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Stripping is the operation that is in the opposite direction to the absorption, in which one or
more gaseous components in a liquid stream is
removed from the gas-liquid solution by being
vaporised into an insoluble gas stream
Absorption can be
physical, when the solute is dissolved into
the solvent because it has higher solubility
in the solvent than other gases
chemical, when the solute reacts with the
solvent, and the resulting product still remains in the solvent
Normally, a reversible reaction between
the solute and the solvent is preferred, in
order for the solvent to be regenerated
()
Similar to the distillation, both absorption and
stripping are operated as equilibrium stage operations, in which liquid and vapour are in contact
with each other
3
The resulting saturated solvent is, subsequently, passed through a stripper (or a stripping column), in which the gaseous component in the
saturated solvent is stripped off by a stripping gas
(e.g., steam)
F =C -P +2 = 3-2 +2 = 3
(8.1)
where
PB = partial pressure of the solute B in the
yB =
PB
Ptotal
(8.2)
(8.3)
Combining Eq. 8.3 with Eq. 8.1 and re-arranging the resulting equation gives
yB =
HB
Ptotal
xB
(8.4)
As we have assumed previously that the system is isobaric [which results in the fact the systems pressure (Ptotal ) is constant], Eq. 8.4, which
is an equilibrium equation for absorption and
HB
Ptotal
10
We have learned previously from the distillation operation that if the operating line is linear,
it would be easy to use
(8.5)
GN = GN -1 = ... = G1 = G
(8.6)
In other words,
the liquid flow rate (L ) must be the molar
or mass flow rate of a non-volatile solvent
the gas flow rate (G ) must be the molar or
or
moles of solute B (in the gas phase)
yB =
moles of carrier gas A
+ moles of solute B
and
moles of solute B (in the liquid phase)
xB =
total moles of a solution
or
moles of solute B (in the liquid phase)
xB =
moles of a solvent
+ moles of solute B
have to be modified to
14
moles of solute B
YB =
moles of pure carrier gas A
moles of solute B
XB =
moles of pure solvent
The relationships between YB and yB and between X B and x B can be written as follows
yB
YB =
XB =
1 - yB
xB
1 - xB
(8.7)
(8.8)
15
(8.9)
L
L
= X j + Y1 - Xo
G
G
(8.10)
L
the slope of
G
the Y-intercept of Y1 -
L
Xo
G
L
YN +1 , Y1 , and
are generally known
G
Note that the operating line in the McCabeThiele diagram for absorption is above the equilibrium line
18
19
The following Example illustrates how to calculate the required number of equilibrium stages
for the absorption operation
20
L
liquid flow rate
G
min
21
y=
H
x
Ptotal
22
(8.4)
gives
876
y=
x = 87.6x
10
(8.11)
0.0001
0.00876
0.0004
0.0350
0.0006
0.0526
0.0008
0.0701
0.0010
0.0876
0.0012
0.1051
23
x
0.0001
X=
=
0.0001
1-x
1 - 0.0001
For y = 0.00876:
Y =
y
0.00876
=
0.00884
1 - y 1 - 0.00876
0.0001
0.00884
0.0004
0.0363
0.0006
0.0555
0.0008
0.0754
0.0010
0.0960
0.0012
0.1175
24
moles of CO
2
=
moles of N
2
inlet
0.10
=
= 0.11
0.90
Y1 =
moles of N
2
outlet
26
0.008
=
= 0.0089
0.90
Since pure water is used as the solvent, it results in the fact that x o = 0 , which means that
Xo = 0
) (
L
The
G
min
0.1400
0.1200
X = 0.0007
X = 0.00105
YN+1 = 0.11
0.1000
0.0800
0.0600
actual
operating line
(L/G)min line
0.0400
0.0200
equilibrium line
(0, 0.0089)
0.0000
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
L
The slope of the
G
min
is found to be 97.2
L
1.5
G
min
28
L
at the point 0, 0.0089 as per the
G
line
min
Y1 -YN +1
X N - Xo
(0.11 - 0.0089)
(X
- 0)
X N 0.0007
29
) (
and
) (
0.0007
30
31
L
L
= X j + Y1 - Xo
G
G
(8.10)
As mentioned earlier, the value of Xo is normally given, as it is the inlet concentration of the
feed (the gas-liquid mixture)
34
35
36
37
PV = nRT
nRT
V =
P
( )
ft
psia
(
)
1
lb-mol
10.73
(
)
(140 + 460) R
lb-mol)(R )
V =
(14.7 psia )
38
V = 438 ft3
In other words, we can say that the specific
volume (v ) of N2 is
V
438 ft3
ft3
v=
=
= 438
m 1 lb-mol
lb-mol
ft3
2, 500
h = 5.71 lb-mol
h
ft3
438
lb-mol
The flow rate of the carbonated water is given
as 100,000 lbm/h
39
40
41
V = 5.71 lb-mol-h
L = 5,549 lb-mol-h
yout = y1 = ??
V = 5.71 lb-mol-h
L = 5,549 lb-mol-h
yin = yN+1 = 0
xout = xN = 2 10-7
(8.12)
gives
y1 0.00875
42
-7
+
5,
549
2
10
(
)
1
y=
atm
3, 410
(mole fraction)
1 atm
y = 3, 410x
43
By drawing the operating line and the equilibrium line on the same McCabe-Thiele diagram,
yCO2
0.0250
0.0200
0.0150
0.0100
0.0050
0.0000
0.000000
0.000002
0.000004
0.000006
xCO2
44
0.000008
0.000010
0.000012
45
For the dilute situation described above, Figure 8.2 (on Page 13), which is on X and Y basis
can be replaced by Figure 8.6
Figure 8.6: A gas absorption when the concentration of a solute in both gas and liquid phases
are low
(from Separation Process Engineering by Wankat, 2007)
46
For a dilute absorber, the operating line is similar to that of the normal absorption operation
Thus, the operating line for the dilute absorption can be written as follows
y j +1
L
L
= x j + y1 - xo
V
V
47
(8.13)
y j = mx j + b
(8.14)
HB
Ptotal
xj
HB
Ptotal
b=0
An analytical solution for the absorption operation can be derived for 2 special cases:
When the operating and equilibrium lines
L
= m ), as
V
49
For the case that the operating and equilibrium lines are parallel to each other or when
L
= m , we obtain the fact, for the absorber with
V
N equilibrium stages, that
yN +1 - y1 = N Dy
where
50
(8.15)
Dy = y j +1 - y j
(8.16)
in which
y j +1 is obtained from the operating line
(Eq. 8.13)
y j is obtained from the equilibrium line
(Eq. 8.14)
51
Dy = - m x j + y1 - x o - b
V
(8.17)
L
= m , Eq. 8.17 becomes
Since, in this case,
V
L
Dy = y1 - xo - b = constant
V
(8.18)
Note that Eq. 8.18 is true because the operating and equilibrium lines are parallel to each
52
(8.18)
yN +1 - y1 = N Dy
(8.15)
N y1 - xo - b = yN +1 - y1
V
N =
yN +1 - y1
L
y - x - b
1 V o
(8.19)
L
tion, when
=m
V
or L = 1
mV
53
L
For the case where
< m (see Figure 8.8 on
V
Page 51), Dy is no longer constant or Dy varies
from stage to stage
(8.14)
results in
xj =
yj -b
m
(8.20)
Dy = - m x j + y1 - x o - b
V
(8.17)
and re-arranging for Dy of the stages j and j + 1
yields
54
(Dy )
L
L
=
- 1 y j + y1 b - x o
mV
mV
V
(8.21)
and
(Dy )
j +1
L
L
=
- 1 y j +1 + y1 b - x o
mV
mV
V
(8.22)
(Dy )
j +1
L
=
Dy )
(
j
mV
(8.23)
(8.24)
By employing Eq. 8.23, we obtain the fact
that, e.g.,
(Dy )
(Dy )
L
=
Dy )
(
1
mV
L
=
Dy )
(
2
mV
(8.25)
(8.26)
(Dy )
L
=
mV
(Dy )
Dy )
(
1
mV
L
(Dy )
=
1
mV
(8.27)
(Dy )
j +1
L
(Dy )
=
1
mV
(8.28)
(8.24)
we obtain the following equation:
2
N -1
L L
L
yN +1 - y1 = 1 +
+
+ ... +
Dy1
mV mV
mV
(8.29)
57
1 -
mV
yN +1 - y1
=
L
Dy1
1 -
mV
(8.30)
(Dy )
j +1
L
Dy )
(
j
mV
(8.23)
(Dy )
L
=
Dy )
(
o
mV
(8.31)
(8.32)
(Dy )
L
y1 - y1*
=
mV
(8.33)
yN +1 - y1
L
y1 - y1*
mV
1 -
mV
=
L
1 -
mV
N +1
L
L
-
yN +1 - y1
mV mV
=
*
L
y1 - y1
1 -
mV
(8.34)
59
y
mV
mV
1
N +1
+
ln 1
y - y *
L
L
1
1
N =
mV
ln
L
(8.35)
L
L
m or
1
V
mV
L
1
mV
60
N +1
yN +1 - y1
y1 - y
*
1
*
N +1
*
1
yN +1 - y
y1 - y
L L
-
mV mV
L
1 -
mV
N
L
=
mV
61
(8.37)
(8.36)
*
y
y
N +1
N +1
ln
*
y1 - y1
N =
L
ln
mV
*
y
y
N +1
N +1
ln
*
y1 - y1
N =
y
y
( N +1
1)
ln *
*
yN +1 - y1
(8.34)
(8.38)
x
x
L
L
N
o
+
ln 1 x - x * mV
mV
N
N =
mV
ln
L
(8.39)
x - x *
N
ln N
*
x
x
o
o
N =
x * - x *
N
ln o
x o - x N
mV
1
L
x N - x N*
=
N +1
*
xo - x N
mV
1 -
L
62
(8.40)
(8.41)
xN - x
xo - x
*
N
where x =
*
N
*
o
=
mV
yN +1 - b
m
(8.42)
*
o
and x =
y1 - b
m
63
64
( )
psia
ft
(
)
1
lb-mol
10.73
(
)
(60 + 459.67 ) R
lb-mol)(R )
=
(14.7 psia )
V = 379 ft3
65
=
18.02
0.1
in waste water: x o =
= 0.001
100
The inlet concentration of NH3 in the
stripping gas or air: yN +1 = y7 = 0 (as the
air is ammonia-free)
m = 1.414 and b = 0 [from the given
*
N
mV
1 -
L
N +1
mV
1 -
L
67
(8.41)
x =
yN +1 - b
m
which yields
0-0
x =
=0
1.414
we obtain the value of the outlet concentration
*
N
mV
1
*
L
x N - x N* =
x
x
o
N
N +1
mV
1 -
L
1 - (1.414)(1.43)
(0.0010 - 0)
xN - 0 =
+
6
1
1 - (1.414)(1.43)
68