ie ava f Mm / \ mr An | Antologia ce » textos juridicos en inglés’ _ Zaira Borboa Gorcia ith Miriam Cutiérres Olvera ae | ntanlkpgjfien de éicoseACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE VOCABULARY GOVERNMENT (A) WORD FORM CHART DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. STUDY EXERCISES: FOLLOW UP MILITARY WORD FORM CHART DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. STUDY EXERCISES FOLLOW UP CRIMEA)". WORD FORM CHART DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES STUDY EXERCISES FOLLOW UP _ GOVERNMENT (p) WORD FORM CHART ° DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. STUDY EXERCISES FOLLOW UP CRIME (2) WORD FORM CHART DEFINITIONS AND EXAMPLES INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES STUDY EXERCISES FOLLOW UP BIBLIOTECA B B 4 18 19 21 2 24 29 30 32 a4 34 35 FAR 45 45 46 SI 52 34 56 56 57 6B Escuela de LenguasCHAPTER TWO, YOU AND THE LAW CRIMINAL LAW CRIMES AGAINST PEOPLE QUESTIONS: CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY QUESTIONS DRUG OFFENSES QUESTIONS HOW THE CRIMINAL LAW WORKS. ‘QUESTIONS CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT QUESTIONS JUVENILE JUSTICE QUESTIONS CIVIL LAW TORT LAW AND THE CONTRACT LAW, QUESTIONS INTERNATIONAL TORTS AND NEGLIGENCE QUESTIONS HOW A CIVIL LAW SUIT WORKS QUESTIONS ANSWERING A SUMMONS QUESTIONS o 09 70 R B ™ 74 16 16 B 9 81 82 83 83, 84 85 87 88 89 89) J ) Pi Ad ah ED na dn. J- J Pad CHAPTER THREE, POLICE PREREADING EXERCISE a) VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT b) LONG READING: CALL THE POLICE! c) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS d) VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT ¢) READING SHORT: PARKING 1) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS g) FILLED 5 h) VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT i) SHORT READING j) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS k) FACT AND OPINION 1) VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT m) WORDS IN HIERARCHIES: n) WORD FORM CHART ©) WORD FORM EXERCISE p) VOCABULARY REVIEW READING: THE CRIME BEAT q) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS. 1) SHORT READING: INDEPENDENCE DAY s) COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 on 1 94 96 7 9 99 100 101 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 106 107 108 108 109 Skimming, or rapid reading for the gencral idea, is closely linked to finding the main idea, Finally, we hope you like this material and you consider it will be useful for your career.CHAPTER ONE VOCABULARYA ~ ~ - GOVERNMENT (A) Word Form Chart NOUN abolition advocate approach communism communist conservative dignity distribution drop liberal liberty mayor measure reform reformation reformers refusal regulation deregulation right socialism socialist state sympathy sympathizer takeover visa VERB abolish advocate approach conserve dignity distribute drop liberalize reform refuse regulate deregulate run against run for step aside * ° sympathize takeover ADJECTIVE abolished advocated approaching conservative dignified drastic liberal reformed. refused regulating regulated deregulated socialist sympathetic ADVERB conservatively drastically liberally sympathetically 13Definitions and Examples 1.- mayor [the head of the city government] We elect a mayor every four years in this city. The mayor is the top person in our town government. 2; visa [an official document which permits a person to enter a foreign country] Americans do not need a visa to visit Canada, but they need one to enter Japan, She went to the French embassy to apply for a visa for her trip to Paris, 3- sympathize [to understand and share a person's feelings or ideas, especially when he or she has a problem) We sympathized with him when he lost his job. do not have any sympathy for that political party; I do not like their ideas about the environment | usually discuss my problems with my elder brother; he is more sympathetic than my father, 4. run for [to compete for a political position] . He is running for mayor in the next election, A: How many people are running for president? B: One from each of the four mayor parties. 5 rum against [to compete against someone in an election} Jimmy Carter ram against Ronald Reagan in the 1980 U.S. presidential election, She ran against four opponents and won 6.- refuse [to insist on not doing something) The child refused to cat vegetables. The current mayor refused to run again, so his party must find another candidate, 7.- distribute [to give to a variety of people] The teacher distributed the test to the students. Before the election, the goverment distributes information about where to vote. 8.- abolish [to cancel a law or system] Most of the citizens want income tax abolished. 14Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés The government is considering abolishing the compulsory education law. 9.- regullate [to restrict or limit by laws] Most governments carefully regulate immigration. The school has regulations against students smoking, 10.- communism (a political and economic system in which property is not privately owned and is available to all as need] Ina communist society, the farmers do not their own land. ‘The Communist party in the United States does not have much power because it does not have many members. 11 socialism [a political system in which production and distribution are in the hands of the people or the government] Communists feel that socialism is an imperfect form of communism. Moscow is the capital of the Union Soviet Socialist Republics (the Soviet Union) 12. advocate [to think something id good and publicly support it} The communists advocate the abolition of private ownership of land. People running for president often advocate lowering taxes 13.- state (a) [nation or a division of a nation] The United States consists of 50 states. Under a communist or Socialist government, most or all land belongs to the state. Socialists believe the economy should be state controlled. (b) [condition] His business is in a terrible state, he is losing thousands of dollars a week. 14.- right (a) [a power given by law or tradition] rf Ina democracy, the citizens have the right to vote for their political leaders. Americans consider their right to free speech to be very important. (b) [assumed: the opposite of left] She made a quick turn to the right. (b) [ assumed: correct] His answer to the question was right. 15Antologia de textos juricicos en inglés 15.- conservative [opposed to major changes; wanting to maintain existing conditions and views; traditional] His opinions are very conservative; he does not want the situation to change very much. ‘The conservatives are a major political party in England. Some societies are more conservative than others. 16.- liberal (a) [believing in progress and change] The liberal parties are advocating greatly increased government spending on education, He is a liberal who strongly supports strengthening the labor unions. (b) [generous] The company is very liberal with its salaries. 17. dignity [the characteristic of worthy and honorable behavior] He handled the problem with dignity. He did not raise his voice or show his displeasure. ee People expect judges and people in high political positions-to be dignified in their actions. 18.- approach (a) [to go toward something or someone] ‘The day of the election is approaching. The politician approached the group of people and began to talk to them. (b) [a way of looking at an issue or problem} : The liberal approach to social problems is usually quite different from the conservative one. 2 Many people disagree with the government’s approach to the country’s economy. 19.- measure (a) [an action taken by a government or group concerning some issue] The government has announced new measures to protect the citizens from crime. They will have to take measures to avoid and increase in the rate of inflation. One possible measure would be to establish price controls. (b) [to find the size or amount of a thing] She measured the length and width of the table. 16Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 20.- drastic [extreme; sudden] Many people feel that the measures taken by the government were too drastic. Stable governments try not to make drastic social changes, 21+ drop (a) [to let something fall] He dropped his books on the floor by accident. (b) [to fall or decrease] ‘The temperature dropped drastically during the storm. 22.- reform [to make a large political or social change to improve} While he was running for president, he promised to reform the tax laws. Many people are demanding educational reforms. 23. step aside [to permit someone else to take your place] The candidate promised to step aside as a leader of his party if he did not win the election. Many people feel that it is time for the elder leaders to step aside. 24.- take over {separable} [to take control of something} . ‘The winner of the election will take over the position at the beginniig of the next month. The prisoners attempted to take over the prison, but the guards quickly regained control. It was the secong time in a month that they had tried to take it over. 17Introductory Exercises A. Match cach word with its definition. to compete against someone in an election. to restrict or limit by law. the head of a city government. to take control of something, a way of looking at an issue. to let something fall. ‘extreme; sudden. to insist on not doing something. to cancel a system. to compete for a political position, an official document which permits a person to enter a foreign country. to give a variety of people. to think something is good and publicly support it. a power given by law. opposed to major changes. a nation or a division of a nation. believing in progress and change. . to permit someone else to take your place. LIL B. Answer each question with a word from the word form chart, 1.- What can you do if you do not want to dg something? A. Abolish B. Advocate C. Approach D. Communism E. Conservative F. Dignity G. Distribute H. Drastic L Drop J. Liberal K. Mayor L. Measure M. Reform N. Refuse O. Regulate P. Right Q. Run against R. Rum for S. Socialist T. State U. Step aside V. Sympathize W. Take over X. Visa 2.- What do you feel for your friend when a member of his family dies? 3.- What do you usually need in order to enter a foreign country? 4.- Who is the top person in a city or town government? 5.- What should the government do to a system that is bad? 6.- What do we call a person who is against change?Antologia de textos jurdicos en inglé 7.- What is another word meaning “law” or “rule”? 8.- What is major improvement made by a government? 9.- What should a person do if he can no longer do his job satisfactorily? 10.- What does a newly elected government do after an election? 11 Name two political systems. 12.- What do politicians do to actions which they like? 13. What does the Red Cross do with food during disaster? 14.- What characteristics should a public official have? Study Exercises C. Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false Conservative people like drastic changes. 2+ If you have a right to do something, the law permits you to do it. —__3.- Ina socialist system the state makes many political and economic decisions. 4 The government should abolish good things. ____ 5.- Communism supports the owning of property by individuals. ____ 6 Small children are usually dignified. 7. To solve a problem , first you negd a good approach to the problem. ____ 8 Ina democracy candidates run for office against each other. 9.- A friend does not need your sympathy if something bad has just happened to him, 10.- Socialism is more similar to communism than democracy is. _____ 11. Some countries are divided into states. 19Antologta de textos jurdicos en inglés —_ 12.- People usually refuse to do things that they love to do. 13.- The government reform systems that work well. 14 When you advocate something, you do not tell anyone else about it. D. Complete the analogies with a word or phrase from the word form chart. |= president : nation ::_ :eity 2.-ticket: plane :: country 3.- change : law :: system. 4.- celebrate : birth : death 5.- apply : school : political position 6.- quit : job : political position E. Read the passage and answer the questions that follow. In comparison to the political situations in Europe and Latin America, politics in the ‘United States is often considered to be quite boring. While in any American election there are usually at least two candidates’ positions on the issues are often very similar. The American system is basically a two-party one, with the two major parties being the Democrats and the Republicans, In addition, many other smaller parties, including the Socialist party and the Communist party. However, the approaches to political and economic issues which are advocated by many of these smaller parties are not viewed sympathetically by the majority of the voters. Thus, most American voters typically choose between the Republican and the Democratic candidates who are running for each position. But what is the choice between a Democratic candidate and the Republican one? In theory, Republicans are more conservative than Democrats, who tend to be comparatively liberal groups within both parties, there are both conservative and liberal groups. The result is that the position of a liberal Republican concerning a certain issue may be exactly the same as that of a conservative. Although this type of politics can be called boring, it does provide stability for the American government. When a new president takes over and reforms are begun, they tend to involve gradual changes and not drastic ones. And although one candidate may suggest quite 20oe awe ) Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés different measures to attack 2 problem, he or she will rarely refuse to cooperate with whoever wins the clection once that person takes over. 1.- How many candidates run against each other in a typical United States election? 2.- Why are many of the smaller parties not well supported in the United states? 3. Which of the two major parties is more conservative? 4. How do changes normally occur after elections in the United states? Why? Follow up F. Dictation: Write the sentences that your teacher reads aloud, G. Answer the following questions. 1.- Who is the mayor of your country or town? 2.- Name some rights that citizens in your country have. Do women have the same rights as men? 3.- Is your country divided into states? How many? 2Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 4.- Can you visit any other countries without a visa? Which ones? 5. Does your country have more than one political party? Ifso, which ones are more liberal? 6. Name some things regulated by the national and local governments in your country. 7.- Describe an important problem faced by your country. What measures is the government taking to solve this problem? 8.- Has your country had any major reforms in the last ten years? Explain. 9. Does your country have a Communist party? A socialist party? What percentage of the citizens sympathize with each of these parties? 10.- Name something that you would abolish if you had a chance. H. Explain the system of political parties in your country. What does each party advocate? 22MILITARY Word Form Chart ‘NOUN VERB arms am, campaign campaign conqueror conquer die down discipline discipline enlistment enlist flee fleeing give away give up hero heroine lay in mayor outcome rebel rebel rebellion resistance resist retreat | retreat struggle struggle tie up troops troop victory victor ADJECTIVE armed conquering conquered disciplinary disciplined enlisted heroic junior rebellious rebelling resisting retreating senior struggling tied up evictorious ADVERB heroically rebelliously victoriously 23Definitions and Examples 1.- blow up (a) {separable} [to explode] The car caught fire and bumed when it blew up. They put a bomb in the building and blew if up. (b) {separable} [to inflate] ‘The woman was very tired after she blew up 50 balloons for her daughter’s party. 2.- vietory [the achievement of success in the battle or fight] Their victory over their enemy happened after ten years of fight. The victorious army marched into the city. Our volleyball team was the vietor at the end of the scries of games. 3.- resist [to fight against, with actions or words] Many citizens are resisting the government attempts to make them drive more slowly. The resistance fighters are hiding in the mountains; they attack the army whenever they can, {could not resist the idea of 8taying home from work today because the weather was so nice. 4. arms (a) [weapons] The occupation army has ordered the resistance fighters to lay down their arms and surrender. In many countries, ordinary citizens are not permitted to carry arms. (b) [assumed: the part of the body between the hand and the chest] He had a large box inhis arms. 5. outcome [a result] We do not what the outcome of the battle will be; it is not yet clear who is winning. There are two possible outcomes to this situation; the king will keep his position, or he will leave the country. 6 give up {separable} (a) (to surrender or stop trying] Many of the enemies soldiers gave up and laid down their arms when they saw that they were losing the battle. 24Antologia de textos jurdicos en inglés My teacher told me not to give up, I can still pass if I study hard for the final exam. Thad a dream of becoming a concert pianist, but I had to give it up when I injured my hand, 7.- tie up {separable} (a) {to tie someone so that he cannot move] They found the soldiers lying on the ground, tied up, but not hurt. They tied the clerk up during the robbery. (2) [to keep busy] ‘The new project will tie us up for months; we will not be able to work on anything, else. My mother gets angry when I tied up the phone. The secretary said that the boss was tied up and could not come to the phone. 8.-flee [to run away] The soldier lacked courage and fled from the battle. Many people have fled from the area of the fighting 9. hero {feminine: heroine} (a) [a person who is admired for his or her achievements and positive characteristics] He is a hero because of his bravery during the war. Florence Nightingale was considered to be a heroine by the many soldiers whose lives she saved. (b) [the main character in a piece of literature] The hero dies at the end of the book, but not before he tells the heroine that he loves her. 10. enlist (a) [to join the military] He enlisted in the navy when he graduated from high school ‘The army says that enlistment is increasing because unemployment is high. (b) [to employ a person in the military] The army has enlisted 10,000 new men this year. (©) [te get the support and help of] She enlisted her friends in her fight against the growth of crime in her neighborhood. 25Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 1. campaign [a period of competing or fighting to achieve some goal] The political campaign before American presidential elections lasts a long time. ‘The government is having a campaign against smoking in public places. The navy's campaign to protect the northern beaches failed. 12. junior (a) [younger; less experienced; of lower rank] The junior officer in command of the soldiers had only been a lieutenant for one month before the battle, She joined the firm a year ago and is a junior partner now (b) (a student in the year before the last year of high school or college] John stopped studying when he was a junior in college. He did not finish the last year. 13. senior (a) [older, more experienced; of higher rank] ‘The senior officer present made the decision to surrender, ‘The senior bank officials stated that they had no knowledge of their employce's crimes. (b) [a student in the last year of high school or college] Students graduate at the end of their senior ycar. 14. major (a) [the army rank immediately above captain! She was promoted from captain to major last month. Our senior officer is a major. (©) (big; important] A major forest fire kills a lot of animals. (6) [to study courses in college in the subject most important for the student's degree] I majored in Spanish in college and then got a job in Spain 15. conquer [to be victorious over} Their superior weapons quickly helped them conquer their enemy. ‘The conquered people still hated the enemy army in their country. 16. die down [to become quiet or calm] ‘The fighting died down after three hours when the defenders of the town gave up. ‘The president waited for the noise to die down before he began to speak. 26im Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 17. discipline (a) [order gained by enforced obedience] He did not like the army because of the strict discipline. Parents must discipline their children. (b) [self control] It takes a lot of discipline to eat less and lose weight. (c) [a subject that is taught; a field of study] She has not yet decided which discipline to major in at college. 18. give away {separable} (a) [to reveal; to show the true situation) We had orders not to make any noise so that we would not give our position away to the enemy. He said that he was not afraid, but his shaking hands gave him away. (b) [to give to someone] That rich man has given away a lot of money. 19. lay in [to collect and store (usually food or other supplies), There is a storm predicted for tomorrow. We should lay in a supply of food and fuel to prepare for it. His job is to lay in supplies before the soldiers begin their long march through the desert. - 20. rebel [a person who fights against an established government or situation] The rebels have blown up several government buildings. : She is a rebel and disagrees with all the other scientists who are working on projects similar to hers, Children often act quite rebellioasly toward their parents. At the end of the eighteenth century, the Americans rebelled against their English rulers. 21. retreat [to go in the opposite direction from a battle or some other dangerous situation) ‘The major decided to retreat because his men did not have sufficient arms to fight with. Their retreat lasted for two hours. ‘They retreated from the flood waters to the top of a hill. 27Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 22. struggle (against) (a) [to make strong, violent efforts against opposition] He struggled against his attacker. The struggling child tricd to run away from his mother. (b) [to fight against hardships] Their struggle to find food in the jungle took all of their time. 23. troops {usually plural} [soldiers] The major commanded 1,000 troops. We will have to retreat; the troops are too tired to advance. 24. troop [a group of people] The troop of soldiers retreated rapidly. The troop of tourists stopped to take pictures of the fountain,Introductory Exercises A. Match cach word with its definition, 1. to join the military a result arms 3. the army rank immediately above captain blow up 4, a person who fights against an established government or campaign situation. ‘conquer 5. soldiers die down 6. order gained by enforced obedience 7. younger; less experienced; of lower rank 8, to surrender or stop trying LETH 9. weapons give away 10. to Keep someone or something very. busy ___ give up 11. aman who is admired for his achievements and positive hero characteristics junior 12. older; more experienced; of higher rank lay in 13. to be victorious over mayor 14. to reveal; to show the true situation outcome 15. to go in the opposite direction from a battle or some other rebel dangerous situation resist, 16. a group of people ___ retreat 17. to fight against, with actions or words senior 18. to run away - struggle 19. period of competing or fighting to achieve some goal tie up 20. the achi¢vement of success in a battle or fight troops 21. to become quiet or calm ‘troop 22. to collect and store (usually food or other supplies) victory 23. to make strong, violent efforts against opposition B. Answer each question with a word from the word form chart. 1. What might you do if you know that you, cannot win a fight? (three answers) 2. What do bombs do to buildings? 3. Who is someone who risks his life to save others? 4, What happens before an election? 5. What kind of officer is a general? 6. What kind of officer is a lieutenant? 29Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 7. What do soldiers use to fight? 8. What might people do if they don't like their government? (three answers) 9. What can you do to a prisoner to keep him from fleeing? 10. What does an army captain become when he is promoted? 1. What should you do about food and other supplies before a big snowstorm? 12. What should you do if you want to be in the military? 13, What are winning and losing examples of? 14. What is the successful outcome of a war? Study Exercises C. Write T ifthe sentence is true and F ifitis false. _____ 1. Parents like their cl Ireit to be well disciplined. —— 2. Rebels resist the established government. : __— 3. A campaign happens after the election. —— 4 Soldiers expecting a positive outcome often retreat from a battle —— 5.A victory is a positive outcome. — 6. Conquerors are usually weak — 7 Senior officers tell junior officers what to do. ——— 8. The fighting dies down at the end of a battle. —— 9. Vietorious troops usually flee. —_ 10. People admire a heroine. ——— 11. A person who is tied up may struggle. 12. Troops sometimes blow up bridges. 30J c Antologis de textos juriicos en inglés 13. A person who is fleeing from enemy troops wants to give away his position to them, D. Complete the analogies with a word from the word form chart, 1. gun : shoot :: bomb 2. criminal : flee :: troops 3. experiment : result :: war: 4, thought : control :: behavior : 5. players : team :: soldiers: 6. rebel : resistance : conqueror : 7. club : join :: navy: 8. tell: secret position 9. sports : champion :; war: E. Circle the phrase which does not fit. 1. tie up the criminal 6. fillin for * the baby the prisoner + your friend the machine : an employee the glass the teacher 2. carryout the university ‘ 7. lay in provisions the order supplies the assignment friends the experiment food 3. give away your position 8. get on with the outcome someone's secret the procedure someone's location the problem someone's breath eo - the work 4. doover the report 9. look over the situation the death the report the job the dark the assignment the journal anAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5. give up the struggle the surrender the effort the idea F. Incach blank, write the most appropriate word or phrase from the word form chart. The American War of Independence was considered to be a minor rebellion against British authority until the seriousness of the (1) struggle against British rule became obvious. The British expected a quick (0) i against the rebels. They knew that the rebel army had little training and lacked G) Although many of the British (4) were rofessional soldiers, the men who (5) in the rebel army were farmers and store clerks who might (6) at the first sign of actual fighting. In addition, the British army had access to all the (7) __ and provisions which they needed. ‘The British officers were certain that the Americans, who had not had time to (8) weapons or food before the declaration of war, would not be able to continue their (9) throughout a long (10) puanauen They expected that the rebels’ enthusiasm for their cause would gradually (II) when the reality of war was evident and that the rebel army would be forced to (12) Unfortunately for the British, they did not recognize the depth of the Americans’ belief in their struggle * Follow up G. Dictation: Write the sentences that your teacher reads aloud. Tes 2 at "i 40 oe H. Answer the following questions. 1. Do policemen in your country carry arms? What kind? 322, What kinds of political campaigns are there in your country? What happens during a campaign? 3. How do parents discipline their children in your country? 4. Do many people in your country enlist voluntarily in the military? Why or why not? 5. Have you ever had to give up a dream for your future? Explain. 6. Who is the most respected hero in the history of your country? 7. If you knew that a big storm was conting tomorrow, what supplies would you lay in? 8. Who is the most senior member of your family? The most junior? 9. Do you normally see any troops on the streets of this city? Of your home town? Why or why not? 10. What was the greatest victory in your country's history? Has your country ever conquered another country? Which ones? 11. Has your country ever been conquered? By whom? 1. Describe an action of resistance or a rebellion that you know about. 33CRIME (A) Word Form Chart NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB accusation accuse accusing accusingly accused annoyance annoy annoying annoyingly annoyed break into check up on clear up concealment conceal confinement confine confining confined desperation desperate desperately escort escort evidence evident evidently give away give away with inquiry inquire inquiring involvement involve involved kidnapper nap kidnapped look into . property punishment punish punishing ransom © ransom ransomed release release released rifle Z sentence sentence suspect suspect suspicious suspiciously suspicion task ° threat threaten threatening threateningly tial try wealth wealthy witness witness 34Definitions and Examples - annoy [to bother] The police told me to call them immediately if the man annoyed me again. Any noise while I am studying annoys me. The phone calls are not a major problem; they are only an annoyance _ conceal [to hide] The robber carried a concealed weapon: a small gun, hidden in his pocket. ‘You should conceal your money carefully so that no one steals it witness [a person who sees a crime or some other event] The police questioned all the witnesses to the robbery. The witnesses to the accident said it was not my fault If you witness a crime, you should call the police. confine [to keep a person or animal in-a prisonlike situation] After her arrest, she was confined for six months; then, they let her leave the jail He should be confined so that he cannot hurt anyone else, Most people fear confinement in any small or dark place. . evidence [physical proof concerning a crime] ‘The police searched the scene of the crime for evidence. The jury did not believe the evidence against her and decided she was innocent of the murder. Kidnap [to steal a person; to take and hold a person against his or her will}, They kidnapped the small girl and demanded money from her parents. The kidnappers killed their victim when the police got too close to them. , ‘ ° look into [to investigate] The police promised to look into the robbery although there was very little evidence. My boss said that he would look into my complaint about the lack of safety rules the factory. punish [to do something negative to a person because he has done something wrong] ‘The mother punished her little boy because he had lied to her. He was not allowed to watch television for a week. 35Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés His punishment for his crime was five years of confinement in a state prison. 9. ransom [money paid to kidnappers in order to get a kidnap victim back.] The kidnappers demanded $100,000 ransom for the return of the child The government paid a high ransom for the return of the president, 10. release [to permit someone or something to leave some confinement] ‘The kidnappers released the executive after the ransom had been paid. The police released the woman because there was not enough evidence against her 11. trial (a) [the procedure in a court of law during which a person is judged guilty or innocent] His trial lasted for three weeks, but he was finally found to be innocent. ‘The jury heard a lot of strong evidence during the five-day trial. She was trialed and found guilty last year. (©) [a source of annoyance] Their three-year-old child is quite a trial; she is always.crying, (0) {atest} ‘This company has a two-month trial period for all new employees; after two months, the final decision about their continued employment is made. 12. escort [to go with another person in order to guard or accompany him or her] The police guard escorted the arrested criminal to jail. . Her friend escorted her to the wedding, The president's escorts walked in front of him. aes 13. accuse [to state that a person is to blame for a crime or other negative action, to officially blame someone] especially The police accused her of murdering her boss, The accused man was taken to jail The child accused his friend of lying to him. The police must prove their accusations, {1 inquiry (a systematic investigation, often of an event of public interest] The police inquiry into the death of Mr. Smith was not a success; they found no useful evidence. 36 ie ainieespe selina) enemies ciseAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés During the inquiry, it was discovered that her death had not been an accident. 15. inquire [to investigate; to ask] The police are inquiring about her movements on the night of the murder. 16. rifle [a type of gun which is several feet long] ‘The soldiers carried their rifles on their shoulders. A high-powered rifle can shoot a long distance. 17. sentence [a judgment given in a court which specifies the punishment for the criminal] The judge read the sentence: "Twenty years in the state prison." The prisoner will be sentenced as soon as the trial is finished 18. task (a) (an assigned piece of work, which must often be finished within a certain period] The teacher gave cach of us a different task to accomplish during the hour The boss was pleased that his newest employee always finished her tasks quickly. (b) [Something hard or unpleasant that has to be done] Thave been laboring over this task for weeks. My least favorite task is cleaning the bathroom. 19, threaten [to express intent to injure or damage] et The prisoner threatened to kill the judge who sentenced him to prison. The large dog made a threatening sound. * ‘That disease is a threat to the whole city. The escaped prisoner will be a threat until he is caught again, 20. suspicion [doubt that a person is innocent or honest] There is suspicion that she killed her husband The police suspect that she poisoned him. She was acting suspiciously during the week before he died: she did not go home at all . 21. wealth [the money or possessions semeone has] He lost his wealth through a bad business deal. Wealthy people often have large houses.Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 22. property (a) [the land owned by someone} ‘She wants to build a small house on her property. People in this city have to pay property taxes. (b) [the things owned by someone] The police recovered the stolen property and resumed it to the owner. 23. break into [to use force to enter a building without permission) ‘The men broke into the bank and stole $50,000. He broke into our house and kidnapped my brother 24. check up on [to investigate] ‘The police will check up on all the witnesses’ stories, My parents are so suspicious! They are always checking up on me. 25. clear up {separable} (a) [to find the solution] The police expect to clear up the mystery soon. This situation is complicated, but we can elear it up by:reviewing last night's events, (b) [to become clear} This bad weather should elear up soon. : 26. desperate [having little or no hope] The desperate bank robber shot one of the witnesses. ‘The desperate parents prayed for the life of their dying child. 27. involve (a) [to bring into a situation} ‘The murderer did not want his family to bé involved with his trial. ‘The police think that a large gang of criminals is involved in the robberies. (b) [to include as a necessary part] & Becoming a lawyer involves many years of studying, 28, get away [to escape] The prisoners got away during the night. My pet bird got away and never came back. 38Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 29. get away with (to escape punishment for} They got away with their crime because there was insufficient evidence against them. My mother always lets my little brother get away with everything, 39Introductory Exercises A. Match each word with its definition, 1. to use force to enter a building without permission _____ 2. doubt that a person is innocent or honest " 3. a judgment given in a court which specifies the punishment for the criminal : to state that a person is to blame for a crime to permit someone or something to leave some confinement . to do something negative to a person because he has done something wrong 7. to keep a person in a prisonlike situation 8. to bother 9. to hide 0. 1 physical proof concerning a crime - the money paid to kidnappers in order to get a kidnap victim back 12. the procedure in a court of law during which a person is judged guilty or innocent __ 13. a systematic investigation __ 14. a type of gun which is several feet long 15. to steal a person —__ 16. a person who sees a crime or some other event 17. to go with another person in oder to guard or accompany him or her —__ 18. to express intent to injure or damage —___ 19. the land owned by someone ____ 20. having little or no hope 21. to escape B. Answer each question with a word from the word form chart, |. What do the police need to find to solve a mystery? 2. Name a type of gun. 3. Who travels with a president? 4. What do thieves do to wealthy peoples’ houses? 5. What do parents pay for the release of a kidnapped child? a. accuse b. annoy ©. break into 4. check up on e. clear up £ conceal g. confine h, desperate i. escort j. evidence k. get away 1. inquire 1m. involve n. kidnap ©. look into P. property 4q. punish 1. ransom, s. release trifle u. sentence v. suspicion w. task y. trial 2: wealth aa, witness 40Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 6. What do criminals do with their weapons so that the police cannot see them? 7. What do parents do to their children who behave badly? 8. How does a criminal feel when he sees no hope of escape? 9. Name two two- or three-word verbs meaning "investigate." 10. What are you if you see a crime? 11. During what procedure is a person judged guilty or innocent? 12. What is ten years in prison an example of? 13. When a ransom is paid to kidnappers, what should happen to the victim? 14, What can you call the land you own?. 15, What is a job that you have to do? 16. What is the statement, "I'm going to Kill you," an example of? 17. What does a loud noise do to you if you are trying to sleep? 18. What do you call a person who the police think committed a crime? Study Exercises C. Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false. 1. Most people enjoy receiving punishment. 2. If something is concealed, you cannot easily see it. 3. A cage is a place of confinement. 4, People kill people with rifles. 5. Witnesses give statements about evidence at trials. ____ 6. Akidnapping vietim must bea child. 41Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 7. If the police suspect someone of committing a crime, they may accuse that person. 8. The purpose of a police inquiry is to gather evidence concerning a crime. 9. Threats are always carried out 10. People usually enjoy being released from confinement. 11. An annoying noise is one that bothers you. 12. Criminals want to receive harsh sentences. _ 13. Murderers get away with their crimes when they are found guilty at their trials D. Complete the analogies with a word or phrase from the word form chart. | friend: companion :: accompany: 2. steal: jewel person 3. disagree: argue __: accuse 4. white: black :: poverty: 5. rescarch: facts: inquiry: 6. doctor: fee :: kidnapper: : 7. promise: help :: hurt B, In each blank, write the most appropriate two- or three-word verb from the list below. You may use each verb more than once. blowup tie up clearup diedown lay in get away with giveaway breakinto look into giveup —_check up on 1 Inorder to __® the bank, the robbers used a bomb. 2. The robbers _ the night guard, whom they found inside the bank. 3. The police decided to gave them about the robbers. 4. The police thought that they could about the identities of the robbers by __ robberies in the past. ee the information that the bank guard their uncertainty 42 oF__Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5. The robiers finally when the police comered them in their hotel room, F. In each blank, write the most appropriate word or phrase from the word form chart. Kidnapping became a federal crime in the United States in 1932 after the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh's baby son. The new Jaw also stated that a kidnapper could be (1) to death, The kidnapper of the Lindbergh baby (2), the Lindbergh house and took the child from his second floor bedroom. A large sum of money was demanded for the (3) of the child. The Lindberghs paid the (4) ut several days later the child was found, murdered. The police (5) Bruno Hauptmann, a carpenter, of the kidnapping and murder on the basis of a variety of physical (6) found at the homes of both Lindbergh and Hauptmann during the (7) ~ carried out by the New Jersey police. ‘Throughout his (8), _, Hauptmann insisted that he had not been (9) in the “kidnapping. However, Hauptmann was(10) _ to die in the electric chair. Follow up G. Dictation: Write the sentences that your teacher reads aloud. 1 2 3, 4. 5, HL Answer the following questions. 1, Have you ever witnessed a crime? What happened? 2. Who is the wealthiest person in your country? 43Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 3. What is the typical sentence for a person found guilty of kidnapping in your country? 4. Which government officials in your country have official escorts when they travel? 5. What do you find most annoying when you are in a crowd? 6, How do parents in your country typically punish their children? 7. What kind of people tend to be kidnapped? Why? 8. Have you ever used a rifle? For what purpose? 9. Is.a person who is accused of a crime always confined in your country? Explain, 10. Where is a good place to conceal your money in your home? 11, Do many criminals in your country get away with their crimes? Explain 12. If you see someone outside your home at night, what kind of behavior do you consider to be suspicious? 1. Describe the court systems in your country. What are trials like? “4GOVERNMENT (B) Word Form Chart NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB affairs alien alienate alien arrangement arrange arranged back down ban ban banned bring off census come out with corruption corrupt corrupting count on, dilemma exclusion exclude excluded exclusive exclusively give out go back on institution institute institutional stitute institutionalize justice just justly unjust unjustly menace menace menacing menacingly prominence : prominent prominently propaganda propagandize reverse reverse reversal sneak sneak territory : territorial unity, unite united ° 45Definitions and Examples 1. give out {scparable} [to distribute; to hand out] During the campaign, al the candidates give out printed information about themselves. ‘The rescuers gave blankets out to all of the victims. 2. just [fair] The people are complaining that the new law is not just because it favors certain groups over others. ‘That judge is known for his just decisions. Their constitution promises justice to all 3. sneak [to go in a secret way] ‘The robbers sneaked into the house through a rear window. ‘There was a sneak attack on the capital this morning by enemy troops; the government and the citizens were unprepared for it 4. propaganda [The distribution of information or ideas with the purpose of presenting certain positive or negative attitudes about a person or an institution} Most people think that the official government news; propaganda. During a war, there is normally a lot of propaganda produced on both sides paper is nothing but 5. menace [a danger; a threat) That criminal is so dangerous that he is a menace to all of us. The pollution in our atmosphere is a menace to our health, The disease which is menacing our city must be stopped. 6. prominent [swell known; easily seem] She is one of our most prominent journalists; many people are familiar with her writing, He hung the picture of his family in a prominent position on the wall of his office. ‘That political party rose to prominence after the war; before that, it was not popular. 7. territory (a) [a geographical area belonging to a government] ‘The government wants to establish more schools in the new ter (b) [an assigned area} 46Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés That salesman's territory is the western states. 8, exclude [1o keep out; to not permit to enter] ‘The people will rebel if they feel that they are exeluded from sharing the wealth of the country. The exelusion of some political parties from the campaign will result in an unjust election, 9. go back on [to fail to keep a promise or an agreement] He went back on his agreement and did not lower taxes as he had promised during the campaign. She will not be clected again because she has gone back on too many of her promises. 10. arrange [to put into proper order or into a correct relationship] ‘My job is to arrange the president's appointments for each day The arrangement of the tables is not suitable.for a formal dinner; please change it. ‘You should make arrangements to visit the library and get the data that you need. 11. ban [to censor; to not permit] That novelist's books have been banned because he advocates revoh government. Smoking in the elevators is banned. The ban against washing cars and watering lawns will be lifted as soon as we have a heavy rain. * ion against the 12. affairs [public or professional business} Many people do not understand government affairs very well. She committed suicide because her business affairs were going badly. 13. affair (a) [Something causing public worry or controversy] ‘The Watergate affair has had a major influence on American politics. ‘That politician's involvement in that affair last year has ruined his political future. ° (b) [a romantic involvement, usually for a short time] His wife divorced him when she found out about his affair with his secretary. 14, reverse (a) [opposite] His opinion is the reverse of mine; I am in favor of the new law, and he is against it. 47Antovogia de textos juridicos en inglés (b) [to turn or move in the opposite direction] ‘The mayor reversed his previous decision to build a new park; now he says that there is not enough money for another park. When she realized she was walking in the wrong direction, she reversed her steps. The president's reversal on the arms negotiations surprised the media; everyone had thought that he would agree to sell the arms, but he refused. 15. bring off {separable} [to carry out to a successful conclusion; to accomplish] Our party will not be able to bring off a victory in the next election unless we gain more public support. ‘The enemy has been planning an attack, but they do not have enough troops to bring it off 16. institute (a) {to establish; to originate] The government wants to institute some new regulations conceming imported products. The institution of that song as the official song of our country would please many people. 5 (b) [an organization for the promotion of a cause] The Institute for the Blind helps train recently blinded people. He works for a research institute that docs a lot of medical research. (c) [an important custom or organization in a culture] * Our people have a lot of respect for the institution of marriage, 17. unite [to put together to form one] The new govérnment will have to unite the people to be able to rule effectively. If those two parties unite, our party will not be able to win the election. ‘Many people want world unity and the peace it would bring, 18. count on [to anticipate as certain; to trust] : i a She believes that she can count on winning the election if we support her. You should be able to count on your friends' help; if you cannot, then they are not your real friends. 19. domestic (a) (of, relating to, or carried out within one’s own country] ‘The president has good control of domestic affairs, but many people think that he docs not have enough control in the arca of foreign affairs, 48Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés We should try to use more domestic products, instead of importing so much, (©) (of, relating to, or within the home or the family] He has domestic problems: he and his wife are always fighting. In some cultures the mother has total control over all domes the family's money is spent. affairs, including how 20. come out with [to produce; to offer to the public) The popularity of that party is growing because they have come out with many good ideas recently. That author comes out with a new novel almost every year. 21. alien (a) {relating or belonging to another country; foreign] All aliens living in the United States must register with the government once a year. Aliens who have entered the country without permission are called illegal aliens. (b) [strange] She had trouble adjusting to the alien customs of her new country’s people. He is such a hard worker that taking a vacation is an alien idea to him. 22. back down [to withdraw from a promise or a position] The president said that he was going to raise taxes, but he backed down when he heard the strong complaints of the people. ‘The kidnapper threatened (6 kill the child, but he backed: down when he realized that he would be caught and punished. 23. census [an official count of the populati n by a government] The United States government conducts a census every ten years. The last census showed that many northern cities are losing population, 24, dilemma [a problem which seems to have no satisfactory solution] ’ ‘The new government now faces the dilemma of the poor economic condition of the country. She is famous for solving difficult dilemmas 25. corrupt (a) [characterized by improper behavior] ‘The corrupt government official took bribes from certain business executives. The people are angry about the amount of corruption in the government. 49Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés (b) [to change from good to bad] People are often corrupted by power. ‘The young man had been corrupted by his older brother, who was a criminal 50Introductory Exercises ‘A. Match each word or phrase with its definition. 1. fair 2. an official count of the population by the government 3. a problem which seems to have no satisfactory solution ____4. to turn or move in the opposite direction 5. something causing public worry or controversy 6. to carry out to a successful conclusion 7. to anticipate as certain; to trust 8. to establish; to originate 9. well known; easily seen 10. to put together to form one 11. to distribute; to hand out 12. relating or belonging to another country; foreign 13. to keep out; to not permit to enter 14. to go in a secret way 15. to put into proper order or into a correct relationship 16. to produce; to offer to the public 17. of, relating to, or carried out within one’s own country ___ 18. a danger; a threat 19. the distribution of information or ideas with the purpose of presenting certain positive or negative attitudes about a person or an institution 20 to censor or not permit 21 to withdraw from a promise or a position re 22. characterized by impropér behavior 23. a geographical area belonging to a government 24. to fail to keep a promise or an agreement i UL LEE c. arrange d. back down e. ban £. bring off g. census h. come out with i. commupt j. count on k. dilemma 1. domestic m. exclude n. give out ©. go back on p. institute 4g. just menace 8. prominent 1. propaganda u. reverse v. sneak w. territory x. unite B. Answer each question with a word or phrase from the word form chart. 1. What counts the number of people in a country? 2. What type of problem is very difficult to solve? ° 3. What do people want from a court? 4, What do some governments do to things that they do not like? 5. What is the opposite of "foreign" ? 51Antologla de textos juridicos en inglés 6. What can you call information about another country that is not true? 7. How can you describe a government official who takes bribes? 8, What does a person do when he does not want to be seen? 9. What is something that threatens you? 10. What would a visitor from another planet be? 11. How can you describe important people that everyone knows about? Study Exercises C. Write T if the sentence is true and F if itis false. |. We call something alien when we have seen it often 2. Governments sometimes ban books which they do not like. ____3. A corrupt judge is only interested in justice. ___.4. When you arrange things, you put each one in its proper place. ____ 5. If people are united, they Work together. fe ___ 6. Propaganda helps people to sce the truth. ____ 7. People welcome things which menace them. 8. People respect a person who goes back on his promise. —__.9. People are happy when they bring something off. 10. If you reverse a decision, you have changed your mind. ° 11. A stronger person will back down when facing a weaker person. 12. Criminals sneak so that they will not be caught. 13. A prominent person will seldom be recognized. 14, People usually exclude their friends from their parties, 52OPA ee ees Antologia de textos juridicos en ingiés 15. Domestic products usually carry a heavy import tax. D. Circle the word which is different in meaning, 1 ban institute censor 2.- kindness justice fairness 3.- prominence importance insistence 4. exclusion census count 5.- foreign alien corruption 6.- arrangement area territory 7.- problem corruption dilemma 8.-menace threat. alienate E. In each blank, write the proper form of the most appropriate two- or three-word verb from the following list. back down bring off come out with count on give out go back on count out goon with look up to live down, 1. Thad thought that I could my parents for help, but they were against my plan, 2. Although, they were against the plan, I decided to it and continued my preparation. 3. The government is printed literature concerning the nature of the epidemic. 4, Everyone agrees that the entire population is at risk, but so far no one has a practical defense against the disease. 5. The mayor has now his promise to fire all the city employees connected with the recently publicized coruption. 6. The mayor was forced to when the employees’ union threatened a strike if any of its members were fired. 7. Everyone (a) because he was able to (b) the peace conference successfully. 8. He will never be able to (a) his reputation as a corrupt official. ‘We should (b) him of any future plans. 33‘Antologia de textos jridicos en inglés F. In each blank, write the most appropriate word or phrase from the word form chart. The history of native Americans in the United States is a sad one following the arrival of the white settlers. At first the native Americans simply moved farther west into (1) that the whites did not yet want. The U.S. govemment even signed agreements which (2) for the native Americans to be given exclusive rights to certain regions. Unfortunately, during the nineteenth century, the government (3) ial almost all of its promises to the native Americans and demanded that they give up even more of their land. Naturally, the native Americans fought to keep what was theirs, and as some white settlers were Killed, the whites came to view native Americans as a (4) to their survival. In addition to the reality of the native American-white struggle, the newspapers came out with a lot of (5) which showed .. native Americans to be (6) and untrustworthy. More unfortunate, even today the state of native American affairs in the United States is not good. Many of them feel (7) from society, as if they were strangers in a land where they have lived for more than a thousand years. Many feel that the U.S. legal system does not provide (8) for native ‘Americans and that they cannot (9) _ the U.S. government to help them. In short, the problems of the “first Americans” are a (10) __ for which the United States has not yet found a solution. Follow up G. Dictation: Write the sentences that your teacher reads aloud. yRYeN H. Answer the following questions 1. Does your country have a census? How often? Is it considered to be accurate? Why or why not? 2. Name a recent public affair that caused embarrassment to a government. 3. Are there any special laws concerning aliens living in your country? Explain. 34| | | fi | 4 \ il i 4 pe a) i Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 4. Are there research institutes in your country? Explain. 5. Who are the most prominent politicians in your country? 6. Does your country own any territory that is not physically connected to the rest of the country? 7. What is the greatest dilemma facing your country today? 8. Has your government recently reversed any of its decisions? Explain. ‘9. What countries can your country count on if international disagreements occur? 10. Are any groups excluded from voting in elections in your country? I. Congratulations! You have just graduated from the university. You feel that you can help your country most if you become active in politics. How would you start? What arrangements would you make? 55CRIME (8) Word Form Chart NOUN VERB admission admit article capital case charge charge clear out convict conviet convietion cruelty deception deceive detection detect detective enforcement enforceability enforce enforcer execution execute executioner frustration frustrate get around hand over holdup hold up juvenile motive motivate motivation observation observe panic panic pistol prohibition pro! testimony testify thier thievery theft verdict ADJECTIVE admitted capital convicted cruel enforceable frustrating frustrated juvenile motivating motivated observed panicky prohibited ° thieving ADVERB cruelly 56Definitions and Examples 1.- conviet (a) [to find someone guilty in a court} He was convicted of robbing the bank and was sent to prison, ‘The jury convicted her of murder. Tread about that murder's convietion in the paper (b) [a person who is serving a prison sentence] The conviets have jobs inside the prisons, ‘Three conviets escaped from the jail last night. 2.- eonvietion [a strong belief] He has strong convictions about his job; he will not change his mind. She will not go against her convictions. 3. juvenile (a) [a young person] He will not be sent to jail because tre is a juvenil In some cities there is a lot of crime among juveniles. (b) [characteristic of or suitable for young people] You can find that book in the juvenile section of the library. She studies juvenile psychology. ‘ss 4. observe () [to watch carefully in order to learn] ‘You should observe the demonstration carefully. The police observed the man break into the store. (b) [to comment] He observed that there would be no class tomorrow. She made the observation that it was raining, (© {to celebrate] ee ‘Not everyone observes New Year's Day on January 1 He is observing his country’s holidays although he is living in the United States this year.Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5.- pistol (a small handgun] The robber used a pistol during the robbery. She was murdered by a man with a pistol. 6. panic [to feel sudden, very strong fear, often among a group of people] Everyone panicked and ran away when they saw the pistol in the man’s hand. ‘The bank teller did not panic during the robbery; she quietly pushed the alarm button to call the police. 7. prohibit [to not permit] The convicts were prohibited from smoking in their cells. My parents prohibited me from getting a driver's license until I was eighteen. 8. eruel [causing pain and unhappiness] The kidnappers were cruel to their victim and did not give him food and water. (Cruelty to animals is a crime in many countries. 9. article (a) [a thing] The police asked for descriptions of the stolen articles. Only one article was of great value: a diamond ring. (b) [a piece of writing in a newspaper or magazine], The most important articles in a newspaper are usually on the first page. 10. hand over {separable} (to give] The criminal handed his pistol over to the policeman who had captured him The boss hands many of his responsibilities over to his assistant, 11. hold up {separable} [to rob with a weapon] : Three men held up that bank yesterday. Iwas held up in the park last night by a man with a pistol. The man who held me up said he needed money. (b) [to delay; to slow] Traffic was held up by an accident this morning, My flight should have arrived already, but the fog held it up. 58Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 12, deceive [to cause to accept as true or valid something that is false) He deceived his mother by telling her that the toy he had stolen was a gift from a Thay bey that she had been lying when they discovered her deception. 13, admit (a) [to say that something is true and valid) The criminal admitted that he had robbed the bank. He refuses to admit that he is addicted to drugs. Her admission of guilt was used as evidence against her in court. (b) {to permit to enter] He was admitted to a good university 14, case (a) [an action in a court of law] His ease will come to trial next week. ‘The media is watching this case closcly because the publi very interested in it. (©) [an occurrence of disease or injury] He has a bad case of the measles." Her broken back is the most serious ease the doctor is treating right now. (© [a situation requiring investigation or action, for example by the police] The police are looking into thiree cases of murder this week. You have a case for what you want to do, but I do not agree with you. 15. verdict [the decision of a jury on a case in court] It took the jury three days to reach a verdict of innocent. ‘The verdict for that case is still uncertain. 16. thief {plural: thieves} [a person who steals] The thieves entered the house through an open window. The family was saddened by the theftof many of their possessions. That store has lost a lot of money because of thievery by its employees 17. motive [something that causes a person to act} The police have not yet figured out the motive behind the murders. Students with strong motivation to lean usually study a lot and learn quickly. Employers want to have well-motivated employees who will work hard 59Antologia de textos jurdicos en inglés 18, execute (a) [to put to death according to a legal sentence] ‘The murderer was executed in the electric chair. ‘The countries which permit executions of criminals use various methods to carry out the death sentence. (b) {to carry out] The soldiers executed their officer's orders, The computer will exeeute whatever commands you enter into it, 19. detect [to discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of] It is difficult to detect the presence of some defects in the merchandise. The police detectives are investigating the crime Crime detection has become a science with the introduction of new techniques and instruments for finding clues. 20. get around [to avoid (an obstacle)} ‘The thieves got around the police cars and escaped. She always gets around the rules and does things her way. People often try to get around paying their taxes. 21. testimony [evidence given by a person] Her testimony included everthing that she had seen at the scene of the crime. ‘The witnesses of the robbery were asked to testify in court. She testified to the guilt of the accused man. 22. frustrate [to cause feelings of discouragement} ‘The lack of evidence in this case is frustrating the police detectives The frustrated child began to cry when he could not reach the candy, Frustration with living in poverty causes some people to tum to crime. 23. charge (with) [to accuse formally (off)] e ‘They charged the man whom they had artesied with robbery and murder. He was convicted on the murder charge and sentenced to death. (b) [to make someone pay] 1 go to that store because they charge low prices.Antologia de textos j 5 24, clear out {informal} (a) [to leave] i: The thieves cleared out before the police arrived. 2 ‘We should elear out now; the store is closing in two minutes. " (b) {separable} [to remove the contents of a three-dimensional space] s We need to clear all that junk out of the garage. = The police cleared out the building so that no one would get hurt. s 25. eapital (a) [punishable by death] 7 People who are convicted of eapital crimes may be executed. s Murder is a capital offense in many countries. (b) {the city where the government of a country or state is located] ~ Washington, D.C., is the eapital of the United States. FS (©) [large fused only to describe letters in writing} ‘ Use a capital letter to begin the first word in a sentence. = (a) [money and possessions] ‘You need capital to start a business. im 26. enforce [to carry out effectively] ‘ pe The police enforce the laws. That teacher never enforces her rules strictly. : She wants a career in law enforcement. os 61Introductory Exercises ‘A. Match each word or phrase with its definition. 1. a young person a. admit ___ 2. to carry out effectively b. article ___ 3. a small handgun ©. capital 4. causing pain and unhappiness d. case 5. to rob with a weapon e. charge 6. an action in a court of law i f clear out 7..a person who steals g convict 8. to discover or determine the existence, h. cruel presence, or fact of i, deceive 9. to cause feclings of discouragement j. detect 10. punishable by death k. enforce —_“11. to leave 1. execute 12. evidence given by a person m. frustrate 13. to accuse formally nn. get around 14. to avoid Ian obstacle o. hand over 15. to put to death according to a legal sentence p. hold up 16. something that causes a person to act q. juvenile 17. the decision of a jury on a case in court r. motive ___18. to say that something is true and valid s. observe 19. to cause to accept as true or valid something . panic that is false u. pistol 20. to give rt V. prohibit 21. a thing s Ww. testimony 22. to not permit x. thief 23. a sudden, unreasonable fear, often among’a y. verdict group of people 24. to watch carefully in order to learn to find someone guilty in a court 25. to find someone guilty in a court. B. Answer each question with a word from the word form chart. ° |. What sometimes happens to a person convicted of murder? 2. If you are not an adult, what are you? 3. How do you feel if you cannot do something that you want to do? 4. Who investigates crimes? 62Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5: What is the holdup weapon? 6. What do witnesses to a crime give at a trial? 7. What does the jury decide at a trial? 8. What kind of punishment is execution? 9, What is a line of example of? 10. Who do you find in prison? 11, What do the police do to suspected criminals? 12. Who steal things? Study Exercises C. Write T if the sentence is truc and F if it is false 1. People should do things that are prohibited. 2. People try to get around things that they like. 3. Many conviets are guilty of érimes. 4. A person who confesses is admitting his or her guilt. 5. Criminals often deceive people. ee 6. Someone's motivation explains his or her actions. 7. A juvenile is an old person. 8. A pistol may be used during a holdup. 5 9. A person's testimony should be a deception. 10. People do not like to be frustrated. 11. A cruel person hurts to other people. 12. The police want to charge ifinocent people. D. Complete each analogy with a word form from the form chart. ° 1. doctor : diagnose :: > investigate 2. color: red :: : guilty 3. cook: eat : convict 4, color: green :: sentence 63Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5. black : white :: deny: 6. observation : watching :: robbery: 7. yes : no :: permit 8. hunger : cat : 9. doctor : reatment :: witness : E. Match each two-word verb with its definition. You may use a number more than once. 1. clear out ___togive 2. clear up to give a younger relative 3. hand down nied to become clear 4, hand out to leave 5. hand over to distribute 6. hold up to clear the inside of a three dimensional space to rob with a gun to find the solution to F. In each blank, write the most appropriate word or phrase from the word form chart, Yesterday, there was a (1) at the First National Bank on Main Street. Three men carrying (2) __~ ____ entered the bank at 2:00 p.m. and demanded that the tellers (3) = all the money in their drawers. One of the tellers pressed a silence alarm button during the robbery, but the.thieves had (4) by the time that the police arrived. Fortunately, no one (5) during the robbery, and no one was hurt. Police (6) questioned the witnesses, who said that one of the three robbers was only a (7) , perhaps sixteen years old, All of the witnesses agreed to (8) in court when the three are arrested and (9) with armed robbery. The police are confident that the (10) of the witness will lead to the (11) of the robbers. ° Follow up Dictation: write the sentences that your teacher reads aloud. 1 64Antologla de textos juridicos en inglés H. Answer the following questions. Do most criminals in your country admit their guilt when they are caught? Explain. What are the most commonly stolen articles in your country? Explain, Can a person in your country be held in jail without first being charged with a crime ? Explain. ; Explain some crime detection methods used in your country. What makes you frustrated? Have you ever witnesses a holdup? Explain ‘What motivates you to study Law? ‘Name something that is prohibited in your country? Have you ever really panicked ? When? Explain. 10. Is crime a problem among juveniles in your country? Explain, ps PRIA S 1. Explain the possible sentences in a murder case in your country. Is capital punishment used? 65CHAPTER TWO YOU AND THE LAWCRIMINAL LAW Crimes Against People Most crimes fall into two groups: crimes against people, like murder, and crimes against property, like theft. Here are some of the crimes against people. Murder and Manslaughter. Both these crimes involve homicide-the killing of a human being. Under common law, murder involved the intent to cause death. Manslaughter (pronounced MAN-slaw-ter) involved an intent to cause harm but not death-but the act resulted in death, Modem state statutes have complicated this picture. Murder and manslaughter may be divided into different "degrees." First-degreé murder, for example, involves a heavier degree of guilt that second-degree murder, and carries a heavier penalty. States differ in how they define the differing degrees of murder and manslaughter. Here are some of the different classifications used: First Degree Murder is usually murder in which the intent to kill was formed before the actual killing took place. (But some states reserve first degree murder for the killing of a police officer or prison guard.) Second Degree Murder is usually murder in which the intent to kill took place at the time of the murder itself-as in a sudden rage. Felony Murder is a special kind of murder. It is killing that takes place during the commission of a felony-that is, a serious crime like a robbery or & burglary -even when the killing itself was an accident. First Degree Manslaughter is a killing that takes place when the killer intended to cause harm but not death-but the harm resulted in‘death. "Another kind of first degree manslanghter is sometimes called voluntary manslaughter. It involves intentional killing that takes place when the killer acts "under extreme emotional disturbance" in circumstances where the average, reasonable man might be expected to lose self-control. Killing "in the heat of passion" is usually classed here. As you might guess, the distinction between this kind of manslaughter and second degree murder is a very blurred one. ° Involuntary, or Second Degree Manslaiighter is killing that is not intended, but that is caused by a stupidly careless or dangerous act. A killing caused by extreme reckless driving or by playing with a gun that the person knows is loaded might be considered invohintary manslaughter. 6Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés Negligent Homicide is killing caused by gross negligence. Itis, in effect, a lesser degree of involuntary manslaughter. Some states do not make a distinction between the two in certain types of cases. Assault is the threat of violence or the attempt to carry out a violent act on another person Pointing a gun at someone is an assault, if the other person believes it is loaded. Battery is any physical contact that is intended to cause harm, (Some states may also call this "assault," but in common law assault and battery are different.) Rape is any sexual intercourse with a woman against her consent. Some states have extended the definition to include other sexual acts and to include men as well as women as possible victims. ‘These laws may call the crime seual assault instead of rape. Ifa female is younger than "the age of consent" (generally 16 to 18 years, depending on the state), any intercourse with her is rape, whether she consents or not, even if the male believed that she was older. This is frequently called statutory rape. Kidnapping is the crime of seizing and holding someone against their will, offen for ransom money. Questions 1. Fred Hodges gets into a barroom brawl. He hits a man from behind. ‘The man he hits falls forward and strikes his head on the sharp edge of a table: ‘Two days later the man dies. This is an example of a) first degree murder : ; b) manslaughter ©) negligent homicide 2. Suppose the incident described above had take place while Fred was trying to rob the bar. The death of the man would be 3 a) felony murder b) manslaughter ©) negligent homicide - 3. Suppose the man that Fred hit had nor died. Fred would be guilty of a) murder b) battery ©) nothing at allAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés 4, To show off, Mike Diavolo drives along a crowded high way at 85 miles an hour, zigzagging in and out of traffic lanes and purposely skidding around slower moving cars. He loses control and hits another killing the driver. This is an example of a) second degree murder b) first degree manslaughter c) involuntary manslaughter 5. Sue Tracy points a sharp knife towards Amy Cruz's throat and says, "Stay away from my boyfriend or I'l eut your throat." This is an example of a) assault b) battery ©) negligent homicide 6. Mark Zacek is arrested for the rape of 16-year Patty Rubin. The age of consent in his state is 18. Mark says that Patty had been willing to have sexual relations with him, that she had claimed to be 19, and that he believed her. If what Mark says true, is he guilty of statutory rape? a) yes b) no 71Crimes Against Property Crimes against property are of two main kinds-crimes in which property is stolen, and crimes where it is damaged Here are some of the main crimes against property: ‘Theft (also called Larceny). Larceny is the legal name for stealing. In most states, stealing anything worth more than $250 or so is a felony and is called grand larceny. Stealing anything worth less is called petty larceny (the word "petty" means "small"). Petty larceny is a misdemeanor. Keeping lost property is a kind of larceny. Embezzlement is a special kind of theft. It is stealing something, usually money or stocks and bonds, that you were supposed to be taking care of. If a bank clerk steals bank money, that's embezzlement. Robbery is stealing from a person by force or by threatening force. In armed robbery, where the robber uses a gun or other weapon, the legal penalty may be greater than for ordinary robbery. Extortion (also called Blackmail) is the crime of getting money or property by threatening the owner with harm to his or her person, property, or reputation, or to another person. Burglary is illegally entering someone's home or other biilding for the purpose of committing a crime. rr Frand is often an clement of many crimes against property. It involves getting something dishonestly, by trickery. Fraud includes cheating someone by a lie or a dishonest statement, or by hiding the truth when there is an obligation to reveal it. Forgery is a particular kind of fraud. It is the crime of fakery or altering something written for an illegal purpose-for example, to get money illegally. Signing someone else's name to a check is forgery. So is altering a signed contract, or faking a book. Faking a, valuable painting or other work of art is sometimes considered forgery. Counterfeiting is also a special kind of fraud. It is the crime of making fake money, either coins or bills - ‘Vandalism is the crime of harming or destroying property. Arson is the crime of burning someone's property, usually a building. Even if the owner bums down his or her own building, it's arson. 72din Dei Di di Dis De ded: 2 Mindi ie dite din Dar) ) ) Questions 1. Chris Ching steals a purse containing $20.00.This is a. grand larceny b. petty larceny c. robbery 2. "Mugging," where the victim is attacked ‘from behind and his or her money is taken, is a ‘kind of a. burglary b. extortion c. robbery 3. The bookkeeper of a company intentionally puts a company check into his own bank account. This is an example of a, embezzlement b. extortion ©. vandalism 4. Bart Morris is a used car dealer. He turns back the mileage indicators on his cars so that it seems as if they had not been driven much. He then repaints the cars and sells them as “almost new, hardly used at all.” This is a. counterfeiting, b. fraud, c. vandalism * 6. Eric Kroll threatens to blow up Fred La Plante's store if he isn't paid $3000. This is a. embezzlement b. extortion c. vandalism 7. Ken Nelson receives a check for $100. He adds a zero at the end of the $100. The check now says $1 000. Ken cashes the check for a thousand dollars. This is a. extortion b. counterfeiting «¢. forgery 73DRUG OFFENSE Drug offenses are an important group of crimes that do not neatly fall into the category of either offenses against people or offenses against property. Both the federal government and the various state governments have laws against the misuse of drugs. The U.S. law that deals with drug abuse is known as the Controlled Substances Act. It divides drugs up into 5 groups according to medical use, it any, and capacity to cause addiction. The legal penalties for misuse are different for the different groups. Each of the following may be a crime under federal or state law: * Selling, Distributing, or Manufacturing Drugs. This offense carries the heaviest penalty. The penalty can be a minimum of 15 years in prison. For a second offense, the penalties are double the original penalty. ‘The maximum penalty can be life imprisonment. Possession with Intent to Sell. A person caught with a large quantity of illegal drugs- morc than he or she alone could reasonably use-may be charged with this crime. Possession. The federal law treats the first offense of simple possession of an illegal drug as a misdemeanor-that is, a lesser criminal offense carrying a maximum penalty of a year in jail or less. But many states treat it as a felony that is, as a serious criminal offense carrying a penalty of more than a year. In many states, the penalty can be quite severe-several years in jail. , rt Possession of Drug Paraphernalia. "Paraphernalia:' means "devices" or apparatus.” Drug paraphernalia are devices that drug abusers use to take drugs -needles, syringes, pipes, and so on. A heroin user who is high on the drug but who has no heroin in his or her possession could still be arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia if he or she is found with a syringe, or a needle and eyedropper, or any similar drug apparatus. Questions ° 1. Which of the following is a misdemeanor under federal law? a. selling illegal drugs, first offense b. simple possession of illegal drugs, first offense c. neither of the above 74BP PO DE OD a de d— )- j— fe ae Pe ad = Jo Je = Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 2. Laws against illegal drugs are a. federal laws only b. state laws only c. both federal and state laws 3. Mike Nelson is caught with 4 pounds of cocaine in his car. He will probably be charged with 7 a. possession of drug paraphemalia b. possession with intent to sell c. simple possession of a controlled substance 4. Which of the following can be kinds of paraphernalia? a. cocaine and heroin ». hashish and marijuana ©. syringes and pipes 5. Nick Harms is sentenced to 30 years in prison for a drug offense. Judging from the length of his sentence, the offense was most probably a. possession of drug paraphernalia b. selling drugs c. simple possession of a controlled substance 6. In federal-law, drugs like heroin, cocaine, and marijuana are classed as controlled substances - oe a b. drug apparatus ¢. paraphernalia 75How the Criminal Law Works Let’s consider the case of Matt Gray. Matt is in serious trouble. A police officer stopped him when he was running down the street from a store that had been held up. ‘The store owner ran out of his store. He pointed in Matt's direction and said, "Stop him!" Here is what can happen in Matt's case: Arrest. The police officer will arrest Matt. ("Arrest" means that the police will stop Matt and take him into custody.) Booking. Matt will be taken to the police station and will be booked. ("Booking" means that a record of his arrest will be made.) Matt may have to stay in jail overnight. Charge. As soon as possible, Matt will be officially charged. This means that he will be taken before a judge and told what he is accused of. After he is charged, Matt may be allowed to get out on bail-that is, he may be allowed to pay a sum of money to get out of jail until his trial comes up. Trial. Some time later, Matt will be given a trial in a court of law to decide whether or not he is guilty of whatever he is charged with. On the other hand, Matt (with his lawyer's advice) may decide that the evidence against him is very strong, and that he would probably be convicted at a trial. If the prosecutor agrees, Matt may give up his right to trial in exchange for being allowed to plead guilty to a lesser offense. This is known as plea bargaining. oe Sentence. If Matt pleads guilty or is found guilty at a trial, he will be sentenced by the judge. He may go to prison. (Ifhe is found not guilty, he will go free.) © Questions The main steps involved in a criminal case are Arrest ° Booking Charge al or plea bargaining (one of the two, but not both) Sentence 76| { E| | | | A ). a Renae Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés Jessie Ames is brought before a judge. The judge tells Jessie officially that the state is preparing to try her for car theft. What is the name of this step? (Pick from the list above.) Tad Jones is stopped by a police officer and ordered to come to the police station. What is the name of this step? At the end of her trial, Joyce Flanagan is told by a judge that she will be sent to prison for two years. Name this step.. Fred Dexter is taken into a courtroom, where a judge and jury decide whether or not he is guilty of a crime. Name of this step. Jodie Peach has just been arrested. A police sergeant at the station house writes down Jodie's address, and the reason for her artest. Name this step. 7Criminal Punishment There are many possible punishments for criminal acts: 78 Death. A punishment that can be handed out in certain states for the especially severe crime of murder. Also called execution, Imprisonment. The criminal goes to prison or to jail. ‘The length of time depends on the severity of the crime. Murder can be punished by life imprisonment. A petty crime can be punished by a few days in jail Work Release. The defendant is allowed to work in the daytime in the outside world, but must spend nights and weekends in jail Probation. The defendant is allowed to live out of prison, but must live under the supervision of a special probation officer and must not travel outside the area in which he or she lives. A judge may sentence a convicted person to probation at the end of a trial or after plea bargaining has occurred. Or an imprisoned person may be let out of prison on probation after serving part of his or her sentence. Fine. The defendant must pay money to the court. Restitution. The defendant must pay money to the person‘hurt by the criminal act, or must make up for the loss or injury in some other way. Suspended Sentence. A convicted defendant is given a sentence requited by law, but is not required to serve it. In effect, he or she is set free. A judge gives a suspended sentence only when he or she believes that the criminal act will not be repeated, and that no useful purpose would be served by the defendant's going to jail Depending on the type of sentence that can be given, the law groups criminal acts into three groups. ° Felonies, crimes that can result in a sentence of more than a year in prison (even if the sentence is not handed out in a particular case). Murder and armed robbery are feloni Misdemeanors, offenses whose maximum penalty is a year or less. Simple assault without a weapon, or being drunk and disorderly, are common misdemeanors.Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés Violations or Petty Offenses are acts that violate local ordinances. Usually they are not considered "crimes," though they may be punished by law. Smoking in a Washington subway, jaywalking in Los Angeles, or even failing to clean snow off the sidewalk in front of your house in many towns are violations. A violation may also be an offense understate law that can be punished by not more than 15 days in jal. Questions George Morris deliberately destroyed his neighbor's fence. He does not have to spend time in jail, but as part of his sentence the judge makes him rebuild the fence. This is an example of, a. probation b. restitution c, work release A judge sentences a defendant to jail, but then adds that the defendant will not be required to serve the sentence unless he breaks the law again. The defendant does not have to report to anyone's or live under anyon6s supervision. This is-an example of a. imprisonment b. probation c.a suspended sentence A defendant in prison is released before shte has served her full sentence. She lives at home, but at regular intervals an officer of the law checks up on her to make sure she is doing nothing illegal and has "gone straight” This is an example of * a. probation . suspended sentence c. work release Lucy Dalton was convicted of theft. During the day time she is allowed to work at her regular job. But after work, and on Saturdays and Sundays, she has to stay in jail. This an example of ‘ a. restitution . probation c. work releaseAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5. Sam Duffy was sentenced to 5 years in jail. His offense was a.a felony b. a misdemeanor c. a petty offense 6. Jean Hamilton was arrested for littering, which an ordinance in her home town says can be punished by up to 15 days in jail. Jean committed a.a felony b. a misdemeanor ©. apetty offense 80) Juvenile Justice Young people in trouble with the law are treated differently from adult criminals. In legal language, young people are called juveniles, and the special courts that deal with them are called juvenile courts. (in some states, juveriile cases are handled in a family court.) Who is a Juvenile? In most states, a juvenile is anyone under the age of 18. In some states, the age limit is 17 or even 16. What Kinds of Cases Does Juvenile Court Handle? Juveniles whose cases are handled by juvenile court fell into three groups: Delinquents. These are juveniles who have committed a crime. Status Offenders. These are juveniles who cannot be controlled by their parents or other guardians, Abused, Mistreated, or Abandoned Juveniles. These are juveniles in need of the protection of the law. They are victims, not criminals or offender In many states, juveniles accused of especially serious crimes like murder or robbery are transferred to an adult court and tried as adults. How Juvenile Court Works. A juvenile in trouble with the law is usually interviewed by social workers or court officers to decide whether the case should go to court or whether the offender should be let go with a warning. More serious offenses, or offenses committed by someone with a police record, usually go to juvenile court. If the case goes to court, the juvenile is entitled to three hearings, Initial or Preliminary Hearing. At the initial hearing, the state must set forth in detail the complaint against the juvenile. If the juvenile does not have a lawyer, he or she will be given one by the court at this hearing, Adjudicatory Hearing. The word “adjudicatory" means “trial” or "judgmeni” The adjudicatory hearing is like a trial. However, unlike an adult trial, the hearing is not public, there is no jury, and both the details of the offense and the name of the juvenile are kept out of the newspapers. e Dispositional Hearing. If the juvenile is found "delinquent" (guilty)at the adjudicatory hearing, the case is disposed of at the dispésitional hearing. This is like the sentencing at an ordinary criminal trial 81Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés Probation is the most common disposition of a juvenile case. But if the offense is serious, the juvenile can be put in a juvenile institution (“reform school") length of time is often not for a time fixed by the judge. Instead, it depends on the agency that runs the institution. A delinquent who shows improvement in the institution gets out sooner that one who does not. Questions 1. Jody Martin keeps running away from home. Her parents cannot make her go to school when she is home. She often stays out all night. Ifshe comes to juvenile court, she will be considered as a. an abused juvenile b. adelinquent c. astatus offender 2. The word "juvenile" means a. acriminal b. akind of courtroom ©. ayoung person 3. In juvenile court, the proceeding that is most like a trial is a. the adjudicatory hearing b. the dispositional hearing c. the initial hearing 4. The proceeding that is most like sentencing is a, the adjudicatory hearing b. the dispositional hearing ©. the initial hearing 5. Which of the following are victims, not criminals or uncontrollable youths? a. abused juveniles b. delinquents ©. status offenders ° 6. Leon Bolling is 16 years old. He is arrested for robbery. He has had many serious problems with the law. After a hearing, the judge in juvenile court decides to send Leon to a "reform school.” The judge does not say how long Leon must stay in the juvenile institution, but says he will not be released until he shows improvement. Can the judge do this? __yes no, 82CIVIL LAW Tort Law and Contract Law Civil law deals with righting the wrongs that people do to each other. ‘These wrongs fall into two great groups: Torts. The word "ton" comes from a French word meaning “a wrong." In law, a tort is an act that is recognized as wrong because it violates the generally recognized rules of proper conduct. Assaulting someone, taking their property, spreading lies about them, injuring them through carclessness-these are all torts, ‘The civil law will make the wrongdoer pay money (called damages or compensation) to the person who has been wronged. Contracts. ‘The area of law known as "contracts" deals with the agreements that people make with each other. Contract law is concemed with written contracts, of course. It also deals with promises (even when nothing is written), with guarantees, and with the whole enormous area of buying and selling. Consumer law is merely a special branch of contract, law. The next section of this book deals more fully with the subject. Questions After each of the following situations write "tort" or “contract"- whichever best describes the law that applies to the situation. 1, Ruby Jackson buys a bicycle. It doesn't work. She wants her mortey back, 2. De Schwartz, can't make payments on his car. 3. John Severs hits Ron Lepescu and breaks his jaw. Ron sues. a 4, Emma Dravett says her next-door-neighbor is a thief and a criminal. Her statements are not true. 5. Cy Toomey doesn't like a big tree in his neighbor’s yard. He takes a saw and cuts it down ° 6. Selma Hurwitz has a charge account at Foster Stores. Foster charges her a finance charge on a bill that's 2 months old. Selma said she never agreed to pay finance charges on unpaid bills. Foster says it's in the agreement she signed when she started the charge account, 83Intentional Torts and Negligence There are many different kinds of torts, just as there are many different kinds of crime. Here are some of the commonest ones. Battery is any physical contact with a person that the person has not permitted. (Ordinary social contacts, like a tapon the shoulder to attract attention, are not battery.) Hitting someone or injuring someone with a weapon are both examples of battery. Assaults is any threat to harm someone physically. Trespass is the tort of going onto someone else's land or into someone's home without permission, It includes objects as well as people. Dumping garbage in someone's yard, for example, is a trespass. Conversion is taking someone else's personal property. Deformation is spreading lies that harm someone is the tort of defamation. If the defamation is spoken, it is called slander. If written, it is called libel, (Don't confuse the word "libel" with the word "liable"!) Deceit is the tort of getting someone's money or other property by using lies, trickery, or misrepresentation. It is the civil law's equivalent of fraud and is sometimes called fraud. The torts discussed above are all acts that are done on puipose, They are classed as intentional torts. But many people harm others unintentionally. Harming someone without intending to may be the tort of negligence. Negligence is carelessness that causes harm, Most auto accidents, for example, are the result of the negligence of one of the drivers. Negligence is also the failure to do something that you should have done. For example, a homeowner who does not keep his front steps in good condition is being negligent. If someone trips and is injured because of this negligence, the homeowner may be liable : Contributory Negligence. Some states rule that if a victim has contributed to an accident by his or her own negligence, then he or she cannot recover damages at all. This is called contributory negligence. Comparative Negligence. In other states, the jury compares the negligence of both parties. But the amount awarded to a party is reduced in proportion to his or her own negligence. For example, Mrs. Jacobs is involved in a car accident. She and the other driver sue each other. The jury finds that she was 20% at fault and the other driver was 80% at fault. The damage to her car was $1000. Mrs. Jacobs gets only $800 ($1000 minus 20% of $1000). a4Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés ‘The damage to the other car was $500. Since the other driver was 80% at fault, he gets only $100 ($500 minus 80% of $500). Questions 1. Peter Mellon puts in a new driveway to his garage. Unfortunately, part of the driveway is on his neighbor's property. Without knowing it, Peter has committed the tort of a. assault b. conversion c. trespass 2. Mary Queen steals a car and sells it to Bill Scott, The rightful owner finds it and gets it back. Bill is a victim of the tort of. a. assault b. deceit c. defamation 3. The rightful owner of the car that Mary Queen stole in Question 2, above, was the victim of the tort of a. battery b. conversion c. trespass ct 4. Luis Ramos writes a newspaper article in which he calls a local store owner a crook and a thief. What Luis wrote is not true. This is tort of a. assault b. libel c. slander 5. Vinee Scoppa is in a car accident. the damage to his car was $2000. He sues is a state where the doctrine of contributory negligence iwin effect. The jury finds that the accident was mostly the fault of the other driver, but that Vince was partly to blame, How much money will Vince be awarded? a. $2000 ’b, $2000 reduced in proportion to Vince's negligence c. nothingAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés 6. Marcia Dollard is in a car accident. Her repair and medical bills come to $10,000, the amount she is suing for. She is suing in a state where the doctrine of comparative negligence is in effect. The jury finds that Marcia was 40% responsible for the accident. How much money will she get? zi a. $10,000 b. $6,000 c. nothing 86How a Civil Lawsuit Works A lawsuit is a legal disagreement. Lawsuits are part of the eivil law. If you sue or are sued under the civil law, there may be a trial, but the police don't have to be involved. There is no arrest, and no one will be sent to jail Let's see how a lawsuit works in the case of Al Appleby. Al was hit by a car driven by Henri Zacharias. Al believes that the accident was caused by Henri's carelessness. Al Wants to sue Henri and get Henri to pay for his injuries. Here is what happens: 1. Alis the plaintiff—the person whose complaint starts the lawsuit. Al goes to a lawyer and tells him or her what happened. 2. Al's lawyer tries to got Henri to settle out of court, This means that Al's lawyer tries to get Henri to pay without going through a trial. But Henri says no. 3. Al's lawyer writes up two legal papers—a complaint and a summons. ‘The complaint states that Al was harmed by Henn's careless driving and demands that Henri pay Al $10,000. The summons tells Henri to answer the complaint in a standard, legal manner. 4. Henri is served with the summons and complaint. (“Served with” means that the two Papers are handed to Henri.) 5. Henri now has to defend himself. He is the defendant in the case. He tells his lawyer his side of the story. 6. Henri’s lawyer writes up an official answer to Al’s complaint. The answer says that the accident was not Henri’s fault. : 7. Before the trial both Al and Henri may be questioned by each other’s lawyers. But each man’s own lawyer will be present at the questioning, 8. The case comes to trial in a court of law to decide whether or not the accident was Henri’s fault, 2 9. If the decision at the trial-called a verdict-is in Al’s favor , the judge at the trial will issue a judgment ordering Henri to pay Al e This case, is actually an unusual one. Most lawsuits never come to trial, but are settled out of court. 87Questions Here are some of the steps involved in a civil law case: the wri g of the complaint and the summons. the service (of the complaint and summons) the answer the questioning before the trial the trial the judgment Frida Ullman is handed some legal papers. ‘The papers say she is being sued by Julio Rodriguez. Which step is this? (Copy your answer from the list above.) Louis Corey has sued Peter Rucke for $5,000. They are now in court to decide whether Peter has to pay. Which step is this? Will Stadler did not keep up his payments on a TV set he bought at Gott’s store. Ms. Gott went to her lawyer. The lawyer is now writing up legal papers that will start a lawsuit against Will. What step is this? : Jack Rodino is served a complaint and a summons claiming he owes-Highet Stores, Inc,, $1,200. Jack does not owe Highet any money at all. What step is this? Lee Benitez is being sued for $10,000 by Judith Rickles. Aer a trial, a judge says that Lee must pay Judith the $10,000. What step is this? a8Answering a Summons Now, let's look at the case of Gina Falcon, who is being sued by Hartwick Stores.when Ms. Falcon opens the summons, here is part of what she secs. YOU ARE HEREBY SUMMONED TO appear in the Civil Court of the Town of Hartsboro, County of Mendoza, at the office of the Clerk of the said Court at 37 Orchard Place within 30 days after service of this summons upon you, exclusive of the day of service, and to make answer against the complaint. Upon your failure to answer, judgment will be taken against you for the sum of $385 with interest thereon from the 28 day of February 1987. Dated, the 21 day of June 1987. One very important part of the summons is underlined in this example, The underlined ‘words warn Ms. Falcon that if she (or her lawyer) does not answer the summons in the time stated, Ms. Falcon will automatically lose the case. This way of losing a case is known as default judgment. Look at the underlined portions again and note particularly the section beginning "upon your failure to answer. In some cases your lawyer may be able to get a default judgment set aside. If the person is Suing you, he or she is supposed to give you a summons. But sometimes a dishonest plaintiff will throw out a summons instead of serving it. This is called "sewer service." Since you don't know that you are being sued, you cannot, of course; answer the summons. You could lose automatically—but your lawyer can, in this case, have the default judgement set aside. Questions Look at the summons again. Then answer the following questions. 1. After she is served, how:many days does Ms. Falcon have to answer the summons? 2. Suppose Ms. Falcon was served the summons on April 5. If she answers the summons on April 18, is she in time 2(Answer yes or no.) 3. Ms. Falcon feels that she has paid Hartwick Stores everything she owes them. Let's say she doesn't pay any attention to the summons. What will happen? a. nothing b. She'll automatically win the case. ¢. She'll automatically lose the case. a9CHAPTER THREE POLICEPOLICE Prereading Exercise Discuss the following questions with your classmates and teacher. 1. Has a burglar ever taken anything from your house or apartment? 2. What did he or she take? Did the police help you find your stolen property? 3. What other kind of problems has the police helped you with? A. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT. Before-reading the story "Call the police,” read the following paragraphs. Try to guess the meaning of the underlined words from the context. 1. Even in very small towns people sometimes take other people's things and get into fights. Even the smallest town needs police for protection. Police are people who a- put out fires b- keep people safe from crime ¢- take bus tickets 4- Fly airplanes, 2. Luis has a bicycle. He plans to ride it to campus and leave it outside a building there, but he is afraid someone will take it. Therefore he needs to buy a lock for it. He can choose a combination lock, which opens when you turn it to the correct numbers, or he can choose a lock that opens with a key. He has decided to buy a lock with a key. He will be careful to keep his keys in his pocket and not Jose them. A lock can keep a bicycle safe. It can also keep a- food cold b- gym clothes and equipment ca window open d-adoor closed The right key will a- move heavy things b- start an electric typewriter ©- open a locked door d- let you get on a bus 93Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 3. Lec finished writing a paper. She read it carefully and crossed out all the mistakes that she found. When she thought it was good enough, she copied it on her typewriter ‘That picture is a copy of this one a- They both are the same things b- They are very different It’s much worse than this one ¢- It’s much better than this one A typewriter is a special kind of pen b- a machine that lets you write faster and more neatly c-a kind of cassette player d-a Xerox copier 4. Ellen got a new pocketbook for her birthday. It came with a machine wallet and a change purse . She put her paper money, credit card, ID. card, and driver’s license in the wallet. She put her small change in the change purse. Then she put them both in the new pocketbook. ; A wallet is a- as big as a pack b- big cnough to hold money and cards ¢- usually too big to go in a man’s pocket 4- smaller than a change purse B. LONG READING CALL THE POLICE! . ‘Walter was reading the newspaper on Saturday in his dormitory room when he saw that a tape by his favorite singer was on sale at the campus store. He had a small tape recorder but not many cassettes, so he was eager to add the new one to his collection. He grabbed his wallet and ran out, closing the door quickly. He ran to the store, looked over all the tapes, bought the one he wanted, and hurried home. When he got back to his room, the door was open. This was strange, because he thought he had closed it. He reached for the recorder but it was not there! Maybe a friend had borrowed it. But a friend would surely leave a note and close the door. It had probably been stolen. He opened the telephone directory and found the number for the city police on the inside of the cover. He picked up the phone and dialed. A voice answered, “City Police Officer Jones speaking.” “Somebody stole my tape recorder,” said Walter. “Where are you?” “Rockefeller Hall, Room 420.” “So you are on campus,” the officer said. 94: Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés “Yes.” “Then you should call the campus police not us.” “Oh, sorry!” Walter hung up and then notice that a sticker on his phone gave the campus police number. He dialed the number. “Campus Police. Officer George Herbert speakin, “Someone stole my tape recorder.” “Where are you?” “Rockefeller Hall, Room 42 “When did it happen?” “I guess in the last half hour. I just got back from the store and it was not there.? “What is your name?” “Walter Stevenson.” “Can you wait there a few minutes? An officer will be there soon.” “Sure.” In 15 minutes the campus police officer arrived. “So your tape recorder has gone,” “What Kind is it?” “A portable cassette player.2 “How was your door locked?” “did not lock it. I closed it, but it was open when I got back. I was only gone for half an hour.” “Five minutes is enough time for a quick thief to steal something.” “But it is daytime,” Walter said in surprise. “That is when most burglaries happen. You should always lock your door when you leave your room.” This was new to Walter. In the little townrwhere he had grown up his parents had never locked the house door during the day. “This lock on the doorknob does not help much, “the officer céntinued.” Anyone can open it with a eredit card. Use the upper lock. By the way, did your tape recorder have a Furnell identification number?” i “Not, it did not.” “That is too bad. If you have a radio or a typewriter or anything else valuable, bring it To our office in Tower Hall. We will put a number on it and keep a copy of that number. If it gets stolen and left somewhere or just gets lost, someone may bring it to us. We run the campus Lost and Found Office. If something comes to us with a number on it, we can easily retum it to you.” ‘i “Will you be able to find this tape recorder’ “Not much chance. There are so many just like it.” i “T guess it is a good thing I did not come back while the burglar was here. I could have been killed.” “That is really not very likely. Most burglars jgill just make an excuse and then leave.” The officer took down a few notes and left. Walter picked up his keys from the desk and put them in his pocket. ” Walter replied. 95Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés C. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS. Choose the best way to complete the following sentences first. Then look back at the reading to check your answers. 1. The story doesn't tell us exactly who took Walter's tape recorder. It is implied that the tape recorder was taken by ~a friend - his roommate - the city police a thief or burglar 2. What is an important lesson that Walter learned from this experience? ~ to stay away from sales on cassettes - to take his tape recorder with him when he goes out ~ to lock his door well every time he leaves ~ not to come back when a burglar is in his room 3. Walter wanted to buy the cassette by his favorite singer because ~ he didn't have any other tapes by this singer ~ the tape was now and cheaper than usual ~ although the tape was expensive, it was new ~ it was hard to get tapes by this singer 4. The city police did not help Walter because ~ he was on campus ~ a tape recorder is too small for them to worry about ~ they only handle violent crimes. : ~ he was from a small town. 5. Walter's tape recorder was. ~ heavy ~ easy to carry ~ excellent quality - from his parenis 6. Burglaries are more likely to occur . ~ during the night - during the day ~ when it is dark ~ when people have credit cardsAntologia de textos jurcicos en inglés 7. To steal something a burglar needs enough time to plan - aknife or gun = accheck or credit card - just five minutes 8. It is implied that Walter did not lock his door because ~ he was not used to locking his door at home ~ he was in a hurry ~ he did not carry his keys with him - all of the above 9. The campus police do not have ~ an office in Tower Hall. - a Lost and Found ~ a program for registering property - Walter's tape recorder D. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT 1. Martha had to work late at the laboratory. She expected Luis to be home around six as usual. So she called him at 6:15. He wasn't home. She phoned again and again. By 7:30 she suspected that something was wrong. When she phoned at eight o'clock he answered. He explained that his car had had a flat tre. Mrs. Shaw's students noticed that she was getting fatter every week. They suspected that she was pregnant. Finally, after several months, she told them that her baby Was due in June, ; When you expect something, you - think it will happen. > ~ hope it won't happen. - know all about it = want it to happen soon, When you suspect something, you - know it is true. ° - know it is false. - think it might be true. - think it is bad, 2. Schools in the United States are either public—when the state or local government runs them—or private—when individuals or a group (such as a church) runs them, 97Antoiogia de textos juridicos en inglés If some land is private, it can belong to everybody. - one or more people. ~ the federal government. ~ the state. 3. "I got a parking ticket. Now what do I do?" “Is this the first time you've gotten one?" "Yes." “Then the easiest thing is to pay it by mail. The fine for a first offense isn't too high.” "But I didn't do anything wrong!" "Then you can go to court and explain to the judge what happened. Maybe the judge will let you off without paying,” A parking ticket = lets you park free. - lets you park for a fee. ~ informs you that you have to pay a fine for illegal parking, ~ gives you the schedule telling when you may park on what side of the street. A fine is ~ money paid as a kind of punishment. something you find. -atax ~ something excellent. When someone commits an offense, he or she is doing something good: - wrong. ra - aggressive ridiculous. A judge = writes laws. - writes parking tickets. ~ Decides who is right in some cases ~ commits offenses. Court is where ~ all parking tickets must be paid. ~ you can find a parking space. = you can go and talk. ~ A judge conducts trials.Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés E, READING SHORT Read the following and the answer the questions that follow. PARKING It was a bad night for Luis. His research in a neighboring town had taken longer than he expected. It was late and he was very tired when he drove home. He tumed into his building's parking lot, but all the spaces were full. He drove back out onto the street looking for a parking space. The first block was full. The next block was almost empty. Luis didn't see a No Parking sing, but he suspected that if parking were allowed there, most of the spaces would be filled. ‘Then he saw a small parking lot with two free spaces. He was so glad to see them that he didn't even think to read the sing by the entrance. He drove in, parked, and hurried home to go bed, The next moming he went back to the lot to get his car. It was gone! He ran home and telephoned the city police to say that his car had been stolen. It took the police only a minute to tell him what had happened. His car had been on a private lot. It had been towed away. Luis had to take a taxi to the city garage far from the center of town, He had to pay a $40.00 towing fee to get his car back. In addition, he got a parking ticket, his first one ever in Greenville. F. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Choose the correct answer or the best way to complete the-following sentences. You may look back at the story to help you find the answers. 1. It is implied that Luis usually parks in the city garage. in his building’s lot. - on the street, ~ in a park for cars. 2. On the night of this story Luis parked ~ in a garage, ; ~ in the lot belonging to his building. ~ about three blocks from home. - in aneighboring town, 3. Luis got to the city garage - on foot. ° ~ by cab. - by bus. - by riding in a friend's car.Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 4. Itis implied that there was a No parking sign ~ one the first block = in his building’s lot ~ at the lot where he parked - on almost every comer in town 5. When Luis didn’t find his ear in the morning, he first thought that ~ his wife had taken it ~ he had left it in the nei ~ it was in the garage. ~ it had been stolen boring town, G. FILLED EXERCISE Fill in the blanks with the correct words from the following list. Each word must be used. No word can be used twice strange run infraction prohibit fee favorite eager return 1. Ellen likes tennis best. Tennis is her sport 2.Please__ __ your library books on time. Do not bring them back late. 3. At Furell students pay a $30 sports The $30 is for services provided by the Athletics Department when students use the gym. 4, Walter wants to meet you as soon as possible, He is very to meet Son : - 5. The Student Council decided to smoking in the lounge. Smoking in the lounge will be forbidden from now on. 6 Itis odd that such a good student failed an exam. It is really very__ 7. Martha will be in charge of the laboratory while the senior technician is on vacation. She will the laboratory during most of July. 8. Driving faster than 55 miles per hour is a violation in every state. However, the _ may have different penalties in different states, AEM. BIBLIOTECASAntologia de textos juridicos en inglés H. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Before reading the article “Furnell’s finest,” read the following paragraphs. Try to guess the meaning of the underlined words from the context. 1. As Don was driving home one snowy evening, he saw an accident. A car had gone off the road and hit a tree. The police were there and so was and ambulance. After that, Don drove slowly and carefully. Some accidents happen when ~ people want them people don’t want them the police are there people don’t pay attention A carefully person will have - more accidents - better accidents ~ fewer accidents 7 ~ no accidents ever Martha had an accident in the laboratory. She broke a glass tube and cut her hand quite badly. It was bleeding hard. Since this. was an emergency, the director drove her to the clinic In an emergency + you have plenty of time + You have to drive a car = you are in a laboratory - you have to act fast - 3. My grandfather told me, “It is foolish and wrong to try to settle an argument by violent means. Don’t fight! Talk! Using violence means ~" peacefull methods * ~ illegal methods - force - legal methods 4, The department need another secretary. They will hire another secretary as soon as they have money to do it. * When a department hires somebody, they pay that person in return for his or her - parking - food = work - furniture 101Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 5. Billen likes to dress neatly every day. On the other hand, Don wears blue, dirty, boots, and old work shirts. ‘The words on the other hand express - sameness - Ieft and right - tight and wrong ~ acontrast, a difference 1. SHORT READING Read the following article and then answer the questions that follow, Students have been complaining more and more about stolen property. Radios, tape recorders, bicycles, pocket calculators, and books have all been reported stolen, Are there cough campus police to do the job? There are 20 officers (17 men and 3 women) in the Campus Security Division. Their Job is to handle crime, accidents, lost and found items, and traffic problems on campus. More than half of their tine is spent directing traffic and writing park tickets. Responding to accidents and other emergencies is important, but itis their smallest job. Dealing with crime takes up the rest of their time. Very rarely do any violence crimes cccur. In the last five years there have been no murders, 7 ‘rapes and about 60 other assaults, most of these involving fights at parties. On the other hand, there have been hundreds of thefts and cases of vandalism. Vandalism here usually involves breaking Windows or lights or writing on walls. The thefts and other tobberies with guns or the carefully planned burglaries that you see in movies. Things get, stolen when it is easy to steal them because they are left lying’around unwatched or unlocked rooms. Do we really need more police? Hiring more campus police would cost money, Possibly making our tuition go up again, A better way to solve this problem might be for all of us to be careful with our things. J. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS What is the main idea of this reading? There are not enough campus police There are 17 men and 3 women on the Furpell Police Force. Furnell campus police spend most of their time dealing with crime. The problem is that the campus police spend miare than half their time directing traffic and writing park tickets, 1022 Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 2. Are these sentences true or false, according to the reading? Write T for true or F for false in the blank to the left of cach sentence. five years a) There are three women police officers on campus. b) ‘There haven’t been any violent crimes on campus in the past five years. °) ‘Most crimes on campus are crimes against property, such as robbery and vandalism, 4) Most of the campus robberies that happen are carefully planned crimes. K. FACT AND OPINION Decide if the following sentences are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion to the left of each sentence. Be prepared to explain why you chose F or O in each case. The campus police should spend more time on crime and less time on traffic There are 20 officers on the campus police force There are not enough women on the campus police force. Hiring more police is not necessary. Hiring more police would cost money. Students have been complaining that things are being stolen. L. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT Read paragraph 3 of "Fumell's Finest" again, paying close attention to the words assault and vandalism. Then do the following exercise. Which of the following are examples of assault or vandalism? Put A in the blank by assaults, and V_ in the blank by vandalism. Some cases will be neither. 1 Walter parked his car in a No Parking Zone on campus and got a § 15 ticket. 2 Don and.Bllen saw a student hit another student at her last sorority party. Both students were very drunk. A robber who was caught with $57,000 tried to escape from the police. He shot at them three times with a handgun, 4. Over the Thanksgiving vacation’ someone broke into the Greenville High School and broke 34 windows, wrote all over flee walls, and overturned the desks and chairs in several classrooms. 3, People have written all over the cards of the New York City subways. 103Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés _ My mother’s home was burglarized last weekend while she was visiting me in Greenville. They took her television set, sterco and 35-mm. Camera. M. WORDS IN HIERARCHIES In each list of words, underline the one that includes al the others. For example: Bread salad food meat 1. taperecorders bicycles. property books calculators cassettes 2. accident fire illness emergencies 3. crime vandalism theft assault rape murder 4. fighting war murder rape violence | 5. abolition government reform right state 6. accusation evidence suspect witness crime punishment | 7. discipline arms struggle troops military victory | N. WORD FORM CHART : ‘ | Vocabulary Word __ Adjective Noun Verb Adverb 1 toadd . to collected collection collect his collection 2. Ithad stolen stealing steal been stolen. 3. a sticker on sticky sticker stick } his phone. ee 4. most burglar burglarize burglaries burglary happen. : 5. registered registered registration _ register it with us. register 104Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 6. anything else valuable value value valuable 7. parking lot parking parking park 8. aneighboring neighboring neighbor town. neighborhood 9. The ... block full “ fill was full. 10. parking violation violate violation 11. The thefts thief are not. theft 1.2. robberies with robber rob guns robbery 13. violent crimes violent violence violently O. WORD FORM EXERCISE Choose the correct word form and fill in the blank. Look at number 1 on the Word Form Chart to choose the correct answer for question 1 in this exercise, and so forth. Name the part of speech in the blank at the right. 1- Walter cassettes. Part of speech 2.- Somebody : my umbrella while I wasn't looking. . Part of speech 3. Just a stamp on the envelope and mail it. Part of speech ° 4.-Is there any way that a could enter this house? Part of speech _ 5.- There are always long lines of students at Part of speech 105Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés 6.- The of a dollar keeps changing. Part of speech 7.- If we go by car, where are we going to 2 Part of speech _ 8.- This is my , John Jones, who lives in the white house next to mine. Part of speech 9.- Some say this glass is half ; others say itis half empty. Part of speech 10- Those who the law will be fined. Part of speech 11-Some __ z stole my raincoat while I was eating lunch. Part of speech 12.- Jonh Delinger was a bank , Part of speech 13.- Many people complain that too much is shown on television, Part of speech P. VOCABULARY REVIEW READING : 5 THE CRIME BEAT Florence Hayes is a journalist for the Greenville Journal, the daily newspaper in town. Specifically, she covers crime in the Greenville area. This responsability takes her many different places every week—the police station, the courts, the university's Public Safety Division and the hospital. Most of the crimes that she writes about fail into two groups, violent, crimes and crimes against property. There is not much violent crime in a small town like Greenville, or at least not as much as in large urban areas, But assaults often occur on Friday and Saturday nights near the bars downtown. Florence includes short reports of these fights on Monday newspaper. There are also one or two rapes on the Furnell Campus every semester. She is very interested in this type of crime and tries to write a long article about each one. She expects that this will make women more careful when they walk and around Greenville alone at night. Fortunately, there are usually no murders in Greenville. (violence here seems to stop before any killing happens.) Crimes against property make up most of Mrs. Hayes’ reporting. ‘They range from minor cases of vandalism in school to much more serious offenses, such as car accidents 106Antologia de textos juridicos en inglés involving drunk drivers, or bank robberies. But Florence has to report all these violations from the thief who took typewriters from every unlocked room in a dormitory to the thief who stole $1 million worth of artwork from the university museum, Mrs, Hayes enjoys working for a newspaper, but she sometimes gets unhappy about all the crimes she has to report. She would prefer to start writing about something more interesting and less unpleasant, such as local news or politics. Maybe next year! Q. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Answer the following questions 1. What are the main two types of crime that Florence Hayes reports on? a) rapes and assaults b) murders and robberies ©) drunk driving accidents and vandalism 4) violent crime and crime against property e) killing and stolen wallets and typewriters 2. Why does she write a long article about the rapes on the Furnell campus? a) because violence in Greenville usually stops before any killing happens ) because she thinks it will helps women be more carefully ©) because it helps the police find rapists 4) because she was raped and wants to help other women 3. What does Mrs. Hayes spend most of her time writing about? a) violations such as thefts and assaults b) local news and polities ©) crimes against property 4) violent crime 4. Where does Mrs. Hayes get information about crime? a) the police station. b) the hospital. ©) the courts. 4) the university ©) all of the above. 5. Which of the following is implied in this story? a) Mrs. Hayes has been raped b) Florence Hayes would prefer to report on crime in New York City. ¢) Mrs. Hayes thinks that Furnell students read the Greenville Journal. 107R. SHORT READING Independence Day is the most important national holiday in the United States of America. It is celebrated on July 4, so most people call it "the Fourth of July.” On that day in 1776, thirteen English colonies in what is now the United States decided not to be part of England any longer. Representatives of the people of all thirteen colonies signed a paper saying why they wanted to be independent. Of course, England tried to keep them. The colonies had to win a war—the American Revolution— before they won their freedom and became the United States of America. Americans celebrate this national holiday in several ways. In the past, children bought their own fireworks and lighted them with matches to make the go off with a "bang." This was dangerous and is now forbidden in most states. Instead, there are public fireworks. In the evening thousands of people in every town go to a show of bright lights and loud noises. Almost nobody works on the Fourth of July, so people go swimming, have picnics in the park, and travel. S. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS Circle the best answer to the following questions 1. Independence Day is a holiday because in 1776 ~ America was discovered ~ The United States decided to become an independent country ~ England did not want colonies in America ~ the President of the United States of America was elected 2. Fire works are ~ beautiful and noisy ~ quict and beautiful ~ safe even for children - completely forbidden 3. On the Forth July most Americans do not - watch fireworks - goon picnics - have fun = work 108. » BIBLIOGRAPHY Holly Deemer Rogerson. WORDS FOR STUDENTS OF ENGLISH. AVOCABULARY SERIES FOR ESL. University of Pittsburgh, 1997. Caleb E. Crowell. YOU AND THE LAW. Educational Design, Inc, 1996. Suzanne Robertshaw. READING FIRST. Macmillan. USA, 1994. 109