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STATOR LIFE OF A POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

DOWN-HOLE DRILLING MOTOR


Majid S. Delpassand
R&M Energy Systems
A Unit of Robbins & Myers, Inc.
Conroe, Texas

F
G
H
N
P

ABSTRACT
The power section of a positive displacement drill
motor (PDM) consists of a steel rotor and a tube
with a molded elastomeric lining (stator). Power
section failures are typically due to the failure of the
stator elastomer. Stator life depends on many
factors such as design, materials of construction,
and down hole operating conditions. This paper
focuses on the stator failure mechanisms and factors
affecting stator life. An analytical method for
predicting the effect of various design and operating
parameters on the strain state and heat build-up
within elastomers is discussed.

Q
SP

T
Vc
W

tan

The effect of parameters such as rotor/stator design,


down hole temperature, drilling fluid, stator
elastomer properties, motor speed, and motor
differential pressure on the stator life is discussed.
Non-linear finite element analysis is used to
perform thermal and structural analysis on the stator
elastomer. Data from laboratory accelerated life
tests on power section stators is presented to
demonstrate the effect of operating conditions on
stator life.

loading frequency [Hz]


elastic modulus [psi]
hysteresis heat [BTU/hr-ft3]
number of rotor lobes
differential pressure across the
power section [dpsi]
flow rate [gpm]
slip or blow-by of fluid past seal lines.
A function of differential pressure across
adjacent cavities. [number between 0 and 1]
torque [ft-lb]
cavity volume; stator pitch x pumping
area [in3]
rotor speed [rpm]
strain [in/in]
ratio of viscous to elastic modulus

BACKGROUND
Mud Motor Power Section
The power section of a positive displacement drill
motor (PDM) converts the hydraulic energy of high
pressure drilling fluid to mechanical energy in the
form of torque output for the drill bit. A power
section consists of a helical-shaped rotor and stator.
The rotor is typically made of steel and is either
chrome plated or coated for wear resistance. The

NOMENCLATURE

stator is a heat-treated steel tube lined with a


helical-shaped elastomeric insert. Figure 1 is a
cross-sectional view of a typical power section.

two positions of a power section rotor within its


corresponding stator.

LOBE
CAVITIES

Figure 1.

Cross-Sectional View of a 4:5 Lobe


Power Section.

Figure 3.

Rotor with Lobe A Fully Inserted


in Stator Lobe.

Figure 4.

Rotor Position Rotated Approximately


20 Degrees from Position in Figure 3.

As shown in Figure 2, the rotors have one less lobe


than the stators and when the two are assembled, a
series of cavities is formed along the helical curve
of the power section. Each of the cavities is sealed
from adjacent cavities by seal lines. Seal lines are
formed along the contact line between the rotor and
stator and are critical to power section performance
as will be discussed later.
ROTORS

STATORS

Figure 2.

During drilling operations, high pressure fluid is


pumped into the top end of the power section where
it fills the first set of open cavities. The pressure
differential across two adjacent cavities forces the
rotor to turn and as this occurs, adjacent cavities are
opened allowing the fluid to flow progressively
down the length of the power section. Opening and
closing of the cavities occur in a continuous,
pulsationless manner causing the rotor to rotate at a
speed that is proportional to drilling fluid flow rate
(Equation 1). This action converts fluid hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy. As shown in
Equation 2, the torque of a power section is
proportional to cavity volume and differential
pressure across the power section.

Various Lobe Configurations.

The centerline of the rotor is offset from the center


of the stator by a fixed value known as the
eccentricity of the power section. When the rotor
turns inside the stator, its center moves in a circular
motion about the center of the stator. Rotation of
the rotor about its own axis occurs simultaneously
but it is opposite to the rotation of the rotor center
about the stator center. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate

W = [231*Q/ (N * Vc)]*SP

(1)

T = (N*Vc*P)/24

(2)

The pressure rating is the differential pressure at


which a power section should operate to achieve
optimum stator life. However, it is not uncommon
during aggressive drilling to run power sections
well above the maximum pressure rating. In many
cases users will target operation at differential
pressures just below stalling conditions. This
practice does result in significant reduction of stator
life.

Cavity volume is purely a function of power section


design. As shown above, it is defined as pumping
(cavity cross sectional) area multiplied by stator
pitch.
Moineau theory defines the maximum
pumping area that can be obtained within a given
stator tube diameter. Power section speed is
inversely proportional to stator pitch length. Figure
5 illustrates the effect of pitch length on rotor speed
at a given fluid flow rate.
1

Slip is caused when high pressure fluid blows by


rotor and stator seal lines. Slip results in power
section speed reduction and is defined as the percent
reduction in rotor speed below maximum theoretical
for a given flowrate.
The following table
summarizes the impact of different design and
operating parameters on power section slip.

4:5 LOBE

NORMALIZED
ROTOR SPEED

0.8
0.6

Table I. Parameters Affecting Slip.

0.4

Parameter
Pressure differential increase
Compression fit increase
Rubber modulus increase
Flow rate increase
Rotor/Stator wear
Stator expansion due to
temperature or chemical swell

0.2
0
1

NORMALIZED STATOR PITCH

Figure 5.

Reduction in Rotor Speed with


Increasing Stator Pitch.

Pressure Rating and Slip


The recommended differential pressure of a power
section is the summation of the pressure ratings for
each individual stage. Although the definition of a
stage is somewhat arbitrary, it is typically defined as
one pitch length of the stator. The pressure
differential rating for an individual stage generally
ranges from 100 to 300 dpsi and depends on number
of lobes, pitch length, compression fit, and
elastomer physical properties. For a power section,
at otherwise identical conditions, higher pressure
per stage usually means lower stator life. This will
be discussed later.

Effect on Slip
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
No change
Increase
Decrease

During drilling, differential pressure and slip


increase as the load on the bit increases. This causes
the rotor speed to slow down until at some point
above maximum rated pressure, the power section
stalls. Once the motor is stalled, all drilling fluid
blows by the seal lines. The differential pressure at
which stall is reached can be increased by
increasing compression fit between the rotor and
stator. Figure 6 shows the impact of a large fit
variation on power section speed and torque output.
If the rotor-stator fit becomes too tight, stator life
will be significantly reduced. Optimal fit provides a
slip efficiency that is a compromise of stall margin
at maximum rated pressure and stator life.

1
0.9
0.8

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

TORQUE

0.2
0.1

TIGHT

0.2

LOOSE

0.1

TORQUE (FT-LB)

SPEED

0.8

NORMALIZED TORQUE

NORMALIZED ROTOR SPEED

1
0.9

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

INCREASING
FLOWRATE
0

0
0

EFFECTIVE P
OFF-BOTTOM
PRESSURE
LOSSES

100

200

300

400

500

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (PSI)

NORMALIZED DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

Figure 6.

Figure 8.

Effect of Fit on Power Section


Performance.

Figure 8 shows that torque output of a power


section increases essentially linearly with increasing
differential pressure across a power section. The
pressure losses shown are the combined effects of
flow losses in the entrance region of the power
section and of frictional losses between the rotor
and stator. The losses are quantified as the
differential pressure required to start the rotor
turning and are dependent on drilling fluid flowrate.
In the example above, the losses range from 50 psi
at the lowest flowrate to 120 psi at the highest
flowrate. The differential pressure needed for startup does not contribute to torque generation by the
power section. For example, if a power section is
operated at 400 psi differential pressure and the
start-up differential pressure is 100 psi, the
differential pressure that is effectively generating
power is 300 psi.

Figures 7 and 8 are performance charts for a typical


power section. As the load on bit is increased, the
differential pressure across the power section and
torque output increase while the rotor speed
decreases. The full load curve represents the
maximum recommended differential pressure at
which the power section should be operated. Note
that the pressure rating decreases as flow rate and
rotor speed increase. The reason for derating a
power section is to achieve longer life. This will be
explained in more detail later.

ROTOR SPEED
(RPM)

250
200

MAX P
LINE

INCREASING
FLOWRATE

150
100
50

FAILURE MECHANISMS
One of the most challenging aspects of utilizing
power sections for drilling operations is
understanding and predicting failure. Power section
failures are primarily due to destruction of the stator
elastomer. Rotor failures due to wear or chemical
attack are rare compared to stator failures and are
not discussed in this paper. Elastomer failures may
be classified as those which result in a reduction in
performance and those which are catastrophic. In

0
0

100

200

300

400

500

DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (PSI)

Figure 7.

Typical Power Section Performance.

Typical Power Section Performance.

many cases continued operation under conditions of


reduced performance will lead to catastrophic
failure. Each type of failure may be caused by a
variety of reasons. In the following sections, key
stator failure mechanisms and the factors that
influence them are categorized.

number of power section lobes increases, fatigue


life decreases because the loading frequency
increases. One method for compensating for this is
to reduce rotor speed. At high loading frequencies,
the strain and strain rates on the elastomer will be
sufficient to promote the initiation and propagation
of microscopic cracks in the stator lobes. This
phenomenon, known as fatigue crack growth,
occurs under high strain and strain rate depending
on the elastomer tear strength and strain energy
release rate. If the elastomer is subjected to strain
below the critical level, the onset of fatigue crack
growth may not occur even at very high frequencies.
However, at strains above the critical level, cracks
will initiate in the high strain region, usually in the
bottom of the stator lobes, and the crack growth rate
will depend on the cyclic rate of loading. Figure 10
illustrates failure of a stator operated above the
critical strain level for a given loading frequency.

Mechanical and Fatigue


Mechanical failure of the stator elastomer occurs
when the elastomer is overloaded beyond its stress
and strain limits. Any number of the following
factors may contribute to premature stator
mechanical failures: 1) excessive pressure during
aggressive drilling operations; 2) repeated stalling;
or 3) high compression fit between rotor and stator.
Each of these factors results in overstrain of the
stator lobes beyond their mechanical limits. Figure
9 is an illustration of a stator that failed under high
mechanical loading.
In some cases, power section stators can fail due to
fatigue at mechanical loading conditions well below
the rubber tear strength.

FATIGUE
CRACKS AT
BOTTOM
OF LOBES

Figure 10.
Figure 9.

Chunked Stator Due to Overpressure.

Thermal and Hysteresis Failures


Thermal failures occur when stator elastomer
temperature exceeds its rated temperature for a
prolonged duration.
Stator elastomer physical
properties usually weaken as temperature increases.
The weakening of the elastomer properties results in
shortened stator life. High elastomer temperatures

Fatigue failures are the result of high cyclic loading


on the stator elastomer due to rotor speed. Equation
3 defines the loading frequency for a power section
stator.
F = (RPM/60)* N

Failed Stator Due to Fatigue


Crack Growth.

(3)

The cyclic loading simply defines the number of


times a stator lobe is flexed in a unit of time. As the

may be due to down-hole temperature, hysteresis


heat, or the combination of both.
Exposure to the down-hole temperature will cause
the stator elastomer to expand which tightens
compression fit. Degradation of elastomer physical
properties will occur if the down-hole temperature
is above the temperature rating of the elastomer.
Hysteresis heat generation is due to repeated flexing
of the stator lobes by the rotor and the pressurized
fluid.
Because elastomers are visco-elastic
materials, a portion of the flexing energy is
converted into thermal energy. Equation 4 from
Reference 1 can be used to estimate hysteresis heat
generation within elastomers.
H = 2100* G * tan *2 * F

(4)

The location of peak hysteresis heat build-up is near


the center of the stator lobes. The strain in this
region combined with the low thermal conductivity
of elastomers result in this heat build-up. Figure 11
shows the temperature distribution within a typical
stator due to hysteresis heat build-up. Note the 30
degree F temperature build-up due to hysteresis.
The heat build-up increases as power section speed,
pressure differential, or compression fit is increased.
The maximum temperature within the stator may
exceed the elastomers temperature rating, even if
the down-hole temperature is well within the
operating limits of the stator. Therefore, at elevated
down-hole temperatures, power section life may be
prolonged if the power sections are operated at slow
speed or low differential pressure.

Figure 11.

Hysteresis Heat Build-up Within


Stator Elastomer.

In all the cases described above, the result of


elastomer temperature exceeding its temperature
rating is: 1) the reduction of elastomer physical
properties; and 2) the expansion of the elastomer
which tightens rotor/stator compression fit. The
combined thermal and mechanical effects
significantly reduce stator life. Using an oversize
stator is one method for compensating for increased
fit due to elastomer expansion.
Chemicals and Aromatics
Drilling fluids are composed of many different
chemicals and are uniquely designed to improve
drilling penetration rate, prevent formation damage,
allow easy clean-up, and facilitate other drilling
requirements. Some of the chemicals, synthetic
oils, or aromatics used in drilling fluids weaken the
rubber molecular chain resulting in reduction in
rubber physical properties and shrinkage or swell.
Weakening of the rubber combined with a change in
compression fit due to shrinkage or swell will
accelerate stator failure. Figure 12 shows an

example of change in elastomer properties when


exposed to a common drilling fluid at 4000 psi and
300 degrees F. Discussions related to the elastomer
compatibility with various drilling fluids is outside
the scope of this paper.

is too loose or too tight. Figure 13 shows the


normalized data obtained in the lab.

NORMALIZED
STATOR LIFE

% LOSS IN PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES

4000 psi at 300 Deg F


60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Nitrile

0.6
0.4
0.2

HNBR
0
0

0.5

1.5

NORMALIZED OPTIMUM COMPRESSION FIT

Drilling
Fluid 1

Figure 12.

0.8

Drilling
Fluid 2

Figure 13.

Effect of Drilling Fluid on


Elastomer Properties.

Stator Life is Reduced if Compression


Fit is Too Loose or Too Tight.

In cases where the interference is lower than


optimal, power section efficiency drops due to
slippage of high pressure fluid between cavities and
stator life decreases due to increased susceptibility
to stalls and stator wear.

STATOR LIFE OPTIMIZATION


Stator life is critical to all drilling operations. In
order to achieve optimum life, stators must be
designed and operated with knowledge of the
factors that influence life. The following section
describes these factors and how each is accounted
for in design practices to optimize power section
life.

The power section design process involves selecting


a compression fit that will provide optimal stator
life at a specific down-hole temperature. Fit
selection is made based on test data, field data, and
experience.
Design parameters such as lobe
configuration, stator pitch, and elastomer type are
also considered in the fit selection process.

Rotor/Stator Interference Fit


Interference (compression) fit is probably the most
critical factor that determines stator life. Optimum
fit provides a balance between frictional losses,
power section efficiency, and stator life. If the
interference is higher than optimal, power section
efficiency increases because of reduced fluid slip
between cavities (see Figure 6).
At high
interference, frictional losses and rubber strain
increase dramatically, and stator life is degraded due
to high strain conditions. Laboratory tests show that
stator life is significantly reduced if compression fit

After the power section design process has been


completed and rotors and stators have been
manufactured, proper rotor/stator fit must be
selected depending on the drilling conditions.
Power section manufacturers offer various rotor and
stator sizes to accommodate fit selection for
different applications. For example, a standard
rotor and stator may be used at a circulating
temperature of 150 degrees F while a standard rotor
and an oversize (OS) stator is used to achieve the
same performance and stator life at 250 degrees F.

Oversize stators are also utilized when using drilling


fluids that are known to cause elastomer swell.

plasticizers. Rubber compound formulations are


proprietary to power section manufacturers and are
designed to address different applications.

Accurate measurements of rotor and stator sizes are


important in power section fit selection. Variations
in stator sizes of as little as 0.005-0.010 inches can
result in significant changes in performance and
stator life. Accurate measurement of stator profile
size and shape is extremely difficult because: 1)
there are size changes with variations in ambient
temperature and humidity; 2) the internal geometry
of the stator is complex; 3) the elastomer flexes
during measurement; and 4) measurement
techniques vary. Most manufacturers of power
sections provide rotor and stator dimensions so that
the operators can match the rotor and stator to
achieve the desired fit for the particular application.

The majority of stator elastomer properties are


determined by the base polymer used in the
compound. All nitrile polymers are prepared with
varying ratios of ACN. The amount of oil and
solvent resistance is based on the ACN content of
the polymer. Compounds with 25 to 35 percent
ACN content are medium, and compounds with
35 to 50 percent ACN are known as high ACN
compounds.
Hydrogenated nitriles (HNBR) are produced by
introducing hydrogen to dissolved nitrile elastomers
to improve its physical properties. The HNBR
properties that are most relevant to power section
stators are high tensile strength, high modulus
retention at elevated temperatures, high hot tear
resistance, improved oil and solvent resistance over
NBRs, and heat resistance. The hydrogenation level
of an HNBR varies from 80 to 99 percent. HNBRs
with 90 percent or higher hydrogenation are
sometimes referred to as Highly Saturated Nitriles
or HSN.

Operating Conditions
Running a power section at or below maximum
recommended pressure is the primary operational
consideration that must be made to maximize stator
life. Excessive differential pressure during drilling
causes extreme deformation of the stator lobes
resulting in premature mechanical failures.
Consideration must also be made during drilling
operations for rotor speed. As shown in Figure 7,
the differential pressure rating for a power section
decreases as rotor speed (flow rate) increases. The
reason power section pressure differential is
derated with increasing rotor speed is to offset the
effect of increased rubber strain rates. If the
maximum pressure rating is not derated at high
rotor speed, stator life will be reduced.

A stator rubber compound is designed for different


drilling applications. Typically, HSNs are used for
high temperature applications and high ACN
compounds are used for applications with more
aromatic oil-based drilling fluids. Compound design
will determine rubber properties such as tensile
strength, hysteresis heat build-up, fatigue life, and
modulus retention all of which are critical to a
power sections operation and life.

Elastomers
Power section stators are commonly made with
nitriles (NBR) because of their excellent physical
properties and oil resistance. Nitrile rubbers (NBR)
are manufactured by copolymerization of butadiene
with acrylonitrile (ACN). Typical stator rubber
compound consists of a nitrile base polymer,
reinforcing materials, curatives, accelerators, and

ANALYTICAL MODELLING
The following section describes a method for
predicting stator life under various operational
conditions. The results may be used as a guideline
to maximize stator life.
Analytical technique for stator life prediction

To conduct FEA, geometrical and thermal boundary


conditions must be simulated. The structural
boundary conditions imposed on the stator
elastomer are compression fit between the rotor and
stator, hydraulic pressure across the stator lobes
from the drilling fluid, and elastomer-to-tube bond.
Radial forces caused by the eccentric motion of the
rotor can be ignored for smaller power sections.

A non-linear finite element analysis (FEA) approach


can be used to predict the elastomer strain levels of
a typical power section with various interference
fits, at different operational and down-hole
conditions, and for different rotor positions within
the stator. The calculated strain state can then be
utilized as input for predicting hysteresis heat buildup within the elastomer. Earlier work (Delpassand,
1995) describes the two-part analysis used to
calculate heat build-up within stator elastomers.
Operating
Conditions

Iterations

The thermal boundary conditions on the stator are


forced convection between the drilling fluid and the
internal surfaces of the stator and the tube outside
wall. Hysteresis heat input to the elastomer is
calculated using Equation 4.

Design
Parameters

Elastomer
Strain and
Strain Rate
Hysteresis
Heat Buildup

Results
The following section provides an example of the
stator life prediction method described above.
Table II lists the selected operating conditions for
the analysis.

Iterations

Table II. Example Operating Conditions.

Mechanical
Strain and
Stress

PARAMETER
Elastomer
Ambient Compression Fit [in]
Circulating Temp [degrees F]
Rotor Speed [rpm]
Differential Pressure per
Stage [psi]

Laboratory
Data
Empirical
Life
Prediction

Figure 14.

Life Prediction Analysis Flow Chart.

Next, empirical data may be employed to determine


the physical property reduction of an elastomer as
temperature increases. Finally, an estimate of stator
life can be made based on the stress and strain of the
elastomer at the temperature generated within the
center of the stator lobes.

Typical Nitrile
0.010
150
250
125

Figure 15 illustrates the predicted strain state in the


elastomer of a 5-lobe stator at the down-hole
operating conditions in Table II and with the rotor
in the top dead center (TDC) position. For the
purpose of analysis, the rotor position which
resulted in the highest strain levels was utilized in
heat generation predictions.

At the strain levels encountered in the stator


elastomer at down-hole conditions, the material
properties are non-linear.
This is shown in
Delpassand (1995). Therefore, use of non-linear
elastomer properties as determined through
laboratory testing is important in order to achieve
accurate results.

temperature within the center of the stator lobes is


30 degrees higher than the circulating temperature.

High strain
region where
fatigue cracks
typically form.

STRAIN ENERGY (KPSI)

Figure 15.

The foregoing figures illustrate the effect of design


and operating conditions on the heat generation
within the elastomer of a stator. Figure 17 shows
the strain-energy capability of a typical nitrile as a
function of elastomer temperature. Strain energy is
defined as the area under the rubber stress-strain
curve.

Strain State with Rotor in TDC


Position. Lighter Sections Show
Higher Strain.

500
Nitrile
400

HNBR

300
200
100
0
150

200

250

300

TEMPERATURE (F)

Figure 17.

Finally, knowledge of elastomer strain energy


reduction due to temperature can be correlated to
stator life. Table III shows an example of stator life
prediction data for a 6.75 diameter 4:5 lobe power
section. In the cases selected, FEA was used to
predict the rubber strain and temperature build-up at
various circulating temperatures, pressures per
stage, and rotor speeds. The predicted maximum
stator temperature was then used in conjunction
with Figure 17 to determine the rubber strain
energy. Finally, the results were correlated with
stator life test data collected under the first set of
conditions in Table III. The analysis does not
include the impact of drilling fluid compatibility or
any other specific operating conditions.

Elastomer
deflection due
to compression.

Figure 16.

Elastomer Strain Energy Capability.

Elastomer Deflection with Rotor


Position 15degrees from TDC.

Figure 16 shows the rubber deflection and strain at


the above conditions but with the rotor positioned
15 degrees from TDC.
Figure 11 illustrates the predicted temperature
distribution within the stator elastomer at the
selected conditions. In the example given, the

10

Table III. Life Prediction For 6.75 4:5 Lobe.


Circulating
Pressure
Temperature per Stage
(F)
(PSI)
150
100
200
200
200
100
250
100

Rotor
Speed
(RPM)
400
400
600
400

Maximum Normalized
Stator
Rubber
Temp (F)
Strain
238
1
344
2.3
332
1.2
338
1.3

Rubber
Strain
Energy
(KPSI)
125
49
52
51

incompatibility, or high temperature. Mechanical


failures occur when the stator elastomer is
overloaded beyond its stress and strain levels.
Excessive pressures, repeated stalls, or too much
compression between rotor and stator result in a
mechanical failure. Fatigue failures occur when
elastomer strains are above critical limits and the
stator lobes are subject to high cyclic loading.
Cracks due to fatigue are often initiated in the
transition between the crests and valleys of the
stator lobes and lead to stator failure. Some of the
chemicals and oils used in drilling fluids change the
physical properties of the stator elastomers.
Weakening of the rubber combined with a change in
the compression fit due to shrinkage or swell will
accelerate stator failure. High temperature is one of
the most important parameters leading to a power
section stator failure. High elastomer temperatures
are due to down-hole conditions, hysteresis heat
build-up, or the combination of both. At elevated
temperatures, elastomer properties are degraded and
all failure modes are accelerated.

Stator Life
Normalized Estimates
(hours)
Stator Life
1
500
0.17
87
0.33
167
0.31
154

The figures 18 and 19 illustrate a few of the test


results recently obtained in the laboratory. The
figures show the effect of rotor speed and
differential pressure on heat build-up within the
elastomer.

ELASTOMER
TEMP (F)

120
4:5 LOBE

110

200 psi

100
100 psi
50 psi

90
80
70

0 psi

60
0

200
400
600
800
ROTOR SPEED (RPM)

1000

In order to maximize stator life, compression fit


between the rotor and stator must be selected for the
down-hole conditions. In addition, power section
differential pressure should be reduced as rotor
speed is increased to maintain stator life. Finally,
the stator elastomer must be carefully selected to
insure compatibility with the drilling fluid.

Figure 18. Heat Generation Due to Rotor Speed.

STATOR TEMP
INCREASE (F)

120
100

7:8 LOBE, 450 GPM

80
60
40
20

TEST DATA

REFERENCES
Delpassand, Majid, 1995, Mud Motor Stator
Temperature Analysis Technique, ASME Drilling
Technology, Book No. H00920.

0
0

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE (PSI)

Figure 19.

Heat Generation Due to


Differential Pressure.

CONCLUSIONS
Power section stators typically fail due to high
mechanical loading, fatigue, drilling fluid

11

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