‫
ر ل ا

ا‬

. mo = 64mg : ‫ آ‬1124 Na ‫ ا"دم ا‬#
$ $% t = o
'(‫ ( *) ا‬I
‫ ؟‬t = o
'(‫ ا‬%$
$‫دة *) ا‬.‫ى ا‬$‫د ا‬% ‫ ه‬# (1
. m = 2mg :
$‫ آ
ا‬1(23‫ أ‬، t = 74h
'(‫ ا‬%$ 7‫(  أ‬2
‫؟‬ t = 74h
'(‫ ا‬%$
$‫دة *) ا‬.‫ى ا‬$‫د ا‬% ‫ ه‬# (‫أ‬
. 1124 Na ‫ "دم ا‬9"$‫ ا‬: ;‫ب( ا‬
. 1124 Na ‫ "دوم‬λ )‫ط ا‬$‫ @?
ا‬%.‫ج( أو‬
N A = 6,02 × 10 23 mol −1 :‫د أ*آدرو‬% :)


M( X ) = A :‫ ن‬ ‫رة‬B
‫
ا‬C‫ ا‬D E"( ZA X ‫اة‬$‫ ا‬F#‫*
ر‬:?
‫و‬$‫ء ا‬FH‫• *) ا‬:
‫آ‬
. M ( Na ) = 24 g / mol :)‫ ه‬1124 Na ‫
ا
"دم‬C‫إذن ا‬
.N = m
× NA :‫
وي‬# ‫دة‬# # m
‫آ‬ )* ‫دة‬.‫ى ا‬$‫د ا‬% •
M

m0 64 × 10 −3 g
NO = × NA = × 6,02 × 10 23 mol −1 = 16 × 10 20 :‫ ه‬t = o %$
$‫د ى ا‬% (1
M 24 g / mol
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
m 2 × 10 −3 g
N= × NA = × 6,02 × 10 23 mol −1 = 5 × 1019 :‫ ه‬t = 74h %$
$‫د ى ا‬%(‫( أ‬2
M 24 g / mol
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ln 2
t1 / 2 = 9"$‫ ا‬: : $% (‫ب‬
λ
:
‫
ا‬NO‫ ا‬7
 t
'(‫ ا‬%$
$‫
*) ا‬P2‫ى ا‬$‫د ا‬% ‫ أن‬Q‫و‬
N
= e −λ ×t : 7$#‫و‬ N = N O e − λ ×t
NO
. ln e x = x ‫ ('  & أن‬ln
‫ أ" ا!   اا
ا
  
 ه ا 
ا
ة دا‬
N
ln
N0
= λ×t :‫أي‬ ln
N
= −λ × t : 7$#‫و‬ ln = ln e − λ × t
N NO NO
a b
ln = − ln : ‫آ
أن‬
b a
ln 2 N O ln 2 ln 2
t1 / 2 =
NO
×t : 7$#‫و‬ ln = × t :+ ',‫ آ‬-./ ‫ا 
ا
ة‬ λ= : ‫? أن‬
N t1 / 2 t1 / 2
ln
N
ln 2
t1 / 2 = × 74h = 14,8h = 14h 48mn :‫دي‬% R2

ln 32
14,8h = 14h + 0,8 × 60mn :‫ ن‬
ln 2 ln 2
λ= = = 1,3 × 10 −5 s −1 : )‫ط ا‬$‫
ا‬S?@ (‫ج‬
t1 / 2 14,8 × 3600 s

1
 ‫‪ 241‬اا‪
' 9:‬ا(‪'8‬ط ‪ .
( 470 '63/
, . α‬ل '
وا‪4‬ة !‪0 63000 2!3‬اة‪.‬‬
‫‪0 
(
.!  ( II‬ى ا
‪0<+‬م ‪95 Am‬‬

‫‪. 241‬‬‫‪95 Am‬‬ ‫‪ (1‬اآ!>  'د

ا!‪0( 2!3‬اة ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ا‪
@A'B
, C‬ا(‪'8‬ط ا‪0( λ ' 9:‬اة ا
‪0<+‬م ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ا‪'8 +
K.'A ><4‬ط ا (
‪ ، a‬وا!(!‪ D‬د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪0"0,‬دة ‪
+'6 ( '6A‬ا )أي ‪
  A‬ور '
 ا‪.( G‬‬
‫‪(4‬أو" د ‪0‬ى ا (
( ا‪. t = o
MN‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ا‪
.< ><4‬ا!‪
+'6 ( 2!3‬ا  )أي ‪
  A‬ور '
 ا‪. ( G‬‬
‫ت‪.‬ر& ‪ 12‬ص‪ 83‬ا‪'!K‬ب ا‪,‬ر ا‪'<,‬ر‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (6‬أو" ا‪,‬ة ا‪
(G‬ا! ‪0  20 0 0 '6 2!3!+‬ى ا (
ا‪.
P.‬‬

‫"(‪:T‬‬
‫‪Am→ Np + He‬‬
‫‪241‬‬
‫‪95‬‬
‫‪237‬‬
‫‪93‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪'  (1‬د
ا!‪: 2!3‬‬
‫‪-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= 4,676 × 10 −11 s −1‬‬ ‫‪(2‬‬
‫‪t1 / 2 470 × 365 × 24 × 3600 s‬‬
‫‪-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪'8 (3‬ط ا (
ه‪ 0‬د ا!‪'!!3‬ت  ا@'
‪.‬‬
‫‪63000‬‬
‫=‪a‬‬ ‫‪= 17,5 Bq‬‬ ‫‪ ',A‬أن د ا!‪'!!3‬ت  ا<'
‪'<+‬وي ‪Y 63000‬ن ا(‪'8‬ط ‪:‬‬
‫‪3600 s‬‬
‫د ‪0‬ى ا (
‪
  A‬ور '
 ا‪) G‬أي ( ‪
+'6‬ا (‪:‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪17,5‬‬
‫= =‪N‬‬ ‫‪≈ 3,74 × 1011‬‬ ‫ & أن ‪ a = λN (t ) :‬إذن‪:‬‬
‫‪λ 4,676 × 10 −11‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪3,74 × 1011‬‬
‫و(\ ‪N O = −λ .t = − 4,676×10−11×3600 = 3,74 × 1011 :‬‬ ‫‪N = N O e − λ .t‬‬ ‫‪: '(+ (4‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬
‫‪ ]4‬أن ل '
 ا‪ G‬ا(<‪
.‬ا‪ ،
,6
!!3!,‬ن ^
د ‪
,‬ا(‪0<+
` _/‬م = ‪
, 'A d'A ',
( 370‬آ\؟‬
‫‪'4‬ول أن ‪
e+
f'A /N‬ا!'
 د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪
  A
e.!,‬ور '
 ا!‪N = N O − 6300 : 2!3‬‬
‫‪0 N O = 3,74 × 1011 : g‬ف ‪ ]4‬أن ‪ N ≈ 3,74 × 1011 :‬و‪G +‬ى ذ‪ d‬إ ‪0‬ل ‪
,‬ا
‪0<+‬م ا‪.g8,‬‬
‫‪----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫<‪
.‬ا!‪
,< i'4 = 2!3‬د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪ 
!!3!,‬د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪.
P.‬‬ ‫‪ &  (5‬أن‪:‬‬
‫‪63000‬‬ ‫‪63000‬‬
‫= <‪
.‬ا!‪23‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪≈ 1,74 × 10 −7 = 1,74 × 10 −5 0 0‬‬
‫‪NO‬‬ ‫‪3,74 × 10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬

‫‪---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫ا‪,‬ة ا‪
(G‬ا! ‪0  20 0 0 '6 2!3!+‬ى ا‪0<+
j‬م ‪.‬‬ ‫‪(6‬‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪20 N O‬‬
‫‪N = NO −‬‬ ‫= ‪NO‬‬ ‫‪0K+‬ن د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪N O = 0,8 N O :
e.!,‬‬ ‫( ' !‪2!3‬‬
‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ا‪,‬ة ا‪
(G‬ا! ‪0  20 0 0 '6 2!3!+‬ى ا‪0<+
j‬م ه ا! ‪. 80 0 0 '6 e.!+‬‬ ‫إذن‬

‫‪N = N O e − λt‬‬ ‫و‪ ',A‬أن د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪ (

e.!,‬ا‪ '6f  t
MN‬ا 
ا!'
‪:‬‬
‫‪0,80NO = NO e−λ.t‬‬ ‫‪ 6‬ا
ة ‪ -./‬آ‪:+ ',‬‬
‫‪0,8 = e−λ.t‬‬ ‫أي)‪  A‬ا‪G!:‬ال(‪:‬‬
‫‪− λ .t‬‬
‫‪ln 0,8 = ln e‬‬ ‫ دا
ا‪'k0‬ر‪ &@+‬ا(‪
.‬ي  ا‪:
f‬‬

‫=‪λ‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫‪: g‬‬ ‫‪ln 0,8 = − λ × t‬‬ ‫إذن‪:‬‬
‫‪t1 / 2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ln 2
:
P.‫  ا (
ا‬20 0 0 '6 2!3!+ !‫ ا‬t
MN‫و(\ <!
ج ا‬ ln 0,8 = − ×t :‫أي‬
t1 / 2
− (ln 0,8) × t1 / 2 − (ln 0,8) × 470an
t= = = 151,3062an = 151an..111J ..18h..18mn.43,2 s
ln 2 ln 2

151,3062an = 151an...7 J ...20h...55mn...41s : +0N!‫

ا‬e+

151 , 3062 an = 151 an + 0 , 3062 × 365 J
= 151h + 111,763 J
= 151h + 111J + 0,763 × 24h
= 151h + 111J + 18,312h
= 151h + 111J + 18h + 0,312 × 60mn
= 151h + 111J + 18h + 18,72mn
= 151h + 11J + 18h + 18mn + 0,72 × 60 s
= 151h + 111J + 18h + 18mn + 43,2 s

. ZA Cs ‫م‬0+G<‫اة ا‬0 '6!!3  0!+ β − ‫'ط‬8(‫ '

ا‬9‫إ‬ 135
54 Xe ‫ن‬0(+GK‫اة ا‬0( III
t1 / 2 = 9,2h : 0‫ ه‬135
54 Xe ‫ة‬+0( _/(‫
ا‬,

. Z ‫ و‬A ‫دا‬N 2!3!‫( اآ!>  'دة ها ا‬1

‫'ط‬8(‫ ا‬-./+ t = 9h
MN‫ و( ا‬، a o 0‫' ه‬6'8‫ و‬m0 ‫ ه‬t = 0
MN‫ ( ا‬135 54 Xe ‫ن‬0(+GK‫' أن آ!
(
ا‬,(2

. a = 284 Bq
(  ' 9:‫ا‬
. t G‫ وا‬t1 / 2 ‫ و‬a 0
jA a ‫'ط‬8(‫
ا‬.  C‫أ( ا‬
. mo D!(!‫ وا‬a o
, ><4‫ب( ا‬
.
P.‫!
ا‬K‫  ا‬75 0 0 '‫ (ه‬2!3!+ !‫ ا‬t1
MN‫د ا‬4 (‫ج‬
−25
54 Xe ) = 2,24 × 10
. m(135 Kg : ‫ن‬0(+GK‫اة ا‬0
!‫ آ‬f 

:-N/
(1
135
54 Xe → ZACs + −10 e
:
P'A
6K‫(
ا‬N8‫'ظ ا‬3N‫ا‬
A = 135 : \(‫ و‬135 = A + 0
: ‫'ت‬+0(‫'ظ د ا‬3N‫ا‬
Z = 55 : \(‫ و‬54 = Z − 1
: 2!3!‫ 'د
ا‬
54 Xe → 55 Cs + −1 e
135 135 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ln 2
. λ= : g a = a 0 e − λ .t (‫( أ‬2
t1 / 2
ln 2
− .t
a = a0 .e t1 / 2
:‫إذن‬
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: a 0 +N (‫ب‬

3
 a
a0 = ln 2 : ‫
<!
خ‬eA'<‫ ل ا 
ا‬
×t
t1 / 2
e

284
a0 = ln 2
= 559,5 Bq : .‫ع‬.‫ت‬
− ×9
9, 2
e
: mo +N
. N O : 0‫ه‬ t = 0 :
MN‫ى ا (
( ا‬0 ‫ & أن د‬
m( Xe) = 2,24 × 10 −25 Kg
135
54 : 0‫اة ه‬0 ‫'ت آ!
آ‬f ,‫ ل ا‬
mo = N O × m( Xe) :‫ <'وي‬t = 0
MN‫اة ( ا‬0 NO  ‫ي‬0!N !‫إذن آ!
ا (
ا‬

ao
NO = :‫أي‬ a O = λ .N O : '(+ : ‫
ا
ى‬6"‫و ة‬
λ
ao a o × t1 / 2 559,5 × (9,2 × 3600 s )
mo = × m( Xe) = × m( Xe) = × 2,24 × 10 − 25 Kg ≈ 6 × 10 −18 Kg : '!'A‫و‬
λ ln 2 ln 2
..............................................................................................................................................................
75 25 75 N O
N = NO − NO = N O :
e.!,‫ى ا‬0(‫ن د ا‬0K+ 2!3! ' ( (‫ج‬
100 100 100
N = N O e − λt :
'!‫' ا 
ا‬6f  t
MN‫
( ا‬e.!,‫ى ا‬0(‫' أن د ا‬,A‫و‬
0,25NO = NO e −λ.t :+ ',‫ آ‬-./ ‫ ا
ة‬6
0,25 = e−λ.t :(‫ال‬G!:‫  ا‬A)‫أي‬
ln 0, 25 = ln e − λ .t :
f‫
ي  ا‬.(‫@& ا‬+‫'ر‬k0‫ دا
ا‬

λ=
ln 2
: g ln 0, 25 = − λ × t :‫إذن‬
t1 / 2
ln 2
: t
MN‫و(\ <!
ج ا‬ ln 0, 25 = − ×t :‫أي‬
t1 / 2

− (ln 0,25) × t1 / 2
t=
ln 2
− (ln 0,25) × 9,2
t= = 18,4h = 18h...24mn
ln 2
:
'!‫
ا‬e+
f‫'ل ا‬, !‫ ا‬d‫ آ‬K,+:
p0N

−λ.t −λ.t

!!3,‫ ا‬N = NO − NOe = NO (1−e ) :‫إذن‬
75 N O
.
eA'<‫  ا(!^
ا‬/N‫و‬ e − λ .t = 0,25 :‫أي‬ 0,75 = 1 − e − λ .t : \(‫و‬ = N O (1 − e − λ .t ) :‫أي‬
100

4
 ‫‪
/(  g8
M 227‬ا!‪0‬ر‪0+‬م ‪ ،‬ل ‪ q . '6!!3‬ا‪' 9:‬ع ‪. α‬‬ ‫‪0 (IV‬اة ا!‪0‬ر‪0+‬م ‪90Th‬‬
‫‪ (1‬اآ!>  'د
‪ 2!3‬ه ا(‪0‬اة ‪
 &B‬ف  ا(‪0‬اة ا‪0!,‬ة  ل ا^ول ا!'‪:‬‬
‫‪85 At‬‬ ‫‪86 Rn‬‬ ‫‪87 Fr‬‬ ‫‪88 Ra‬‬ ‫‪89 Ac‬‬

‫‪ (2‬ا‪ ><4‬د ا(‪0‬ى ا‪

' 9:‬ا‪ N O
P.‬ا‪0"0,‬دة  (
 ا!‪0‬ر‪0+‬م ذات ا‪. mo = 10 −3 mg
!K‬‬
‫‪m p = mn = 1,66 × 10 −27 Kg‬‬ ‫ ‪: f‬‬
‫‪ 
0! (3‬ا‪.‬ا‪0  N O
( 
+‬ى ا!‪0‬ر‪0+‬م ا‪
' 9:‬ا(‪'8‬ط ‪ .‬و( ا‪0K+ t
MN‬ن د ا(‪0‬ى ه‪. N 0‬‬

‫‪ :3-1‬اآ!> '‪0‬ن ا!(' ا‪. ' 9:‬‬

‫‪ : 3-2‬ا‪
, _+
 C‬ا(‪0( _/‬اة ‪.
8‬‬
‫‪. t1 / 2‬‬ ‫‪ : 3-3‬ا!‪',‬دا  ا‪'.,‬ن ‪4‬د '‪
@A‬ا(‪'8‬ط ا‪
, &B λ ' 9:‬ا(‪_/‬‬
‫)ا!‪
.‬ا(‪ A !fe‬و ‪( . 0‬‬

‫‪:-N/‬‬
‫‪Th→ Y + 24He‬‬
‫‪227‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬

‫ا‪'3N‬ظ ا‪
(N8‬ا‪:
P'A
6K‬‬
‫‪ 227 = A + 4‬و(\ ‪A = 223 :‬‬
‫ا‪'3N‬ظ د ا(‪'+0‬ت ‪:‬‬
‫‪Z = 88‬‬ ‫‪ 90 = Z + 2‬و(\ ‪:‬‬
‫ 'د
ا!‪: 2!3‬‬
‫‪90Th→ 88 Ra + 2 He‬‬
‫‪227‬‬ ‫‪223‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪
+0 227  !,8‬وآ!
آ ‪
+0‬ه‪1,66 × 10 −27 Kg :‬‬ ‫‪227‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪ ',A(2‬أن آ ‪0‬اة ا!
‪0+‬م ‪Th‬‬
‫‪−27‬‬
‫‪m(Th) = 227 × 1,66 × 10‬‬ ‫‪Kg‬‬ ‫ه‪:‬‬ ‫‪r‬ن آ!
‪0‬اة ا!‪0‬ر‪0+‬م ‪Th‬‬
‫‪227‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬ ‫‪−6‬‬
‫و‪ ',A‬ان آ!
ا (
ا‪
P.‬ه ‪mo = 10 mg = 10 × 10 Kg :‬‬
‫‪mo‬‬ ‫‪10 × 10 −6 Kg‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫= ‪NO‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪− 27‬‬
‫إذن‪≈ 2,65 × 1015 :‬‬
‫‪m(Th) 227 × 1,66 × 10‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫= ‪
@A' λ‬ا(‪'8‬ط ا‪ ' 9:‬ب‪s −1 :‬‬ ‫‪0' (3-1 (3‬ن ا!(' ا‪g N = N O e − λ .t :' 9:‬‬
‫‪t1 / 2‬‬
‫‪--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪
, ,< (3-2‬ا(‪+0( _/‬ة ‪
8‬ا‪,‬ة ا‪ t1 / 2
(G‬ا‪t‬ز
!‪0 _/ 2!3‬ى ا (
ا‪.
P.‬‬
‫‪-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪
jA − Ln‬ا‪ 
,+ &e!< G‬أ‪ i‬ا‪ ، & ,‬دا
‪ .
f‬إذن  'د!\ ‪  >!K‬ا‪ K8‬ا!' ‪:‬‬ ‫‪(3-3‬ا‪ (N(,‬ا‪
u! @,,‬ات‬
‫‪NO‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 N
:‫<'وي‬+ 0‫& وه‬e<, \"0,‫ ' ا‬,‫ ا‬k q4 − Ln = k .t
NO
0,693 − 0
k= = 1,069 × 10 −5 s −1
(18 − 0) × 3600 s
N N N
k = λ : ‫ إذن‬− ln = λ .t : ‫ أي‬ln = −λ .t : ‫إذن‬ = e −λ .t : '(+‫و‬
NO NO NO
λ = 1,069 × 10 −5 s −1 : '!'A‫و‬
: ‫م‬0+‫ر‬0!‫ة ا‬+0( _/(‫
ا‬,
ln 2 ln 2
t1 / 2 = = = 64,84 × 10 3 s ≈ 18h
λ 1,069 × 10 −5

:
p0N
N
. t1 / 2
MN‫ ه ا‬− ln = ln 2 : '6 ‫ن‬0K !‫
ا‬MN‫ن ا‬r ln 2 = 0,693 : ‫ن‬YA ]4 '(
NO
N ln 2 ln 2 N
:-./ t = t1 / 2 (‫ و‬− ln = .t : + ',‫!> آ‬K t1 / 2 = g − ln = λ .t :
 ‫ن ا‬
N O t1 / 2 λ NO
N N ln 2
. t1 / 2 = 18h : ‫ن‬r \(‫ و‬− ln = ln 2 :‫ أي‬− ln = .t1 / 2
NO N O t1 / 2
(V

‫] أن د‬4j- 2007/2006
‫
<(
ارا‬A
^!‫را
وا‬G‫م ا‬0 ‫
ا‬. 9 '+‫ر‬0'‫'آ‬.‫ع ا‬0v0  ‫ء‬G" +
,!‫ها ا‬
. '‫'ءه‬f‫
وري إ‬y‫  ا‬z‫ و‬، \!!, C  & ‫آ'درو‬0‫أ‬

6
 .N d(K,+ 'f 
k ‫آ'درو‬0‫& أن د أ‬k

−3
10 g
NO = − 27
= 4,4 × 1018 : dA‫و‬
136,90707 × 1,66 × 10 × 10 g 3

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(VI

7
 ‫ا!‪:-N/‬‬
‫‪210‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫→‪Po‬‬ ‫‪206‬‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪Pb + x‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬ ‫‪'  (1‬د
ا!‪: 2!3‬‬
‫‪A=4‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫‪ : '(+‬ا‪'3N‬ظ د ا‪210 = 206 + A :
(N8‬‬
‫‪Z =2‬‬ ‫⇐‬ ‫ا(‪H‬ظ ‪%‬د ا‪84 = 82 + Z :
C‬‬
‫إذن ا‪
PN%‬ا‪
2$‬ه) د‪ α
PN‬وه) اة ام ‪. 2 He :‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪#‬د
ا‪82 Pb + 2 He : 1H‬‬

‫‪Po→ 206‬‬
‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪84‬‬

‫‪-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪(
2$? (2‬ل ‪:‬‬
‫‪210‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪Po→ 206‬‬
‫‪82 Pb + 2 He‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫‪E = ∆m.c 2 = [(m( Pb) + m( He) − m( Po)].c 2 = [(206,0385 + 4,0039 − 210,0482)]u × c 2 ≈ −5,8 × 10 −3 u × c 2‬‬
‫‪= −5,8 × 10 −3 × 1,66 × 10 −27 Kg × [3.10 8 m / s ] ≈ 8,67 × 10 −13 J‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪(-3‬ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ‪ ln a‬ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ‪ t‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻻ ﳝﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﺳﺎﻟﺐ ‪).‬ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺗﻮﺏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺻﻞ ‪.6,9‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪ln a = k .t + 6,9 :‬‬
‫‪(ln a) B − (ln a) A‬‬ ‫‪6,9 − 5,9‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪= −5 × 10 −3 Jours −1‬‬
‫‪tB − t A‬‬ ‫‪(0 − 200) J‬‬

‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪e ln a = e ( −5.10‬‬ ‫)‪t +6,9‬‬
‫ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎﺭﻳﺜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ln a = −5.10 −3.t + 6,9‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪e a +b = e a × e b‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪a = e ( −5.10‬‬ ‫) ‪t +6,9‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪a = 992 × e − 5 .10‬‬
‫‪−3‬‬
‫‪a = e 6,9 × e −5.10‬‬ ‫إذن‪:‬‬
‫‪.t‬‬ ‫‪.t‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﳒﺪ ‪λ = 5.10 −3 Jours −1 :‬‬ ‫‪a = ao.e−λ.t‬‬ ‫‪ (4‬ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫‪ :‬ا‪%$ 9"$‬ة ا‪2‬م ‪= s ≈ 138 Jours :‬‬
‫= ‪t1 / 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪5.10 Jours −1‬‬ ‫‪−3‬‬

‫‪---------------------------------------------------------------------‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﲟﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻧﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﳊﻈﺔ ‪ t‬ﻫﻮ ‪N = N O e − λ .t :‬‬
‫‪mo‬‬
‫= ‪NO‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ mo‬ﻫﻮ ‪.N A :‬‬
‫‪M‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪N‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻯ ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ‪ m‬ﻫﻮ ‪.N A :‬‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫=‪λ‬‬ ‫‪ m = mo e − λ .t‬ﻣﻊ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻹﺧﺘﺰﺍﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻭﱃ‪.N A = o .N A .e − λ .t :‬‬
‫‪t1 / 2‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ln 2‬‬ ‫‪ln 2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪×t‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪×1‬‬
‫‪m = mo e‬‬ ‫‪= 10 g × e‬‬ ‫‪t1 / 2‬‬
‫‪≈ 9,95 g‬‬ ‫‪138‬‬

‫أي أ‪ #
 %? 1H Q 7‬ا‪ #F‬ى ‪ 0,05 g‬أي ‪ 50mg‬ن ‪:V#‬د ‪ :‬ا‪2 9"$‬م ‪84 Po‬‬
‫‪210‬‬

‫‪P‬رب ‪. '0+ 140‬‬

‫‪6666666666666666666666666666666666‬‬
‫‪SBIRO ABDELKRIM‬‬ ‫‪MAIL : sbiabdou@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫‪9‬‬