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fifkfynr ujlf.a
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- wdorh wud -

wkqrdOd rdcmlaI

iir mqrd kqU ug fifkfynr

hhla fjkakg we;' uyd
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isysk wfmalaIdjka bgq lr.ekSu

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msul igyk

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Tn f;ud iqrlskq msKsi

Y%S nqoaO jI 2555 $ jma ui l,dmh $ 2011 Tla - fkdje

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u' > ksldfha m<uq iQ;%h jkafka tu

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wld,sl uqks f;mq,a

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kfuda nqoaOdh

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2600 jir" ieuug wisu;a ;%sO chka;shls

Do you find These People difficult to Talk with?

WO

NDERFUL
RLD OF

RDS

Words are one of the most wonderful things in the world

Words are there in all languages of the world
Words are made with letters
Words can consist of even a single letter
Words are used to generate sentences
Words are used to read and understand
Words facilitate communication; either written or oral
Words are the medium used to express our wants, feelings, likes or
dislikes
Words are used to communicate good news as well as bad news
Words give different meanings depending on the Person (who says and
listens) and the Manner (in which it is said)

Today the society is filled with diverse types of people. Their

attitudes, wishes and desires are very differently different.
Some people have common goals, wishes or desires, where as
other have ulterior motives. Yet each ones scope, dimension
is rather different. So when we deal with people in society we
are compatible with some people and incompatibles with some
others. There is a stark reality base for this social behavior and
understanding. It can be understood, and found nowhere, but in
Buddhism. The Dukkatha Sutra is panacea for all troubles in
society and with people.
There it describes 5 types of people with whom we find
difficult to talk
It is difficult to talk piousness with non-pious people. That
would be a tragic end.
It is difficult to talk about moral conduct with an immoral
character. That would be a tragic end.
It is difficult to talk about Sublimity of Dhamma with An
ignorant of Dhamma. That would be a tragic end.
It is difficult to talk about generosity with the misers. That
would be a tragic end.
It is difficult to talk about wisdom with non-wise. That
would be a tragic end.

some Words make people wise

some Words make people dumb
some Words generate war
some Words create peace
some Words break relationships
some Words make relationships
some Words create joy
some Words create sorrow
some Words make the world
some Words destroy the world
Words are used to teach and learn Dhamma
Words are used to meditate (up to first Jhana)
Words are used to gain wisdom
Words reflect the inner-side of a person
Words are originated in the mind
Words, originated in a purified mind, give wisdom to listener
Words, originated in mind with a false vision, blunt the wisdom of
listener
Words to be refrained from: Lies, Harsh words, Back Biting words and
Gossip
Words to be spoken (at an appropriate time and if it will result in good):
True, Moral and Loving words that are in line with or communicate the
teachings of the Gautama Buddha
Words should be used with great care similar to a
sword with sharp blades on both sides. Hence, let us
use Words only to:
- resolve conflicts
- give or gain knowledge
- give or gain wisdom
- make listeners calm, happier
and wiser
- discuss good qualities and
achievements of others
- make the world a better
place to live
Namo Buddhaya!

Mohan Senaratne

The Sutra describes another 5 types of people whom we find

easy to talk with
It is easy to talk piousness with pious people. That would
be beneficial.
It is easy to talk about moral conducts with moral
characters. That would be beneficial.
It is easy to talk about Sublimity of Dhamma with A
Sagacious of Dhamma. That would be beneficial.
It is easy to talk about generosity with generous one. That
would beneficial.
It is easy to talk about wisdom with the wise. That would
be beneficial.
Namal Adhikari

iqmskanr
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ixf f,i uey;au fuka u
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meje;af wdkj;a" tfia is;a we;a;ka
Oufhka ikaiqka ukila we;a;ka
njg m;a ug ;u is; fufyhh hq;=
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lshk yeSuZ ksi hs' tal nd, uy
yefudagu mj;sk iajNdjhla' f
is;s,a, ksid ;uhs fndfyda g .eula
we;s jkafka' nqrcdKka jykafiaf.a
Ouh irK lr.;a; flfkl=g muKhs
fuhska ksoyia h yelafla' wmg ndysr
flfkla fyda ndysr fohla jifha
mj;ajkak nE' f iajNdjh f;are
.;af;d;a flfkl=g ;ryd hk iajNdjh
md,kh lr.; yels hs'
fndfyda g ;reK" ;rehka ;u
wdf.h msglsug f;dard .kafka ;u
foujqmshka yd ;udf.a hym; leu;s
.=rejrekaj hs' fufia jkafka wehs@
jefhka u ;reK orejkag ;ryd
we;s fjkafka ;u foudmshka iu' talg
fya;=j ;uhs zfoudmshka wmg Wmldr
lrkjd'' wm j /l .kakjd''Z lshk
ldrKh wmg wu;l u' foudmshka
wm j /l .kak" wmg hym; W lr,
fokak fndfyda fia jEh lrkjd'
kuq;a wmg tal f;afrkafk kE' wmg
f;afrkafk foudmsfhda wmsg ndOd
lrkjd lsh,' ta ksid wmg fndfyda
Wmldr l< foudmshka flfrys wfma
isf;a wukdmh yg .kakjd' iuyr g
;reK orejkag fl l=i, fYfhka
tkak;a mqjka' wm ys;uq orefjla
yekaoE fj,d Ou foaYkhla b,a,d
.kak hdfjlaf.a f.org hkak
wykjd' kuq;a ta .uk hkak ;d;a;d
tmd lshkj' wehs f fyd| foag;a
tmd lshkafk@ lsh, flaka;s .kakj'
kuq;a f ;d;a;d olskj yekaoE fj,d
.uka lsfuka orejdg lrorhla fjkak
mqjka lsh,' wfma Yajdih m fj,d
;sfhkj uf.a ;d;a;d ug Wmldr lrk
flfkla" uf.a wud udj /l .kak
W;aidy lrk flfkla lsh,' fukak
f ksid wud flfrys;a ;d;a;d
flfrys;a wukdmh we;s fjkafk'
ta jf.a u orejkag flaka;s we;s
fjkjd ;ukaf.a ; yev.iaik"
y u lshd fok .=rejreka iu'
ta .=rejreka leue;shs orejka fydka
bf.k .kakjdg' ta ksid b.ekSug

Wkka fkd ue;s orejka bf.kSug

Wkka lrug O yg uykais
fjkjd' kuq;a ta orejka i;=gq fj
mj;skafka Odldrfha ndysr foaj,aj,
kshe<Sfuka' ta orejkag f;afrkafk kE
f i;=g ;djld,sl fohla' f i;=gg
jvd je i;=gla ug ,nd .kak mqjka
f wdldrfhka uu jerj,ska ,d
fyd| wOHdmkhla ,nd .;a;d u lsh,' ta
fkd okakdlu ksid u orejka .=rejreka
iu;a flaka;s we;s lr.kakjd'
wdf.YS,S is; md,kh fkd lsfuka
;reK mq;=ka w;ska ks;e;ska u is h
yels wl=i, Ouhka .ek lreKdfjka
my fokak'
wdf.YS,S is; md,kh lsug fkd
yels fuka m%Odk
jYfhka w,dNh is
jkafka ta ;ry is;
we;s jk orejkag
hs' uq,a u ldrKh
;ukag wjqre .dKla
fndfyda fia Wmldr
l< foudmshkag
r jpkfhka fia
mfrdia lshkjd' fuh
tu orejkag fndfyda
lamdl ,efnk
wl=i, luhla' ta
jf.a u foudmshkaf.a
wdf.h;a tlajqfKd;a
fjkak mqjka
Nhdkl u wl=i,h
k orefjl=f.a
w;ska ;u uj fyda
mshd h hdu hs' f
ksid orejka ;u
foudmshka yd wksla
mqoa.,hkaf.ka
fjkafjk lreKq
iu foudmshkaf.a
fYaI;ajh .ek
ukd f,i f;are
.; hq;= hs' fkdue;s
k ksrh.d wl=i,
Ouhka /ia lr.ekSu
lshkafk ks;e;ska u
isjk fohla'
f wdf.YS,S is; md,kh lr.;
yels fYaI Wml%u fudkjd o@
fuys W;aidy l< hq;af;a is;
wdf.YS,S ug fya;=jk ldrKd
fidhd n,d ta ldrKd ilia ug
Wmldr jk fya;= ilia fjk tl
kj;d ug uykais fjk tl' wms ta
ksid ksrka;rfhka ujf.a;a mshdf.;a
.=K isys l< hq;= hs' zta fofokd ug
fndfyda fia Wmldr lrkjd''Z lshk
is; ksrka;rfhka thd mqre lr.kakjd
k wdf.YS,S iajNdjh tkfldg Bg
l,ska tkjd l,ska mqre lrmq is;' h
flfkl=f.a we;s .=KOuj, wdrNh
;uhs ;ukag h flfklaf.ka Wmldr
,enqKq g z;ukag Wmldr lrkjdZ
lshk foh ks;r ks;r isys lsu'
hful=g lrmq Wmldr isys fjkjd
k fmr<d Wmldr lrkak okakjd k
thd i;amqreIfhla' ta jf.a u thd k

he<S hefokakg fmr

Tn f;ud iqrlskq msKsi

Y%S nqoaO jI 2555 $ jma ui l,dmh $ 2011 Tla - fkdje

.kak k wl=i,a isf;a mj;sk ydksh'

tal Ndjkdjla jYfhka flfkl=g
jvkak mqjka' Tyq ks;r ks;r is;sh
hq;=hs zf isf;a yg .kakd jQ oafYh
ug wys; msi hs' fl wka whg;a
wys; msi hs' f oafYh fya;=lrf.k
uf.a is;ska m%dK>d;hla isfjkak
mqjka' f wdf.YS,S iajNdjh ksid
uf.ka mreI jpk msg fjkak;a mqjka'
f iajNdjh fya;l
= rf.k ud ksrh.d
fjka k ;a mq jka '
fuh fya;=lrf.k ud
fm%a; f,dalfha" ;sika
f,dalfha hkak;a
mqjka' f wdf.YS,S
is; ks i d ug .;s fha
u hs hkak fjkafk''
iq.;sh u hs wys
fjkafk''' wdf.YS,S
is ; ks i d h y
iemla ,efnkjd k
nq rcdKka jykafia
th jKkd lrkjd'
ta ksid fuh taldka;
jYfhka u wys; msi
hsZ lsh, isys lrkak
k'

f isf;a
iajNdjhla ;sfhkj
ksrka;rfhka hful
wdkj isys lrk g
is; talg wlue;s
fjkj' ta jf.a
u ksrka;rfhka
wdYajdoh is;k g
is; talg leu;s
fjkj' tal isf;a
;sfnk n,;djhla'
f iaNdjh ksis
wdldrfhka fhdf.k
wdf.YS,S iajNdjfha
wdkj me;a; ks;r
ks;r is;kak is;kak wjYH hs' tg
ta is; wdf.YS,S iajNdjhg wlue;s
fjkjd' yenehs ydks me;a; fmkajd
fokafka whym; wlue;s l,HdK
;%hka muK hs' ta ksid f.!;u nq
rcdKka jykafiaf.a Y%djlhka weiqrg
ksrka;rfhka u ;reK orejka fhduq
fjkak k'
Ouh ;=<ska jevqKq is;la f.dvkd
.ekSfuka iy ta is; meje;afuka
;ukag;a wkqkag;a hym; ie<fik
wdldrh my fokak'

wm ksrka;rfhka is;g ffu;%sh mqre

lrkak k' ffu;%sh jeug Wmldr
fjkjd WfmalaIdj mqre lrk tl'
iuyr fj,djg wm foudmshkag f;are
lr, fokak yokj' wm f;are lr,
fok foa wug f;afrkafk ke;ak
fudlo lrkafk@ lrkak fohla kE'
iuyr fj,djg wfma hdfjl=g lsh,
fokj' wms hdjdg lshd fokafk
ffu;%sfhka' kuq;a f;afrkafk ke;ak
l=ula lrkak o@ ta ksid ksrka;rfhka
WfmalaId is; iys; j fu;a is; jeh
hq;= hs' ta iajNdjh;a tlal wfma is;
hqKq lr .kak mqjkalula ;sfhkj'
wm olskjd ;reK orejkaf.a is;
jeys is;g jvd lreKdjka;hs' we;e
wjia:dj, ;ukaf.a oj,a lEu tl mjd
nv.sks flfkl=g fokak mjd ;reK
is; kefukjd' kuq;a ta lreKd is;
hqKq lrkak nelula ;sfhkjd uq;dj
yqre ke;s ksid' wms Wmldr lrkak
wdihs' kuq;a hqKq fj,d bkakj olskak
leu;s kE' wkqkaf.a i;=g leu;s k
BIHd is; tkafk kE' ta BIHdj
is;g tkafk ke;sfldg ysf;kjd f
Wmldrfhka flfkla hqKq fjd
lsh,' bf.k .kak ;reK orefjla
leu;shs flfklag Wmldr lrkak'
kuq;a ta flkd ;udg jvd fydka
bf.k .kakfldg fmd wlue;a;la
tkjd' iuyr <uhs bkakjd ;ukag
wkak ;sfhk weu flfklag fokjd'
ta weu we|f.k ,iaikg hkfldg
i;=gq fjkak yelshdj kE' ztal uu kak
tllafkZ lsh, ys;kj' ta ksid ;reK
fjl=g" mqf;l=g b;du;a lreKdfjka
u;la lrkak ;sfhkafka' i;amqreI weiqr
,ndf.k fu;a is; hs" WfmalaId is;
hs iuiuj hqKq lr .ekSug Wmfoia
.kak lsh,' tfyu lreKd is; hs"
uq;d is; hs iuj hqKq lsug Wmfoia
.kak k' f jevQ is;la ;sfhk flkd
;udg;a hym;la lrkjd fia u wkqkag;a
hym;la lrkjd'
wms ,nk ui uydf> l,dmfhka
;h id:l lr .ekSu ms<sn| j
mskakfmd, .=remshdKka iu ;jrg;a
idlPd lruq'

ixjdo igyk

iS'ksjqkaye,a,

;=reKq is;g'''

f.!;u nqrcqkaf.a idu ikafoaYh m;=rejuq

m yeu fokd u iem `ug leu;s

hs' lg wlue;shs' iemla u hs
m;kafk' l ms<sl=,a lrkjd'
iEu flfkla u ;h i;=ka
.; lrkak leu;s hs' kuq;a
wjdikdjka; f,i fndfyda fofkla
flka ;uhs ;h .; lrkafk'
fndfyda ;" w~onr" ys;y"
mdm" bishd ls wd foaj,a ;=<
lerlslerls Tfya .; fj,d hkjd'
fuf,djmrf,dj iem
i,ik ms;=re
b,lalhla
fndfyda
;j,g keye'
kEhkag we,s,"
lduhkaf.ka
u i;=gqfjka"
lduhu fidhka
ta ; ysia
yg f.,
hkj' lduh
blaujd .sh
ms;=re iem w;ak wdldrh .ek fkd
o;a Tjqkg iemla wd f,dal Ouhka
yuqf b;s fjkafk lduh u me;s,a,la
;rhs'
wOu rd.fhka" Iu f,daNfhka iy
fkdfhla :HdoDIaka ksid j;udk
ksiqkaf.a kaok rgdj lD;s fj,d'
;j bhg f ;;ajh fndfyda oreKq
f' f ksid u iuyr wh ;ukaf.a
jkd ; mjd mrjg ;nd <dul jQ
kaokhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka fkdfhla
ysia foaj,a lrkak fm,fUkjd' l,am
.Kklska" w;sYh ,Nj ,efnk ksia
;hl jkdlu f;are .ekSf

jdikdj Tjqkg wysu ksihs tfyu

fjkafk'
fndfyda wh flhla ,nd .ekSf
wruqka" msi tl;= fj,d fkdao
pdld hkak leu;s hs' ojia .Kka
ld,, fkdao fj,d wl=i,a f.dvla
tl;= lrf.k" flhla fjkqjg
fjfyila b;=re lrf.k wdmyq tkjd'
f .uka w;r;=r .la" uqyq fjr<la
tfyu yuqjqj fyd;a mSkkak okafk
ke;;a j;=rg
lla neye,
fkdao fjkak;a
f wh wu;l
lrkafk keye'
fndfyda fj,djg"
mkskak fmr
is;d n,kq
lsh, wm fmd
ldf, wy, ;sn
foa f whg
wu;l fjkjd'
wka;sf ;j;a
jkd ;hla
fha .s,S h hEf ,ehsia;=jg tl;=
fjkjd'
Tn okakjdo jirlg 1100la muK
,xldf fha .s,S h hE jd;d fjkj
lsh,@ fuhska ie,lsh hq;= msila
uqyqfoa kEf fha .s,S h hE f,i
hs jd;d fjkafka' msyskSug fkd kSu"
u;ameka mdkh lrisu iy uqyq fjr<
wdYs%; j we;s jk h je,aj,g yiqu
f h hEj,g fya;= f,i i,lkak
mqjka' wm wjOdkh fhduq lrkak
iQk jkafka f ;=ka jeks ldrKh
inkaOj hs' uqyqfoa kEug f.dia
fha .s,S h hE fndfyda m%udKhla
,xldfjka f jk g jd;d we;;a
f inkaOj l:d fjkafk fndfydu
wvqfjka' flfia fj;;a uqyqog nyskak
l,ska tys we;s wjku .ek k f.k
isu jeo.;a f'
h je,a we;s fjkafk fufyuhs'
uqyq r< Yd, c, m%udKhla fjr<g
/f.k tkjd' tu r< hEfuka
miq f c,h kej; uqyqog .,d
hd hq;=hs' fkd lvjd mefKk
r< f wdmiq .,d hEug ndOd
lrkjd' kej; uqyqog .,d hk
f;la f c,h fjr< buf.a

wjjdohhs

kdkak fmr
is;d n,kq

1 rEmh
fomig .uka lrka isg l j myiq
ia:dkhlska f.fhka uqyqog .,d hdu
is fjkjd' fjr<dikak j uqyq m;=f,a
mj;sk je,smrj, iE we;s ysveiaj,ska
fufia hje,a (Rip Currents) we;s u is
fjkjd' 1 jeks rEmfhka lafjkafka
ndh wjia:djl .kakd ,o PdhdrEmhla'
tjeks ia:dkj,ska ;uhs hje,a we;s
fjkafka' ks;a;=jlg;a wvq ld,hl
g ;=kaishhla muK
fjrf<ka wE;g Tn
j /f`.k hkak f
hje,lg mqjka'
`.= fjr< ;Srj,
idudkHfhka g
200lg jrla jf.a
fujeks hje,a we;s
fjkjd' b;du;a
ksi, uqyqfoa mjd we;s
jk fujeks hje,a
ksid uqyqfoa msyskka
isk wh fuka u
bK f;la uqyqog nei
isg f.k isk wh
mjd .eUqre uqyqog
we hkak mqjka'
f ksid msyskkak
okafk ke;ak
uqyqog nyskafk ke;s
tl jvd;a kqjKg
yqrehs' Tng Tn .ek
fldmuK Yajdi
jqK;a lsis u gl
;ksj u uqyqfoa kdkak
hEfuka j<lsk tl
fyd|hs'
hje,a we;s fjk ;eka ykd .kafk
fldfydu o@
idudkHfhka wm mdr mkskak
fmr fomi fydka n,kjd' ta jf.a"
uqyqog nyskak fmr;a l fj,djla
fydka ksKh lf<d;a hje,a
we;s fjk ;eka ykd .; yels hs'
fjr< wdikakfha r< f|k g iq
meyehg olskak mqjka' f iqmeye;s
;Sr w;f iuyr ;eka ksi," wre
f,iska ksKh fjkjd' ^2 jeks
rEmh n,kak'& f ;ekaj,ska c,h u;
mdfjk fkdfhla jH uqyqog .,d hkq
olskak mqjka' tjka ia:dkj,ska ;uhs
hje,a we;s fjkafka' f ksid Tn
fld;r msyskSug olaI jqK;a uqyqog
nyskak fmr fufia l f,djla
kslaIKh lf<d;a jvd wdrdld
;eka fidhd .kak mqjka f' f
hje,aj, f.h msysKq Y+rhkaf.a

f.hg;a jvd je nj Tn u;l ;nd

.kak' iuyr uqyq ;Sr fldfy;a u h
kEug ksfoaY lrkafk keye' fkdfhla
wk;=re yef mqjre fujka ia:dkj,
ilr ;sfnkjd' uqyqog nyskak fmr f
.ek;a lla uis,su;a fjkak' wjk
iys; ia:dkj, mjd uqyqfoa msyskSfuka
;ukaf.a mqyq r;ajh fmkajkak iuyr
wh leu;s hs' ysia ksiqkaf.ka ,efnk
mqyq jKkdjkag jvd
w;sYh ,Nj ,efnk
ukqIH ;h jk
nj Tn wu;l lrkak
tmd'

h je,lg
yiqjqfKd;a l=ulao l<
hq;af;a@

h je,lg
yiqjqj fyd;a lsis
u gl Bg tfrys
j mSkkak W;aidy
lrkak tmd' hjef,a
f.h Tf msyskq
f.hg jvd je ksid
Tng th l< fkd
yelshs' f fjkqjg
fjr<g iudka;r j
msyskSfuka hjef,ka
bj;ah yelshs' bka
miq fjr< foig
msyskkak mqjka' ^3
jeks rEmh n,kak'&
fufia bj;g msyskkak
fkd yels k c,h
u;=msg / iska Wo
wjYH njg w; Wiaid ix{d lrkak'
yeu ;siafiu kqjka i,ld w:h
k f.k lghq;= lrk f,ig hs
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia uyd lreKdfjka
fmkajd ;sfnkafka' b;ska kslrefKa
jkd ; wjkulg Ndckh fkd
lr" ,Nj ,enqKq" blaukska wjika
fj,d hk f ksia h fuf,dj iy
mrf,dj iem msi mj;sk .=K Ou
hqKq lr.kakg fhduq lsug hs nqoau;a
wh l,amkd l< hq;af;a'

biairyskq;a msmiafikq;a fome;af;ka u

;sfnkafka urKh ila fkd ue isula fkd
fjhs' tal ksid wdh wIagdx.sl ud.h u hs
ms<smkag k' jekiShkak k tmd f W;=
wjia:dj u`. yefrkag bv fokak tmd
-idmq;a; uy ry;ka jykafia
hje,l igyk

ure
i`ka rdcmlaI

iej.;a

YdlH mq;% jQ" wx.Sri jQ" ;=kaf,dald.% jQ ta Nd.Hj;a wry;a

f.!;u iud inqrcdKka jykafiag kuialdr fjd

ng f f,dafl ;sfnk jk u foa

fudlla o'''@ tfyu;a ke;ak Tng
isk jk u flkd ljqo'''@ lsh,
weyqfjd;a fkdfhla W;a;r ,ef'
we;a;g u f f,dalh wm i;Hhla
hg .kak ksid u wmsg f f,dafl
fkdfhl=;a jkd foaj,a ;sfnk nj
we;a;la'
fjk;a hlska lshkjd k wmsg
wykak" olskak ,efnk foaj,a wm
h:d:hla hg .kakjd' tA ksid u wmg
f f,dalfha ;sfnk we;e foaj,a y u
jkjd' w;ayer odkak ne ;r jkjd'
wm hulg fok jkdlu je fjkak"
je fjkak tA foag ;sfnk wfma leue;a;
je fjkjd' jefhka u jkd foaj,a" wm
f.dvla wdorfhka wdrlaId lr.kakjd'
tA foaj,a .ek jefhka ys;kjd' isysk
ujkjd' tA foaj,a .ek wkqka iu;a l;d
ny lrka bkakjd'
nvq ndysrdh" hd ;%hska" f.j,a
fodrj,a jf.a fN!;sl f,dalfha foaj,a
inkaOfhka wm jkdl fokafk;a ys;ska'
tA jf.a u ;uhs udkisl wruqKqj,g;a wm
jkdl fokjd' ixl,amj,g" wdorhg"
tA ;rla fkd fjhs'''' ffjrhg mjd wm
f.dvla jkdl fokjd' tA ksid u tA
foaj,a wfma ysf;a fndfyda l,a ;ekam;a
fj,d ;sfhkjd' tA foaj,a wms fndfydu
leue;af;ka wdrlaId lr.kakjd'
udkisl j wm hulg jkdlula fokak
Nd; lrk l%ufo lsysmhla ;sfnkjd'
wm h lsis fohla inkaOfhka we,aula
we;s lr .;af;d;a" tfyu fjkafka tA foag
wm jkdlula" jeo.;alula kak ksihs'
ta jf.a u wm h lsis fohlg .egqfKd;a"
tA .eu we;s fjkafk;a" wm tA foag h
jkdlula" jeo.;alula fok ksi hs'
hulg wm nh jqfKd;a" tfyu;a ke;ak
hula .ek wm /jug m;a jqfKd;a" tA foa
fjkafk;a wm jkdlula jeo.;a lula
kak ksi hs'
Tn mdfr hkfldg k ;r .y"
fld<" ;Kfld< frdvq jf.a foaj,a oel,
we;s' kuq;a tA tl fohla .ekj;a Tn
kjg jeh ys;, ;sfhkj o''@ tA foaj,a
Tng lrorhla fj,d ;sfhkj o''@ kej;
kej; u;la fj,d ;sfhkj o''@ fyd`og

f.!;u
ikafoaYh

ys;, n,kak' tfyu fj,d keye' tAlg

fya;=j ;uhs tA foaj,a wmsg jkafk ke;s
u' tA ksid u wm tA foaj,a .Kka .kafk
keye'
kuq;a Tn mdfr hkfldg" h ,iaik
foalg wefkd;a y" h wm%sh foalg
.egqfKd;a y" h foalg uq,d fj,d
nh jqfKd;a y" tA foa Tng kej;
kej; u;la fjkjd' tA foa .ek
isys fjkjd' tAl ys;g lrorhla
fjkjd' tfyu fjkafka" tA foag
wm jkdlula kak ksi hs' tA foa
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jqj o m%foaYfha wfkla wd.l

11

o
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iiqka ys;ld ieuf.a wjOdkh msi

;enqjd jQ igykls

2011' 10' 03 jeks k jhsk mqj;am;

i`oyd lms, mSia uy;d iska imd;
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fYaI mqKHdkqfudaokdj(
lms, mSia uy;d iy
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12
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011 437 37 47 | 071 555 66 66

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pdgq nig /ju
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he<S hefokakg fmr

Tn f;ud iqrlskq msKsi

13

Y%S nqoaO jI 2555 $ jma ui l,dmh $ 2011 Tla - fkdje

w m rd O h l
- ;S ka j -

f;dgqm,g f.dia .=jka .; h' r

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14

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u ishq" mqx" yhsh ke;s n, fmd,a
flkafoka nk l=re meh tal lvd
.kakj o@ W!g tal lvd .kag mqjka o@
mqx hs" n, hs ta ne|mq foa' b;d u n,
nkaokh thdg lvd.kag nE' kuq;a n,j;a
yia;sfhla hlv ojef,ka nkj'

nkaOkh n,j;a" w;sYh Yla;su;a'

yia;sh tal lvhs o@ keoao@ iefKlska
lvkj' kuq;a uy;a fia fndfyda l,la
fjr rej;a wr mqx nkaOkh lvkak
wr l=re mehg mqjka o@ nE' thdg
tal nkaOkhla lsh, f;afrkafk;a
kE' lvd.kag;a nE' yhshla kE' kuq;a
Yla;su;a flkd w;sYh n,j;a nkaOk
jqK;a lv, |, ksoyia fjkj' ta ksid
wm ljqre;a l,amkd l< hq;=hs yia;sfhla
jf.a n,j;a wh njg m;afjkak ke
lsh,' mqx lre meg jf.a n, p;
Wmoj .kag fyd| kE' yia;Ska jf.a
n,j;a mqreIfhda njg m;afjkag ke'
t;fldg ta n,j;a Ndjh wmsg
Wm;ska wdmq tlla o@ Wm;ska ;sfhkj
o @ Wm;ska kE' t;fldg f lshk
fy yhshla wmsg kEfk lsh, ysf;kag
mqjka fka o@ we;af;ka u ;sfhkj
o Tng ta jf.a yhshla@ ke;s fjkag
mqjka' yhshla kE lshk tflka l,amkd
fjkafk l=re meg jf.a bkak tl
o@ kE' ka Tn nef|kafk l=ulska o@
is;=,a,lska' tal hlv oje,lg jvd
n,j;a' is;=,s j,ska ;ud wmsj ne|,
odkafk' is;=,s j,ska nk nkaOkh
hlv oje,a j,ska nk nkaOkhg
jvd n,j;a' ta nkaOk lvd.kag w;sYh
n,j;a jQ mqreIhska njg m;afjkag ke'
ta n, nj ;=< jdih lsu o fyd| @
n,j;a u o@ n,j;a u' tn n,hla
fldfydu o Wmoj .kafk@
ta n,h Wmoj .kafk iif
iajNdjh f;are .ekSfuka' f;a
iajNdjh f;are .ekSfuka' wmg
;sfhk wjodku f;are .kak' wfma
;h b;d u ;djld,sl hs' wmsg
,enqKq hula ;sfnkj k ta ,enqK
ish foa ;djld,sl hs' l l,lska f
yeu fohlau ke;sfj,d hkj' wkak
ta ;djld,sl nj wiar nj f;are
.;af;d;a ldg;a f;afrhs wm wjodkula
iys; j jdih lrkafk lsh,' ta
wjodk iys; iajNdjh hful=g h
fudfyd;l f;arefKd;a ta wjodk
iys; lsis foalg ne bkag thd leu;s
fjkafk kE' wjodkfuka ksoyia u
msKsi kE u nkaOkhla lvd .ekSu
msKsi thdg h Wmkj'
tal wmsg nf,ka lrkag mqjka
tlla fkfjhs' ka yia;shd oxjef,ka
.eg .y, ;sfhkj' wmg mqjka o
flfgka .y,
oje, lvmka lsh,
lshkag' lvd.kafk
kE' thd ;=< woyila
bmfokag kE" thdg
wjodkula ;sfhkjd
lsh,' thd ;=< u
woyila bmfKd;a
ka ug wjodkula
;sfhkj lsh, ta
oxje, iefKlska
thd lvkj' wms
ys;=jg thd ka wm
ne|, bkafk lsh,'
thd lvkj'

wkak ta jf.a
wm f;are .;af;d;a
wmg ;sfhk
wjodku" wmg
mqjka ish nkaOk
lvd.kak' ta ksid
f w; < ;sfhk
wjodk iajNdjh
f;are .kak' b;d
u wdikakfhka wfma
f;a wjodk
iajNdjh ;sfhkj'
wmsg tal f;afrkafk
kE' tal f;are
.;af;d;a Tn
ljodj;a wf;ka
ne`oSu we;s lr.kak
jEh lrkafk kE'
;sfhk nkaOkj,g
leu;s fjkafk;a
kE' ta ksid f
f;a ;djld,sl
nj" f ;hg
uqK.eys, ;sfhk
foaj,aj, ;djld,sl nj" ksiaidrj;a
nj" w: rys; nj" l,amkd lrkak'
tfyu l,amkd fkd lrk ;dla Tn
jdih lrkafka weiaiqKq is;ska" isreKq
is;ska" Wu;= fjp is;ska' ta Wu;= jQ"
weiaiqKq" isys l,amkdjla ke;=j" u;a

he<S hefokakg fmr

Tn f;ud iqrlskq msKsi

15

Y%S nqoaO jI 2555 $ jma ui l,dmh $ 2011 Tla - fkdje

n,j;a fjuq
mQckSh kdj,msfha whjxY iajdka jykafia
fjp is;ska jdih lrk ;dla Tn ;=<
ixjrlu Wmkafk kE' bmfKd;a tal
nf,ka ysr lr, ;sfhk ixjrlula'
mSvdld j jdih lsula' taflka Tn
;=< m%ikak nj m%lg fjkafk kE' Tn
fldpr ksy~ j bkak l,amkd l,;a
Tnf. ;=<ska m%ikak nj Wmkafk
kE' tal n,y;aldrfhka we;s lrf.k
;sfhk ixjrlu jf.a tlla' tal
iefKlska f|k tlla' wixjr nj
kej; bmfokj' tal wr j;=r wiafi
;sfhk yq<x mqfrdamq rn fnda,hla jf.a'
j;=r wiafi yq<x ;sfhk rn fnda,hla
;sfh, ;sfhkj' fldpr fj,djla
;sfhhs o lshkak mqjka o@ tal hulska
ysr lr, ;sfhk fj,djla ;rhs' ksoyia
jqK .uka Wvg u;= fjkjd'
ta jf.a ;uhs n,y;aldrfhka
Wmojf.k ;sfhk ixjrlu jf.a
foa mj;skafk kE' tfyu bkak tl
fjfyila ;rhs' fjfyi iys; j
nf,ka ys; ysrlrf.k bkak ;dla
bkashka m%ikak fjkafk kE' bkashka
wm%ikakhs' wm%ikak bkashka ;=<ska
ndysrg m%ikak mqoa.,fhla fmkajkafk
kE' t;fldg ta ixjrlu lshk tl
fkfjhs tal' wehs tfyu fjkafk@ f
isreKq ys;" weiaisp ys; ysrlrf.k
bkakj' ta isu ;sfhkafk wehs@
wmg wjodkula ;sfhkjd lsh, okafk
kE' wfma ;h wiarhs lsh, wmsg
f;afrkafk kE' wms isysk f,dafll
bkafk' kuq;a wm Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia
fmkajd ka yg wfma f;a
wjodk nj" wiar nj" ;djld,sl
nj" isyslrkjd k ta isyslrk
fudfyd;la mdid wfma is; le,fuka
ksoyia fjkj' ys; oukh fjkj' ys;
oukh jqKdhska miafi fjfyila kE'

n,y;aldrfhka thd r|j .kak ke

kE' thd mdvqfj bkakj'
lef,a bkak if;la w,a,ka we,a,
oukh l,dhska miafi mdvqfj bkakj'
ta jf.a f ys; oukh jqKd k
ixjr hs' ys; oukh jqKdhska miafi
n,y;aldrfhka ysrlrf.k fkfjhs
bkafk' thd mSvdldj fkfjhs ta ys;
md,kh lr.kafk' Yd, wdhdihla
thdg fk kE' mqx foalska thdg
mqjka f ys; oukh lr .kak' lef,a
bkak w,sh w,a,ka weka oukh
l<dhska miafi mqx fyKavqfjka thdj
md,kh lrkag mqjka' ta jf.a ;uhs
wmg;a f ys; oukh lr .;af;d;a
wmsg b;d u ixiqkaj bkak mqjka'
ta ys;ska m%fhdack .kag mqjka' ta
ysf;ka m%fhdack .kakjd lshk tl
;u hs ixiqkaj ksoyfia bkakjd lsh,
lshkafk' ke;ak wyiska hk tl
fkfj hs' f is,d le,,d wmsg mSvd
fok tl ke;sfj,d hkj' mdvqfj bkag
mqjka'
ta ksid fyd|g wfma f;a h:d
iajNdjh ks;r ks;r isys lrkak'
n,j;aj isys lrkak' ta yg n,j;aj
;fha iajNdjh isys lf<d;a Tn ixjr
fjhs' b;d u Ydka; ;hla .; lrkag
Tng mqjka fjhs' ksjqKq is;ska jdih
lrkag Tng mqjka fjhs' wms ish
fokdg u fi;a m;kj f isreKq"
oukh fkd jqKq" Wu;=fjka jdih lrk
is; oukh lr.ekSu msKsi ixiqka
lr.ekSu msKsi ;fha ;djld,sl
nj nqrcdKka jykafia lshd ;sfnk
yg isyslrkag ish fokdg u ,N
jQ Nd.Hh Wod fjd
111111111111

16

f.!;u nqrcqkaf.a idu ikafoaYh m;=rejuq

ld,

igykl
isysk igyk
,igyklg jev lsu Tng;a
ug;a w;a fohla fkd f'
<ud wjfha mgka foudmshka
o .=rejreka o wm j fhduq
lrjkafka ta i|yd h' th u;a
h" l%uj;a h" myiq h' ksYa;
ld, iSudjla ;=< imqrd .; hq;=
b,lalhka ld,igykla ;=< we;'
tlsfkldf.a fm!oa.,sl
ld,igyka yereKq g ukqIH
;j, fmd ld,igykla o we;'
fmr mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miq j
jir oy;=kl mdi,a wOHdmkh o
jir lsysmhl Wiia wOHdmkh o
;reK fha /lshd yd wdjdyjdy
lghq;= o wk;=re j mjq,a ;hl
j.lSu orka oreu,a,ka yod jvd
.ekSu orejkaf.a wOHdmkh yd b
lghq;=" Tjqkaf.a jdyhka" Tjqkaf.a
orejka" oyfuys yeisfrk flS ie|E
iuhla hkdh ta fmd ld,igyfka
wka;.; f' ta ish ;ekays i;=ka
j;a ug o wms wfmalaId lruq'
wms ish,af,da u f fmd ld,
igyfka h h ;ekaj, iskafkuq'
f fmd ld,igyk ;=<;a" Tf
fm!oa.,sl ld,igyk ;=<;a ;j
fl;r rlg Tn i;= b,lal ;sf
o@ wms f uikafka ;j fldmuK
ld,hlg Tf ld,igyk j
hkafka o hkakhs' Tf ld,igyk
klska" follska" i;shlska" udfilska"
udi lSmhlska" wjqreoaolska" wjqre
mylska" oyhlska imqrd .; hq;= hehs
ld,ksKh l< b,lal mj;skjd
h yels h' iEu ksfil=g u mdfya
tjka isysk fmd we;' tfy;a" ;h
mj;ajd .; yels ld,h fkd oek
wm f f.dvkk isysk ;h

h:d:hla lr.ekSu .eg iy.; h'

ieneka u wm iskafka weismsh fy<k
iefKlska f isysk ;h iqkq iqkq
h yels ;ekl h'
th tfia fkd jkafka o@

fk;
kej;=k od'''

Tf
iskd
<

we;e ksiqkaf.a iskduqiq uqyqKq" Woafhda.su;a" l%shdYS,S phdjka

olsk fndfyda g wm mefKk m<uq ks.ukh k f ksiqka i;=ka
yd ieye,afjka j;a jk njhs' ta wei .efgk ms%hukdm oYkhg
wms leue;af;uq' Tjqkaf.a m%S;su;a iskyjka ;=< wms ;fha ish
id:l;ajhka olskafkuq' wmg isf;kafka u f ;h kk ksiqka
nj h' f ;h k ksiqka nj h' ;h we;af;a kakg
i |jkakg fkd f h lshd u;jdo f.dvkka wm o W;aidy
lrkafka ta iud.uhg tl;= jkakg h'

tfy;a tla iefKlska wmg is

jkafka ;h kkafka hehs wm is;+
m%S;su;a ksiqka ysyefha ;h
mrdch jQ nj olskakg h' m%S;su;a"
Woafhda.su;a" ch.%dyS ,S,djka ish,a,
wysj m%dKh ksreoaO jkakg .;
jkafka iq fudfyd;ls' tjka urKhla
wmg woyd .ekSug fkd yels h'
tg wm lshkafka .yla .,la jf.a
ysh ukqiaihd fka o fohshfka" f
fudk wjdikdjla o@" ys;d.kakj;a ne
urKhlafk f llg l,ska yskdfj
l;d lrlr ysgmq ukqiaihdfka hkd f,i
h' tfy;a ieneka u ta urKfhys wreuhla
ke;' ld,igykla we;s kuq;a" zksYa;
ld,hlaZ ke;s ;h iefKlska wys hk
fohla u h' wm fm%au lrkafka ;fha we;s
ks;H" m%S;su;a hehs isf;k /j,sldr fjia
uqyqKg h'
wkka; iir mqrdjg f fjia uqyqKg
/jgqKd i" tys h:d:h wms fkd
gqfjuq' iem" i;=g i,ik ljr fyda
fohlg wm oej ne hkafka;a"
mSvdj l i,ik fohlg wm
l,lsfrkafka;a wjfndaOhla fkd
,o iir mqre ;ju;a wm
w; fkd yer isk ksid h' ta
> jQ ixidrh wm j fhduq
lr we;af;a ta ta ;ek i;=ka
ms<s.kakd iajNdjhlg h' ta ksid
iem iy.; foa iodld,sl j ,nkakg;a"
la iys; foa WmkQmka lsis Njhl fkd
,nkakg;a wms m%d:kd lrkafkuq' uq uy;a
iir mqrdjg u wm lrkakg we;af;a o th
u h' tfy;a" ;ju;a wm iskafka iod;k
iem fkd ,o l" l< Wreu lr.;a
meje;aul h'
f ukqIH Ndjh iq.;shls' ta iq.;s.d
ks i a nj ;= < mjd wms fl;r la
mSvd kafkuq o@ ta la iys; nj ;=< wm
l,lsug m;a jQjo ta wjfndaOfhka hq;=
l,lsula fkd f' ta ksid wms f wfma
fyd| u jhi hehs lshka ;reK uofhka
oefjkafkuq' > wdhqI ,e hehs lshka
wdhq uofhka oefjkafkuq' wfkl=ka f,v
la iys; jQjo wms ksfrda.s hehs is;ka
wdfrda.H uofhka oefjkafkuq' wms rEmfhka

j
o jKfhka o Wiia yd ukyr hehs is;ka
rEm uofhka o oefjkafkuq'
tfy;a f,v frda. wk;=re fyda urKh
mefKk g ta foaj,a wm oejqKq udkhka
udhs lrkafka ke;' ksoiqkla f,i wms"
udrl h wk;=rl ;h;a urKh;a w;r
igkl ys| .,jd .kakd wdfrdaymKdy
foayOd ;reK mqoa.,fhl= .ek is;uq'
we;eg ta wk;=r ksid ta mqoa.,hd ;
ld,h mqrdjg u wdnd;fhl= h yels h'
ke;s k ukao udkisl ;;ajhlg m;a jQfjl=
h yels h' bka miq j
Tyqf.a jhi fyd|
u jhi fkd
f' ;reK fha
W;a;=x. foayOd
jQjo Tyq ksfrda.s o
fkd f' rEmh .ek
ljr l:d o@

Tn;a uu;a
iskafka tjeks wk;=rlg kE u fudfyd;l
,laf wjOdkula iys; j h' wm md.ukska
.sh o wmf.a u r:hl .sh o wkHfhl=f.a
r:hl .sh o f wk;=re iy.; nj tl
fia u mj;S' ta ms<sn| j wm fkd is;kafka
thska wm fyda im;ufhl= fyda mSvd fkd
k ;=re muKs' tjeks is;a lmd lrjk
w;aoelSul wm we;e g lshkafka
fufyu j;a jkjdg jvd uereK k
fyd|hs lshd h' l mSvkh ta ;rug u
oreKq h' tfy;a" f m%Yakh urKfhka k
fl<jr fkd f' m%Yakh we;s ;ek yye
ykd fkd f.k me,eia;r ij,ska
m%Yakh jid ;fha m%S;su;a fjia uqyqKg
fm%au lsu ;=<ska wm h<s h<s;a weo jefgkafka
f ysiqKq wk;=re iy.; nj f.dkq jQ iir
.ukg u h'

wm
is;d iskafka Nhdkl f,v
frda. wk;=re wdhg f.dre jkafka

iq msila muKla nj h' ta iq

msig wm wh;a fkd isk ld,h
uq,af,a wkHhkaf.a l .ek
lmd jk w;f u Tjqka fkd
,o" wm ,o i;=ka j;a f
Nd.H .ek wms l=yl i;=gla
,nkafkuq' tfy;a ienE
;;ajh yd;amiska u fjkia
h' u;= mska fmfkk
ksfrda.S nj fyda Yr
iqj;djh wNHhka;rfha

fld;ek jqj;a k
ke;' /<s fkd jegqK" ma;su;a ksfrda.S
iulska wdjrKh fldg" ;o l meye;s
fliaj,ska w,xldr fldg" fkal iqjka
o fidre jia;%dNrKfhka o irika
isk Yrh ;=< udrdka;sl f,v frda.
.Kkdjla mj;skjd h yels h' ta frda.
ksKh ;=< tl laIKhlska udkislj weo
jefgk ksiqka n,d ish ldhslj o
weo fkd jefgkafka o@ tg" ;reK nka
wdhqIfhka" rEmfhka we;af;a ljr k
ms<sirKla o@
fmd,a .il u,a yg.ekSf mgka

f cjimkak ;reK l%Svlhd B< fudfydf;a fufia urKhg m

flfia k woyd.; yels o@

he<S hefokakg fmr

Tn f;ud iqrlskq msKsi

17

Y%S nqoaO jI 2555 $ jma ui l,dmh $ 2011 Tla - fkdje

wudfodr jr h

j;=ka w;r h'''

wreuhls wm ;ju

j;=ka w;rh'''
jqj tjka
wiS; wk;=re .Kkdjla ueo
o wms ;j u j;=ka w;r iskafkuq'

tl w;lska wreuhla h hq;af;a ys

yefha h hdu fkd f urKhg fya;=
jk fndfyda oE iys; j jqj ;ju;a j;a
jk tl h' ieneka u fu;r wK;=re
iy.; ;a wm ;ju;a j;aj iskafka
wehs@
f mekhg ms<s;=re ,nd h yelafla
;=kaf,dald.% inq rcdKka jykafia
jod< Y%S ioaOufhka muKla h' iud
inq rcdKka jykafia foaYkd l< m
bmu hkq" wei" lk" kdih" j" lh"
uki" hk wdh;k yfha my< uhs' f
wei wd wdh;khka yg .kafka merKs
luys ^mqrdK lux& M,h jYfhka nj
Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia ukd fldg fmkajd
we;' wm f ,nd isk ;h fmr
Njhkays wm .;l< ;hkays is lrk
,o luhkaf.a M,hls' iEu ish fohla
u ;SrKh jkafka luh u; fkd jqK
o luh hkq ;fha .dul n,f.
hls' inq rcdKka jykafia foaYkd
fldg jodf<a i;ajhd luh iajlSh foh
lrf.k" luh u odhdoh lrf.k"
W;am;a;s ia:dkh lrf.k" {d;shd
lrf.k iy th u ms<sirK lrf.k
isk nj h' fu;r wksYa; ;
iajNdjhla ;=< mjd wm ;ju;a j;aj
iskafka f lu odhdoh ksid nj
meye,s h'

ke; ureyg ndOd'''

meiqKq f. we;s u olajd ld,h ;=<

isjk mhdi Tn oel we;s nj ksiel
h' ta ld,h ;=< f.dn u,a u jefghs'
msmqKq u,a o u jefghs' l=rend we o
ug jefghs' l=rend o l, fmd,a o uola
meiqKq fmd,a o fydka meiqKq fmd,a o
meiS lr .sh fmd,a o wjik fldgfmd,a
njg m;a jQ fmd,a o hkd ish,a, ka g
ug jefghs' ksia ;j, o we;af;a tn
iajrEmhla u h' kQmka orejka h hhs'
Wmka yefha o h hhs' <dnd, jhiska"
;reK jhiska" ue jhiska fyda crd Kj
.sh w;sYh meiqKq jhiska o h hhs'
f urKhka mefKkafka yDohdndO"
ms<sld" jl=.vq wdndO" fvx.= jeks frda.
mSvdfhka h yels h' kdh hE .xj;=r
iqkd jeks iajNdl jHik ksid fyda
h wk;=re jeks yis wk;=re ksid h
yels h' l,flda,dy, hqoaO wdh ksid
h yels h' f,dj ne ne w; we;af;a
urKh /f`.k mefKk foaj,a u h'
iudc yd iajNdl jHik jeks ndysr
l%shdldrl o frda.mSvdh" jhia.;
u jeks wNHhka;r is o tl fia
m;au u ielfikafka urKh we;s lrjkakg

jmqrk yehg ,efnk

keK .=Ke;s okka yg'''

mqKH mdlhla jYfhka wm ,o f
iq.;s.d ukqIHNdjh M,odhs lr .ekSug
fY%aIaG udf.damfoaYl;ajhla wm i;= h'
is lrk ,o uy;a l=i,hla ksidfjka
fuf,dj o mrf,dj o hym; i,ik iud
inq ioy udj; wm yuqf jr j
;sf'

;h M,odhs
jkafka ;hg hym;
i,id .;a g h' ta
i|yd lu odhdoh
hym;aj ilia jQjla h
hq;= h' ;=kafodr ixjrj
l=i,fhys fhh hq;af;a
ta i|yd h' lh o jpkh
o ukdj ixjr lrka
YS,fhys yslau l< hq;= h'
tg" uy;a jQ hhfhka
hq;= j f,daN" oafY" fuday
hk wl=i, uq,a is| oud
wf,daN" wfoaY" wfuday hk
l=i, uq,a Wmojd .; yels
h' tf,i ;sfodr ixjr lr
.kska iudh hqKq l<
hq;= h' f iqfYaIS wdrlaIl

wiajekak
Y%S ioaOuh ;=< luh fmkajd fokafka
l=Uqrla ^lux fL;a;x& f,ig h'
f;kdjka my< fuka yg .kakd luh
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uekka ia;r flf'
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hk i;r wmdfha fjd bmu is jkqfha ta
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hdka;%Kh yerfok h;=r jkafka m%{dj

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21

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23

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- wdixid -

Homo sapiens sapiens

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fj,d

weiqr ( Lqoaol ksldh - Wk md<s - .NkS iQ;%h

26

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27 fjks msgqjg'''''

26 fjks msgqfjka'''''

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27

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is;l
j,a odkh f.k wd msi ish
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fndfydu i;=ka hq;= j hs
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28

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03

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25'

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27'

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