Modulation of Digital Data

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Digital-to-Analog Conversion
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Bit/Baud Comparison
Modems

Digital-to-analog modulation

Types of digital-to-analog modulation

Aspects to digital-to Analog

conversion
Bit Rate / Baud Rate

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the
number of signal units per second. Baud rate is less than
or equal to the bit rate.
Bit rate is important in computer efficiency
Baud rate is important in data transmission.
Baud rate determines the bandwidth required to send signal

Baud rate = bit rate / # bits per signal unit

Ananalogsignalcarries4bitsineachsignalunit.If1000signalunitsare
sentpersecond,findthebaudrateandthebitrate
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4
= 4000 bps

Thebitrateofasignalis3000.Ifeachsignalunitcarries6bits,whatis
thebaudrate?
Baud rate = 3000/6 =500 bauds/sec

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

A cos(2f c t ) binary1
0 binary 0

s (t )

On/Off keying

The strength of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1

and 0.
Frequency and phase remains the same.
Highly susceptible to noise interference.
Used up to 1200 bps on voice grade lines, and on optical fiber.

Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in

ASK

BW = (1 + d) * Nd
FindtheminimumbandwidthforanASKsignaltransmittingat2000
bps.Thetransmissionmodeishalfduplex.

In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is
therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal
to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.

Full duplex ASK

Givenabandwidthof10,000Hz(1000to11,000Hz),ifdrawthefullduplexASK
diagramofthesystem.Wecanfindthecarriersandthebandwidthsineachdirection.
Assumethereisnogapbetweenthebandsinthetwodirections.

For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is

BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of each band
fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
fc (backward) = 11000 5000/2 = 8500 Hz

Frequency Shift Keying

Frequency of the carrier is varied to represent digital data (binary
0/1)
Peak amplitude and phase remain constant.
Avoid noise interference by looking at frequencies (change of a
signal) and ignoring amplitudes.
Limitations of FSK is the physical capabilities of the carrier.
f1 and f2 equally offset by equal opposite amounts to the carrier freq.
In MFSK more than 2 freq are used, each signal element represents
more than one bit

A cos( 2 f1t ) binary1

A cos(2f 2 t ) binary 0

s (t )

Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth

in FSK

FSKshiftsbetweentwocarrierfrequencies
FSKspectrum=combinationoftwoASKspectracenteredonf c1and
fc0.
BW=fc1fc0+Nbaud

FSK Examples (cont.)

WhatistheFindtheminimumbandwidthforanFSKsignal
transmittingat2000bps.Transmissionisinhalfduplexmode,andthe
carriersareseparatedby3000Hz.
Because For FSK
BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1 fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz

WhatisthemaximumbitratesforanFSKsignalifthebandwidthof
themediumis12,000Hzandthedifferencebetweenthetwocarriers
is2000Hz.Transmissionisinfullduplexmode.
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for each
direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0
Baud rate = BW (fc1 fc0 ) = 6000 2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000
bps.

Phase Shift Keying

Phase of the carrier is varied to
represent digital data (binary 0
or 1)
Amplitude and frequency
remains constant.
If phase 0 deg to represent 0,
180 deg to represent 1. (2-PSK)
PSK is not susceptible to noise
degradation that affects ASK or
bandwidth limitations of FSK

4-PSK (QPSK) method

8-PSK
We can extend, by varying the the signal by shifts of 45
deg (instead of 90 deg in 4-PSK)
With 8 = 23 different phases, each phase can represents
3 bits (tribit).

Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

Bandwith similar to ASK, but data rate can 2 or more times greater.
Whatisthebandwidthfora4PSKsignaltransmittingat2000bps.Transmissionisinhalfduplex
mode.

For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is
5000. But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.

Givenabandwidthof5000Hzforan8PSKsignal,whatarethebaudrateandbitrate?

For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is
5000. But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.

Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
PSK is limited by the ability of the equipment to
distinguish between small differences in phases.

Limits the potential data rate.

Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of

ASK and PSK so that a maximum contrast between each
signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on) is achieved.

We can have x variations in phase and y variations of amplitude

x y possible variation (greater data rates)

Numerous variations. (4-QAM, 8-QAM)

# of phase shifts > # of amplitude shifts

8-QAM and 16-QAM

Second example, recommendation of OSI.

not all possibilities are used, to increase
readability of signal, measurable differences
between shifts are increased

First example handles noise best

Because of ratio of phases to amplitudes
ITU-T recommendation.

Bit Baud comparison

Assuming a FSK signal over

voice-grade phone line can
send 1200 bps, it requires
1200 signal units to send
1200 bits (each frequency
shift represents one bit, baud
rate 1200)
Assuming 8-QAM, baud rate
is only 400 to achieve same
data rate.

Modulation

Units

Bits/Ba
ud

Baud
rate

Bit
Rate

ASK, FSK, 2-PSK

Bit

4-PSK, 4-QAM

Dibit

2N

8-PSK, 8-QAM

Tribit

3N

16-QAM

Quadbit

4N

32-QAM

Pentabit

5N

64-QAM

Hexabit

6N

128-QAM

Septabit

7N

256-QAM

Octabit

8N

Bit Baud comparison (examples)

Aconstellationdiagramconsistsofeightequallyspacedpointsonacircle.If
thebitrateis4800bps,whatisthebaudrate?

The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart.

Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit.
Therefore, the
baud rate is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud

Whatisthebitratefora1000baud16QAMsignal.

A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log 216 = 4. Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps

Computethebaudratefora72,000bps64QAMsignal.

A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since log 2 64 = 6.

Therefore, 72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

Phone modems

V-series (ITU-T Standards)

V-32.

Uses a combined modulation and encoding technique: Trellis coded

Modulation.
Trellis = QAM + a redundant bit
5 bit (pentabit) = 4 data + 1 calculated from data.
A signal distorted by noise can arrive closer to an adjacent point
than the intended point (extra bit is therefore used to adjust)
Less likely to be misread than a QAM signal.

2400 baud 4 bit = 9600 bps

V-series (cont.)
V-32.bis

First ITU-T standard to support 14,400 bps transmission.

Uses 128-QAM
(7 bits/baud with 1 bit for error control)
at a rate 2400 baud 2400 * 6 = 14,400 bps

Adjustment of the speed upward or downward depending on the quality of

the line or signal

V-34 bis

Bit rate of 28,800 bps with 960-point constellation to 1664-point

constellation for a bit rate of 33,600 bps.

V-series (cont.)
V-90

Traditionally modems have a

limitation on data rate (max.
33.6 Kbps)
V-90 modems can be used (up
to 56Kbps) if using digital
signaling.
For example, Through an

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

V-90 are asymmetric

Downloading rate (from ISP

to PC) has a 56 Kbps

limitation.
Uploading rate (from PC to
IST) has a 33.6 Kbps
limitation.

V-90/92 (cont.)
V-90

In uploading, signal still to be

sampled at the switching
station. Limit due to noise
sampling.
Phone company samples at
8000 times/sec with 8 bits
(including bit error)
Data rate = 8000 * 7 = 56Kbps

In download, signal is not

affected by sampling.

V-92

Speed adjustment
Upload data at 48Kbps.
Call waiting service

Analog-to-analog modulation

Why analog to analog conversion?

Amplitude modulation

The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal:
BWt = 2 x BWm.

AM band allocation

Bandwidth of an audio signal is 5KHz. An AM radio station needs at

least a minimum bandwidth of 10 KHz.
AM stations are allowed carrier freq between 530 and 1700 KHz.
If One station uses 1100 KHz the next one uses 1110 KHz

Frequency modulation

The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is

usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM
station needs at least a bandwidth of 150
KHz. The minimum bandwidth is at least
200 KHz (0.2 MHz).

FM band allocation