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One End

A major advantage of these techniques is that no communication


means are needed and simple implementation into digital protective
relays or digital fault recorders is possible.

The fault location algorithms could be more accurate if more


information about the
system were available. Therefore, if communication channels are
available, then the
two-end fault location methods (Figs. 2.2 and 2.3) may be used. The
two-end technique offers improved fault location determination,
without any assumptions and information regarding the external
networks such as impedances of the equivalent sources. In this way, if
the two-terminal technique can be applied, the compensation for the
reactance effect becomes immaterial.

When formulating the fault location algorithm in terms of phasors of


the measured quantities, such alignment is done by multiplying all the
unsynchronised (the superscript: asynchr.) phasors from terminal S by
the synchronisation operator exp( j), as for example, in the case of
positive-sequence voltage (likewise for the remaining
phasors of signals from terminal S):

where is unknown synchronisation angle.


In general, the synchronisation angle can be:
measured from the pre-fault quantities
eliminated by mathematical manipulations
calculated with processing the fault quantities

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