Electrochemistry Tables Guide

Electrochemistry Tables
P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element
P2: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value
P3: Activity Series of Metals
P4: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials
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The following table provides Eo and Eo values for selected reduction reactions. Values are from the following sources: Bard,
A. J.; Parsons, B.; Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Dekker: New York, 1985; Milazzo, G.; Caroli,
S.; Sharma, V. K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley: London, 1978; Swift, E. H.; Butler, E. A. Quantitative
Measurements and Chemical Equilibria, Freeman: New York, 1972.
Solids, gases, and liquids are identified; all other species are aqueous. Reduction reactions in acidic solution are written using
H+ in place of H3O+. You may rewrite a reaction by replacing H+ with H3O+ and adding to the opposite side of the reaction
one molecule of H2O per H+; thus
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO2 + 2H2O
becomes
H3AsO4 + 2H3O+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO2 + 4H2O
Conditions for formal potentials (Eo) are listed next to the potential.
Aluminum
E (V)
Al3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s)
1.676
Al(OH)4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 4OH
2.310
AlF63 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 6F
2.07
Antimony
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Aluminum
E (V)
Sb + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SbH3(g)
0.510
Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2SbO+ +
0.605
3H2O(l)
SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sb(s) + H2O(l)
0.212
Arsenic
As + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) AsH3(g)
0.225
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO2 +
0.560
2H2O(l)
HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) As(s) +
0.240
2H2O(l)
Barium
Ba2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s)
2.91
BaO(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s) + H2O(l)
2.365
Beryllium
Be2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Be(s)
1.99
Bismuth
Bi3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s)
0.317
BiCl4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s) + 4Cl
0.199
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Aluminum
E (V)
Boron
B(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) +
3H2O(l)
0.890
B(OH)4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) + 4OH
1.811
Bromine
Br2 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Br
1.087
HOBr + H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)
1.341
HOBr + H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)
1.604
BrO + H2O(l) +2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + 2OH
0.76 in 1 M NaOH
BrO3 + 6H+ + 5e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br2(l) + 3H2O
1.5
BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\)Br + 3H2O
1.478
Cadmium
Cd2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s)
0.4030
Cd(CN)42 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4CN
0.943
Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4NH3
0.622
Calcium
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Aluminum
E (V)
Ca2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ca(s)
2.84
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CO(g) +

H2O(l)
0.106
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HCO2H
0.20
2CO2(g) + 2H+ +2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2C2O4
0.481
HCHO + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CH3OH
0.2323
Carbon
Cerium
Ce3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce(s)
2.336
Ce4+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce3+
1.44
Cesium
\[Cs^+(aq) + e^- \rightleftharpoons Cs (s) \]
-2.92
Chlorine
Cl2(g) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cl
1.396
ClO + H2O(l) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\)Cl2(g) + 2OH
0.421 in 1 M NaOH
ClO + H2O(l) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cl + 2OH
0.890 in 1 M NaOH
HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HOCl + H2O
1.64
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Aluminum
E (V)
ClO3 + 2H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO2(g) + H2O
1.175
ClO3 + 3H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\)HClO2 + H2O
1.181
ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO3 + H2O
1.201
ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO3-(aq)

+ 2OH-(aq)
ClO3-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO2-(aq)
+ 2OH-(aq)
ClO2-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO-(aq)
+ 2OH-(aq)
0.17
0.35
0.59
Chromium
Cr3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr2+
0.424
Cr2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)
0.90
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cr3+ +
1.36
7H2O(l)
CrO42 + 4H2O(l) + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\)2Cr(OH)4

+ 4OH
0.13 in 1 M NaOH
Cobalt
Co2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s)
0.277
Co3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co2+
1.92
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Aluminum
E (V)
Co(NH3)63+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(NH3)62+
0.1
Co(OH)3(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(OH)2(s) + OH
0.17
Co(OH)2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s) + 2OH
0.746
Copper
Cu+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)
0.520
Cu2+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu+
0.159
Cu2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)
0.3419
Cu2+ + I +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CuI(s)
0.86
Cu2+ + Cl + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CuCl(s)
0.559
Fluorine
F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2HF
3.053
F2(g) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2F
2.87
\[Ga^{3+} + 3e^ \rightleftharpoons Ga(s)\]
-0.56
Au+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)
1.83
Gallium
Gold
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Aluminum
E (V)
Au3+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au+
1.36
Au3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)
1.52
AuCl4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s) + 4Cl
1.002
Hydrogen
\[2H^+ + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons H_2(g) \]
0.00000
H2O + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2(g) + OH
0.828
Iodine
\[I_2(s) + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons 2I^\]
0.5355
I3 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 3I
0.536
HIO + H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I + H2O(l)
0.985
IO3 + 6H+ + 5e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I2(s) + 3H2O(l)
1.195
IO3+ 3H2O(l) + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I + 6OH
0.257
Iron
Fe2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)
0.44
Fe3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)
0.037
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Aluminum
E (V)
Fe3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe2+
0.771
Fe(CN)63 + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(CN)64
0.356
Fe(phen)63+ +e\(\rightleftharpoons\)Fe(phen)62+
1.147
Lanthanum
La3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) La(s)
2.38
Pb2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s)
0.126
PbO2(s) + 4H+ +2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb2+(aq) +

2H2O(l)
1.46
Lead
PbO2(s) + 4SO42 + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\)
1.690
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
PbSO4(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s) + SO42
0.356
Lithium
Li+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Li(s)
3.040
Magnesium
Mg2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s)
2.356
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s) + 2OH
2.687
Manganese
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Aluminum
E (V)
Mn2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn(s)
1.17
Mn3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn2+
1.5
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn2+ +
1.23
2H2O(l)
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn3+ (aq) +
H2O(I)
MnO4 + 4H+ +3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO2(s) +
0.95
1.70
2H2O(l)
MnO4+ 8H+ + 5e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn2+ + 4H2O(l)

MnO4 + 2H2O(l) + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO2(s) +
4OH
1.51
0.60
Mercury
Hg2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l)
0.8535
2Hg2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg22+
0.911
Hg22+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l)
0.7960
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Cl
0.2682
HgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l) + H2O(l)
0.926
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Aluminum
E (V)
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Br
1.392
Hg2I2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2I
0.0405
Molybdenum
Mo3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s)
0.2
MoO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s) +
0.152
2H2O(l)
MoO42 + 4H2O(l) + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\)Mo(s) +

8OH
0.913
Nickel
Ni2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s)
0.257
Ni(OH)2 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 2OH
0.72
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 6NH3
0.49
Nitrogen
\[N_2(g) + 5H^+ + 4e^ \rightleftharpoons N_2H_5^+\]
0.23
N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) N2(g) + H2O(l)
1.77
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Aluminum
E (V)
2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) N2O(g) +
1.59
H2O(l)
HNO2 + H+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g) + H2O(l)
2HNO2 + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) N2O(g) +
0.996
1.297
3H2O(l)
NO3 + 3H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HNO2 + H2O(l)
0.94
\[\ce{ NO2(g) + H+ (aq) + e- \rightleftharpoons

HNO2(aq) } \]
1.07
NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g) +

2H2O(l)
0.96
Oxygen
\[ O_2(g) + 2H^+ + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons H_2O_2\]
0.695
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H2O(l)
1.229
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H2O(l)
1.763
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 4OH
0.401
O3(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) O2(g) + H2O(l)
2.07
O2 (g) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O2-(aq)
-0.33
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Aluminum
E (V)
O2 (aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O2-(aq)
-0.16
Phosphorous
\[P(s,white) + 3H^+ + 3e^ \rightleftharpoons PH_3(g)\]
0.06
H3PO3+ 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H3PO2 + H2O(l)
-0.50
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H3PO3 +

H2O(l)
-0.28
Platinum
Pt2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s)
1.2
PtCl42 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s) + 4Cl
0.73
PtCl62 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) PtCl42- + 2Cl
0.68
Potassium
K+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) K(s)
-2.93
Rb+ + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Rb (s)
-2.98
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Ru3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru2+
0.249
RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) +
0.68
2H2O(l)
Ru(NH3)63+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) +

Ru(NH3)62+
0.10
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Aluminum
E (V)
Ru(CN)63 +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) + Ru(CN)64
0.86
Selenium
\[Se(s) + 2e^\rightleftharpoons Se^{2}\]
0.67 in 1 M NaOH
Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2Se(g)
0.115
H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Se(s) +
0.74
3H2O(l)
SeO43 + 4H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2SeO3 +
1.151
H2O(l)
Silicon
\[SiF_6^{2} + 4e^ \rightleftharpoons Si(s) + 6F^\]
1.37
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Si(s) + 2H2O(l)
0.909
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SiH4(g) +
0.516
2H2O(l)
Silver
Ag+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s)
0.7996
AgBr(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Br
0.071
Ag2C2O4(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) + C2O42
0.47
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Aluminum
E (V)
AgCl(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Cl
0.2223
AgI(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + I
0.152
Ag2S(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) + S2
0.71
Ag(NH3)2+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + 2NH3
0.373
Sodium
\[Na^+ + e^ \rightleftharpoons Na(s)\]
2.713
Strontium
\[Sr^{2+} + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons Sr(s)\]
2.89
\[S(s) + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons S^{2}\]
0.407
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2S
0.144
S2O62 + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H2SO3
0.569
S2O82 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\)2SO42
1.96
S4O62 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\)2S2O32
0.080
Sulfur
2SO32 + 2H2O(l) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) S2O42 +

4OH
1.13
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Aluminum
E (V)
2SO32 + 3H2O(l) + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\)S2O32 +

6OH
2SO42 + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) S2O62 +
0.25
2H2O(l)
SO42 + H2O(l) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) SO32+ 2OH
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2SO32+
0.936
0.172
H2O(l)
Thallium
\[Tl^{3+} + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons Tl^+\]
0.77 in 1 M HCl
Tl3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Tl(s)
0.742
Sn2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn(s)
-0.14
Sn4+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn2+
0.154
\[Ti^{2+} + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons Ti(s)\]
0.163
Ti3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ti2+
0.37
\[WO_2(s) + 4H^+ + 4e^ \rightleftharpoons W(s) +

2H_2O(l)\]
0.119
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
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Aluminum
E (V)
WO3(s) + 6H+ + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\) W(s) +
0.090
3H2O(l)
Uranium
U3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) U(s)
1.66
U4+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) U3+
0.52
UO2+ + 4H+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\)U4+ + 2H2O(l)
0.27
UO22+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\)UO2+
0.16
UO22+ + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) U4+ + 2H2O(l)
0.327
Vanadium
\[V^{2+} + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons V(s)\]
1.13
V3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) V2+
0.255
VO2+ + 2H+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\)V3+ + H2O(l)
0.337
VO22+ + 2H+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) VO2+ + H2O(l)
1.000
Zinc
Zn2+(aq) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s)
0.7618
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Aluminum
E (V)
Zn(OH)42 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4OH
1.285
Zn(NH3)42+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4NH3
1.04
Zn(CN)42 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4CN
1.34
Contributors
David Harvey (DePauw University)
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The following table provides Eo for selected reduction reactions. Values are from the following sources: Bard, A. J.; Parsons,
B.; Jordon, J., eds. Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Dekker: New York, 1985; Milazzo, G.; Caroli, S.; Sharma, V.
K. Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley: London, 1978; Swift, E. H.; Butler, E. A. Quantitative Measurements and
Chemical Equilibria, Freeman: New York, 1972.
The table is ordered such that the stronger (more reactive) reductants are at the top and the stronger oxidants are at the bottom.
Standard Cathode (Reduction) Half-Reaction
Standard Reduction Potential E (volts)
Li+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Li(s)
3.040
Ba2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s)
2.92
Rb+ + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Rb (s)
-2.98
K+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) K(s)
-2.93
Cs+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cs(s)
-2.92
Ba2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s)
-2.91
Sr2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sr(s)
-2.89
Ca2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ca(s)
2.84
Na+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Na(s)
2.713
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s) + 2OH
2.687
La3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) La(s)
2.38
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Mg2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mg(s)
-2.356
Ce3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce(s)
2.336
Al(OH)4 + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 4OH
2.310
AlF63 + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 6F
2.07
Be2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Be(s)
1.99
B(OH)4 + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) + 4OH
1.811
U3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) U(s)
1.66
Al3+(aq) + 3e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s)
1.676
SiF62 + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Si(s) + 6F
1.37
Zn(CN)42 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4CN
1.34
Zn(OH)42 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4OH
1.285
Mn2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn(s)
1.17
V2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) V(s)
1.13
2SO32 + 2H2O(l) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) S2O42 +
1.13
4OH
Zn(NH3)42+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s) + 4NH3
1.04
O2 (aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O2-(aq)
-1.0
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Cd(CN)42 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4CN
MoO42 + 4H2O(l) + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\)Mo(s) +

8OH
SiO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Si(s) +
0.943
0.913
0.909
2H2O(l)
SO42 + H2O(l) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SO32+

2OH
0.936
Cr2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)
0.90
B(OH)3 + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) +
0.890
3H2O(l)
2H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)
-0.828
Zn2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Zn(s)
0.7618
Co(OH)2(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s) + 2OH
0.746
Cr3+(aq) + 3e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)
0.424
Ni(OH)2 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 2OH
0.72
Ag2S(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) + S2
0.71
Se(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Se2
0.67 in 1 M NaOH
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Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4NH3
2SO32 + 3H2O(l) + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\)S2O32 +

6OH
0.622
0.576 in 1 M NaOH
U4+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) U3+
0.52
SiO2(s) + 8H+ + 8e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SiH4(g) +
0.516
2H2O(l)
Sb + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SbH3(g)
0.510
H3PO3+ 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H3PO2 +
-0.50
H2O(l)
Ni(NH3)62+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s) + 6NH3
0.49
2CO2(g) + 2H+ +2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2C2O4
0.481
Cr3+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr2+
0.424
Fe2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)
-0.44
S(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) S2
0.407
Cd2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s)
0.4030
Ag(NH3)2+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + 2NH3
0.373
Ti3+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ti2+
0.37
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PbSO4(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s) + SO42
0.356
Co2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s)
0.277
2SO42 + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) S2O62 +
0.25
2H2O(l)
N2(g) + 5H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) N2H5+
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H3PO3 +
0.23
-0.28
H2O(l)
Ni2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ni(s)
0.257
V3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) V2+
0.255
As + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) AsH3(g)
0.225
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HCO2H
0.20
Mo3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s)
0.2
Sn2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn(s)
0.19 in 1 M HCl
Ti2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ti(s)
0.163
MoO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mo(s) +
0.152
2H2O(l)
AgI(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + I
0.152
Sn2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn(s)
-0.14
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Pb2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb(s)
-0.126
CrO42 + 4H2O(l) +
0.13 in 1 M NaOH
3e \(\rightleftharpoons\)2Cr(OH)4 + 4OH
WO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) W(s) +
0.119
2H2O(l)
Se(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2Se(g)
CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) CO(g) +
0.115
0.106
H2O(l)
WO3(s) + 6H+ + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\) W(s) +
0.090
3H2O(l)
Hg2I2(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2I
0.0405
Fe3+(aq) + 3e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)
-0.037
2H+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2(g)
0.00
P(s,white) + 3H+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) PH3(g)
0.06
AgBr(s) + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Br
0.071
S4O62 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\)2S2O32
0.080
Co(NH3)63+ +e\(\rightleftharpoons\)Co(NH3)62+
0.1
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Ru(NH3)63+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) +

Ru(NH3)6
2+
0.10
S(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2S
0.144
Sn4+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sn2+(aq)
0.154
Cu2+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu+(aq)
0.159
UO22+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\)UO2+
0.16
Co(OH)3(s) + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(OH)2(s) +

OH
ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\)
ClO3-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2SO32+
0.17
0.17
0.172
H2O(l)
BiCl4 + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s) + 4Cl
0.199
SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Sb(s) + H2O(l)
0.212
AgCl(s) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s) + Cl-(aq)
0.2223
HCHO + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) CH3OH
0.2323
HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) As(s) +
0.240
2H2O(l)
Ru3+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru2+
0.249
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IO3+ 3H2O(l) + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\) I + 6OH
0.257
Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Cl
0.2682
UO2+ + 4H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\)U4+ + 2H2O(l)
0.27
Bi3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s)
0.317
UO22+ + 4H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) U4+ +
0.327
2H2O(l)
VO2+ + 2H+ +e\(\rightleftharpoons\)V3+ + H2O(l)
0.337
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)
0.3419

ClO2-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
0.35
Fe(CN)63 + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(CN)64
0.356
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 4OH
0.401
ClO + H2O(l) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cl2(g) +

2OH
Ag2C2O4(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Ag(s) +

2
0.421 in 1 M NaOH
0.47
C2O4
Cu+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)
0.52
I2(s) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2I-(aq)
0.5355
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I3 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 3I
0.536
Ga3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ga(s)
-0.56
Cu2+ + Cl + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) CuCl(s)
0.559
S2O62 + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H2SO3
0.569
H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO2 +
0.560
2H2O(l)
ClO-(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
MnO4 + 2H2O(l) + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO2(s)
+ 4OH
Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2SbO+ +
0.59
0.60
0.605
3H2O(l)
PtCl62 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) PtCl42- + 2Cl
0.68
RuO2(s) + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) +
0.68
2H2O(l)
O2(g) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2O2
0.695
PtCl42 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s) + 4Cl
0.73
H2SeO3 + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Se(s) +
0.74
3H2O(l)
Tl3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Tl(s)
0.742
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Fe3+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe2+(aq)
0.771
Hg22+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l)
0.7960
Ag+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ag(s)
0.7996
Hg2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l)
0.8535
Cu2+ + I +e\(\rightleftharpoons\) CuI(s)
0.86
Ru(CN)63 +e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ru(s) +
0.86
Ru(CN)6
ClO + H2O(l) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Cl + 2OH
0.890 in 1 M NaOH
2Hg2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg22+(aq)
0.911
HgO(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Hg(l) +
0.926
H2O(l)
NO3 + 3H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) HNO2 +
0.94
H2O(l)
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn3+ (aq) +
H2O(I)
0.95
NO3-(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 3e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g)

+ 2H2O(l)
0.96
HIO + H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) I + H2O(l)
0.985
HNO2 + H+ +e\(\rightleftharpoons\) NO(g) + H2O(l)
0.996
VO22+ + 2H+ +e\(\rightleftharpoons\) VO2+ + H2O(l)
1.000
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AuCl4 + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s) + 4Cl

NO2 (g) + H+ (aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) HNO2
(aq)
1.002
1.07
Br2(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Br-(aq)
1.087
Fe(phen)63+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(phen)62+
1.147
SeO43 + 4H+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) H2SeO3 +
1.151
H2O(l)
ClO3 + 2H+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO2(g) + H2O
1.175
ClO3 + 3H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HClO2 + H2O
1.181
IO3 + 6H+ + 5e\(\rightleftharpoons\) I2(s) +
1.195
3H2O(l)
Pt2+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Pt(s)
1.2
ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO3 + H2O
1.201
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2H2O(l)
1.229
MnO2(s) + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn2+ +
1.23
2H2O(l)
Tl3+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Tl+
0.77 in 1 M HCl
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2HNO2 + 4H+ + 4e\(\rightleftharpoons\) N2O(g) +
1.297
3H2O(l)
HOBr + H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)

Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e- \(\rightleftharpoons\)
2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cr3+ +
1.341
1.36
1.36
7H2O(l)
Cl2(g) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cl-(aq)
1.396
Au3+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au+
1.36
Hg2Br2(s) + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Hg(l) + 2Br
1.392
Ce4+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce3+(aq)
1.44
PbO2(s) + 4H+ +2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Pb2+(aq) +

2H2O(l)
1.46
BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + 3H2O
1.478
Mn3+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Mn2+
1.5
MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e- \(\rightleftharpoons\)

Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
BrO3 + 6H+ + 5e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br2(l) +
1.51
1.5
3H2O
Au3+ + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)
1.52
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2NO(g) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) N2O(g) +
1.59
H2O(l)
HOBr + H+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)
1.604
HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) HOCl + H2O
1.64
PbO2(s) + 4SO42 + 4H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\)
1.690
PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
MnO4 + 4H+ +3e\(\rightleftharpoons\) MnO2(s) +
1.70
2H2O(l)
Ce4+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce3+
1.72
N2O(g) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) N2(g) +
1.77
H2O(l)
H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\)
2H2O(l)
1.763
Au+ + e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)
1.83
Co3+(aq) + e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co2+(aq)
1.92
S2O82 + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\)2SO42
1.96
O3(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) O2(g) +

H2O(l)
2.07
BaO(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s) +

H2O(l)
2.365
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F2(g) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2F-(aq)
2.87
F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2HF
3.053
Contributors
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The reactivity series is a series of metals, in order of reactivity from highest to lowest. It is used to determine the products of
single displacement reactions, whereby metal A will replace another metal B in a solution if A is higher in the series. Activity
series of some of the more common metals, listed in descending order of reactivity.
Metals
Metal Ion
Reactivity
K+
Na
Na+
Li
Li+
reacts with water
2+
Ba
Ba
Sr
Sr2+
Ca
Ca2+
Mg
Mg2+
Al
Al3+
Mn
Mn2+
Zn
Zn2+
Cr
Cr2+
reacts with acids
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Fe
Fe2+
Cd
Cd2+
Co
Co2+
Ni
Ni2+
Sn
Sn2+
Pb
Pb2+
H2
H+
Sb
Sb2+
Bi
Bi2+
Cu
Cu2+
Hg
Hg2+
Ag
Ag+
Au
Au3+
Pt
Pt+
included for comparison
highly unreactive
When a metal in elemental form is placed in a solution of another metal salt it may be more energetically feasible for this
"elemental metal" to exist as an ion and the "ionic metal" to exist as the element. Therefore the elemental metal will "displace"
the ionic metal and the two swap places.
Only a metal higher in the reactivity series will displace another.
A metal can displace metal ions listed below it in the activity series, but not above. For example, zinc is more active than
copper and is able to displace copper ions from solution
\[ Zn(s) + Cu^{2+}(aq) \rightarrow Zn^{2+}(aq) + Cu(s)\]
However, silver cannot displace copper ions from solution. It is important to distinguish between the displacement of hydrogen
from an acid and hydrogen from water. Sodium is highly active and is able to displace hydrogen from water:
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\[ 2 Na (s) + 2 H_2O (l) \rightarrow 2 NaOH (aq) + H_2 (g)\]

Less active metals like iron or zinc cannot displace hydrogen from water but do readily react with acids:
\[Zn (s) + H_2SO_4 (aq) \rightarrow ZnSO_4 (aq) + H_2 (g)\]
Those metals that can displace H+ ions from acids are easily recognized by their position above H in the activity series. The
boundary between the metals that react with water and those that don't is harder to spot. For example, calcium is quite reactive
with water, whereas magnesium does not react with cold water but does displace hydrogen from steam. A more sophisticated
calculation involving electrode potentials is required to make accurate predictions in this area.
Origin
The reactivity of metals is due to the difference in stability of their electron configurations as atoms and as ions. As they are all
metals they will form positive ions when they react.
Potassium has a single outer shell electron to lose to obtain a stable "Noble gas" electron configuration; the precious metals
which exist in the d-block cannot form structures which are much more stable than their elemental state with the loss of just a
few electrons. Metals that require the loss of only one electron to form stable ions are more reactive than similar metals which
require the loss of more than one electron. Group 1A metals are the most reactive for that reason.
Metals with a greater total number of electrons tend to be more reactive as their outermost electrons (the ones which will be
lost) exist further from the positive nucleus and therefore they are held less strongly.
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The following table provides E1/2 values for selected reduction reactions. Values are from Dean, J. A. Analytical Chemistry
Handbook, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1995.
Element
E1/2 (volts vs. SCE)
Matrix
Al3+ + 3e Al(s)
0.5
0.2 M acetate (pH 4.54.7)
Cd2+ + 2e Cd(s)
0.60
0.1 M KCl
0.05 M H2SO4
1 M HNO3
Cr3+ + 3e Cr(s)
0.35 (+3 +2)

1.70 (+2 0)
Co3+ + 3e Co(s)
0.5 (+3 ? +2)

1.3 (+2 ? 0)
Co2+ + 2e Co(s)
1.03
1 M KSCN
0.04
0.1 M KSCN
0.1 M NH4ClO4
1 M Na2SO4
0.5 M potassium citrate (pH 7.5)
Cu2+ + 2e ? Cu(s)
0.22
Fe3+ + 3e Fe(s)
0.17 (+3 +2)

1.52 (+2 0)
1 M NH4Cl plus 1 M NH3

1 M NH4+/NH3 buffer (ph 89)
0.5 M sodium tartrate (pH 5.8)
Fe3+ + e ? Fe2+
0.27
0.2 M Na2C2O4 (pH < 7.9)
Pb2+ + 2e Pb(s)
0.405
0.435
1 M HNO3
1 M KCl
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Element
E1/2 (volts vs. SCE)
Matrix
Mn2+ + 2e Mn(s)
1.65
Ni2+ + 2e Ni(s)
0.70
1.09
1 M KSCN
Zn2+ + 2e ? Zn(s)
0.995
1.33
0.1 M KCl
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Electrochemistry Tables Guide

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Electrochemistry Tables Guide

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Electrochemistry Tables

P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

P2: Standard Reduction Potentials by Value

P3: Activity Series of Metals

P4: Polarographic Half-Wave Potentials

P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

P1: Standard Reduction Potentials by Element

Al3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s)

Al(OH)4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 4OH

AlF63 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Al(s) + 6F

Sb + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) SbH3(g)

Sb2O5(s) + 6H+ + 4e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2SbO+ +

SbO+ + 2H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Sb(s) + H2O(l)

H3AsO4 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HAsO2 +

HAsO2 + 3H+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) As(s) +

BaO(s) + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) Ba(s) + H2O(l)

BiCl4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Bi(s) + 4Cl

B(OH)4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) B(s) + 4OH

HOBr + H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)

HOBr + H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + H2O(l)

BrO + H2O(l) +2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br + 2OH

BrO3 + 6H+ + 5e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Br2(l) + 3H2O

BrO3 + 6H+ + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\)Br + 3H2O

Cd(CN)42 + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4CN

Cd(NH3)42+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cd(s) + 4NH3

Ca2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ca(s)

CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CO(g) +

CO2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HCO2H

2CO2(g) + 2H+ +2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2C2O4

HCHO + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CH3OH

Ce4+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Ce3+

ClO + H2O(l) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\)Cl2(g) + 2OH

ClO + H2O(l) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cl + 2OH

HClO2 + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) HOCl + H2O

ClO3 + 2H+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO2(g) + H2O

ClO3 + 3H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\)HClO2 + H2O

ClO4 + 2H+ + 2e\(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO3 + H2O

ClO4-(aq) + H2O(l) + 2e- \(\rightleftharpoons\) ClO3-(aq)

Cr2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cr(s)

Cr2O72 + 14H+ + 6e\(\rightleftharpoons\) 2Cr3+ +

CrO42 + 4H2O(l) + 3e\(\rightleftharpoons\)2Cr(OH)4

Co3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co2+

Co(NH3)63+ +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(NH3)62+

Co(OH)3(s) + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(OH)2(s) + OH

Co(OH)2(s) + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Co(s) + 2OH

Cu2+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu+

Cu2+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Cu(s)

Cu2+ + I +e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CuI(s)

Cu2+ + Cl + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) CuCl(s)

F2(g) + 2H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) 2HF

\[Ga^{3+} + 3e^ \rightleftharpoons Ga(s)\]

Au+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)

Au3+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au+

Au3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s)

AuCl4 + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Au(s) + 4Cl

\[2H^+ + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons H_2(g) \]

H2O + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) H2(g) + OH

\[I_2(s) + 2e^ \rightleftharpoons 2I^\]

HIO + H+ + 2e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I + H2O(l)

IO3 + 6H+ + 5e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I2(s) + 3H2O(l)

IO3+ 3H2O(l) + 6e \(\rightleftharpoons\) I + 6OH

Fe3+ + 3e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe(s)

Fe3+ + e \(\rightleftharpoons\) Fe2+