SMA

Mix Design Via Binary

Packing Triangle Concepts

Authors: Mike Butcher and Hugo van Loon
Presenter: Hugo van Loon
AAPA 2013 Flexible Pavements Conference Brisbane

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

IntroducLon

Provides a raLonal method to design the packing of

aggregates, sands and llers for SMA
Based on parLcle packing theory of Furnas, Powers
and Lees
Based on xed binder of llers work by Heukelom
Materials are combined such that voids are
targeted at the correct level
Adjustments can be made to material combinaLons
in an educated manner
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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IntroducLon
To demonstrate the benets of this method of
designing SMA mixes

This presentaLon is divided in Two parts :
Theory
PracLcal Example

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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ParLcle Packing Theory: Furnas

0.50

Size Ratio 0.5

0.48
0.46

0.4

0.44

.4
0

0.42

0.3

Voids

0.40
0.38

0.2

0.36
0.34

0.1

0.32

0.05

0.30

0.02

0.28

0.00

0.26
0.24

20

40

60

80

100

Large Constituent % by Weight

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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1.5

ParLcle Packing
Theory: Powers

Or the third coordinate of the

Packing triangle

Specific Voids

Specific voids allows

Calculation of the dilation point

Sf

Sc

1.0

0.5

(%,S)
0.0

-0.5

-1.0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Coarse Aggregate

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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ParLcle Packing Theory: Packing Triangle

30

c=30
1

25

Voids(%)

f=20
20

Size Ratio

15

10

(74.5,6)

20

40

60

80

100

% Coarse

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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ParLcle Packing Theory: Lees

Lees concluded that the percent nes to generate
minimum voids was a funcLon of:
The average voids of the two components,
Their voids dierence,
The size raLo.
Created extensive charts in terms of the above
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Lees: Size RaLo

Size raLo (raLo of equivalent spherical
diameters ESD of two aggregates) key
feature but charts are for single size.
DPTI experimental work showed 35% passing
for a graded aggregate gave a reasonable
esLmate for ESD to use in size raLos.

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Lees: CriLcal Size RaLo

Aggregate interlock related to the CriLcal
RaLo of DilaLon,
CriLcal raLo of dilaLon is in the size raLo
region of 0.23 for a wide variety of aggregate
shapes,
Bailey uses maximum nominal aggregate size
for size raLo and limiLng size raLo of 0.22.
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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ParLcle Packing Theory: Packing Triangle

35

30

% Voids

Three basic triangles

created from Lees
Charts with locus of
dilation points

25

20

15

10

Critcal ratio

0
0

5 1 0 15 2 0 2 5 30 3 5 4 0 45 5 0 5 5 60 6 5 7 0 75 8 0 8 5 90 9 5 1 0 0

% Coarse

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Filler ProperLes

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Heukelom: Filler ProperLes

VR

100%
VF

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Heukelom: Filler ProperLes

Filler

Bulk
Density
(t/m3)

Baghouse Fines
Lime
Cement
NSW Flyash
Pt Augusta Flyash
Kiln Dust

2.737
2.24
3.0
2.4
2.42
2.7

Rigden Voids Fixed Binder (%)

(%)
10% Filler
63.1
60.5
52.5
57.0
46.8
57.2

17.1
15.3
11.1
13.2
8.8
13.4

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Heukelom: Filler ProperLes

AS 1141.17
VR

VR (Rigden Voids) = Fixed Binder

Fixed Binder Ratio = VR/Total Binder

100%
VF

VR
Vf

Effective Filler Particle

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Theory: Heukelom: Filler ProperLes

Dilated Space

VR
100%
VF

Filler attracts binder behaving like a new particle which has its own void space
very similar to packing of single size particles

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: NEXY SMA Designs

DPTI design (AAPA IG4) Coarse design,
VicRoads Fine design.

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: NEXY SMA Designs

110
105
100
95
90
85

80
75
70

Passing (%)

65
60
55

Spec. 227 (Austroad 2007)

50
45
40

SMA10 NEXY VicRoads

35
30
25
20
15

SMA10 NEXY DTEI

10
5
0
0.070.08
0.090.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.80.9 1

8 9 10

20

Sieve Size (mm)

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Trial: Gradings and Binder

Sieve (mm)

13.2
9.5
6.7
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.075
Binder (%)
Voids (%)

Trial
100
94
42
22
14
10
8
8
7
6.6
6.7
9.4

DPTI
Design
100
93
37
27
17
13
11
10
10
8.6
6.5
5.1

Difference
0
+1
+5
-5
-3
-3
-3
-2
-3
-2.0
+0.2
+4.3

Trial
100
97
62
41
22
14
11
10
9
8.3
6.8
8.9

VicRds
Design
100
95
59
40
24
16
13
11
10
9.2
6.5
4.0

Difference
0
+2
+3
+1
-2
-2
-2
-1
-1
-0.9
+0.3
+4.9

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: SMA Texture from trial

1.2

1.10

1.1

Texture (mm)

DTEI MPD
TRAD MPD
Sand patch
Sand patch

1.03

1.0
0.9
0.8

0.74
0.7

0.66
0.6
0.5

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Distance point
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Core Texture

DPTI Spec Core

Vic Rds Spec Core

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: CompacLon Triangles: Sands

40

Blending same material together

size ratio close to 1 no
interlock

35
30

20

14
DTEI
VicRds

15

12

Mix Design DTEI

Mix Design VicRds

10
5
0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Unwashed Quarry sand

Percent Filler

VMA (%)

25

10
8
6
0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Unwashed QS
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: CompacLon Triangle: Aggregates

40
35
30

Blending two coarse

aggregates size ratio
very high

VMA (%)

25
20
15
10

Almost flat response no

interlock

Mix Design VicRds

5
0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Waterloo 10-7

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Packing Triangle: Aggs & Sands

40

40
35

35
30
25

25

VMA (%)

VMA (%)

30

20
15

Mix Design DTEI

10

15
10

Mix design VicRds

5
0

20

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Waterloo 10-7

20

40

60

80

100

Percent 10/7 Aggregate

Shallow response from both mixes suggesting very

little interlock and little ability to adjust void space

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Packing Triangle

40
35

0.26

VMA (%)

30
25

Reduction in size ratio

gave a response
consistent with Furnass
size ratio plots

0.11

20
15

Mix Design DTEI

10
5
0

20

40

60

80

100

Percent Waterloo 10-7

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Filler Fixed Binder RaLo

TMR QLD Recommendation:

Fixed Binder Ratio: 0.35 0.55

DTEI
Filler Vol.

Design
Dry
Wet

7.3
9.3
5.2

Binder
Vol.
14.1
14.4
14.1

VicRds
Fixed
Binder
Ratio
0.47
0.65
0.28

Filler Vol.
8.0
10.1
6.0

Binder
Vol.
14.6
14.7
14.2

Fixed
Binder
Ratio
0.53
0.72
0.35

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Filler Packing Triangle: with binder

60

60

55

50

50

45

45

40

40

VMA (%)

VMA (%)

55

35
30
25

DTEI Mix

20

35
30
25

15

15

10

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent Aggregate

VicRds Mix

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percent Aggregate

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Size RaLos

Equivalent
Material
Waterloo 10-7
Waterloo 7-2
Waterloo QS
Waterloo washed QS

Size (mm)
7.4
5.3
1.8
2.3

Material
Agg1 10-7
Agg2 10-7
Agg3 7-2
Fine QS1
Fine QS2
QS3
QS4
Pit sand

Equivalent
Size (mm)
7.5
7.4
5.1
0.7
0.7
1.1
1.3
0.35

Size Ratios
Coarse Agg/Fine Agg
DTEI: 0.26
VicRds: 0.30

Smaller size sands

would give a ratio of
the order 0.15

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: NEXY: Conclusions

Possible acLons to address size raLo issue:
Modify Quarry sand by scalping (major eect),
Blend a pit sand with the quarry sand to assist
in workability and reduce size raLo (minor
eect),
Use a dierent quarry sand with an eecLve
lower size (major eect).
28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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PracLcal: Wheel Tracking Test

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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Packing Triangle for SMA mix design

Any QuesLons?

28/09/13

2013 AAPA Conference Paper PresentaLon by Hugo van Loon

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