A major advantage of these techniques is that no communication
means are needed and simple implementation into digital protective relays or digital fault recorders is possible.
The fault location algorithms could be more accurate if more
information about the system were available. Therefore, if communication channels are available, then the two-end fault location methods (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) may be used. The two-end technique offers improved fault location determination, without any assumptions and information regarding the external networks such as impedances of the equivalent sources. In this way, if the two-terminal technique can be applied, the compensation for the reactance effect becomes immaterial.
When formulating the fault location algorithm in terms of phasors of
the measured quantities, such alignment is done by multiplying all the unsynchronised (the superscript: asynchr.) phasors from terminal S by the synchronisation operator exp( j), as for example, in the case of positive-sequence voltage (likewise for the remaining phasors of signals from terminal S):
where is unknown synchronisation angle.
In general, the synchronisation angle can be: measured from the pre-fault quantities eliminated by mathematical manipulations calculated with processing the fault quantities