

    CrHo

    .2

    -l30r.l

    rqr

    ,Jli,1
    rJL.S.

    8l

    Jt'.tSst

    cp.p;"r:Jt r+-S\Ui

    JJls

    3.1 48

    442

    t+r.i
    )r"51$i

    il+s+Cjt+'r(

    475

    iJU*.

    0.019 54

    0.033 08

    Q.44t'.77

    0.05s 63

    0.010 23

    0.015 45

    0.081

    6l

    o.o23 54

    0.012 l6

    0.018 68

    0.02284

    0.029 l8

    ru6

    0.016 00

    0.018

    0.019 55

    0.021 48

    ir6.rJa.

    19

    l. I 8570

    *iE+Jr+

    Ll; !t jt;,98.81 5Vo Nz r,ji+l t'a..j:+,Jl *

    ,il

    .--r-r,6:

    176

    l3t*r;ttl

    ilr.la

    (3-i ) dj.ratl

    ili$1333llil$:;
    1'

    sAss's

    dSAISaS
    SSSIS-S
    aASSSS

    SSSSS
    SSSSS
    SSSSS

    fr+9.1
    l9l--lt+

    sssssss

    sAsss
    sAsss

    ASA

    SaS

    sss

    sss
    sss

    sA
    sPs

    APA

    aPP

    ASA

    sAd

    ..uii;-t

    ",,.!ut

    ?*atutu

    (II)1g"!.r
    (IY)J{&.1

    AS__sAs
    SSPPSPS
    dSSASAS
    ASPISAS
    ASAASAS

    3!.:-.rr.pt-rr a;L.rxJ"LLti,{3j+ rul};L.e]llflli=


    A

    (I),i{lj
    (II) d+lj

    sds

    dss

    .ru' L'"t?j--=

    +-

    (II)rrt-;

    SP

    SaS

    sss
    sss
    sss
    sss
    sss--ssslsss

    +s

    a4oJti

    AAP
    SPS
    SSS

    sss

    -S

    (lI)
    (III)

    SA

    dPP
    ASA
    APA
    IPA
    IdA
    SPA

    SASSS
    PPSSS

    6zD ,',r-,-,,

    |J*rl

    (II).,ir:*r.
    (II) rJ"t-l

    d,E.rjr{.
    P.;Ul

    +rL.r!rJrli},uit-} etL.ri!:!b=

    ,.r.'.t-':' t,iqr,,r,,r*o.r*r*ur: *

    "

    .'rul

    +, rii;'rr3i.:*.rr.,,pr-rr

    .;[l *irt.riu&t3.=

    a,rL.rlr.i!,lii

    = L:,ri;.rr

    trr.irl i{oqri (4-i) 4e.r4r


    ir.r*
    170
    2.598t)'
    IM

    139
    1.93
    6).f

    36.2
    0.'13

    65.3

    53.6

    6.34

    287.3

    2.83

    59.2
    88

    36.4
    75.4

    18.2

    il.1

    0.0004 r3
    24.1

    r?o

    203.9
    0.00 1726'

    89.0
    t03

    r; iL

    46.4
    I .05

    22.1

    487.2

    ('C) ;1lr- i11r

    0.0016'8

    3t.2

    70.6

    0.00024625',

    0.1619

    0.209r0'
    14.8

    36. I

    68.3

    54.6

    33.7

    22.0

    6t.8

    32.0

    23.1

    0.001875'
    18.40
    56.3

    204

    0.0022

    -+
    17.50
    23.ti
    t3'7

    .9"rr

    :.+rlr +. g, ir'^. " LU-9r.rr

    NaC,H.O,

    ,.9r9aJt;l:,..i

    ;r,:dl bl:.

    AgCrH,O,

    ..i

    jJ I :r:.^9.rr
    pfr:-U3xtt 6b;c,1o
    ; o:*E

    KBr
    KMnO.

    )t.*

    crrHr)oil
    p3rr.JlSJt

    CaF

    Al)(SOr)r

    *,f,tir

    ruEjfrli:U,-r*S

    (NH,).SO,

    u*J.1' 5tirJ*S
    rc-.-r!pr

    tjstirJ

    K.SO

    5Q;s
    !rlrJ-r,{S

    l9.dNrsuJ$

    l9:.n! ' uLlJ)+r


    MgSO,

    ,:g=3!ltuli

    *5

    CuSOr.5HrO ;/.tG (Il) u.l-ijr iqr+


    t

    ll-1":*f

    $'

    0.00142s'
    16.60

    $*

    CaSO

    -)z.o

    0.0065

    00 g >='ai,r :1

    BaSO
    7.4

    30.9q)'

    lt4

    p3rJLl I lrb.i)S

    BaCO,

    -*
    16.15

    |.J

    3.3

    95.9

    79.6

    '77.3

    55.3

    37.2

    29.4

    59.4

    46.2

    35.8

    3l.2

    56.3

    45.8

    34.2

    28.0

    CaCOr

    rui-Jtrjliuj,.Js

    Ca(HCO,)1 ilr:+9.).udJra3FJKrl&|js.:S
    KCIOl

    ,.j*6yJt&t13Js

    t irJFJ!3l)}6

    NaCIO

    NH,CI

    lJ:llJrJl

    !--;3J5

    BaClr.2H,O :t)"+3J1;txrjtrrLjr!-Jg15

    l+:-E#t+)4r

    KCI

    3.24

    |.94

    r.00

    **

    0.67

    PbCI

    0.00l1r"

    0.0002025.

    _1.

    Hc"Cl"

    J.O-t

    HgCl,

    0),!.^jjj'*--rJJs
    (II) J+tt *).ls

    NaCl

    pggr3rJl *-19J5

    6l

    .3

    39.2

    o.J

    6.57

    3'7.1

    35.9

    0.0021

    t28
    120
    871

    34.4

    245
    133
    180

    0.000089r1

    98.4

    83.5

    96.5
    Aa

    73.0

    20.4

    9.02

    106

    122

    0.004
    206

    0. 12

    -*
    176

    4.95

    r.6

    13.9
    37.5

    87.6

    KNO

    0.

    73

    0.0009r'r"

    tu

    0.

    128

    +-19tS

    ,"1;1r

    *.r.r-<

    rq-GJ*'l 3rri+
    (IIl art-,,tt 5t -.:
    l9rrJJr.:!;*!

    AgNO
    Ba(OH)

    -*

    rJlS

    ,rjr.;$t

    aJEiJaJl,5t r+
    aJJ.)t:o r sr_+P

    NaNO,

    122

    3.89

    (lI1

    BatNO,)
    Pb(NO1)'

    73.0

    216

    20.91

    L r.tL I

    NH,NO-

    -s4.3

    91.6

    68.2

    r__;3JS

    i,6ill ir

    AeCl

    LiCI

    69.2

    ll8

    t92

    u0

    0.076

    3-s.7

    gata./t

    89

    al1Lll

    :'i '.'<"rJ$

    Ca{OH).

    ,.jg-JKf r+.iSp+ra

    Mg(OH),

    t914*:il

    | ,+..S_l'.1.*o

    pqy$3*llrr9

    KI
    f$Jl ).!ri_ae

    Jl 'xji (-) itl*

    tir3,--r,

    Gi)

    t78

    3a3s:l';;q- (5-i) dt .qJl


    i.ltl

    AJL-JI

    NTJ

    4JtiJ

    6rlll

    ^Hr

    -l

    p3gr3eJt;iQ-,;6

    387. I

    lSt

    fJ*-J

    -126t.19
    * 1065.3

    us{iill

    ill:jJ.A

    -272.O

    (II) jnj,.jrr

    UqF

    -874.2

    (lI) ,r,t-:Jt;u,-F
    (lI) 4stt l!!.;.s

    *100.0

    L:r-iJl

    -32.59

    .C

    -20.6

    "a:i,1'6

    lI)

    -274.5

    (IV)

    -90.8

    r)

    ge

    la;J

    '.

    "l

    <i

    o-l-rr:*.5i

    (ll) J{jtt ',j..<i


    il{-JtSJt j*."si

    434.9

    (crPt-r+ ) .r:r.;s

    +sltl+-si

    ru*.,1;fl:+..si

    -60 | .6
    *520.0

    (Il);idt

    r,.."sl

    -t207.6

    fJ.JtS.tlnb3erS

    -314.4

    fg+S"ttrirlS

    -8-s8.6

    1y-;lrJtr-135
    p9*-tir+ll +'Jls

    -241.8

    (ete).a4;3-,14gJr

    l,jti',0. .i

    -285.8

    (cu ) 1413-)46Jt

    itn "".Ji

    +142.7

    -264.2

    (lI) 4*tt q.t<


    (I),1;;,tt *r4s

    -230.0

    (II) J+jrr:!_]Jrs

    -385.9

    pjr-i:J6J t :!-JJJS

    4?6.49
    -399.4

    +82.

    +90.29

    -83.ti
    +228.2

    -795.4

    fltJlstl i:rls

    -393.8

    -461.5
    *92.3

    s'J*+

    - | 87.8

    -483.7

    rrlJsrs'rr

    467.9

    ,.3p:3eltnt-,!n

    - | 20.5

    :!;4J | &l ;

    (Hz)

    -0.00

    124.58
    425.9

    o},3r +..sr;|.3
    t1+-9Jgi'jJl J4,.Si oiB

    -t.

    -l

    (It) ,-rr

    -928.4

    +62.4

    (I,),e,

    -980. l 4

    +26.5

    ..;4;9.2rgJ I r1r.9g

    AHr I

    _iJtrr 'e;rr 3s .2.5'C;rt-

    @,,,.-,-.,,

    -r, r;

    kJim.l

    L64

    'x.dr

    frar4Jl

    f+.*

    "
    +,rlb

    bUlJ,.S

    (II) r;stt;:lirrJ
    !L!6JL;JlSliJF

    (II) dot4!l5U,-J"{s

    -919.91
    AHl

    !t-r

    t9i)r+,gHJtP
    lreu9!r suJs

    -1437.tt

    re+

    tc

    YS r *-li

    rta-rJJ+dJl

    t80.9

    -14'73.2

    0.00

    -2'73.3

    "rr+:.lr*n

    l.;rF.J,.::..iJ t -+-,S

    |f) -) .: Y-

    -3009.9

    tjJrJFJlr:JLl.+n
    ,.j4JKlt.*..Sgt+o

    ,983.2

    ;l.:iJ

    +9.2

    tg.!-EJiJ I r+."S_p.*o

    J.,xl (ill

    ilr,rSJl +-,<ldU

    +33.2

    --{y

    (II) LyfrrlJ!i-n

    -302.9

    &rJgSJl i*!.ll gJB

    (jirrJS ) g'JS+l4Jl

    -296.8

    u+j1J I ail .:+

    -4U3.1

    !.t+r+\dJ | ,*,"S-U+
    .ip3-14alt .:Jf.xt

    -9 r0.7

    e9t@Nrsr>4

    -93 8.2

    13gr3"al I uSrr

    -395.7

    (ll.t.auo}ttot ;ri

    -451.9

    j*J I u.9.2r

    +49.080

    -136.3

    aF-uJiI

    ,*+U+1lt'+url

    -36.29

    a9i)Lal u,).jr

    494.6

    crs

    ;ttrr

    +82.88

    .Jry

    -768.2

    IFJJJ+dJl +)JJS

    -74.9

    ,ur!
    (crr+:+-i.1

    -36 .8

    ru:jilJli.u 'JJs
    rua*-dill i.'irJS

    -.108.6

    jgiFr+riJji

    -110.5

    i;.ajr *,d<

    (o.) JJ]ei

    ;tiij l.!4>rt*r I J+-,Si &i


    i.l+qt:djt {i-.si &i

    (II) J,iJ.-iJl iJrJS

    -51

    (ll) s,"tijt
    "i...<i

    r57.3

    I .3

    a0.-5 *127.0

    L79

    iq{rJ
    (.rui) ;r,.-rs

    0.00

    (II)

    {III) rsjt *Ji


    ;}lr|,.jl i!,li

    -350.-s

    .;rl+9Y16Jt

    + 1.9

    (O, i!+"si

    0.00

    -1434.5

    -'17 1.4

    l.i3."l

    -4-5.9

    iUJJ-.S

    .1;-{ ij:

    T:ii.:5;r,:-*U;^j

    ;J'.df I AiU.rl

    {.s c. [,r!L-V

    &-rii:lr

    so:,,J1-

    iSrlFr ,re:-rr 4 r1;;:r ;, lPr


    .;;lFl 1+Ji >i>-.J-Ca LH
    .aTAS.<i Y,--c$)i. :-;i: L .;lSJl,
    =

    spectator itlns

    L*n.r!r

    fs'.;lilr ilEqrYl

    -t".t .lr ir29- iUri


    1rA 9: '.:JJL; ) te:1 .3.Ldj o+
    r=

    (144).oE:L*

    -r':;iJJ.' ;-re13, rF#> !l+ &U:f

    hytlroniurn ion ac+loJ+dr

    gJ,

    saJt

    :.:; c'.*&pl,>

    ;--rxi 9i;-r9 i&

    cd[+rr j+ i.LaiJr

    homogeneous reaction

    :,

    dissociation gtiz:.tr
    ..i

    ;1,;.; Jl , (; 'tl-;:t
    . --':' ei- :r;r

    (.19).rt g.i oi ,r',-

    hydration

    :.t"+,"+

    J! :ttl:,trr+ iFrl

    &.*:,a;l,rt
    (|

    9)

    _ei

    i";t,lr

    .i;..t;F)t

    lirijr

    lill

    .'Js3

    +*

    ,^

    ttrr"

    i;rj,r,r 'riq;rr

    1..

    i'r{;,ig* g= ...L*o.rrFl)y- ,,t!;, Ei -r!J4


    ' i'
    (51 )

    ;rt r ;,{'Ef

    catalysis
    .

    !+I'Jl F ;i

    _i" i*r:t
    (_54).;rr-/l

    _a:ls

    eluitr ri ?,.i*Y'

    -iJh:Jl

    (162)

    concentration .idsJ.]rl

    -,,

    rrl'bGad.^rlbG

    (26)

    .&t-i oi lo1*

    oi

    :..

    lo.u-

    (56) .,+:1.!
    elecrnrlyte

    i.',
    )tl*i

    . I irt 1, r' ir'',


    _;14>)r i+ Jl,-,, :t ,l), -JaU:
    (,.p9;ro4ll
    i1,*t.1
    -Jl 3UrYr e

    rtr-Lt'i;
    I 89) .-!1. .U'
    -l+ F..ffJ
    fJr.+rr lrt+lr &'+;r1

    l3) .Jt{x!r )qil y-J-

    weak electfollte

    :,-.'

    11

    ;-3rr31Yq

    strong electrolyte !3;f r c*f_9rXfVr


    jL" Jrl* 4iE -5; I.E;":. ?r-

    (46)

    ..

    ,t qr! it,uJr a;J,-t, -Yi)15


    lllnPhrrterlc rtjtsi-tj&'yl

    --:r ^. ll
    (

    ..U15

    .;rL.";. ^. i;-

    85 ) .;*L;-lt j;i-:r_r;--..:

    entlopy
    :U2u

    2-:LlaJr

    :x

    Cc.j;ill
    t

    \-.-.
    .,
    "' clra*:,Jl *Llr

    (l{.r) .J+_

    enthalpy change

    i;ttilt ,i a;:.rr ,a3u"Jr i!"s


    JY;;- rtL" J+ -r- i;t t- ty( 130) .&lr
    :Li; c-- .E):J t+4

    .'

    4 J.;! ij.. ^ ar-+ i r<:.-,'.<rt47r .'-:1" t"r*:

    sU9,i )

    ulc

    csbisJlr

    -{, r,r.. ' .- -,,:


    ejij .Ur + J,.! Jr ;rU'

    ltlb:rl

    neutfalization

    t, .gt ',t ':l'

    -i-

    Jl (.r',r ) rFi Ji)r


    .FYr
    i*;JL t;;,,Lil )+c (. .rJr) rFi
    Jelarr

    )u-.ld l;u*s t u -,; i*r*

    -.: ";:1s

    4r'4e.rtA I

    (45)..-J]l

    f.ff *;

    :rr .i . .:

    ()smosis

    i:l,rYI

    .-+.=14
    -*..rl+i+
    .lJlc.r-..Sqr$'-lo ^*lo,u
    (95).,"j.- tL;:L

    l+liau
    :..

    l6)

    .Jsl-il e: JjLJr Jl:l; :>)r-.

    Jtlll

    9t

    d--'i.
    ,,.,.
    t4J>{;

    r'r

    -'9;l :LIr

    rnolal freezing-point constant

    r: q;r-;Li!l_-!:"J

    )a'f>

    r ill -lJlr -,$c 3-1;r ,:: -9!J'

    '';:y

    self ionization of water

    (-,:Jl-lr:Cl

    ,r-

    4+

    irjr

    fuu-rr

    .JCt-rr 4 Ll

    Ju a*; -',rr +E)+

    ir-rrr

    :,rl :.rl

    :.

    .s.d

    4 !i!ll,e'n).t U:ll a+ 1-:r; 341;


    (154).;sl_,;,:jLjraJ|.'u.

    .*F,cFJ.'l.Mt

    ;ji:rr
    :{lc

    ri !-!|;l

    '.;i+Jl ., l:-...
    ,
    l' ;;rJt .J.; - -a9 .,.;;

    .;r:,;]::*-,'d;Uie

    ,.:q;ft !eualr

    oi

    k+,J9LAear L:U;;:r

    ionization

    jil J.;,[r15J!;.ll)l

    lt4Uxt a+'eJ, J.[;


    60)

    solution equilibriLrm rJ3'qlr

    J*

    itdtirt a+Jr eLairl

    heterogeneous reaction

    5E Jl:j
    .,|r1;

    .i!!-1<Jr-)rL"r1

    boi ling-point elcvation

    ..tt

    (82) .aLr;:d u*,

    J^

    ir*i

    (45) .H.O.

    i.lct3-iie JcLii

    .* zc ) -jL .* ist
    rLiq jsJYI
    - v r9,,.!

    _;'JJL e.

    ( 153)

    rUger,:t ]U::t
    (79).;&UJl

    Lewis acid-base reaction


    J-r9rJr

    rcactirrn rnechirnis[l !teLa:tr aJJI

    ,UL..f ..f.l; q,L.-l .;.rr '<*rt .rr


    ri :lrL-:r J- 4-J_.+ t<; "i19

    (43) .JEUrr

    Br0nsted-Lowry acid-base reaction

    Jir:.-Jl ;.

    (5l) .:9y't
    -l11l

    tiee energy change

    t+ijr
    {reeu

    1;.=-:;

    a+-rr;Larn,

    irrg-point depression

    ;; -q;: ,* ir.t'

    e*Ldre*.-

    180

    (24\

    diprotic acid iDrJJ*tr

    iJ|i};.ieJ'
    bli
    i.jh,rlr!13,.1*-rr4n
    Jfn .ljl ':* "U" . ( ; '1S 2

    (80)

    rl

    s l:,r

    l'c

    +a.;tl !6!rl

    weak acid

    .:iUl_&I-Jl

    Ji I

    K;Jt+:.;iu

    d+;J 'l-r

    '^

    ur)

    t+"$J l_Jc U;J I

    oi

    ,.ls-t';i:r

    o*'Jl;h>
    i.t; ri iri ,i ii;
    (81).ot.F)l
    rlij.r{t, !4s..;otjt

    Lewis acid

    ./.Jt"Jrl

    t-e,,;Jo;:.+

    iF a*;-

    dJrr)+

    ( 162)

    :. . ";.*
    (79r .,.3; j5.1.
    i

    conjugate acid

    j*A;t:+tl

    heterogeneous catalyst

    i,fl1t,;r+lt

    A"auS!

    ( 162)

    .l:,t"U:.tl

    monoprotic acid

    . ;i^..,i i.,L:-'*
    (19)

    "ahra;r, ,l-ir-;tlr

    . .-tl _.il

    a..xff

    -Jr-J)
    r

    :.)1 a-pl

    ( 168)

    l.6l

    ?jjr ;JJ.;JI

    j.;1+

    t69) .+LiJr

    er J=^dl'

    ;. i;*i,j;*

    (78)

    .rFi ;iU r33:.er,'aa i:u

    ..-'i-,e.,.+ rL+.-

    +sFl

    12:

    l>l
    heat iJtJCll

    -,r1r+r.-ir-,,+ ;-'au:a

    'ib!l

    ll?'7\

    181

    -**-res6!r

    .E

    tu,J:Mo)rFJ+)j

    j:r ;*r,;. a;;;ji;rrF


    (128).LrrFl

    pr-f*Yr i1r..p
    heat of combustion

    ui

    ;r

    -.,.;S.:*'urt":l

    t'alul

    ;"rL()r;r* iils iUt ;tr:-xt


    {l34l .}b e

    ci

    st J-L; rt

    .&|i:rt

    ';.;r.p

    heat of reaction

    -F a;:"rl
    (

    'i:s

    -aL;lt.a'etul
    l.l0t .Ljt,-.<.1.b
    J){;;rlF
    y --"_
    3i

    f13,fr i*r,Crr'aJrJ-

    triprotic acid

    molar heat of formation

    ljX

    o.r

    .";*

    aj-il1 ei a;rtrl _alujl * i;sr


    ;iu.'* | mol .rrsi ji;)tFJs;

    (80)
    binary acid

    ( I -13 )

    .-b J.i; o! a.i:'

    ,jUUtr.;"gr

    ,cr=--si .J. .r;-Jb?:


    (68) .Ji)9leJ)+Cl

    J:*
    J *

    1.13,t-1r

    i1'r*

    heat of solution
    _J('jd

    aj-:Jl ,i a$:rt
    I t

    i* irs

    atSD

    &r:rrrr A)a3;:"1
    "
    ._ulrt:-FJl.o:* .l-,,.+; iS

    '*"

    r'aeU-r

    i>,r rrj .L*i ..* tl:r, LUlr


    ,l+:JL rrlris;r :lr .L.+i J!
    - ',,!

    *@
    lS-ic.l-

    IN

    _iJ*rL tc!\"r^-;:)

    --bL"F iJE |-j-,

    iL. ;'E! al,E il,ri,


    temperature ;1t-,1dt

    ir:q1t

    dldl

    3'

    Brgnsted-Lowry acid

    .:isjl JEL;JI L)- l'd

    i\ -..
    .jl6)0!4rrtu.fu)I..u
    ,Y
    ts'*L3
    a.r-s
    -"-'Y,

    ;r &L* ;e

    n r1- ':'+t-rrr'i.is

    rate-determining steP
    2-t

    ( I 27) . (J

    (73) .iUt_J.,J-r,l

    rr :!-Jt :'.r;. :j!-"s J.L": 4 .-r

    jtrJ lr

    .zsL;t

    oxyacid (',i.?.,sttt

    ^r

    ';.rlrttr ig'grl

    fl+,t r. I

    .;dnl

    ;.es
    ;r.1 ;5;;- !; iiu

    jil. --

    )e.l!.i
    4;re-9ll
    -"1

    r !4;; ;l

    joule

    ;c.;*:,:lj L+;.:.-ll ;s3Jl


    :-.'J 3rt-J
    ir,
    ij.,t
    .'*
    .Y3r-]r UJI
    ._aSrUJl

    Arrhenius acid s-J*ia-ri

    e--.!+rr+Cl

    colligative properties

    5O

    jU-

    iJJrrrlrci i;";r
    r'-r t,;"
    "

    l>l

    }l- 4lJSr ;U-

    kf;; $l.jCl ijt-rl

    (83).[].,r?

    1":.1

    (54)

    homogeneous catalyst

    'i,sEeu-iu
    ,-'.-_ -,k.r,,-d+Ja

    .J.
    -

    :. ,:c :rr- **

    ,-rfa.ft:U+t

    .t

    iL+-*?Jl -ra.Je'r.:.:

    .!+r;s.:r:,
    ' ':'-Lt

    .i!hjt;Jl !)lal ::ll ilL

    polyprolic acid
    ,i

    =r

    rrig-.i;i

    (162).J5J*L

    (71)

    ',njo u .*'5i ;j-

    rl-;,r E":J i,---j "aJ


    .<oina
    lju I itS; td-;e---/v

    e-,,-';!;t :\U

    ..,er3 <.r>U

    CoB

    .',LJi 1- rr

    jti.+ll

    catalYst

    ii,e.tl
    .'iUr'--l+!-ll P-'^U. S; i"ti ";*
    ,.

    ;s,r

    e>--1r

    molal boiling-point constant

    Gtat

    a'tx.jt

    cai ;r.g i;1-Jo


    ( l2li) j:.:iE ':.]i-

    .s_;|+e1-s6l!

    strong acid

    irJXifl i$irl

    -tin

    L rlul ;,' 5t i--S

    rb J

    :E-l *'r.r:rt i5l ',;*


    (74)

    e.

    specific heat Z4.9At Zlt2alt

    <..l

    .--i^

    :1'-'
    i-,15

    .-t

    FtLJl

    -9-n L.ric

    'a!"5

    ;.'112-

    .oei i.rc13
    '.' t t!'.
    ojl

    Lewis base
    ,s50)4.i>q'.'9ra

    (82) .gt
    conjugale base

    e>:SJYI

    'l;it2tr i.rcUtr

    activation energy

    l,e'J Ll)ljr 4!tl6jr 'r a:S -rl


    ( 156)

    fiee energy

    83)

    ;,ri;lr 43ltjl j-

    rate law

    a-Jsjl;iG

    .:--:cF .I4 -i+


    ')r!

    "+
    :g. -i;lr

    irrti
    3r

    9Le,!r J!

    ij"rLs -r,j, 3t-,1t t^,.


    ( t-1-5)

    --FLJr_:r-

    rL

    li-.r.

    r^

    ;Lajrr

    i[.:. '^J' ,,;*

    ,o

    ps

    lr

    - Urrt
    -r. ]u.rr rr'

    imm i scible

    ':

    VL. 'a;*

    Y ;5

    Erj:.)u

    e*

    ei

    Jt+t:Jt

    _;*U
    (20)

    Ji+dlst'
    j,*
    :la-:-:Jt :GLur q|:;J i-d
    .:;u;
    aiLjll
    ,l'jL*s
    ;
    ty;
    Y....=....-

    ..."=

    -(;..+tt l-.i,ius

    : . ^..

    ._;-

    .J
    t

    1ot ^.;,r s i,u -j4 431!Jr


    ot l'i;:ltr;:r*-,<l :r)cl :irl
    (127).a:j!;$Jl

    &

    Arrhenius base u.Jgi{.6-ri

    t.
    ",-oL;
    -ae .J!-"S
    ( 160).r:).t-t;.lt
    --l;:rl i4)4 .i

    -,.,,.f,-.
    jF

    Lat I

    .-.1" , - -.,.,
    .:r9!J
    tJeJJFJ'._Pb-_J
    (l0r .a,il:j**L,)a
    L | 11 ..

    :-,1Jr

    i.bt3

    j- !)i :rL
    trqj
    iU' Jri*.r' .! OH ,: <e1,4Jr
    j*s2:

    (73)

    a5*U' !tt*st'

    J.U!r

    J l0 -L)u di,,L"ur :JL


    +x2r.dr oUri

    (99) .lOH I

    reaction rale &La1tl LJs


    -=a<r--1

    -=-

    osmotic pressure

    ail4

    ju,)

    ,1ly.l'

    *;-lpYr L;;lr

    '-

    i^, ,r
    .+ir*)l

    ,1;1r

    (.s6)

    org- 't*'rrr i'rtt'3

    chemical kinetrcs

    (160) .aiqji,

    pOH *p.rysJ).ri{rr i.ir,rr

    J.LJ k*.".* S-*: -iJr ;- FJI

    miscible erji,i.){,

    t[d]l i*r r* -jr1 .1 . .<l ..u i s

    i.> L-';+ -rr.,t*.rSt ai y

    JL *

    L Jr .!y;y' +il- uu;;


    (2l) .Ci.u e4l9 ,"l5tJl tu rr

    #'ti 'rb',rr-

    fi07r.td.r- Jr,*:
    thermochemistry L-Jrr.rjf t ! fr*si,

    " .-:j @ )*{.|Jitu


    . ( a!<t3 ) qeJlr el

    JeL.: pH

    acid-base indicators

    ,..6r-r pH

    F; *lt
    L;st+eir iitr

    ItiJ

    (127)
    |

    ;lii+J'

    .:i --.:r +;;:jl jl.;i


    .lia* 7.r pH y ,irL& q-.:.1 Z
    "Fl
    (e9).[&l!7J.'Fl pH I

    j+

    eff'ervescence .it19i0

    l1

    ,r,t!' 4-!,^9

    ,,* -;(
    ; Frc -ti DH *L;

    calorimeter

    ;.l4lar

    ,l^"+*J'
    j-3

    (5-5) 'lr^:a

    ,r.l<

    I61) .Jeuirr

    i,,;lii'l

    * L*

    3=

    -a;11

    J4LiJr +-- :E-.r,Jr


    Y
    _-

    &, f!, ;rl i4/l

    semipermeable nrenrbrane

    ._l,L

    i>|ctjrl
    -rr -J. ",;-: J!l
    .

    ...Jr_e-,trLrll r.

    ; '.

    ltt3

    j:,:.^:,,i0.*(Jl

    L..., l6:...rL;.

    (ll).rlcqi.

    + )G 4:,!,.r rl Jr _aij Jits


    a1;r

    (t7)

    r l-14) . ,,:-

    4lt ,,a"+,:l"..* s.'Ji+


    ,i,gL- 4 Fr.rr ;r ..

    -{l* r, ilrr-;Jl rt$'Jl

    ,.:._._
    L; .;;L:;)lp

    :iJ'.. r. :.

    ,.1r

    U..IJJ

    colloids &6r.,;rilr

    Ir-9-19Ir

    laUJl

    Henry's law ,rJ.ta

    ":r-{' -t

    order Z.4itl

    {t3s)

    .- .

    43 4 Lr-,:

    l&1)

    Hess's larv

    ;,' o *i:*"LoL-s

    rr3 rr .

    jarr:i'F

    -IJjg

    f+ly3lt

    --r IoJ! 'iu


    q+Jr .k

    rE

    ijrt;;
    (

    .J.UJ!

    ^uol;

    .>ji!
    Fr'.Jl

    -Jnn:

    Y--!-.-'-.
    -Jr ilerl 1+ ;si..t.:,+Il,Li::-L, Jcu:Jl +

    4 ijar !rrr-:r 6e;.rr

    U-! >L;J' &

    -*J

    r" r ir '

    allj 4.-,-

    solubility
    r
    <- Ju9!r

    -.1-rr rru
    JF

    r;- J!:-){-u1r
    i;,r -a;rf.rr

    ..Lj:-i-

    "-1.--:
    LJ,rr _':5.s l-4J L.r;4 .;iS;
    is li
    r: -

    ,Li:.'iUl aiuc

    Bronsted-Lowry base
    {,:.r.
    /9)

    .i .U991
    !;:..;;iL.

    $,.*re*--,@

    L82

    ntolarit) l:JltJrll

    'i,:

    i)go:*.-4

    .grJt J91-I'

    (26) ...ieL-rt

    ')5t

    transition interval grLa:lyl

    -,".! *,*l"rl
    molality adjy4l

    glJll

    solute

    i)y rs,lc "iry;r:r j*lJt !S;


    (30) .:+rf l gr,.1;:..9J.,( l"

    d;Jl

    ->t" ? .' ";S.* Jr]r pH J&


    ( 108) .i|."+sjr i,rlsr 4,;n

    i..t

    +frx,:!r

    ligr

    *,.

    t r.*rr

    (10)

    -l!l

    ^ri ll:L i^irr

    J-t'*:'..r

    ;:t

    (I

    ..-+ill

    ::61r

    :,01

    t+t$Jt zrt"

    La*L ';;

    J' 1t^::r,
    {l lll .;}L.:irG J);

    i;3,9!r alrur

    net ionic equation


    r^ta

    yJl -l,r)19 :-l.i;t

    @
    l'

    ''
    YJt..d

    -r.5.r

    (43) .a:jt" JJI=-

    txuairrj+;iql
    nonvolatile substance

    -i.-i ,!:';r.. Jd kl Jr ;"rUlr4


    liu,
    (-50) .iilnl J.r),ll l;

    16lr !*qarr ';iur

    l;,::;

    primary standard

    6-s

    4:,>{.tii

    -, !-. , ,
    J'#&$Fui
    ;
    $p
    F.q.3di.Eldi,
    I

    .4-rllr6:l
    lqHr

    l;;r..,*tt'a4rs1st' arrut'

    l2) .qjU":s aj!K:"

    end Point
    .

    f.ir-.ptr

    thermochemical equation

    interrrediate Jar-eJt

    solvaled

    :L;j-Il 9i aJul a!tul <; l;;


    r l.r I r .iL-5Jr J4Url J)i' ;rrlr5

    AJL LU- 'r*;9 .it*..sJt


    "4+iJ:.
    -+l.6tl_a.:l':Jle arcuiril ilJrl i|?
    ( l-54)

    ,"ur

    l1-t"rt'

    ;P-

    ";;:

    .6 3 i,L
    (il 1)

    acti\ated c()mplex .t .A:ft

    ai.tt

    .7'>i;4 EL;Jl- 4 itst


    alt- .,!e
    Y'"'
    ;9-r6,1l,Jll:,)t U:.fl t- irJLi:jl
    (

    ls7) .3t+

    Js

    g'),il j|i

    ,.:

    ri

    J:L iF J--J;

    rlt).ai-;",uiu...,+
    pH meter pH op\i.
    ,&J-.! pH .a.+e -+d i'*"* -ll**
    -4? -{+Jl i)i }Ln J){-.r( l0S) .JeLrr l,j
    t/-r -o-*s;it.
    salt Cl
    i,-,.1-.i.
    rl
    'I9.:r
    .L" Js

    t! -, b.u
    *0,-'l-o**

    '-.j.
    e

    183

    e*,j;q- L-ri

    (10).sre!!.):e

    unsaturated solution g.i.tr j+A t3't4r


    .:lJrl Ji i*"5 ela,{ii=,J!l SJLrl
    .^i;"
    J+* != ;rF9f l a+<Jr :'. -l3i
    _t.

    il+t-i

    :i;s4?ril uJc rr$Jrr

    (|7).-lrrl

    rl rrl ui i,jl i a:XS *

    ,r;:r

    t+.:
    {l /

    *;Nr

    dL

    .,4+s r)rP

    a.1S

    l7r

    .g

    Jll-L-l.,rl ;#*
    (ll3).&brl

    sarurated solution

    bJl

    iata;tr Jd'dr

    -..",..-'',.
    tsF' ft-

    :+dl f,:

    "*lr ;- i;:-

    ,i

    3!j. Fi

    s-y-c
    :,'-<ir

    standard solution

    .; :i. ,-i

    aF&'htl

    |.l.ilr

    supersaturated solution

    pgt i,-J,r

    (8e)

    F+-,'

    ,i_"prL

    rcL 's ;; 'K L-'t rLt:,L ;


    '
    'J;i"
    i'
    '
    "

    jilrtl

    .l,qL; llsl el j<r . F-i- .d- Jts"

    -'-r--,--.re

    ;xi

    5.J-ti:

    suspension

    alD

    solution attl+ll

    -o-r -,^ >S!lr

    1.61t

    .!,iJrl

    (23)

    .\!

    g.rl:rlll

    iqi+i 9Lll -1rtl ,.s;'i;-

    iJ{bll
    .Jel*l e: ;'rt ,5t +$l u:,;t
    n+*Jl aql- Jsl- cL;L :.1Jr9

    J+r.f.u

    ;L:*L;jl

    ll-1) .;.1-lr

    tltratlon

    .[LJr rlJa: ;- ;+r +:'jG :iU

    :iL

    (13).iLxstrt",'tt

    sitlt
    iiur ,o ,;rr-rr 4
    k+'.,,1+
    "r'r
    (l0).ll!l

    oilr ii.,;tii

    -..'.
    F:'t-g
    ( 1.54) .o!-l;:-Jte iL:i
    -:1L
    equivalence point ]aLS:.tl ifail
    ',)sljJl I ",a L.r; 5' ir^.;r'
    ifrikr 9;Uf t a:ra;+rLJ;:Jr

    &H'sb

    ei

    r=

    solvent

    colIisi(n theory

    cqLi$lyJt

    nonelectrolyte

    !+,!t lJ3qlt
    ) 3t:

    .i+i.t .:

    $4
    .-tIlj-,4i!L;l
    -_ie

    a{:S3i

    Llrl

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