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2.Reproduction: The biological process by which an organism produces its own kind to
maintain the race. Reproduction enables the continuity of species generation after
generation.
Types of Reproduction:
(a) Asexual reproduction
(b)Sexual reproduction
a.Asexual reproduction:- When single parent produces offspring without the involvement
of gamete formation . Such offspring is morphologically and genetically similar to the
parent.
Types of asexual reproduction:
a.Binary fission: In Monerans and protists the single celled organisms divide equally to
form two daughter cells. e.g., Amoeba , Paramoecium
b.Multiple fission : When an organism divides to form many daughter organisms . e.g.,
Plasmodium.
c.Budding : When parent organism gives rise to a small projection called the bud. The bud
increases in size and gets detached from parent organism and matures into new organism.
e.g., Yeast & Hydra.
d.Gemmule formation : In sponges a large number of buds are formed inside the body
which are called gemmules . Gemmules are small bodies which consist of a mass of
undifferentiated cells surrounded by protective covering of spicules and sycon.
e.Fragmentation : When parent body breaks into two or more pieces due to water current.
Each piece or fragment develops to form new parent. e.g., spirogyra ,sponges, flatworms.
f.Vegetative propagules : In higher plants the vegetative parts are used to raise new plants
. These vegetative parts are called propagules , these are as below
(i) Runner in Oxalis ad Marsilea
(ii) Rhizome in ginger and turmeric
(iii)Sucker in banana, pineapple ,mint,etc
(iv)Tuber in Potato (EYES)
(v) Offset in water hyacinth and pistia
(vi) Bulb in onion and Garlic.
(vii Leaf buds in bryophyllum
(viii)Bulbil in Agave.
g.Zoospores and conidia formation: In certain algae and fungi, asexual reproduction
takes place by specialized reproduction structures called zoospores. Zoospores are
flagellated oval structures. e.g., Chlamydomonas.
In Aspergillus and penicillium a chain of non motile small spores are formed on fungal
hyphae Conidiophores. These small spores are called conidia which on return of
favourable conditions germinate to form new plant body.
b.Sexual reproduction :
Sexual reproduction involves the formation of male and female gametes either
by the
same parent or by different parents of opposite sex.The events of sexual reproduction can
be dealt under three stages.
(a)Pre fertilization events
(b)Syngamy and fertilization
(c)Post-fertilization events
(i)Gametogenesis :
1. The formation of gametes.
2. Gametes are generally haploid.
3. Gametes are called homogametes or isogametes when they are similar in
structures.
4. Gametes are called heterogametes when they are dissimilar in structures. The male
gamete is called antherozoid or sperm while female gamete is called ovum.
5. An individual organism
heterothallic/dioecious.
may
be
either
homothallic/monoecious
or
6. Cucurbits and coconuts are monoecious plants, where as papaya and date palm are
dioecious plants.
7. When parent body is haploid, the gametes are formed by mitosis and when parent body
is diploid the gametes are formed by meiosis.
(ii)Gametic transfer:
1.In some algae and fungi both male and female gametes are motile.
2. In majority of organisms ,the male gametes are motile whereas female gametes are
stationary.
3.In algae, bryophytes and pteridophytes , water is the medium for gametic transfer.
4. Since large number of male gametes fail to reach the female gametes, the number of
male gametes produced is several thousand times more than those of female gametes.
5. Pollination is the method of gamete transfer in higher plants , so pollen grains are the
carriers of male gametes
(b)Syngamy and Fertilization:
1.. Syngamy results in the formation of a diploid zygote.
2. In certain animals such as rotifers, honeybees, some lizards and birds(Turkey), the
female gamete develops into an adult without fertilization which is called parthenogenesis.
3. Fertilization may be external or internal.
Fertilization
Two types- external and internal .
External fertilisation- outside the body of organism in external- medium (water) eg.
majority of algae, fishes, amphibians.
Advantage- show great synchrony between the sexes
1. Release of large number of gametes into surrounding medium
2. Large number of offsprings produced.
Disadvantage- offspring vulnerable to predators, natural disasters.
Internal fertilisation- fusion occurs inside female body eg. majority of plants and
animals. Egg non-motile and formed inside female body. Male gamete motile, produced
in large numbers to reach egg and fuse with it. In seed plants, non- motile male gamete
carried to female gamete by pollen-tube.
C.Post -fertilisation events- formation of zygote.
a. Zygote. One celled , diploid, vital link between two generations.
External fertilization zygote formed in external medium water eg. Frog,
Internal fertilization zygote formed inside the body eg. Humanbeings. Development
of zygote depends on type of life cycle and environment. Some develop thick wall
( prevent damage and desiccation) & undergo period of rest eg. Algae, fungi.
Haplontic life cycle- zygote (2n) divides by meiosis to form haploid (n) spores.
Diplontic life-cycle- zygote (2n) divides mitotically, develops into embryo (2n).
Oviparous animals lay eggs out-side the female body.Eggs can be fertilized/
unfertilized. Fertilized eggs covered which hard calcareous shell, laid in safe place in
the environment. Unfertilised eggs laid in water. Example- fishes, frogs, reptiles, birds
Viviparous animals bear and rear the embryo inside female body, give birth to youngones.Advantage- proper embryonic care, protection, survival chances of young-ones
greater. Example- cows, whales, humanbeings
Embryogenesis: development of embryo from zygote by cell division (mitosis) and cell
differentiation.
Cell- division increases the number of cells in the developing embryo
Cell differentiation - groups of cells undergo certain modifications for the formation of
different kinds of tissues and organs.
In flowering plants- zygote formed inside ovule
Changes occur in flowering plants:
Sepal
Petal
Stamen
Zygote
Primary endosperm nucleus
Synergid
Antipodals
Ovary
Ovule
Fall off
Fall off
Fall off
Embryo
Endosperm (3 N)
Disintegrate
Disintegrate
Fruit
Seed
Pericarp (epicarp + mesocarp +
Ovary wall
Integument
endocarp)
Seed coat (testa + tegmen)
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q) What is meiocyte?
Ans) It is the gamete mother cell which undergoes meiosis.
Q) Why is date palm referred to as dioecious?
Ans) In date palm the male and female flowers are present in different plants.
Q) What is special in flowering in bamboo?
Ans) Bamboo flowers only once in their life time generally after 50-100 years .
Q) Define clone?
Ans) It is a group of individual of the same species that are morphologically and
genetically similar.
Q) What is vegetative propagule?
Ans) The units of vegetative propargations that gives rise to a new plant is called vegetative
propagule. Examples: Runner and rhizome.
Q) Cucur bit are called monoecious. Justify?
Ans) They have male and female reproductive structures in different flowers.
Q) If chromosomes number in meiocyte in rat, elephant and rice is 42,56,24 what will be
the chromosomes number in their gamete?
Ans) Rat 21, elephant 28,rice 12
Q) Why higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexcity?
Ans) 1. It brings about variations.
2. Variation helps in better adaptation in nature.
3. Variation is the basis of evolution.
Q) What is parthenogenesis. Give Example?
Ans) Development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg is called parthenogenesis.
It is simpler easier and rapid mode of replication. But there is no chance of any variation.
So it does not play any role in evolution. Eg.- Honey bee and some lizards
Q Mention the reason for difference in ploidy of zygote and primary endosperm nucleus in
angiosperm
Ans Zygote is formed by fusion of haploid male gamete and haploid egg so it is diploid.
Whereas the PEN is formed by fusion of haploid male gamete with two haploid polar
nuclei so it is triploid.
Q) What are vegetative propagules. Name any four of them and give example?
Definition: Vegetative propagules: The vegetative parts of plants which are used to raise
new plants e.g. Rhizome, Bulb, tuber etc.,
Rhizome of ginger, leaf bud of bryophyllum, bulb of onion, offset of pistia.
HOTS.
Q)Amoeba is immortal. Explain?
Ans) Amobea has no natural death. It undergoes binary fission and forms two new daughter
cells.
Q) Which is the first diploid single cell which begins life?
Ans) Zygote.
Q What is the fate of zygote in organism which show
1 Haplontic life cycle
2Diplontic life cycle
Ans In haplontic life cycle zygote undergoes meiosis during its generation
In diplontic life cycle zygote divides mitotically during embryogenesis
Q) What type gametes are formed in staminate and pistillate flowers?
Ans) Pollen grains and egg cell respectively.
Q) Name the organisms with respect to their sexuality?
i) Monoecious animal
ii) Dioecious animal
iii) Monoecious plant
iv) Dioecious plant
Ans :- i) Earthworm ii) Cockroach iii) Chara iv) Marchantia.
Q.Is marchantia monoecious or dioecious?what are the sex organs borne in this plant?
Marchantia is dioecious. The male sex organs are borne on antheridiophores and female
sexorgansareborne on archegoniophores.
Fertilization of gametes is the critical event in sexual reproduction
Q.Which is the most critical event in sexal reproduction?
Fertilization of gametes is the critical event in sexual reproduction
Q.How does new organism develop in rotifers, turkey, honey bee and lizards?
The female gamete undergoes development without process of fertilization and form new
organisms
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS.
Q1 Raju observed colony of Honey bees in his field..He does not want to disturb it and he
wants to protect the bee colony .When he observed the bees,he found both haploid and
diploid individuals, considering the above views answer the following questions.
A).What value showed by the Raju?
(1)
B) Name the haploid and diploid organisms.
(1)
C) Analyze the reasons behind their formations.
(3)
Ans 1(A) Sense of responsibility towards nature.
B.Queen and workers are diploid but male(drones) are haploid.
(C) Drones develop parthenogentically. Since female gametes form new individuals
without fertilization in honey bees therefore they are haploid and grow into males.
Q2 Reproduction is a Biological process that evaluates the continuity of species generation
after generation. Each species have evolved its own mode of producing organisms. The
farmers want to cultivate different varieties of crops alternatively in the same land. The
farmer cultivate different plants to get different products for their use.
A) What kind of value shown by the farmer?
(1)
B) Name two types of reproductions found in organisms.
(1)
C) Out of two which is better mode of reproduction, Why?
(3)
Ans2(A) conservation of land.
B Asexual and sexual reproduction.
IMPORTANT TERMS :-
16. Cliestogamous flowers: These flowers are closed flowers which do not bloom but
ensure autogamy. e.g., Balsam, Oxalis, Viola. Balsam, Oxalis ,Viola plants possess both
chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers.
17. Geitonogamy: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another
flower of the same plant.
18. Xenogamy or Allogamy or Cross pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the
anther of one flower to the stigma of a genetically different flower.
19. Anemophily: When cross pollination is brought about by the agency of wind. e.g.,
Maize, Cannabis, Coconut plant, palm tree, Date palm and many grasses.
20.Hydrophily: When cross pollination is brought about by the agency of water. e.g.,
Vallisneria , Zostera, Ceratophyllum, Hydrilla, etc.
21. Entomophily: When cross pollination is brought about by the agency of insects. e.g.,
Bougainvellia , Jasmine, Euphorbia .
22. Hybridization: Artificial cross between two plants.
23. Emasculation: The removal of anthers from a bisexual flower before its maturation.
24. Non albuminous seed: Seed without endosperm. e.g., Pea , Groundnut.
25. Albuminous seeds: Seeds with endosperm. e.g., Wheat, Maize ,Castor.
26. Perisperm: The residual and persistent nucellus present in the seed.
27. True fruits: The fruits which develop from ovary. e.g., Mango.
28. False fruits: The fruits which develop from other floral parts such as thalamus. e.g.,
Apple , Pear ,Strawberry.
29. Parthenocarpic fruits: The fruits which develop without fertilization. Such fruits do
not have viable seeds.
30. Apomixis or Agamospermy : Apomixis is a mode of asexual reproduction which
mimics sexual reproduction but produces seed without fertilization.
31. Parthenocarpy: The process of formation of fruits without fertilization.
32. Polyembryony: The presence of more than one embryo in a seed.
33. Monosporic: The development of embryo sac from single megaspore.
Important Notes:
of
Mitosis
Pollen grains (n)
Structure of pollen grain:
1. A pollen grain consists of two layers viz. outer layer is exine made up of
sporopollenin which can tolerate to high temperature, strong acids and alkali.
Innerlayer is intine made up of cellulose and pectin.
2. Exine has microspores at certain places called germpores.
3. A mature pollen grain has two cells. viz.
a) Vegetative cells and
b) Generative cells.
4. Generative cell divides mitotically to give rise two male gametes.
8. The three cells at micropylar end constitute egg apparatus which has two synergids
and one egg cell.
9. The three cells at chalazal end are antipodal cells.Fig 2.7(d) Page No. 25 NCERT
Book
Megasporogenesis
Megaspore mother cell (2n)
Meiosis
4 Megaspores (n)
(3 megaspores degenerate, 1 remains functional)
Funtional Megaspore (n) (Divides 3times by mitosis)
8 Nucleated Embryo Sac formed
3 cells group at micropylar end -the egg cell(n) & 2 synergids(n)
Embryo
sac
3 cells at chalazal end called antipodals(n)
2 polar nuclei at center(n each )
Development of Megaspore(Megasporogenesis)
Embryo sac develops from a single large cell called megaspore mother cell which
has dense cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus.
MM cell undergoes meiosis to form four megaspores.
Three megaspores degenerate while one remain functional.
The nucleus of functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei which
move to the opposite poles resulting into the formation of 2 nucleate embryosac.
Both two nuclei undergo two successive mitotic division forming 8 nucleate stage.
After that cell wall formation starts which result the formation of female
gametophyte or embryo sac.
Three cells are grouped at micropylar end to constitute egg apparatus.
Three cells are grouped at chalazal end called antipodals.
The remaining two nuclei moves to centre of embryo sac and are called polar nuclei
which fuse to form diploid secondary nucleus.
Fig 2.8(a) to (c) Page No. 28 NCERT Book Class XII
In sea grasses, the female flowers remain submerged and pollen grains are released
inside the water.
In many acquatic species pollen grains are long, ribbon like and sticky.
Insect Pollination:
Insect pollinated flowers are large brightly coloured , fragnant and rich in nectar.
The flowers pollinated by flies and beetles secrete foul odours to attract them. E.g
Amorphophallus, Lotus.etc.
Pollen- Pistil Interaction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Double fertilization: i)Fusion of male gamete with egg First fertilization ,SYNGAMY
ii)Fusion of fusion product of polar nuclei with male gamete Second fertilization
.TRIPLE FUSION
Post fertilisation changes:
Important Questions.
1.Define microsporogenesis?
A. . Microsporogenesis: The process of formation of microspores (pollens) from pollen
mother cells by meiosis inside each microsporangium.
2. What do you mean by Parthenocarpy?
A.The process of formation of fruits without fertilization.
3. What is emasculation? Explain its importance in Hybridization.
A. The removal of anthers from a bisexual flower before its maturation.It prevents self
pollination.
4. Name the inner most layer of microsporangium that nourishes the developing
pollengrains?
A. Tapetum
5. Draw a well labeled diagram of an ovule and label its six parts?
A.
The nucleus of functional megaspore divides mitotically to form two nuclei which
move to the opposite poles resulting into the formation of 2 nucleate embryosac.
Both two nuclei undergo two successive mitotic division forming 8 nucleate stage.
After that cell wall formation starts which result the formation of female
gametophyte or embryo sac.
Three cells are grouped at micropylar end to constitute egg apparatus.
Three cells are grouped at chalazal end called antipodals.
The remaining two nuclei moves to centre of embryo sac and are called polar nuclei
which fuse to form diploid secondary nucleus enveloped by single cell wall.
Fig 2.8(a) to (c) Page No. 26 NCERT Book Class XII
9. Flowering plants have developed many devices to discourage self-pollination &
encourage cross-pollination. Explain any three.
Bearing unisexual flowers Unisexuality
Anther & stigma mature at different times Dichogamy
Anther & stigma placed at different positions Heterostyly
Pollen grains of a flower do not germinate on the stigma of the same flower Self
incompatibility
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS QUESTIONS
1. Name the type of pollination that ensures genetic variation?
A.Xenogamy.
2. The plant yucca and moth cannot complete their life cycle without each other. Why?
A.The moth deposits its eggs in the locule of ovary and flower, in turn gets pollinated by
the moth. The larvae of the moth come out of eggs as the seeds start developing.
3. Cliestogamy can favour only autogamy. Justify
A.In cliesgamy, flowers never open at all. Hence foreign pollen will not land on stigma of
such flowers. So cliestogamy will only favourself pollination or autogamy.
4. Can an unfertilized, apomictic embryosac give rise to a diploid embryo? If yes how?
A. Yes, if embryo develops from the cells of nucellus or integuments, it will be diploid.
5. Name the plants in which chasmogamous and cliestogamous both types of flowers are
formed?
A.Oxalis and commilina.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
Q1. Ravi is suffering from Asthma. Whenever he comes out of the home ,he feels
suffocated and breathlessness. When Ramu visited Ravis house , he observed that weeds
were overgrown around the house of Ravi. He told Ramu to clear the weeds grown around
his house . Some exotic species in plants have invaded India as a contaminant with
imported wheat. Some of them have become ubiquitous in occurrence. The pollen grains
cause harm to us.
(A) Name the grass whose pollens grains cause allergy and bronchial disorder in some persons
(2)
(B) Can pollens be useful to us? How?
(C) Why did Ravi tell Ravi to clear the weeds? (1)
Ans 1 (A) Carrot grassParthenium
Ans 1(B) Pollen tablet and syrups are consumed by athletes and race horses.
(c ) Sense of responsibility.
Q2 Now a days the human population is rapidly increasing to meet the nutritional demand
of people, farmers are cultivating hybrid variety of food and vegetable crops extensively.
One farmer adopted the technique of apomixes .
(A) Explain One problem of hybrids.
(3)
(2B)What is importance of apomixes in seed industry? Why did farmer adopt this
technique?
Ans2(A) Hybrids change the basic nature of the organisms, hence may cause gene pollution
and affect biodiversity.
Ans2 (B) Formation of seed without fertilization is apomixes. It maintains the hybrid
vigour in crop plants. Therefore they can be stored and preserved for longer time.
Apomictic seeds are cheaper than hybrid seed.
Q 3 Artificial hybridization is popular among plant breeders. They produce commercially
better varieties of desirable traits. Referring to this programe explain.
(A) What is meant by artificial hybridization?
(2)
(B) How can it be achieved by farmers.
Ans 3(A) The different species / genera are crossed artificially for combination of desired
traits to get commercially superior varieties of organisms is called artificial hybridization.
Ans3 (B) Anthers are removed from the bisexual flower before dehiscence(emasculation)
and bagging is done to prevent contamination from unwanted pollen. On attaining maturity
mature pollens from desirable plant are dusted on stigma of bagged flowers and rebagged
for fruit development to have desired quality of fruits and seed.
CHAPTER-3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
IMPORTANT TERMS:
1.Gametogenesis: The process of formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.
2. Spermatogenesis: The process of formation of spermatozoa in the seminiferous
tubules of testes.
3. Spermiogenesis: The process of transformation of spermatid into spermatozoa.
(
b)Structure of graffian follicle:
Oogenesis
involves meiosis
occurs throughout life after puberty
involves meiosis
FUNCTION
/ PRODUCTION
In Females
In Males
Eggs +
Spermatogenesi
Estrogen
s
Ovulation +
Corpus
Testosterone
Luteum
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Nervous system
Skeleton
Digestive tract
Epidermis of skin
Muscles
Respiratory system
Circulatory system
Liver, pancreas
Gonads
Bladder
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1.. Name the important mammary gland secretions that help developing resistance in the
new born baby?
A.Colostrum.
2. What are sertoli cells?
A. Cells of seminiferous epithelium provide nutrition to developing germ cells.
3.At what stage is the mammalian embryo implanted in the uterus?
A. Blastula
4. What is spermiogenesis?
A. The spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa .
5.. At what stage is meiosis I suspended in primary oocyte?
A.Prophase I
6. When is meiosis II completed in the oogenesis of human female?
A. When the sperm comes into contact with the secondary oocyte.
6. Define foetal ejection reflex?
A. The signals for parturition originate from fully developed foetus which induces uterine
contractions triggered by oxytocin.
7.Zygote undergoes mitosis to form 16 celled stage of embryo. What is it known as?
A.Morula
8.. Fill in the boxes
. Spermatogonia- --- -----Secondary spermatocytes -------Spermatozoa
A. Primary spermatocytes, spermatids.
9.How do hormones secreted from anterior pituitary gland control and regulate the male
reproductive system?
A.Ant.Pituitary Gland --- 1. LH Leydig cells testosterone
2. FSH sertoli cells
-factors spermiogenesis.
10.Draw and label the main parts of the human spermatozoa. Why is the middle piece
considered as power house of the human sperm?
A. Diagram. It contains mitochondria
11.What is acrosome? What is its significance?
A. The anterior end of head of the sperm has a cap like structure called acrosome.It
contains enzymes like sperm lysine help in dissolving memberanes.
12. Faillure of fertilization leads to menstruation. Explain.
A. Degeneration of corpus luteum decreases progesterone levels,this causes degeneration
of endomtrium leading to menstruation.
13.What is the role of pituitary hormone in the regulation of menstrual cycle?
A.It secrets FSH and LH. FSH- development of ovarian follicles LH- LH surge leads
to rupture of mature graffian follicle and release of ovum
14. Name the hormones secreted by placenta that play significant role in maintaining
pregnancy?
A. hCG, hPL, estrogens and progesterone
involves meiosis
occurs throughout life after puberty
involves meiosis
16.. What is pregnancy hormone? Why it is so called? Name the sources of this hormone in
a human female?
A.Progesterone maintains endometrium- corpous luteum.
17.What is the fate of inner cell mass in the blastocyst? Mention their significance.
A. Inner cell mass acts as stem cells and help in the development of proper embryo .
18.
Study the graph given above.Showing the levels of ovarian hormones during menstruation
and
correlate the uterine events that take place according to the hormonal levels.
1. 6-15 days
2. 16-25 days
3. 26-28 days ( if the ovum is not fertilized)
A.i.)Regeneration of endometrium
ii).Uterus gets highly vascularised ready for embryo implantation
iii) Disintegration of endometrium leading to menstruation
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
1. Placenta is called an endocrine gland. Why? Give reasons to support your answer?
A. Placenta produces various hormones. It is called an endocrine gland. As an endocrine
gland placenta produces various hormonesestrogen, progesterone, hPL- human placental
lactogen, HCGXhuman chorionic gonadotropin
2. Enlist the chromosome no. in ovum, first polar body and second polar body of human
body.
a.Ovum-----------23
b.-1st polar body------------23
c. 2nd -polar body-----------23
3. Why does corpous luteum secrete large amount of progesterone during leutal /secretory
phase of menstrual cycle?
A.Progesterone hormone is essential for maintenance of endometrium of uterus, so that
foetus may get implanted here.
4. Name two hormones that can only be found in the blood of pregnant women. Mention the
source that secretes each of them.
A.Human chorionic gonadotropin. Human placental lactogen. The source that secretes
them is placenta
5. What name is given to the cells of inner cell mass, that have the potential to give rise to all
tissues and organs in a human being.
A. Stem cells.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. Rita and her parents were watching a TV serial in the evening. During a
commercial break,an advertisement flashed on the screen which was promoting use of
sanitary napkins. Ritawas still watching the TV. The parents got embarrassed and changed
the channel. Ritaobjected to her parents behaviour and explained the need for these
advertisements.
a) What values did the parents show?
b) Briefly describe the phases of a menstrual cycle.
Ans-a) The parents were traditional but understood the need for such advertisements.
They showed maturity and openness later.
b). Phases:To write details of thedifferent phases describing thediagram
i) Menstrual phaseii) Proliferative phaseiii) Secretory phase.
CHAPTER-4
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
A. IMPORTANT TERMS:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Population explosion
Birth control
Medical Termination of pregnancy
Sexually transmitted diseases
Infertility
1. Amniocentesis
A particular technique which helps to diagnose sex and chromosomal
disorders in an unborn foetus is called Amniocentesis.
Steps of Amniocentesis:
a. Amniotic fluid containing foetal cells are taken out from mothers womb by a
special surgical needle without damaging the foetus.
b. Now the foetal cells are cultured to examine sex and chromosomal disorders of
the foetus.
Advantages of Amniocentesis:
1. It helps in finding out the sex of the foetus.
2. It is useful in finding out any metabolic disorders of the foetus at a very early
stage.
3. By this method serious incurable congenital defects in foetus can be detected by
MTP.
Disadvantages of Amniocentesis:
1. It has been that not only fathers, even mothers also do not want female child and
they get it aborted out. This will be a serious menace to eliminate human race
from the earth. So, this technique has now been banned.
2. For amniocentesis an experience and expert doctor is required otherwise the
syringe may damage the developing foetus leading to abortion.
Causes of population explosion:
1. Decline in death rate
2. Decline in maternal mortality rate
3. Decline in infant mortality rate
4. Increase in the number of people in the reproductive age.
5. Increased health facilities with better living conditions
6. Greater medical attention
Measures to control overpopulation:
1. Raising the age of marriage is a most effective means to control population. Now
marriageable age of female is 18 years and that of male is 21 years.
2. Knowledge of sex education should be given at adolescence age.
3. Couples with small families or who adopted One child norm should be given
incentives.
4. Family planning methods should be adopted by all couples of different religion.
5. Mass media such as Radio, Television, News[papers, magazines and posters are
employed to spread the advantages of small family( i.e Hum Do Hamare Do) and
evils of large family.
2. Birth Control:
a. Natural methods:
1. Periodic abstinence: In this method, the couple abstain or avoid coitus
between 10th to 17th day of menstrual cycle when ovulation is expected and
chances of fertilization is very high.
2. Coitus interruptus: In this method, the male partner withdraws his penis
from vagina just before ejaculation so as to avoid insemination.
3. Lactational amenorrhea: It is the absence of menstruation during the
period of intense lactation. In this period ovulation does not occur as a
result the chances of conception is almost nil.
b. Barrier methods:
In this method ovum and sperms are prevented to meet together.
1. Condoms are barriers made up of thin rubber latex sheath which covers
the penis in males and vagina and cervix in female. E.g Nirodh.
2. Diaphragms cervical caps and vaults- They are made up of rubber and
used by female during coitus.
3. Spermicidal creams, Jellies and foams are used as barriers to prevent
fertilization of ovum with sperm.
c. Intra uterine devices:
The most popular and effective devices are IUDs. IUDs are introduced
into the vagina of female to prevent fertilization.
Types of IUDs
1. Non medicated IUDs e.g Lippes loop
2. Copper releasing IUDs e.g Cu T, Cu 7, Multiload- 375
3. Hormone releasing IUDs e.g progestasert, LNG- 20
IUDs prevents contraception in the following ways.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Symptoms of STDs
1. Itching
2. Fluid discharge
3. Swelling and
4. Mild pain
Preventions:
1. Avoid sex with unknown partners or multiple partners
2. Use condom during coitus every time
3. Seek medical help in case of doubt.
Mode of Transmissions:
1. Sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments with infected persons
2. By blood transfusion
3. By sexual intercourse with infected persons
4. By infected mother to her foetus.
Infertility:
Inability of a couple to produce children in spite of unprotected sexual cohabitation.
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS.
Q1) Table of certain terms associated with ART. Fill in the spaces a,b,c,d.(1X4 )
IVF&ET
MTP is carried out to get rid of unwanted pregnancies. It is also essential when the foetus is
suffering from an incurable disease or when continuation of pregnancy could be harmful or
even fatal to the mother and or foetus.
4. An ideal contraceptive must be user friendly and effective. Why? State two reasons?
{1}It should have no side effects
{2} It should be easily available.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
Q. Women are often blamed for producing female children. Consequently, they are ill
treated and ostracized. How will you address this issue scientifically if you were to conduct
an awareness programme to highlight the values involved?
Ans. Male produces two types of sperms ( X & Y type in the ratio 1 : 1) , Female
produces only
one type of ovum (X type) , hence the sex of baby is determined by the type of sperm
fertilising
the ovum therefore women should not be blamed // A genetic cross showing sex
determination
in human beings covering above value points can be considered in lieu of the above
explanation
=3
Sensitivity towards community / Social awareness / Self discipline / Responsible
behaviour /
Leadership quality / Caring attitude / Responsible attitude towards society / Concern for
others
/ Sharing of knowledge or information / Presence of mind /Being proactive / any other
relevant
value.
(Any three values) = 3
[
Q. A person in your colony has recently been diagnosed with AIDS. People/ residents in the
colony want him to leave the colony for the fear of spread of AIDS.
a)Write your view on the situation, giving reasons.
b) list the possible preventive measures that you would suggest to the residents of your
locality in a meeting organized by you so that they understand the situation.
c) Write the symptoms and the causative agent of AIDS.
Ans
a. The colony people thought that AIDS is a communicable disease but it is a STD.
b. 1.Avoid sex with unknown partners or multiple partners
2.Use condom during coitus every time
3.Avoid Sharing of injection needles, surgical instruments with infected persons
4.Avoid contaminated blood transfusion
c. Syptoms: Loss of weight, persistent fever for prolonged period , persistent cough,
respiratory problems,
weakness etc. Causative agent- HIV
Q. Joy loves to play football and was selected as captain of the school team for the district
level tournament. He also does social work. He attended a blood donation camp to donate
blood and came to know that he was HIV positive. He lost interest in games and refused to
play or study. He started counting his days. He remained absent from school for a long
time. The Biology teacher visited his house and counselled him. Joy was back at school and
also played the tournament.
a) What sense of responsibility did the Biology teacher exhibit?
b) A person detected to be HIV positive should be isolated in the society? Do you agree?
Why/ Why not?
c) How is AIDS not spread
Ans-a) The teacher shows social and moral responsibility along with his commitment to
service as a professional teacher.
Ans-b) No.
AIDS is not a contagious disease and does not spread until a blood/ body fluid
contact is established.
Ans-c) AIDS is not spread by: body contact in crowded place, hand shaking, sharing
telephone, meal, utensil or clothings, light kissing, using same toilet seat or even
swimming pool. It is not transmitted by blood sucking vectors or by coughing and
sneezing.
Q. During a visit to Kedarnath, Mohun came across a young couple staying in the adjacent
room in the hotel. He learnt that the couple had been visiting different temples and
performing rituals to get a child. Mohun was astonished and explained to them about ART
which he had recently studied in Biology. The couple were happy and understood their
wrong approach and thanked Mohun.
a) Identify the values which Mohun has shown.
b) What is ART? What are the various method included in ART?
c) What are the limitations for which ART is not commonly accepted?
Ans-a) Sympathetic attitude with alertness and practical approach.
Ans-b) Assisted Reproductive Technology
Methods are: i) test tube baby programme which includes IVF and Zygote or
embryo transfer b) gamete intra fallopian transfer iii) Intra cytoplasmic sperm
injection iv) artificial insemination methods
C.)1. These techniques require extremely high precision handling by
specialized professionals and expensive instrumentation. Therefore,
these facilities are presently available only in a very few centres in the
country.
2. Emotional, religious and social factors are also deterrents in the adoption
of these methods.
Q. Mrs. Kavita was eager to know the sex of the foetus which her daughter- in- law was
carrying. She was so anxious that she could pay any amount for that. The doctor refused to
disclose the result of the test.
a) What value do you learn from the doctors act?
b) How can one know the sex of the foetus? How is it done?
c) Why is disclosing the sex of the foetus banned in our country?
Ans-a) The doctor is devoted to his duties and has professional ethics.
Ans-b) By amniocentesisAns-c) In the past there have been numerous cases where the
female foetus has beenaborted. This anti -feeling for the girl child is considered a crime.
The number offemales to males is thereby reduced.
UNIT -VII
CHAPTER 5
PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
Important terms:
1. Genetics: Branch of Science which deals with the inheritance and variation.
2. Inheritance/ Heredity: The process by which characters are passed on from
parents to progeny.
3. Variation: Is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents.
4. Gene/Factor: Determines a biological character of an organism.
5. Alleles: Alternative forms of the same gene i.e.. T and t.
6. Phenotype: The observable character of an organism. i.e.. Tall or Dwarf.
7. Genotype: The genetic constituent of an organism i.e. TT, Ti or tt.
8. Homozygous: An individual with two identical alleles i.e. TT or tt.
9. Heterozygous: : An individual with two different alleles i.e. Tt or Rr.
10.Monohybrid Cross: When only one allelic pair is considered in cross i.e TT ( tall
x tt(dwarf).
11.Dihybrid cross: When two allelic pairs are used for crossing i.e. RRYY( Round
yellow) x rryy( Green Wrinkled).
12.Test cross: In a test cross an organism showing a dominant phenotype is crossed
with the recessive parent to know the genotype of an organism i.e. Cross between
tall (TT or tt) with dwarf (tt) plant.
13.Multiple allelism: When a gene exists in more than two allelic form. Example:
Three alleles Ia , Ib, Io determine the blood group.
14.Aneuploidy: Addition or loss of one or more chromosomes in the complete
diploid chromosomal complements of an organism.
15.Polyploidy: Increase in a whole set of chromosomes in a organism.
16.Linked Genes: The genes present on the same chromosome in an organism
17.Linkage: Phenomenon where linked genes inherited together.
18.Punnet Square: A checker board used to show the result of a cross between two
organisms.
19.Dominant gene: A gene that is capable of expressing itself in the presence of
contrasting gene.
Important Notes
1. MENDELS EXPERIMENT :
(i) Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in sillsian, a village in Heizendorf .He
conducted hybridization experiments on garden pea for seven years.
(ii)Material of the experiment: Mendel selected garden pea for his experiments due
to following reasons:
(a) Pea plants are generally self pollinated.
(b) It can be easily cross pollinated.
(c) Many varieties were available.
(d) Life cycle of plants is short.
(iii)Steps of the experiment : Mendel performed his experiments in three stages.
Stage I Selection of true breeding plant, as parents (For seven pairs of contrasting
characters)
Stage II Hybridization of parents with contrasting character to obtain plants of first
hybrid generation (F1 generation)
Stage III Self pollination of F1 plants to produce F2 generation and selfing of F2
plants to produce F3 generation.
(iv)Law of Incomplete dominance: When F1 individual has a phenotype that does not
resemble either of two parents and intermediate between the two parents, here one allele is
incompletely dominant over another.
EXAMPLE: Cross between red flowers plant and white flowers plant in snapdragon.
5. Co Dominance: When two alleles of a gene are equally dominant and express
themselves when they are together.
Example blood group AB
Dominant Allele IA produces glycoprotein A
Dominant Allele IB produces glycoprotein B
When IA and IB remain together they produce both glycoprotein A and B as in case of blood
group AB (Genotype IA IB )
Co Dominance and multiple allelisim
Blood group
Possible genotype
A
IAIA OR IAi
B
IBIB OR IBi
AB
IAIB
O
ii
Possible phenotype
A
A
A; O
B
B
B; O
AB: A; B
O
8.Sex determination:
The mechanism of sex determination are following types.
1. XO type of sex determination
a. A large number of insects show this type of sex determination.
b. Females have a pair of X chromosomes and produce only one type of
gamete(egg)
c. Male have only one X chromosome and produce two types of gametes
d. Sex of the offspring determine by the type of male gamete.
2. XY types of sex determination
a. A number of insects and mammals including man show this type of mechanism
b. Females have two X chromosomes nd produce only one type of egg
c. Males have one X and one Y chromosome and produce two types of sperm.
d. The sex of offspring depends on the type of male gamete.(sperm)
3. ZW type of sex determination:
a. Females have ZW sex chromosomes (Female heterogamaety)
b. Males have ZZ sex chromosomes
c. Females produce two types of gametes
d. Sex of the individual is determined by the type of ovum.
Pedigree Analysis
Pedigree is a chart of graphic representation of record of inheritance of a trait through
several generations in a family
Symbols used:- refer NCERT Text Book
AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
1. Traits are controlled by dominant
1. Traits controlled by recessive
genes
genes and appear only when
2. Both males and females are equally
homozygous
affected
2. Both male and female equally
3. traits do not skip generations
affected
4. e.g. polydactyly, tongue rolling ability
3. Traits may skip generations
etc
4. 3:1ratio between normal and
affected.
5. Appearance of affected children
from normal parents
(heterozygous)
6. All children of affected parents
are also affected.
7. e.g.- Albinism, sickle cell
anaemia etc
10.Genetic Disorders:
Genetic disorders can be grouped in two categories
A. Mendelian disorder
B. Chromosomal disorder
A. Mendelian disorder
1. Mainly due to alternation or mutation in a single gene
2. May be dominant or recessive
3. May be autosomal or sex linked
Example
a. Haemophilia
1. Sex linked recessive disorder
2. Clotting of blood is abnormally delayed
3. More male than female suffer from this disorder as the defective gene located on X
chromosome.
b.
1.
2.
3.
Klinefelters Syndrome:
Caused by an additional copy of X chromosome in male (XXY)
Individual is male with feminine character (Development of breast)
Individuals are sterile
c. Turners Syndrome:
1. Caused due to the absence of one of the X chromosome XO
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Q.What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of incomplete dominance?
A.1:2:1
Q. How many genotypes are possible for 4 phenotypes of blood groups?
A. 6
Q. What is the mechanism of sex determination in alarge no. of insects.?
A. XO
Q. AaBb was crossed with aabb.What would be the phenotypic ratio of progeny? Mention
the term todenote this kind of cross.
A.
AaBb X aabb
AB,Ab,aB,ab
ab
Q. Describe the nature of inheritance of the ABO blood group in humans. In which ways
does this inheritance differ from that of height of the plant in garden pea?
Ans17. Refer Pg 77 NCERT Book
(3)
Co Dominance & multiple allelism where as height shows dominance
(2)
Q. State the law of independent assortment. Illustrate with the help of suitable cross.
A. Law:
(1)
Dihybrid cross with suitable example
3
Punnet square
1
Q1. Ravi was rushed to a nearby hospital after an accident which caused a lot of blood loss.
The hospital failed to supply O negative blood for transfusion. Rahman who was attending
a patient learned about the situation and agreed to donate blood being of the same blood
group. Ravis mother initially refused but was later convinced by her daughter.
a) What values do you find in Ravis sister and Rahman?
b) Why cant O positive blood be transfused into Ravis body?
c) What is the genetic basis of blood group inheritance?
Ans. 1.a.Humanity is above all religion. Ravis sister shows understanding of science.
Rahman believes in helping a person in need without thinking about which religion or caste
he belongs to.
b)O+ blood group contains antigen for Rh factor. Rh negative blood lacks the antigen. So if
the two bloods mix it shall cause clotting resulting in death of the patient.
c )Human blood groups are A, B, AB and O. The four phenotypes are expressed by paired
combination of three alleles (IA, IB and i). IA and IB are dominant alleles for blood groups
A and B respectively. O blood group is due to lack of any dominant gene. Its genotype is ii.
Alleles IAIB expresses both dominant traits and the blood group is AB.
Q2. Sonam is a bright, fair girl. Her parents are dark complexioned. Her friends in college
regularly passed remarks asking her how she was so fair or what treatment she had
undergone to become fair. Sonam got irritated at their repeated embarrassing questions.
Her friend Srijita came to her support and invited the friends to the Biology lab where she
explained the inheritance of body colour. The friends realised their mistake and stopped
teasingSonam.
1. What are the values observed in Srijita.
2. Name the pattern of inheritance involving in inheritance of color.
3. Give other examples about the same pattern of inheritance.
Ans2-a)Humanity and responsibility towards a friend. She also used her knowledge to
educate her friends.
Ans-b)Polygenic inheritance or quantitative inheritance
Ans-c)Height, weight, skin colour, hair colour, size of some organs, face form, intelligence
etc of human beings are examples of quantitative inheritance.
. Brijmohan angrily says to his daughter not to marry Rajiv since their family is known to
inherit Haemophilia. The daughter objected to her fathers order. Brijmohan was adamant
and threatened Rajiv also. Brijmohans daughter explained the biological interpretation of
his fear and convinced her father.
a) Rajiv was not haemophilic. Why was Brijmohan so worried? 1
b) What values do you identify from the role played by Brijmohans daughter? 1
c) What explanation must have convinced Brijmohan? 2
d) Is there any fear of haemophilia if Brijmohans daughter marries Rajiv? 1
Ans-a) Brijmohan was not aware of the inheritance pattern for haemophilia. He thought
that the disease shall be expressed among his grandchildren.
Ans-b) Scientific attitude, deep understanding and practical application of the subject. She
was focussed having convincing ability.
Ans-c) Haemophilia is a sex linked recessive inherited disease. The gene is located on the
X
chromosome. Human male has only one sex chromosome (44A + XY). Rajiv is not
haemophilic since he does not have the gene on his X chromosome. There remains
no chance for him to pass on any haemophilic gene to the next generation.
Ans-d) No there remains no fear if they are married, provided the girl is not a carrier of
haemophilia. If the girl is a carrier, then the chance for the son to be haemophilic is
50%.
UNIT VII
CHAPTER 6
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
GIST:
intron
monocistronic
Operon
promoter
polycistronic
euchromatin
Aminoacylation of tRNA
Repetitive DNA
Satellite DNA
splicing
Structural genes
IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS:
1. Name the factors for RNA polymerase enzyme which recognises the start and
termination
Signals on DNA for transcription process in Bacteria.
2. Mention the function of non-histone protein.
3. During translation what role is performed by tRNA
4. RNA viruses mutate and evolve faster than other viruses. Why?
5. How many bases will there be in three codons? How many aminoacids will this number of
bases code far?
ANSWERS
1. Sigma ( ) factor and Rho( ) factor)
2. Packaging of chromatin
3. (i) Structural role
(ii) Transfer of amino acid.
1. DNA polymerase plays a dual function during DNA replication comment on statement?
Ans: It not only catalyses the polymerization reaction fast but also catalyses the reaction
accurately.
2. Give two reasons why both the strands of DNA are not copied during DNA
transcription?
Ans: a) If both the strands act as template, they would code for RNA molecule with
different sequences, and in turn they code for different proteins. B) the two RNA
molecules if produced simultaneously would be complementary to each other , hence
would for a double stranded RNA.
3. The base sequence on one strand of DNA is ATGTCTATA
i) Give the base sequence of its complementary strand.
ii) If an RNA strand is transcribed from this strand what would be the
base sequence of RNA?
iii) What holds these base pairs together?
Ans: i) TACAGATAT ii) UACAGAUAU iii) Hydrogen bonds
4.Two claimant fathers filed a case against a lady claiming to be the father of
her only daughter. How could this case be settled identifying the real
biological father?
Ans: DNA fingerprinting.
5.Why is it essential that tRNA binds to both amino acids & mRNA codon
during protein synthesis?
Ans: tRNA binds to aminoacid and mRNA to decode the information on mRNA is in the
form of sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide .
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1.Swati is dark skinned and children of her class tease her. Renu tries to help and explains
her classmates that skin color is an inherited character, so they should stop teasing Swati.
Name the type of inheritance involved in skin coloration of humans.
Ans. Polygenic inheritance
2. Alok was rejected for driving license as it was found that he could not distinguish
between red and green color. What would be the impact of his color blindness on his
driving on road?
Ans: He will not be able to distinguish between red and green signal on road. This may lead
to an accident
3. Ratan was a known sportsman in his school. While returning home he found some
unknown miscreants beating a young fellow. He tried to drive them off but by that time the
fellow died of injury. The police arrested Ratan and he was put on trial. The judge being
convinced by Ratans plea, ordered for DNA finger printing reports.
a) Ratans fingerprints on the dead body were sufficient to convict him but the judge asked
for authentic proof? What values can be observed?
b) What is the basis of DNA finger printing?
c) Explain the steps in DNA finger printing.
Ans-a) The judge showed wisdom and intention to search for the truth.
Ans-b) 1. DNA fingerprinting involves identifying differences in some specific regions
in DNA sequence called as repetitive DNA.
2. Depending on base composition (A: T rich or G:C rich), length of segment,
and number of repetitive units, the satellite DNA is classified into many
categories,(Micro-satellites, mini-satellites etc).
3. These sequences normally do not code for any proteins, but they form a
large portion of human genome. These sequence show high degree of
polymorphism and form the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
Ans-c) (i) isolation of DNA,
(ii) digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases,
(iii) separation of DNA fragments by electrophoresis,
(iv) transferring (blotting) of separated DNA fragments to synthetic membranes,
such as nitrocellulose or nylon,
(v) hybridisation using labelled VNTR probe, and
(vi) detection of hybridised DNA fragments by autoradiography.
3.A couple fights frequently for the paternity of their child. The husband thinks that he is
not the father of this child. Name the technique you will suggest to solve the problem of
paternity.
Ans: DNA Fingerprinting
UNIT VII
CHAPTER 7
EVOLUTION
GIST:
Evolution may be briefly defined as descent with modification - Charles Darwin.
Modification occurs by interaction of genes and environment.
The term evolution literally means unroll or unfold. It refers to a change from one
form to another. Change in elements with time is called inorganic evolution.
13. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed an experiment by recreating in the
laboratory the
probable conditions of the atmosphere of the primitive earth.
(i) What was the aim of the experiment?
(ii) In what forms was the energy supplied for chemical reactions to occur?
ANSWERS
11.i) The allele frequency in a population are stable and constant from generation to
generation.
(ii) Evolution.
(iii) One.
12. (i) Homology (ii) Analogy (iii) Analogy (iv) Analogy
(v) Analogy (vi) Homology
13. (i) To prove Oparins theory of origin of life.
(ii) Electric discharge using electrodes.
(iii) One week; Amino acids and Sugar.
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
14. (a) Is evolution a process or the end result of a process? Discuss.
b) Describe various factors that effect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
15. Trace the origin and evaluation of man in terms of Brain size, skeletal structure and
dietary
preferences.
16. Natural selection is an agent of evolution due to which population adapt to their
immediate
environment. Explain the three type of natural selection along with their diagrammatic
representation.
ANSWERS
14. Refer Page 136 NCERT book.
15. (a) Inheritance of Acquired characters.
(b) Biochemical similarities in biomolecules of different organisms point to the
same/common
ancestry of diverse organisms.
(c) Variations which are inheritable and which make resource utilisation better for few
Better adapted, will enables only those to reproduce and leave more progeny.
3. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics will jeopardize your future battle against bacteria.
Justify.
Ans. Every time we use antibiotics er are applying selection pressure killing off any
non-resistant bacteria , thereby, we are actually helping to speed the evolution of
resistace to antibiotics.
4. In terms of evolution the fittest does not necessarily means strongest.Explain.
Ans. The fittest are not necessarily the strongest individuals , but those individuals
who are the bearers of advantageous inherited traits that allow them to survive and
reproduce more than others natural selection.
5. The foot print of evolutionary change can be found throughout the nature.
Substantiate the stamen highlighting predator-prey relationship in terms of natural
selection.
Ans: Natural selection favours individuals whose characteristics improve either their
ability to consume others or their ability to avoid being consumed.
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. A snake charmer came to the house and smelled the presence of a cobra which the
residents had never seen in the last 10 years. The landlord agreed to allow the man to
search, catch and take away with him the snake. Little Jazman disagreed and drove the man
away.
a) Did Jazman do the right thing? What values did he show?
b) What importance do snakes have in nature?
c) Draw a food web showing the place of snakes.
Ans-a) Scientific attitude, obligation to maintain the biodiversity of nature.
Ans-b) Important member in food chain (web), see picture below.
2. Seeing a crowd of students in one corner of the school, the Principal rushed to see
the matter and found some children beating and chasing a small monitor lizard. On
seeing the Principal, all the children fled to their classes except Alok who requested
the Principal to arrange for some medical assistance for the injured animal. The
Principal rewarded the student.
a) Was Alok an indisciplined boy who did not run to the class on seeing the Principal?
What
values does the act promote?
b) How do endangered species differ from vulnerable species?
c) Mention the factors resulting in loss of biodiversity / extinction.
Ans-a) No. Alok was a brave and courteous boy. He expressed his love for animals,
commitment towards natural resource conservation.
Ans-b) Endangered species (when population of a species reduces to a level which poses
immediate danger of extinction, e.g. one horn rhinoceros, great Indian bustard,
musk deer etc)
Vulnerable species (species whose population have greatly reduced and may be
endangered species in future if the causative factors continue to operate. E.g
Asiatic wild ass, black buck, spotted deer, golden langur etc)
Ans-c) (i) Habitat loss and fragmentation
(ii) Over exploitation
(iii) Alien species invasion
(iv) Co-extinction
3.. The day next to heavy rains, many insects/moths can be seen near light sources. Some
people believe that these insects develop from mud. Do you agree with this belief? What is
theory of origin of life known as? How will you explain the development of these insects
from mud?
Ans: No, Spontaneous generation theory
4. Mohit had severe pain in his last molar tooth. Doctor advised the tooth to be removed.
Mohits sister objected saying that this was wisdom tooth and is responsible for his IQ.
Mohit followed doctors advice and got his tooth extracted. Do you think Mohit will fail in
his final examinations? Justify your answer by naming the type of structures the wisdom
tooth is?
Ans: No. Wisdom tooth Has nothing to do with IQ or performance of any person. It is
vestigial organ which can be removed
UNIT-VIII
CHAPTER -8
HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE
GIST:
Acquired immunity
Active immnuty
autoimmunity
Benign tumor
Contact inhibition
Innate immunity
interferon
Malignant tumor
Oncogenic virus
Passive immunity
Withdrawl syndrome
5. Breast fed babies are more immune to diseases than the bottle fed babies. Why?
ANSWERS
1. Widal test
2. B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
3. Infectious diseases spread from an infected person to a healthy person through many
ways.While, non-infectious diseases remain confined to the affected person.
4.Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis. Insulin dependent diabetes
5.The mothers milk consists of antibodies (IgA) such antibodies are not available to
bottle fed.
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
6. Where are B-cells and T-cells formed? How do they differ from each other?
7. Modern life style leads us towards lethargic, unhealthy body. Suggest four ways to attain
good physical and mental health.
8. Write the principle of Vaccination on which active immunity works.
9. Pathogens are tissue/organ specific. Justify with suitable examples.
10. Given below are the pathogens and the diseases caused by them. Which out of these
pairs is not correct matching pair and why?
(a) Wuchereria Filariasis
(b) Microsporum Ringworm
(c) Salmonella Common Cold
(d) Plasmodium Malaria
ANWERS
11. B-cells and T-cells are formed in bone marrow. B-cells produce antibodies but T-cells
do not produce antibodies but help B-cells produce them.
12. (i) Balanced diet (ii) Proper personal hygiene
(iii) Regular exercise (iv) Yoga
(v) Proper rest/sleep.
13. Weakened/inactivated pathogens or antigens are inoculated in the body. Body develops
immunity against antigen. Antigens are destroyed by primary response and memory cells
remain there to act during secondary response.
14. The pathogens enter the body through different means. Specific organ/ Tissue provides
the suitable environment to the specific pathogen for growth development and
multiplication. For example Bacteria causing tuberoculosis effects the lungs but not other
organ.
15. Salmonella : Common cold is not a matching pair.
Apart from this, gutka can also cause hypertension and cause reproductive health
dysfunction. Possible problems: Hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, nervous system
disorders, liver and kidney diseases, reproductive health dysfunctions, oro-dental
problems, metabolic disorders including diabetes and obesity, and psychological
disorders including addiction, can be caused by excessive consumption of gutka.
3. One Sunday morning Ratan and his friend emptied all the overhead tanks belonging
to flat owners who were not residing in their apartments for the last few months. On
their return, the owners complained about their empty tanks and created unrest in the
campus. Some elderly people spoke against Ratan and his friends. Ratan humbly
apologized for the inconvenience caused but explained why they had done so. The
people were happy and appreciated the boys.
a) What was the objective behind Ratans act? 1
b) What values did he promote? 1
c) Explain in brief the stages of life cycle of a malarial parasite in human body.
Ans.a) The water in the tanks had become stagnant and become a breeding
ground for mosquitoes.
Ans-b) Social responsibility, commitment towards community health and respect towards
Elders
4. Delhi govt. has recently decided to ban the sale of Gutka (this fetches them a lot of
monetary gain) in the state. Do you support the decision and Why?
Ans: Yes, Gutka increases the changes of cancer
5. 8. Anand a 14yr old boy thinks smoking makes him more energetic and feel like
adult and thus more responsible citizen. He tries to smoke when he is with his peer
group. As a friend you have to educate him
Why he feels more energetic while smoking?
Effects of CO in smoke
Other ill effects on body
Ans: i) He feels energetic because nicotine raises blood pressure and increases heart
beat.This is not good for his health.
ii) CO binds to hemoglobin and reduces concentration of oxygen
iv) Any one effort cancer of lung, throat, emphysema.
UNIT VIII
CHAPTER 9
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
GIST:
Demand of food is met by agricultural practice of breeding.
Raising livestock such as buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep etc., to produce
milk, egg, meat, honey etc.
Animal husbandry and plant breeding.
Animal Husbandry includes management of farm and farm animals through
1. Poultry farming
2. Dairy farming Animal breeding
3. Fisheries Aquaculture and Pisciculture Blue revolution
Plant breeding.
Techniques of tissues culture and somatic hybridization.
Manipulation of plants in vitro to produce new varieties.
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Inbreeding
Outbreeding
Inbreeding depression
Out crossing
Germplasm
Tissue culture
micropropagation
Somatic hybridisation
Single cell protein
Mutation breeding
ANSWERS
6. By crossing Bikaneri ewes and Marino rams, the new breed Hisardale was developed.
7. This happens because the recessive alleles get together and express harmful effects in the
progeny. This phenomenon is referred to as, inbreeding Depression and results in loss of
fertility and vigour
8.Somatic hybrids are obtained by the fusion of isolated protoplasts from two different
varieties of
plants having desirable characters. The plants (Somatic hybrids) may not always give the
desired result.
9. The protein rich food produced by microbes is called as single called protein (SCP)
Spirulina is a microorganisms which has more protein. It is a quick method of protein
production because the growth rate of microbes is enormous. Hence, it provides a protein
rich diet for human beings
.
10. When breeding is between animals of the same breed, it is called inbreeding, while
cross between different breeds in called out breeding.
Three marks questions
11. What is micropropagation? Why are plants produced by this technique called
somaclones? Name any two food plants which are produced on commercial scale using this
method.
12. Suggest any three features of Crop plants that will prevent insect and pest infestations.
13. What is mutation? Explain the significance of mutation in plant breeding. Give an
example of a disease resistant variety of cultivated plant induced by mutation.
ANSWERS
11The method of producing many plants through tissue culture is called micropropagation.
The plants produced through micropropagation will be genetically identical to the
original
plant from which they were grown, hence are called somaclones.
Tomato, banana, apple are produced on commercial scale using this method.
12. 1. Rendering the flowers nectarless.
2. How can we improve the success rate of fertilisation during artificial insemination in
aminal husbandary programmes?
Ans. Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology(MOET)
3. Why are proteins synthesized from Spirulina called Single celled Proteins?
What is the significance of such a protein?
Ans: The protein rich food produced by microbes is called as single called protein (SCP)
Spirulina is a microorganisms which has more protein. It is a quick method of protein
production because the growth rate of microbes is enormous. Hence, it provides a protein
rich diet for human beings.
4. To which product, following products are related (a) Blue revolution (b) white
revolution (c) Green revolution
Ans: a) Fish production b) milk production
c) food production
cyclosporin
biofertiliser
antibiotic
ii) Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are autotrophic microbes widely distributed in aquatic and terrestrial
environment. Many of them can fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the organic matter of
the soil through their photosynthetic activity.
In paddy field cyanobacteria serves as important biofertilizers. Commercially farmers use
these cyanobacteria in their fields to replenish soil nutrients and to reduce dependency on
chemical fertilizers.
Important examples are Anabaena, Nostoc and Oscillatoria.
iii) Fungi/ Mycorrhiza
Fungi are also known to develop symbiotic relationship with plant roots. Such a
relationship is called mycorrhiza. Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhizae.
The fungus absorbs
phosphorus from the soil and passes it to the plant.
Plants having such association show other benefits alsoa)
Resistance to root borne pathogens
b) Tolerance to salinity.
c) Tolerance to drought
d) Overall increase in the plant growth and development.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
1. An antibiotic called Wonder Drug was used to treat the wounded soldiers of
America during World War-II. Name the drug and the scientist who discovered it.
Ans: Penicillin, Alexander Fleming
2. Cyanobacteria (Nostoc, Anabaena) are used as biofertilisers in certain crop fields.
Name such one crop. Also, mention the names of two other microorganisms which
perform the same function.
Ans: Paddy (Rice Crop), Rhizobium and Azotobacter
3. BOD level of three samples of water labelled as A, B and C are 30 mg/L, 10mg/L
and 500 mg/L respectively. Which sample of water is most polluted?
Ans: Sample C is most polluted because it has highest BOD level among the three
samples of water.
4. You have observed that fruit juice in bottles bought from the market are clearer as
compared to those made at home. Give reason.
Ans: Bottle juices are clarified by the use of pectinase and proteases.
1. After a rainy day Rahul found many dragon flies flying over stagnant water. He
thinks these flies come to drink water. Is Rahuls explanation correct? Give your
views.
Ans: No, dragon flies eat mosquito larva and act as bio control agents.
2. Nowadays capsules of Spirulina are used as food supplements. Do you recommend
the use of these capsules? Why?
Ans: Yes. Any one reason these are rich in proteins and can be produced in large
quantities in less time.
3. One is organically grown and second is conventionally grown. The organically
grown crops are costlier so your mother does not want to purchase it. Convince your
mother by telling her the advantages of organic foods
.
Ans: Advantages of organic farming like biofertilisers and
bio pesticides are used inorganic farming which is not
harmful to health.
UNIT IX
CHAPTER 11
BIOTECHNOLOGY- PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Bacteriophage : A virus that infects bacteria.
Bioreactor : A large vessel in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific
products under optimal conditions such as temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins,
oxygen. Stirring type bioreactors are commonly used.
Biotechnology : It deals with techniques of using live organisms (Microbes, plants
animals) or components for benefit to humans.
According to EFB (European Federation of Biotechnology) :
Biotechnology in the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof and
(c) Cloning Sites : A location on a cloning vector into where a foreign gene can be
introduced is called a cloning site. The vector must have very few (preferably single)
recognition sites. The presence of more than one recognition sites within the vector will
produce several fragments which will make the process of gene cloning more complicated.
Therefore, the foreign DNA is ligated at a restriction site present in one of the two
antibiotic resistance gene.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) : A DNA strand formed from mRNA by using the enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
Plasmid : Extra chromosomal, self replicating circular DNA molecule found in certain
bacteria and in some yeasts. It has a few genes. Plasmids are used as cloning vectrors in
genetic engineering.
Genetic Engineering : The techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material and
introduction of it into organisms to change its phenotype.
Ligase : An enzyme used by a genetic engineer to join the cut ends of the double stranded
DNA.
Palindromic Sequence : Complementary DNA sequences that are the same when each
strand is read in the same direction (5 3). These sequences act as recognition sites for
restriction endonucleases.
5 GAATTC 3
3 CTTAAG 5
Restriction Enzymes : The enzyme that cuts out a piece of DNA at a specific site. These
are of two types : exonucleases and endonucleases.
Sticky ends : Single stranded portions of DNA which can form hydrogen bonds with their
complementary cut DNA segments. These ends can be joined by enzyme ligase.
Taq polymerase : A heat stable DNA polymerase isolated from a thermophilic bacterium
Thermus aquaticus and is used in PCR.
Ti Plasmid : An extrachromosomal, double stranded and self replicating DNA molecule
found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that causes tumor in plants.
Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology : Restriction enzymes, polymerase enzymes,
ligases, vectors, and host organisms.
Steps in Formation of rDNA by action of EcoRI : EcoRI cuts the DNA between bases G
and A only sticky ends of cut DNAs are formed DNA fragments join at sticky ends
Recombinant DNA is formed.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) : The hybrid DNA formed by combining DNA segment of
two different organisms.
Process of Recombinant DNA Technology : Isolation of DNA Cutting of DNA using
restriction endonuclease Amplification of Gene using PCR Making rDNA and
insertion of it into host cell/organism obtaining the foreign gene product Downstream
processing.
Isolation of Genetic Material (DNA) :
1 DNA can be obtained from the cell by treating with enzymes like, Lysozyme for
bacteria, Cellulase for plant cell, Chitinase for fungus.
2 Histone protein and RNA can be removed by treating with proteases and
ribonuclease
3 Purified DNA ultimately precipitated by the addition of chilled ethanol. Fine
threads of DNA are obtained in the suspension.
Cutting of DNA at specific location : The purified DNA is cut by use of restriction
enzymes. Agarose gel electrophoresis used to check the progression of restriction
enzymes digestion.
Amplification of gene of interest using PCR : Amplification is the process of making
multiple copies of desired DNA segment in vitro. Polymerase chain reaction involves
three steps:
(a) Denaturation : The target DNA is heated to high temperature (94C), resulting the
separation of two strands of DNA. Each strand acts as template.
(b) Annealing : Two oligonucleotide primers anneal to each of the single stranded
DNA template.
(c) Extension of primers : DNA polymerase (Taq polymerase) extends the primers
using the nucleotides provided in the reaction.
(iv) Ligation : The cut out gene of interest from the source of DNA and cut vector with
appropriate space, are mixed and ligase enzyme is added. This results recombinant
DNA (r-DNA).
(v) Transfer of recombinant DNA into the host : The ligated DNA is introduced into the
recipient cell. The recipient cell makes itself competent to receive and take up DNA
present in the surrounding.
(vi) Obtaining the foreign gene product : The cell containing the foreign gene is
cultured on suitable medium and the product can be extracted from the medium.
Bioreactors are used for processing large volume of culture for obtaining products of
interest in sufficient quantities.
7. Downstream Processing : The products so obtained undergo a series of processes
before putting them in market as a finished product. The processes include separation
and purification.
The products are formulated with suitable preservation and subjected to quality control
testing and clinical trials. (in case of drugs)
Essential features required to facilitate cloning into vector : Ori, Selectable marker,
Recognition site, small size.
Some of the Biotechnological products and processes : rDNA vaccines, Gene therapy,
Test tube babies, Synthesis of a gene and introduction of it into a target cell/organism.
Steps in creating GMO : Identification of gene of interest Introduction of rDNA into
host cell/organism Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA
to its progeny.
Gel Electrophoresis : DNA fragments are regatively charged molecules. They can be
separated by forcing them to move towards anode under an electric field through a
medium. Agarose gel is used as medium. Ethidium bromide is used as stain for DNA,
which on exposure to UV-light appear as orange coloured bands. Separated bands of DNA
are cut out from agrose gel. This is called elution. These DNA fragments are used in
recombinant DNA by joining them with cloning vectors.
QUESTIONS
VSA (1 MARK)
11.A restriction enzyme digests DNA into fragments. Name the technique used to check
the progression of this enzyme and separate DNA fragments.
12.Name two commonly used vectors in genetic engineering.
13.Some enzymes are considered as molecular scissors. in genetic engenrring. What is the
name assigned to such enzymes?
14.Write conventional nomenclature of EcoRI.
15.A linear DNA fragment and a plasmid has three restriction sites for EcoRI how many
fragments will be produced from linear DNA and plasmid respectively.
B : ..............................................................
E : .............................................................
SA-I (3 MARKS)
Since DNA is a hydrophillic moelcule, it cannot pass through cell membranes. Name
and explain the technique with which the DNA is forced into (ii) a bacterial cell (ii) a
plant cell (iii) an animal cell.
How will you otbain purified DNA from a cell?
In recombinant DNA technology, vectors are used to transfer a gene of interest in the
host cells. Mention any three features of vectors that are most suitable for this purpose.
Why is Agrobacteriummediated genetic engineering transformation in plants
considered as natural genetic engineering?
Observe the given sequence of nitrogenous bases on a DNA fragment and answer the
following question
5 CAGAATTCTTA 3 3
GTCTTAAGAAT 5
(a) Name a restriction enzme which can recognise this DNA sequence.
(b) Write the sequence after digestion.
(c) Why are the ends generated after digestion called sticky ends?
18.A selectable marker is used in the section of recombinants on the basis of their ability
to produce colour in presence of chromogenic substrate.
(a) Mention the name of mechanism involved.
(b) Which enzyme is involved in production of colour?
(c) How is it advantageous over using antibiotic resistant gene as a selectable marker?
LA (5 MARKS)
19.The development of bioreactors is required to produce large quantities of products.
(a) Give optimum growth conditions used in bioreactors.
(b) Draw a well labelled diagram of simple stirred tank bioreactor.
(c) How does a simple stirred tank bioreactor differ from sparged stirred
tank bioreactor?
20.In the given figure, one cycle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is shown
Chromosomal DNA
(i) Linear DNA
(ii Occurs in nucleus of
) eukaryotic cells
and bacterial cell.
(iii) Not used as vector in rDNA
technology.
Explanation Refer page 200, biology Text Book for class XII.
14. Cells are treated with appropriate enzymes to release DNA. Lysozyme
(bacteria), cellulase (plant cells), chitinase (fungus).
RNA and proteins are removed by treatment with ribonuclease and protease
enzymes respectively.
15.(ii) Have origin of replication(Ori)
(ii)Have a selectable marker
(iii)
(b)
(c) These are named sticky ends, because they form hydrogen bonds with their
complementary cut parts.
(C)
Extension : Extension of primers resulting in synthesis of copies of target
DNA sequence. Enzyme Tag polymerase is isolated from the bacterium Thermus
aquaticus. This enzyme induces denaturation of double stranded DNA at high
temperature.
21.(a) rop codes for the proteins involved in the replication of plasmid
(b) Selectable marker ampicillin resistance gene. It will help distinguishing
transformants from non-transformants after plating them on ampicillin containing
medium.
(c) Transformation It is the phenomenon by which the DNA isolated from one type
of cell and introduced into another type and is able to bring about some of the
properties of former to the later.
The result was that the parasite could not survive in the transgenic host and the transgenic
plant got protected for the parasite.
Three Critical Research Areas of Biotechnology
(i) Providing best catalyst in the form of improved organism usually a microbe.
(ii)Creating optimal conditions for a catalyst to act.
(iii) Downstreaming processing technologies to purify the desirable product.
QUESTIONS
VSA (1 MARK)
1. Name the technique based on the principle of antigen-antibody interaction used in
detection of a virus (HIV).
2. Development of a transgenic food crop may help in solving the problem of night
blindness in the developing countries, name this crop plant.
3. Which nematode infects the roots of tobacco plant and causes a great reduction in
yield?
4. The first transgenic cow, produced human protein enriched milk. Name the cow and
the protein found in milk.
5. The insulin produced using recombinant DNA technology is more advantageous than
the insulin extracted from pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs. How?
6. Name two pest resistant plants produced by using recombinant DNA technology.
SA-II (2 MARKS)
8. What are the two methods for correcting ADA deficiency in a child?
9. Some crop plants are modified genetically by manipulating their genes. How are they
made beneficial?
10.GEAC is one of the organisation set up by Indian Government. Write its full form. Give
its two objectives.
11.Industrialised nations are exploiting the bioresources of under industrialised nations.
Justify the statement with a suitable example.
SA-I (3 MARKS)
16.Some multinational companies and other organisations are using bioresources for
commercial benefits, without proper authentication and compensation to concerned
authorities.
(a) Give the term for this unauthorised act.
(b) Suggest any two ways to get rid of this.
17.A bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces a toxic protein named cry protein that is
lethal to certain insects but not to bacterium
(a) Why this toxin does not kill the bacteria?
(b) What type of changes occur in the gut of insects on consuming this protein?
(c) How man has exploited this protein for his benefit?
18.Given below is an incomplete flow chart showing the process of production of
nematode resistant tobacco plants based on RNAi technique.
(i) Write the missing steps in proper sequence
(ii)At which level RNAi silences the gene?
LA (5 MARKS)
14.
The clinical gene therapy is given to a 4 years old patient for an enzyme which is
crucial for the immune system to function.
Observe the therapeutical flow chart and give the answer of the following:
(a) Complete the missing steps (B) and (D)
(b) Identify the disease to be cured.
(c) Why the above method is not a complete solution to the problem?
(d) Scientists have developed a method to cure this disease permanently. How?
15.In the given figure, Agrobacterium is utilized for the production of a transgenic crop.
Explain the steps a, b, c, d and e shown in the figure.
16.In the given figure, Form (A) and Form (B) represents different forms of a
proteinaceous hormone secreted by pancreas in mammals.
13. Industrialised nations are collecting and patenting the genetic resources of under
industrialised country like India. An American Company got patent rights on
Basmati rice.
Valuable biomolecules obtained from bioresources are patented and used for
commercial purposes.
SA-I (3 MARKS)
11.(a) Biopiracy
(b) (i) Benefits of bioresources should be shared between developed and
developing nations
(ii)Laws should be developed to prevent unauthorsied exploitation of them
bioresources.
12.(a) Produced in inactive form as Prototoxins.
(b) Prototoxin becomes active toxin in alkaline pH of gut of insects. Toxins bind to
surface of midgut and cause perforation, swelling, lysis of cells ultimately leading
to death.
(c) Specific Bt toxin genes isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and incorporated into
several crop plants such as cotton and corn which become pest resistant against
certain insects.
13. (i) Using Agrobacterium as a vector, introduced into
(b) tobacco
(d) dsRNA (double stranded RNA)
(f) Silenced specific mRNA of the nematode
(g) Parasite could not survive.
(ai)
15. Step (a) Plasmid is removed and cut open with restriction
endonuclease.
Step (b)
Step (c)
Step (d)
Step (e)
Aestivation : Strategy to escape in time during summers (summer sleep). E.g., Snails and
some fishes.
Allens Rule : Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to
minimise heat loss.
Carrying Capacity : Maximum number of individuals of a population which can be
provided with all the necessary resources for their healthy living.
Commensalism : One organism is benefitted while the other is neither harmed nor
benefitted except to a negligible extent.
Competition : Rivalry between two organisms for obtaining the same resources.
Ectoparasite : Parasites which live on the surface of their host.
Emigration : Number of individuals of the population who have left the habitat and gone
elsewhere during a given time period.
Exponential Growth Curve : Shows that if food and space for a population are unlimited
and each species has the ability to grow, then the population grows in exponential or
geometric ratio.
Hibernation : Strategy to escape in time during winters (winter sleep). E.g., Polar bears.
Homeostasis : Maintaining constancy of internal environment despite varying external
environmental conditions.
Immigration : Number of individuals of the same species that have come into the habitat
from elsewhere during a given time period.
Ecology : A branch of science that studies the reciprocal relationships between organism
and their physical environment. Ecology is basically concerned with four levels of
biological organisation organisms, populations, communities and biomes.
Organisms : Organisms form the basic unit of study in ecology. Organisms with similar
features and the potential interbreed among themselves and produce fertile offspring,
constitute a species.
Populations : Population is a group of individuals of the same species, inhabiting in a
given area. Interspecific competition for basic needs operate among the individuals of a
population.
Biological Community : Biological community is constituted by an assemblage of the
populations of all different species that live in an area and interact with each other. A biotic
community has a distinct species composition and structure.
Biomes : Biome is a very large unit, constituting of a major vegetation type and associate
fauna found in a specified zone. Annual variations in the intensity, duration of temperature
and precipitation account for the formation of major biomes like desert, rain forest and
tundra.
Major Biomass of India : Tropical rain forest, deciduous forest, desert, sea coast.
Regional and local variations within each biome lead to the formation of a wide variety of
habitats.
Environment : Environment is a sum total of all biotic and abiotic factors that surround
and potentially influence an organism. Temperature, water, light and soil are the major
abiotic factors.
Response to Abiotic Factors :
Regulators : Some organisms are able to maintain homeostasis by physiological (Some
times behavioural) means which ensures body temperature, constant osmotic
concentration. All birds and mammals, a very few lower vertebrates and invertebrates
are regulators (Thermoregulation and osmoregulation). For example, human beings
maintain their body temperature by sweating in summer and shivering during winter
season. Plants do not have such mechanisms to maintain internal temperatures.
Conformers : Majority of animals and nearly all plants cannot maintain a constant
internal environment. Their body temperature changes with the ambient temperature. In
aquatic animals the osmotic concentration of the body fluids change with that of the
ambient water and osmotic concentration. Some species have evolved the ability to
regulate, but only over a limited range of environmental conditions, beyond which they
simply conform.
A diagrammatic representation of organismic response is shown below.
Partial regulators : Hair on the body Hair on body acts as heat insulator. Surface
area and volume ratio In smaller organisms the surface area is large as compared to
the volume. But in large animal this ratio is small. So, the larger animals effectively
controls the body temp erature.
Migration : The organisms can move away temporarily from the stressful habitat to a
more hospitable area and return when stressful period is over.
Suspend : The organisms may avoid the stress by escaping in time. Bears go into
hibernation winter, some snails and fish go into aestivation in summer.
Population Growth : If N is the population density at time t, then its density at time t +
1 is :
Nt+1 = Nt + [(B + I) (D + E)]
called predation. The species which eats the other is called the predator and the one
consumed is termed the prey. The predator keeps check on prey population. The reduction
in predator population may lead to increase in prey population.
Competition In this fitness of one species is significantly lower in presence of another
species
Competitive release A species whose distribution is restricted to a small geographical
area because of a competitively superior species, is found to expand its distributional range
when the competing species is experimentally removed
Competitive Exclusion Principle Two closely related species competing for the same
resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated.
Resource partitioning If two species compete for the same reasource, they could avoid
competition by choosing different times for feeding.
Commensalism : This is the interactio in which one species benefits and the other is
neither harmed nor benefited under normal conditions.
Parasitism : Parasitism is a kind of relationship between two species in which one derives
its food from the other (host). Parasitism also involves shelter, in addition to food obtained
by a parasite. Parasites may be ectoparasites or endoparasites.
Mutualism : In mutualism both the interacting species are benefited mutually. It is also
known as symbiosis.
Co-evolution 1) Fig species and wasp. Female wasp uses the fruit as an qviposition (egglaying) and also uses the developing seeds within the fruits for nourishing its larvae. Wasp
pollinates the fig inflorescence while searching for egg laying site, in return big offers
developing seeds as food for developing larvae. 2) Mediternanean orchid Ophrys and bee.
Amensalism : Interaction between two different species, in which one species is harmed
and the other is neither benefited nor harmed.
Examples of Parasitism :
7. Cuscuta growing in shoe flower plant
8. Head louse and humans
9. Ascaris, Taenia, Plasmodium causing diseases in humans
Examples of Brood parasitism :
(i) Koel laying its eggs in crows nest.
Examples of Commensalism :
12.Clown fish living among tentacles of sea anemone
13.Pilot fish (Remora) accompanies sharks
QUESTIONS
VSA (1 MARK)
1. Which are the factor responsible for the wide variety of habitat formed within each
biome?
2. Fresh water animals are unable to survive for long in sea water. Give reason.
3. With which population growth model is the Verhulst Pearl equation associated?
4. Define diapause. Which organisms exhibit it?
5. Calculate the death rate if 6 individuals in a laboratory population of 60 fruit flies died
during a particular week.
6. In biological control method, one living organism is used against another to check its
uncontrolled growth. Which kind of population interaction is involved in this?
7. An organism has to overcome stressful condition for a limited period of time. Which
strategies can it adopt to do so?
8. Write what do phytophagous insects feed on?
SA-II (2 MARKS)
17.What are the four levels of biological organisation with which ecology basically deals?
18.Differentiate between stenohaline and euryhaline organisms.
19.List four features which enable the Xeric plants to survive in the desert conditions.
20.Mention the attributes which a population has but not an individual organism.
21.Differentiate between stenothermal and eurythermal organisms.
22.What are the four ways through which the living organisms respond to abiotic factors?
23.Why do clown fish and sea anemone pair up? What is this relationship called?
SA-I (3 MARKS)
(d) How does the shape of age pyramid reflect the growth status of a population?
(e)
Darwin showed that even a slow growing animal like elephant could reach enormous
number in absence of checks. With the help of your understanding of growth models,
explain when is this possible? Why is this notion unrealistic?
20.What is altitude sickness? What its causes and symptoms? How does human body try
to overcome altitude sickness?
21.Orchid flower, Ophrys co-evolves to maintain resembelance of its petal to female bee.
Explain how and why does it do so?
ANSWERS
VSA (1 MARK)
1. Regional and local variations
2. Due to osmotic problems.
3. Logistic Growth.
4. A stage of suspended development, zooplanktons.
5. 6/60 =0.1 individuals per fruitfly per week.
6. Predation.
7. (i) Migration
(ii)Suspension of active life by hibernation/aestivation/spore formation.
8. Plant sap and other parts of plant.
SA-II (2 MARK)
9. Organisms, population, communities and biomes.
10.Euryhaline : Organisms tolerant in wide range of salinities. Stenohaline :
Organisms tolerant to narrow range of salinities.
11.(i) thick cuticle
(ii)Stomata in deep pits
(iii)
(iv)
Possible if the growth model is Exponential, i.e., having unlimited resources. Its an
unrealistic situation because resources are limited. Hence, it follows logistic growth
model.
LA (5 MARKS)
b Breathlessness at high attitudes.
Cause : Low atmospheric pressure at high altitudes due to which body does not get
enough oxygen.
Symptoms : Nausea, fatigue and heart palpitations.
Body adapts by :
(f) increasing red blood cell production
(g) decreasing binding affinity of haemoglobin
(h) by increasing breathing rate.
c employs Sexual deceit
one petal bears uncanny resemblance to female of the bee.
Male bee is attracted to what it perceives as a female pseudocopulates, during
which pollen dusted on male bees body.
Male bee transfers pollen to another flower when the same bee pseudocopulates
with another flower.
Ophrys does so because pollination success will be reduced unless it co-evolves
with female bee.
1) Rani is a poor girl but she is intelligent . She depends on Geetha for side books. On
the otherhandGeetha is rich girl but not well in study. She depends on Rani to clear
her concepts when she face difficulties .
(a) What type of dependence is it?
(b) What values do you incur from this question?
A) Mutalism
B) This interaction confers benefits on both the girls. This type of interactions
prevent quarrels , battles wars from the society.
Values: concern for others
2) The city government is planning to bring metro rail to your area but this will require
around twenty- thousand trees to be cut .Do you think that government should go ahead
with the project . Justify your answer?
ANSWER-: Yes, but the track of the metro railway should be so changed that minimum
number of trees are cut. Track can also be made underground and more trees can be
planted after the project is over .
VALUES:- love for nature
Ecological succession : The successive and orderly replacement of one community by the
other community in an area, over a period of time.
Ecological Pyramids : The sequential graphic representation of an ecological parameter
(number/ biomass/energy) depicting different trophic levels in a food chain.
Climax community : The stable and final biotic community that develops at the end of
ecological succession and is in perfect harmony with its physical environment.
Pioneer species : The species that invade a bare area at the onset of ecological succession.
Process of Decomposition : The decomposers break down complex organic matter into
inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. This process is called
decomposition. Steps of decomposition are :
Fragmentation : Break down of detritus into smaller particles by detritivores
(earthworm).
Leaching : Water soluble inorganic nutrients go down into the soil horizon and get
precipitated as unavailable salts.
Catabolism : Bacterial and fungal enzymes degrade detritus into simple inorganic
substances.
Humification : Accumulation of a dark coloured amorphous substances called humus.
Mineralisation : The humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of
inorganic nutrients occur.
Energy Flow : Energy flow is the key function in the ecosystem. The plants (producers)
capture only 2 10 percent of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Unidirection
flow of energy is taken place from the sun to producers and them to consumers. About 10%
energy flows from one trophic level to another.
Grazing Food Chain : It begins with producers.
Detritus Food Chain : It begins with dead organic matter. It is made up of decomposers
(Fungi, Bacteria). They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading detretus.
These are also known as saprotrophs.
Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of Numbers : (Grass land system)
Pyramid of Biomass :
Ecological Succession : The gradual and fairly predictable change in the species
composition of a given area is called ecological succession. The species that invade a bare
area is called pioneer species. The final community is an ecological succeesion that is in
near equilibrium with the environment is called climax community
Secondary Succession begins in the area where natural biotic communities have been
destroyed (burned or cut forests, land that have been devastated by flood).
Succession on a Bare Rock (Xerarch)
Carbon cycle occurs through atmosphere, ocean, and though living and dead organisms.
Considerable amount of carbon returns to atmosphere as CO 2 through respiratory activities,
decomposers also contribute to Carbon di-oxide pool, burning of wood, forest fire and
combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels, volcanic activity also release CO2 is atmosphere.
Phosphorous cycle Sedimentary cycle Rocks contain phosphorous in the form of
phosphates
Phosphorous Cycle
10.Amount of
atmospheri
c
inputs
less
in
amounts
Carbon Cycle
(v) Amount of atmospheric inputs more in amount
(vi) Degree of exchanges between organism and environment
high
ABBREVIATIONS
PAR : Photosynthetically Active Radiation
GAP : Gross Primary Productivity
NPP : Net Primary Productivity
DFC : Detritus Food Chain
GFC : Grazing Food chain
11.Degree of
exchange
between
organism and
environment
negligible.
QUESTIONS
VSA (1 MARK)
18.Decomposition is faster if deteritus is rich in nitrogen and water soluble substance like
sugars. When is the decomposition process slower?
19.If we count the number of insects on a tree and number of small birds depending on
those insects as also the number of larger birds eating the smaller, what kind of pyramid
of number would we get?
20.Differentiate between Sere and Seral communities.
21.Who are generally the pioneer species in a Xerarch succession and in a Hyararch
succession?
22.Which metabolic process causes a reduction in the Gross Primary Productivity?
23.What percentage of photosynthetically active radiation is captured by plants?
24.Name the pioners of primary succession in water.
SA-II (2 MARKS)
23.What is the shape of pyramid of biomass in sea? Why?
24.Give an example of an ecological pyramid which is always upright. Justify your
answer.
25.Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession. Which one occurs
faster?
26.Gaseous nutrient cycle and sedimentary nutrient cycles have their reservoir. Name
them. Why is a reservoir necessary?
27.Fill up the missing links depicted as A, B, C and D in the given model of primary
succession.
In the model of phosphorus cycle given below, what does A, B, C and D refer to?
Position of the
trophic level
Organism
present in
the Food chain
1.
Fourth trophic
level
2.
Secondary
consumer
S.No
3.
Second trophic
level
4.
Primary
producer
Phytoplankton,
grass, tree.
19.In the pyramid of biomass drawn below, name the two crops (i) one which is supported
(ii) one which supports in which ecosystem is such a phyramid found?
LA (5 MARKS)
20.Detrivores like earthworm are involved in the process of decomposition of dead plants
and animals. Describe the different steps involved in the process of decomposition.
ANSWERS
VSA (1 MARK)
19.Its slower if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin.
20.Inverted Pyramid of Number.
21.Sere : Entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area.
Seral community : Individual transitional community.
22.Pioneer species in Hydrarch succession are usually the small phytoplanktons and that in
Xerarch succession are usually lichens.
23.Respiration.
24.2 10%
25.Phytoplanktons
SA-II (2 MARKS)
9. Inverted, because biomass of fishes far exceeds that of phytoplankton.
10.Pyramid of energy is always upright and can never be inverted, because when energy
flows from a trophic level to the next trophic level some energy is always lost as heat at
each step.
11.Primary Succession : A process that starts where no living organisms are there.
Secondary succession : A process that starts in areas which have lost all the living
organisms that existed there.
12.Reservoir for Gaseous nutrient cycle : Atmosphere; for sedimentary nutrient cycle :
Earths crust. Reservoir is needed to meet with the deficit which occurs due to
imbalance in the rate of influx and efflux.
A = Submerged plant
12. stage
C = Scrub stage
13. A = Detritus
C = Weathering
B = Reed Swamp
Stage
D = Forest stage
B = Decomposition
D = Producers.
24.Hydrarch Succession : Starts in water proceeds from hydric (aquatic) to mesic (neither
dry nor wet) situations.
Xerarch succession : Starts on barren rock Proceeds from Xeric (dry) conditons.
25.a) Decomposition rate is slower
1 Decomposition rate is faster.
26.(i) Does not take into account same species belonging to two or more trophic
levels.
(ii)Assumes simple food chain, does not accomodate food web.
(iii)
substances.
4 Humification : It leads to accumulation of dark coloured amorphous substance
called humus which is highly resistant to microbial action so decomposes at slow
rate and is rich in nutrients.
5 Mineralisation : Humus is further degraded by some microbes and release of
inorganic nutrients occurs.
HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS
1) How is the rate of decomposition controlled by chemical composition of detritus and
climatic factors ?
A) Decomposition rate is low, if detritus is rich in lignin and chitin and quick if rich
in nitrogen and sugars. Warm and moist environment favors decomposition
where as low temperature and anaerobiosis inhibit decomposition.
2) Why the pyramid of energy is always upright can never be inverted explain?
A) Because when energy flows from a particular trophic level to the next trophic
level some energy is lost as heat at each step.
3) In a terrestrial ecosystem DFC and GFC are interlinked at certain level justify the
statement.
A) DFC and GFC are interlinked at same level in the terrestrial ecosystem, energy flow
occurs via DFC then GFC . DFC can be connected to GFC at some level as source
of organisms of DFC are prey to GFC animals.
4) Why are earthworms called the friends of farmer?
A) Earthworm are detrivores they break detritus in to small fragments by
fragmentation, loosen soil, increase the soil fertility.
5) Briefly describe the structure of Ecosystem?
A) 1. Input (Productivity)
2. Transfer of energy (food chain, food web, nutrient cycling)
3. Output (degradation and energy loss)
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1) In nature , the structure and composition of biotic communities constantly remain
changing with change in natural and physical environment. It is predictable in an
area that remains base. It may be rock or water . Various species colonise , some
disappear and at last a stable climax community appears .
(a) In the above case ,explain primary succession?
(b) How is succession on rock different from succession on water body?
A) The Xeric succession begins with bare rock , inhabited by lichens, moss ,
grasses, shrubs and finally the climax community forest.
Hydrarch
succession occurs in water and
progress to mesic
conditions.Phytoplanktons are pioneer species .In Xerarch succession begins
with bare rock and progresses to mesic conditions. Lichens are pioneer species.
2) During his tour to a renowned forest Ravi saw a highway being constructed which
passes of through the middle of the forest .He was unhappy . On return he
contracted the local Eco club and approached the concerned department to stop the
work.
a) What values did Ravi reflect here?
b) What would be the effect on ecosystem if the highway is constructed?
A) Love for nature and environmental consciousness. He was brave focussed
having vision to see the disaster in the future.
Ecosystem is disturbed .Animals get confined to smaller area. Fragmentation
characteristically reduces species richness and taxon diversity and may reduce
the efficacy of ecosystem functioning.
3) Seema was maintaining a vermicompost pot in her garden. This compost use for growth
of various types of plants in her garden. During summer the decomposition was
delayed.What is the reason for this delay? What are the climatic factors which regulate
the decomposition process. What values are shown by seema?
A) Decomposition rate is delayed due to the climatic factors like high temperature
and low soil moisture during summer.Values shown by seema (if chemical
fertilizers are used the soil organisms are killed. Seema used vermicompost which
is very cheap and she can save the soil organisms) Love for nature, save the
environment, soil conservation etc.
4) Frog dissection is banned in educational institutions. Suresh brought a live frog to the
biology lab for dissection. Kavitha opposed suresh . What values did Kavitha show.What is
the effect of killing frogs on the ecosystem.
A) Kavitha showed values like love for nature, responsibility & care for animals. If
frogs are killed it will have an adverse effect on the other organisms. The insect
population will increase and the snake population will decrease and the whole
ecosystem will be disturbed.
5) Egrets are often seen along with grazing cattle. How do you refer to this
interaction.Kalpana was a keen bird watcher.She explained this interaction to her
classmates. What values were shown by Kalpana.
A) The egrets always forage close to where the cattle are grazing close because the
cattle as they move stir up and flush out insects from vegetation otherwise might
be difficult for egrets to find and catch.In this interaction egrets are benefitted .
Values interest towards nature and ecosystem interactions.
UNIT X
CHAPTER 15
BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
German naturalist and geographer Alexander von Humboldt observed that within a
region species richness increased with increasing explored area, but only up to a limit.
The relation between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa (angiosperm
plants, birds, bats, freshwater fishes) turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola.
On a logarithmic scale, the relationship is a straight line decribed by the
equation
log S = log C + Z log A
Where S = Species richness, A = Area; Z = slope of the line (regression coefficient)
C = Y intercept.
Value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, regardless of the taxonomic group or the
region.
The species-area relationships among very large areas like the entire continents has
much steeper slope of the line (Z values in the range of 0.6 to 1.2).
food (cereals, pulses, fruits), firewood, fibre, construction material, industrial products
(tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes) and products of medicinal importance.
Broadly utilitarian : Biodiversity plays a major role in many ecosystem services that
nature provides.
Ethical : every species has an intrinsic value, even if it may not be of any current
economic value to us. We have a moral duty to care for their well-being and pass on our
biological legacy in good order to future generations.
Types of Conservation Strategies
In-situ conservation : Conservation and protection of the whole ecosystem and its
biodiversity at all levels in order to protect the threatened species. Endangered species
protected in natural conditions.
Sacred Groves : Tracts of forest are set aside and all the trees and wildlife within are
venerated and given total protection. E.g., some forest in Khasi and Jaintia hills in
Meghalaya, Aravalli hills of Rajasthan.
Hot Spots : Areas with high density of biodiversity or mega diversity. E.g., Out of 34
hot spots in world, 3 occur in India. i.e., Western Ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma
(North-East India) and Himalaya.
Protected Areas : Ecological or Biogeographical areas where biological diversity with
natural and cultural resources are protected. E.g., National parks, sanctuaries and
Biosphere reserves.
Ex-situ conservation : Conservation and protection of selected rare plants or animals in
places outside their natural homes.
Gene Banks : Institutes which maintain stock of viable seeds, live growing plants,
tissue culture and frozen germplasm with the whole range of genetic variability.
genetic diversity of the representative ecosystem by protecting wild life, traditional life
styles of the tribals and varied plant and animal genetic resources. India has 14 biosphere
reserves.
Red Data Book : Record of threatened species of plants and animals maintained by IUCN.
Important Wild Life Projects in India :
(iii) Project tiger : Started in 1973 to check depletion in population of tiger. Jim Corbett
National Park.
Biodiversity Hotspots : Regions of high endemism and high level of species richness.
Endemic Species : Species which are confined to a particular region and not found
anywhere else.
Exotic or Alien Species : New species which enter a geographical regions.
Bio prospecting : Exploration of molecular, genetic and species level diversity for
products of economic importance.
International Efforts for Biodiversity Conservation :
World Conservation Union (formerly IUCN) : provides leadership, common approach
and expertise in the area of conservation.
The Earth Summit : Historical convention on Biological diversity held in 1992 at Rio de
Janerio, Brazil.
The World Summit on Sustainable Development : Held in 2002 in Johannesburg, South
Africa to pledge to reduce biodiversity losses at global and local levels.
QUESTIONS
VSA (1 MARK)
1. Habitat loss and fragmentation has caused severe damage to a particular type of
SA-I (3 MARKS)
10.Hot spots are the regions of exceptionally high biodiversity. But they have become
regions of accidental habitat loss too. Name the three hot spots of our country. Why
are they called Hot spot?
11.
Study the diagram of the earth given below. Give the name of the pattern of
biodiversity therein. Suggest any two reasons for this type of occurance.
12.What is so special about tropics that might account for their greater biological
diversity?
13.Why is the sobriquet The Evil Quartet used in context of biodiversity? Name the
members of this quartet. Why do we grieve for the genes when a species is lost?
14.Describe at least two approaches each for ex-situ conservation and in situ conservation
as a strategy for biodiversity conservation.
ANSWERS
VSA (1 MARK)
1.Tropical Rain Forest.
2.In general, species diversity decreases as we move away from the equator towards
poles.
3Amazonian rain forests. They are also called the Lungs of the planet.
4.Slope of line is much steeper if one analyses the speciesVarea relationship among
very large areas like entire continents.
5Preserving a material in liquid nitrogen at 196C. It can be done to preserve
threatened species in viable and fertile condition for long period.
6.Genetic variation might be in terms of potency and concentration of the active
chemical reserpine produced by plant.
7.IUCN (2004) has described slightly more than 1.5 million species of plants and
animals.
According to Robert Mays estimates the global species diversity is about 7 million.
8.Coextinction refers to the disappearance of species with extinction of another species
of plant or animal with which it was associated in an obligatory way. e.g., Plantpollinator mutualism.
9.
A Crustaceans
C Mosses
B
Insects
D
Fungi
SA-I (3 MARKS)
10.Westerm Ghats and Sri lanka; Indo-Burma; Himalaya called biodiversity hot spots
as they show
(i) High level of species richness
(ii)High degree of endemism
11.Latitudinal gradients
(i) More solar energy available in tropics, more productivity.
(ii)Tropical environments are less seasonal, so more predictable.
12a) Speciation is a function of time, unlike temperate regions subjected to frequent
glaciations in the past, tropical latitude have remained relatively undisturbed for million
of years and thus had long evolutionary time for species diversification
b) Tropical environment are less seasonal, more constant and predictable
c) More solar energy awailable in the tropics contributing to high productivity leading
to greater diversity.
LA (5 MARKS)
13.The Evil Quartet is used as a sobriquet to refer to the cause of loss of biodiversity :
(i) Habitat loss and fragmentation : When large habitats are broken up into smaller
fragments due to various human activities, the animals requiring large territories
(elephants, birds etc.) are badly affected and their populations decline.
(ii)Over-exploitation : When need of a resource becomes greed. e.g., over
exploitation of passenger pigeon led to its extinction. Also marine fish is at brink of
being endangered due to over exploitations.
(iii)
Alien species invasion : Intentional or non-Intentional introduction of a
species to a nearby area may disturb the harmony of existing species. e.g.,
Eichhornia after introduction posed a big threat to the native species.
(iv)
Co-extinction : Extinction of one species invariably leads to extinction of
another when they are associated with each other in an obligatory way. e.g., when
host species is extinct, obligate parasites dependent on it also die.
(v) We grieve for the loss of genes, because the wild forms are hardy and more
resistant to pathogen attack and can be beneficial in crop breeding programmes.
14.In situ conservation :
(i) Identification and maximum protection of hot spots
(ii)Legal protection to ecologically rich areas.
(iii)
Biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries
(iv)
Sacred groves.
Ex situ Conservation :
house . He got annoyed to see the children throwing stones at a snake on a tree moving up
&
down . Immediately he stopped the children from throwing stones& called the snake
helpline number.
A) Did Shyam do the right thing?
B) What values did he show?
C) What do the persons working with snake helpline do? Which organization works
for animals?
Ans) A, Yes , he did the right thing by showing concern for the animal .
B, He showed scientific attitude , love & concern for nature & biodiversity.
The persons working with snake helpline come to the spot & catch the snake
live& leave them in their natural habitat.The organization is people for animals.
UNIT X
CHAPTER16
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
IMPORTANT TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Pollution : Undesirable physical/chemical/biological characteristics of air/water/ land
which cause damage to the animals/plants/humans and architectural structures.
Pollutants : Agents which cause pollution.
Slash and Burn Agriculture (Jhum Cultivation) : Farmers cut down trees and burn the
plant remains. Ash is used as a fertiliser and the land is then used for farming or cattle
grazing.
Reforestation : Process of restoring a forest that was removed at some point of time in the
past.
Effluents : Something flowing over a large body of water (may be sewage or industrial
effluents).
CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board BOD :
Biological Oxygen Demand CNG : Compressed Natural
Gas FOAM : Friends of Arcata Marsh
JFM : Joint Forest Management.
Harmful Effect : High concentration of DDT disturbs calcium metabolism in birds, which
causes thinning of egg shell and their premature breaking, causing decline in birds
population.
Eutrophication : It the process of nutrient enrichment of water and subsequent loss of
species diversity like fishes. Excess nutrients causes algal bloom which may cover the
whole surface of water body and release toxins. It causes oxygen deficiency in water that
leads to the death of aquatic animals like fishes.
Global Warming : Increase in the level of greenhouse gases is mainly responsible for
global warming. (Increase in mean global temperature due to trapping of infrared
radiation). Carbon dioxide, Methane, CFCs, N2O are the
main gases that causes greenhouse effect.
SA-II (2 MARKS)
Landfills are not much a solution for getting rid of solid wastes. Why?
Electrostatic precipitator can remove over 99% particulate matter present in exhaust
from a thermal power plant. How?
Why is a scrubber used? Which spray is used on exhaust gases passing through a
scrubber?
There is a sharp decline in dissolved oxygen downstream from the point of sewage
discharge. Why? What are its adverse effects?
Catalytic converters use expensive metals as catalysts.
1 Name the metals generally used.
2 What precaution should be observed while using catalytic converter.
What are e-wastes? Why are they creating more problem in developing countries in
comparision to developed countries?
Water logging and salinity are some of the problems that have come in the wake of
Green revolution. How does water logging create problems of salinity?
What is the relationship between BOD, mcro-organisms and amount of bio-degradable
matter?
SA-1 (3 MARKS)
21.
22.Enlist four harmful effects caused to the humans living in areas having polluted air.
Suggest two measures to reduce air pollution.
23.People have been actively participating in the efforts for the conservation of forests.
1 Name the award instituted in respect of Amrita Devi to promote such efforts.
2 Name the movement launched to protect the trees by hugging them.
3 Name the step Government of India has undertaken in 1980s to work closely with
the local communities for protecting and managing forests.
LA-(5 MARKS)
18.Pollutant released due to human activities (like effluents from industries and homes)
can radically accelerate the ageing process of the water body.
(a) Explain how does this process occurs during natural ageing of lake.
(b) Give the term used for accelerated ageing of water bodies. Also give the term used for
the natural ageing of lake.
19.In Arcata, the towns people have created an integrated waste water treatment process
within a natural system. A citizen group called FOAM helps in upkeep of this project.
(a) What are the main steps in waste water management done in this way?
(b) Ecosan in Kerala and Sri Lanka is also an intiative for water conservation. How?
20.What are the contribution of Ahmed Khan in Bangalore and Ramesh Chandra Dagar in
Sonipat?
ANSWERS
VAS (I MARK)
13.To allow the dust to fall.
14.PM2.5 stands for particulate matter of size 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter. Its
responsible for causing greatest harm to human health as it can be inhaled deep into
lungs and cause breathing problems.
15.150 dB or more
16.To control emission of ozone depleting substances.
17.Enough time gap is not being given for the natural process of recovery of land from the
effect of cultivation.
18.Ultraviolet B rays (UV-B rays)
SA-II (2 MARKS)
19.
Landfill sites are getting filled very fast due to large amount of garbage generation.
Also underground water resources may get polluted due to seepage of chemicals.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Water logging draws salt to surface of soil. Salt deposited on land surface as a thin
crust or at the roots of the plants.
26.
SAI (3 MARKS)
11. Enhanced CO2 concentration in atmosphere
(i) Loss of biodiversity
(ii)Soil erosion
(iii)
Desertification
(iv)
7. (a) The phenomeon is eutrophication. More nutrients in water, aquatic life increases
organic remains deposited on lake bottom, lake grows shallower and warmer,
gradually transforms into land due to deposition of silt and organic debris.
1 Cultural or Accelerated eutrophication Natural ageing is
Eutrophication.
8. (a) Conventional sedimentation, filtering and chlorine treatment. Absorption and
assimilation of pollutants by algae fungi and bacteria.
1 Ecosan derived from ecological sanitation. Handling human excreta using dry
composting toilets. Its practical, hygienic and cost effective method.
9. Refer page No. 279-280, ncert Text of Biology Class XII (the benefits of polyblend and
organic farming.)
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
1) Suppose if sewage water is disposed off in the river. Show its effect on BOD and
dissolved oxygen.
A) Its BOD increases and Dissolved oxygen reduces as microbes consume oxygen
during their metabolism.
2) Domestic sewage contains certain substances which are difficult to remove. Name
any four of them.
A) Non biodegradable wastes like nitrates, ammonia, phosphates, sodium, calcium.
3) What can you conclude about the status of a lake where there is algal bloom ? Name
the sources of this water pollution.
A) Eutrophication due to nutrient enrichment of water . Excessive use of nitrogen
and phosphorus fertilizers.
4) Noise is considered as an air pollutant . Justify your answer.
A) Noise is undesired high level sound which travels through air in the form of
waves and causes psychological disorders.
5) What are the practices or events done in integrated organic farming?
A) Agriculture , composting , dairy management , beekeeping, water harvesting.
1) Now a-days CDs and DVDs are common for storing of information , music ,
movies . It creates a lot of pollution. Name the type of waste created by it. How
does it affect the people ?What will you do to control it? Which values would be
shown here?
A) e-waste .Toxic wastes and chemicals affect the people manually recycling of ewaste in environment friendly way. Concern about people and environment
awareness.
2) Amit and Anitha are partners and established a factory . After a few months
electrostatic precipitator became out of order. Amit wanted to replace it but
Anitha expressed the view that they have no effect of it on productivity as well as
income; therefore they should not waste money to replace it.
a) Out of these partners whom do you support and why?
b) Suggest any two measures to stop such negligence.
A) Amit because he is concerned about environment and peoples health. Strict
vigilance by Govt.authorities should impose heavy fine, if pollution control
measuresare not followed by factories.
3) A cow died because it had consumed polythene while eating garbage and the
intestine blasted .You go to market and see all shopkeepers giving polythene .You
as a responsible citizen of India what will you suggest to the shopkeeper ? What
will you do yourself?
A) To shopkeeper - either stop keeping polythene bags or given after charging a
big amount . I will create awareness among people about non biodegradable,
highly toxic polythenes.
4) Ganga action plan was started to clean Holy River Ganges and suggest two ways
by which we can control further pollution in the Ganges?
A) Holy , perennial river flowing through of our country , necessary for
irrigation,source of drinking water .
Stoppage of sewage water disposal in Ganga ,dumping of industrial wastes,
burning of dead bodies .
5) Soma is displeased to see a lot of water hyacinth covering the pond near her home.
Foul smell spreading everywhere which is troubling the people in society . She
plans to remove the weed during vacations. How will she convince her to join her
in this campaign? Which values is she exhibiting? What are the ill effects of water
hyacinth on aquatic life?
A) Water hyacinth growth is due to eutrophication . (Mineral enrichment of a pond
leading to aging process) . This stops DO for aquatic life killing aquatic
organisms which when decompose in reduce O2 atmosphere produce foul
smell. Removal of this weed will keep the aquatic life surviving ,foul smell
stops coming ,pond watercan be used and will have aesthetic value also.
Concern about environment , awareness , critical thinking ,leadership.
BHUBANESWAR REGION
CLASS:XII
M.M:70M
SUB: BIOLOGY
TIME:3 HRS.
General Instructions:
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) This question paper consists of four Sections A, B, C and D. Section A
contains 8 questions of one mark each, Section B is of 10 questions of two
marks each, Section C is of 9 questions of three marks each and Section D is of
3 questions of five marks each.
(iii) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in
one question of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and two questions of 5 marks
weightage. A student has to attempt only one of the alternatives in such
questions.
(iv) Wherever necessary, the diagrams drawn should be neat and properly
labelled.
SECTION A
Q1. Which of the following represents female heterogametic condition?
XO, XY, XX, ZW.
Q2. After successful in-vitro fertilization the fertilized egg begins to divide. Where is this egg
transferred before it reaches the 8 celled stage and what is the technique named?
Q3. A multinational company outside India tried to sell new varieties of turmeric without
proper
patent rights. What is such an act referred to?
Q4. A person is bitten by a dog and transferred to a hospital and given an anti-rabies vaccine
by
the doctor. What type of immunity is it?
Q5. Why should only unleaded petrol be used in automobiles fitted with catalytic converter?
Q6. Why the crystals of bt toxin produced by some bacteria do not kill the bacteria
themselves?
Q7. Identify (a) and (b) in the pie chart given below.
Q8. Name the compound used for staining of isolated DNA in the gel electrophoresis and
mention how to separate DNA from the gel medium?
SECTION B
Q9. Identify A, B, C, D in the following table:
Crop
Variety
Wheat
A
Cow pea
Pusa komal
C
Pusa sadabahar
Brassica
Pusa gaurav
Resistant to disease
Leaf and stripe rust
B
TMV and Leaf curl
D
OR
What is LAB? Mention any two functions performed by them in our body.
Q10. Explain why children eating golden rice are unlikely to suffer from night blindness?
Q11. Name the following:
(i)A fine powder of recycled modified plastic which is used for road laying.
(ii)The system of human waste disposal with a proper recycling of waste, working in
many
areas of Sri Lanka and Kerala.
(iii)Irreparable computer and electronic goods.
(iv)The unit measuring thickness of ozone.
Q12. (i) A short length of a DNA molecule contains 120 Adenine and 120 Cytosine bases.
What
is the total number of nucleotides in that DNA fragment.
(ii)A DNA contains 20000 base pairs. How many nucleotides would be present in it?
SECTION C
Q19. A) Name the scientist who conducted simulation experiment as shown in the figure.
A) Name the mixture of inorganic substances used in spark discharge container.
B) What was the purpose of the experiment and name the compounds synthesized in
this experiment.
Q20. Answer the following questions based on Meselson and Stahls experiment.
I)
Write the name of the chemical substance used as a source of nitrogen in the
experiment by them?
II)
Why dis the scientists synthesize the light and the heavy DNA molecules in the
organism used in the experiment ?
III)
How did the scientists make it possible to distinguish the heavy DNA molecule from
the light DNA molecule? Explain.
Q21. Give technical term for the following.
a. Preventing m-RNA translation in a cell.
b. Method of controlling ADA deficiency.
c. Two strands of DNA reading the same nucleotide sequence.
d. An organism carrying a foreign gene in its cell.
e. Technique used to introduce alien DNA into cell by the help of Tungsten micro particle.
f. A procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium to change
the characteristics of later.
Q22. a. What is contact inhibition and metastasis?
b. Name a physical , chemical and biological carcinogen.
c. Name the chemical used in immunotherapy of a cancer patient.
Q23. Draw a diagram of male gametophyte of angiosperm. Label any four parts. Why
sporopollenin is considered the most resistant organic material ?
Q24.
Study the graph given above.Showing the levels of ovarian hormones during menstruation
and
correlate the uterine events that take place according to the hormonal levels.
2. 6-15 days
2. 16-25 days
3. 26-28 days ( if the ovum is not fertilized)
SECTION D
Q28. What does the LAC- Operon consist of ? How is the operator gene turned off and on in
the expression of genes in the operon ? Explain.
OR
Explain the pattern of inheritance of colour blindness in humans. Why the possibility of a
human female becoming a colour blind extremely rare ?
Q29. A. Draw the embryo sac of a flowering plant and label.
i.Central cell
ii. Chalazal end of the embryo sac
iii. Synergids
B. Name the cell that develops in to the embryo sac and explain how this cell leads to the
formation of Embryo sac. Also mention the role played by various cells of the embryo
sac.
OR
Show diagrammatically the stages of embryonic development from zygote upto
implantation in humans.
Q30. Three friends Mani, Adil and Ronney met at a marriage party,. Mani and Ronney wanted
to drink and compelled Adil who has never had a drink before. Adil is in dilemma. On
the
one hand he does not want to lose his friendship but on the other hand he is conscious
that nobody in his family drinks.
a. What would you have done if you were in place of Adil ?
b. Write 2 harmful effects of alcohol on health.
c. How can one prevent and control alcohol addiction.
*************
MARKING SCHEME
XII BIOLOGY
Q No
1
Value points
ZW
Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
+ =1
1
1
1
1
+ =1
+ =1
x4=2
1++=2
1+1=2
x4=2
1x 2= 2
2
1+1=2
x4=2
1+1=2
1+1=2
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
system
By developing a thick layer of fat (blubber) below their
skin that acts as an insulator and reduce excess heat
a. Miller and Urey
b. CH 4, NH3, H2O, H2
c. To prove the chemical evolution of life
d. Amino acids
a. NH4Cl
b. To check if DNA replication was semi conservative
c. The heavy and light DNA molecule are
distinguished by centrifugation in a Cesium chloride
density gradient
a. RNA-i
b. Gene therapy
c. Palindrone
d. Transgenic
e. Gene-gun (biolistic)
f. Transformation
i)Contact inhibition- inhibition of cell division through
cell contact
Metastatis- cancerous cell migrating from its primary
source different body parts
ii) Physical-x-ray/UV ray (any one)
Chemical- nicotine
Biological- viral oncogene
iii) a interferon
Correct diagram with four parts labeling
Can withstand high temperature and strong acids and
alkalis. Also it cannot be degraded by any enzyme
i)S=CAZ
ii) Log S= Log C+Z Log A
iii) Alexander Van Humboldt
iv) 0.1 to 0.2
OR
i) Parasitism ii) mutualism iii) Commensalism
iv) Mutualism v) Commensalism vi) Competition
DDT being toxic gets accumulated in organism and passes
to next higher trophic level because it cannot be
2
1
1
1x 3=3
x6=3
x4=2
1
1
1
x6=3
metabolized or excreted
DDT concentrated in higher trophic level, i.e bird
Disturbs calcium metabolism- > thinning of egg shell>premature breaking-> decrease in bird population
Bio magnification
Pathogens that attack insects and other anthropods
Genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus used
26
27
28
29
1.5
1
1
1x 3=3
x4=2
1.5
1.5
3+2=5
x3=1.5
1.5
f. Antipodals--- degenerate
OR
Ref. NCERT text book fig 3.11
Fallopian tube, zygote undergoes change to form
blastomeres and develop 8-16 cell stage the morula, then
blastocyst- implantation
I will deny in having drink in an assertive way to maintain
the friendship. Any 2 harmful effects;
a. Affects nervous system
b. Peptic ulcer
c. Hepatitis
Prevention and control
a. Avoid undue peer pressure
b. Seeking help from parents/ (any other correct two
points)
30
S.NO.
Type of
question
Units
Sexual
reproduction
Genetics &
Evolution
Biology &
Human
welfare
Biotechnology
& its
Applications
Ecology &
Environment
Total
2
3.
4.
5.
BIOLOGY (THEORY)
CLASS XII
Blue Print
Class (XII)
VSA
SA-II
SA-I
(1
(2
(3
mark)
marks)
marks)
4+1=5
1
1 x 2=2
1 x 2=2
LA
(5
marks)
Total
2 (2)
4(2)
6(2)
12(6)
2(2)
4(2)
9(3)
5(1)
20(8)
1(1)
2(1)
9(3)
12(5)
2(2)
2(1)
3(1)
5(1)
12(5)
1(1)
8(4)
5(1)
14(6)
8(8)
20(10)
27(9)
15(3)
70(30)
QUESTION PAPER
BIOLOGY (THEORY)
CLASS XII
TIME -3 HRS
General Instructions :
All the questions are compulsory :
1. The question paper consists of four sections A, B, C and D. Section A
contains 8 questions of 1 mark each, section-B is of 10 questions of 2
marks each, section-C has 9 questions of 3 marks each whereas
section-D is of 3 questions of 5 marks each.
2.There is no overall choice. However an internal choice has been
provided in one question of 2 marks, in one question of 3 marks and in
all the three questions of 5 marks weightage. A student has to attempt
only one of the alternatives in such questions.
3. Wherever necessary the diagram drawn should be neat & properly
labeled.
SECTION-A
1What is the importance of flowering pattern of Strobilanthus kunthiana?1
2. Mention any two probable reasons for rapid rise of population in our
country from about 350 million at the time of independence to about
billion by the year 2000.
3. The gene I that controls the ABO blood grouping in human being has
three alleles IA, IB & I.
4. State any two reasons to explain why RNA virus mutates and evolves
faster than other viruses?
1
SECTION-B
9. Even though each pollen grain has two male gametes, why are at least
ten pollen grains and not five pollen grains required to fertilize ten
ovules present in a particular carpel.
2.
10. When a red flowered Antirrhinum plant was crossed with a white
flowered Antirrhinum plant, the F1-offspring had pink flowers. Mention
(a) the genotype of F1 plant and
(b) the reason why it did not bear the parental red or white coloured
flowers ?
1+1
OR
Choose and arrange any four of the following groups of plants in an
ascending evolutionary scale
Cycads; Gnetales; Monocotyledons; Rhynia like plant; Cholorophyta
ancestors; Dicotyledons and seed ferns.
12. Fill in the blanks a, b, c, d in the different columns of the table
given below
Disease
Causal organism
Amoebiasis
Entamoeba
histolytica
Trichophyton
Mode
of Symptoms
Transmission
a
Abdominal pain and cramps ,
stools with excess mucous and
blood clots, constipation
c
Common cold
Ascaris
Ascariasis
Droplets from
sneezing
of
infected person
Through
contaminated
water,
vegetables and
fruits
13. In which part of the body of the hosts do the following events in the life
cycles of Plasmodium takes place (Name body part and host both)
(a) Fertilization
2.
16. List any four advantages of genetically modified crop plants over their
Wild/domesticated relatives.
2
18. The figure given below shows relative contributions of various
greenhouse gases to the global warming.
23.You have been deputed by your school Principal to train local villagers in
the use of biogas plant. With the help of labeled sketch explain various
parts of the biogas plant.
24. Study the figures (a) and (b) given below and answer the questions:
a).
b).
i
ii
iii
Under the influence of which type of natural selection would graph (a) becomes like
graph (b)
What could be the likely reasons of new variations arising in the population?
Who suggested natural selection as a mechanism of evolution?
3
OR
25. How did Louis Pasteur successfully demolish the popular theory of
spontaneous generation? What were his conclusions?
26. If a true breeding homozygous pea plant with green pod and axial flower
as dominant characters is crossed with a recessive homozygous pea
plant with yellow seeds and terminal flower, then what would be(a) Genotype of the two parents?
(b) Phenotype and genotype of the F1 offspring?
(c) Phenotypic ratio in F2 generation?
27. Describe the fate of two released male gametes into the cytoplasm of the synergid and
also name the unique phenomenon in the embryo sac of the angiosperms.
3
SECTION-D
28. (a) Draw a longitudinal sectional view of maize grain. Label any four
major parts in it.
(b) In angiosperms, why does endosperm mature first than embryo?
(c). Categorise wheat and castor seeds as monocots or dicots. 3+1+1
OR
(a)When and where does spermatogenesis in human male begin to take
place?
(b) With the help of schematic labeled diagram trace the development of
mature spermatozoa in human male.
29. (a) Describe the experiment conducted by Hershey and Chase for
identification of genetic material.
(b) Why is it considered path breaking in the field of molecular biology?
4+1
OR
Look at the above figure depicting lac operon & answer the following questions.
a). What could be the series of events when an inducer is present in the medium in which
Escherichia coli is growing .
b). Name the inducer.
Q 30: Give an account of energy flow in an ecosystem with help of
diagrammatic representation of different trophic levels.
OR
(a) Write an equation for logistic growth where
N=population density at a time t,
r= intrinsic rate of natural increase and
K= carrying capacity.
(b) Draw a graph for a population whose density has reached the
carrying capacity.
(c) Why is the logistic growth model considered a more realistic one for
most animal populations?
(d) Draw a growth curve where resources are not limiting to growth of
population.
CLASS-XII
BIOLOGY (Theory)
MARKING SCHEME
Q.N
O.
SOLUTION/VALUE POINT
MARKS
SECTION-A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1
+
+
1
+
1
+
SECTION-B
9.
10.
11.
1+1=2
1+1=2
1+1
12.
13.
x4
x4
14.
(a) Inject antitoxin/tetanus injection
(b) Passive immunity
1+1
1+1
x4
15.
16.
17.
(a)kills fish (b) disappearance of clean
water(c)reappearance of clean water (d) reappearance of
clean water
1+1
18.
(i) (a) N2O (b) CFCs
x2+1
(ii) Green house gases cause global warming which in turn
causes melting of ice caps.
19.
SECTION-C
20.
1x2+1
21.
1+1+1
22.
Toxin binds to the surface of epithelial cells of the midgut,
creates pores in these cells , causes swelling of cells
leading to lysis of cell.
In bacterium toxin is released in its inactive form and
becomes active when enters into gut.
2+1
23.
24.
1+1
1+1+1
1+1
25.
2+1
Diagram and Explanation of three steps.
26.
27.
1+1+1
x6=3
1+1
1+1
1
+
b). As endosperm stores and supplies nutrients for
developing
embryo.
c). Wheat Monocot
Castor Dicot.
OR
a). At puberty ; in seminiferous tubules of testis
b).
c).
29.
2+2
1
2+3
30.
1+2
OR
(a). and (b).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIOLOGY
CLASS XII
TYPES OF OUESTIONS
VSA
SA II
SA I
LA
TOTAL
UNITS
(1
MARK) (2 MARKS)
(3
(5
MARKS) MARKS)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
2 (2)
1 (2)
1 (3)
1 (5)
12
2 (2)
2 (4)
3 (9)
1 (5)
20
1 (1)
4 (8)
1 (3)
--
12
1 (1)
1 (2)
3 (9)
--
12
ECOLOGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
2 (2)
2 (4)
1 (3)
1 (5)
TOTAL
8 (8)
10 (20)
9 (27)
3 (15)
--
14
30 (70)
CLASS: XII
MAXIMUM MARKS:70
TIME:3 Hrs.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. the question paper consists of four sections a, B, C and D. Section A contains 8 question of
1 mark
each. Section B is 10 questions of 2 marks each, section c has nine questions of
3 marks each whereas section D is of three questions of 5 marks each.
3. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question
of 2 marks, one question of 3 marks and all the three questions of 5 marks weightage. A
student has to attempt only one of the alternatives in such questions.
4. Wherever necessary, the diagrams drawn should be neat and properly labeled.
SECTION A
1. When a tall pea plant was self pollinated, one-fourth of the progeny were dwarf. Give the
genotype of the parent and dwarf progenies.
2. Define geitonogamy?
3. Mention any two commonly observed symptoms of withdrawl syndrome in a drug addict?
4. Cut pieces of Bryophyllum leaf when put into wet soil produce new plants. Give a reason.
5. Write any two adaptations shown by xerophytes?
6. Mention two applications of gel electrophoresis in biotechnology.
7. Give an example where percentage cover is more meaning measure of the population size.
8. Write the phenotypic and genotypic ratio obtained in the F2 generation in the inheritance of
flower
colour in snapdragon?
SECTION B
9. How do Cry proteins kill the insect pests? How man has exploited them for his
advantage?
OR
i.
How is biotechnology useful in the treatment of emphysema?
ii.
Why is thermostable polymerase needed in PCR? Name the organism from which it
is obtained.
10. Arrange the following stages in the primary hydrarch succession in their proper natural
sequence in which they occur.
Scrub stage, Submerged plants, Marsh meadow stage, Phytoplankton, Reed swamp stage,
Submerged free floating stage, forest.
11. (i). How do cyanobacteria function as biofertilizer?
(ii). What is the commercial use of lipases?
12. What is inbreeding? What are the advantages of inbreeding in animals?
13. What are algal blooms? How do they affect other living organisms?
14. Give the scientific name of the causative organism of typhoid? Write two symptoms of
the disease at the advanced stage?
15. How are plants like potato and banana cultivated?
16. Why is genetic code described as :
(i) Unambiguous
(ii) Degenerate?
21. Describe the functions of anaerobic sludge digestera in sewage treatment plant.
OR
(i)What is LAB?
(ii)Write the scientific name of the organism involved in the production
of the
of each
following :
(a)Large holes in Swiss cheese
(b)Cyclosporin A
(c)Citric acid
(d)Statins
22. How is nematode resistance introduced into tobacco plants using genetic engineering?
23. Describe how pesticide residues enter the organisms and the process they undergo in the
organisms with an example.
24. A woman with blood group O married a man with AB blood group. Show the possible
blood groups of the progeny. List the alleles involved in this inheritance.
25. Why is Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a good cloning vector? Explain.
26. Describe any three factors that modify Hardy-Weinbergs equilibrium
27. How did Hershey and Chase differentiate between DNA and protein in their experiment to
prove that DNA is genetic material in bacteriophases?
SECTION D
28. A cross was made between a pea plant with yellow and smooth seeds (heterozygous for
both the traits) and other plant with green and wrinkled seeds. Work out the phenotypes and
genotypes of the progeny using a Punnet square. What type of a cross is this? State the Law
pf Mendel illustrated in the above inheritance.
OR
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
A strand of DNA has the following base sequence. 5 ATGC GCTA ATGC 3. Will it
be the coding strand or template strand for transcrtion? Why?
What is meant by charging of tRNA? Why is it necessary?
Differentiate between satellite DNA and Repetitive DNA.
Explain the process of splicing in eukaryotes. Why is it necessary?
MARKING SCHEME
CLASS:XII
MAX.MARKS:70
SECTION-A
1. Tt Parent, tt dwarf progeny
(1)
2.Transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of another flower of the same plant.
(1)
3.Anxiety, shakiness, nausea, sweating.(Any two)
1/2 +1/2 = (1)
4,Because adventitious buds arise from the notches present at the margins of of leaves.
(1)
5. (a)Thick cuticle on the leaf surface.
(b)Stomata are in deep pits.
(c)Leaves are reduced into spines.(Any two)
1/2+1/2 =
(1)
6. (a)Separation of DNA fragments.
1/2
(b)Isolation of DNA fragments.
1/2
(1)
+1/2=
SECTION-B
9.
(1/2)
(i) Cry protein enters into the insect and converts into an active form
(ii) Protein crystal binds to the midgut of the insect create pores ,swelling and
Lysis.
(1/2)
10.
Phytoplanktons-- Submerged plants-- Submerged free floating plants-- Reed swamp
stage-Marsh meadow stage--Scrub stage
11.
12.
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
17.
needs.
Eg: Homologous organs
18.
SECTION-C
19. (i)(a)To delay pregency.
(1/2)
(1/2)
(1)
(ii)(a)Propionibacterium sharmani.
(b)Immunosuppressive agent.
(c)Aspergillus niger.
(d)Monascus purpureus
+1/2+1/2
1/2+
23 -Biomagnification.
-DDT enters into water
Zooplankton
small fish
large fish
25. It is able to deliver a piece of DNA, transform normal plant cells into tumor, direct the
tumor cells to produce chemicals required by the pathogen.
(1+1+1)
26. recombination
gene migration
mutation
genetic drift
natural selection
(1+1+1)
SECTION D
(3)
test cross
(1)
(1)
OR
-coding strand
-coding strand has 5
3 polarity
(1)
(1)
(1)
Explantion
(2)
OR
--Definition
(1)
--Seminiferous tubules
(1)
--Description of process
--Diagram
(2)
(1)
(1+1+1)
(1)
OR
Energy at lower trophic level is always more than the energy at a higher trophic
level
(1)
Definition
Explanation
(1)
(3)