CURRICULUM AND

INSTRUCTION
WEEK 2

Curriculum Development
In developing a curriculum (or course) we
are faced with three major decisions or
questions:
1)WHAT TO TEACH?? (PLANNING)
2)HOW TO TEACH IT??

(IMPLEMENTATION)
3)HOW TO EVALUATE IT?? (EVALUATION)

Identify philosophy,
vision and mission
PLANNING

Setting goals
and objectives
Designing curriculum

CURRICULUM
IMPLEMENTATION

Implementing
curriculum
Managing resources

Making evaluation
EVALUATION
Redesigning
curriculum

Models of Curriculum
Development
The Tylers / Objectives Model
2) The Interaction / Dynamic Model
3) Tabas Model
4) Contemporary Model
1)

Tylers / Objectives Model

1)
2)
3)
4)

Ralph Tyler (1950)

The most common model in the field of
curriculum development
4 stages:
Objectives
Content
Method
Evaluation

Tylers / Objectives Model

OBJECTIVES

CONTENT

METHOD

EVALUATION

State the aims and objectives of the program

Select the content/subject matter to help students

achieve the objectives

Decide on the method to organize and present

the content

Determine the method to measure the extent

objectives are being achieved

Tylers / Objectives Model

1) Objectives
Should be based on an analysis from:
- the student as a learner
- the contemporary life outside the school
(society)

- specialists in the various subjects

Tylers / Objectives Model

1) Objectives
Identified need to be screened and reduces
to a small number of:
- consistent, highly important objectives
- be in line with the educational philosophy
and aims
- psychology of learning

Tylers / Objectives Model

1) Objectives
Should
- specify precisely what is supposed to be
learned accurate assessment
- specify the changes to be brought about
in the students attainment of objective

Tylers / Objectives Model

2) Content
Determine learning experiences that might
lead to the attainment of the stated
objectives
It should be:
- relevant, adequate
- balanced in term of breadth and depth

Tylers / Objectives Model

3) Method
Organize the subject matter or experience
Principles of organization:
a) Principles of Continuity
- important objectives need to be repeated
time and again in different ways so that
they are learned thouroughly

Tylers / Objectives Model

b) Principles of Sequence
- Successive learning experience should
build on one another, taking students more
deeply into the subject each time
c) Principles of Integration
- Learning experiences ought to be
coherently and constructively related to
one another

Tylers / Objectives Model

4) Evaluation
To determine whether the curriculum is
achieving the desired results
Involves an appraisal of the students
actual behaviour
Should be carried out at several different
times to secure evidence of the
permanence of the learning achied

Tylers / Objectives Model

4) Evaluation
Variety methods tests, work samples,
questionnaires, records..
Formative vs. summative
Results should be used to:
- indicate strengths and weaknesses of the
program
- plan for revision

Tylers / Objectives Model

Critiques / weaknesses:
1) Too rigid
2) Govern by objectives
3) Linear step by step tedious process