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Culture Documents
Perubahan Iklim
1.
2.
3.
4.
Berbagai
tindakan
aktif
untuk
mencegah/
memperlambat terjadinya perubahan iklim/ pemanasan
global
&
mengurangi
dampak
perubahan
iklim/pemanasan global (melalui upaya penurunan
emisi GRK, peningkatan penyerapan GRK, dll.
Pelaku Mitigasi ?
Pelaku
Pemerintah
Kegiatan
Masyarakat
Industri
Bauran energi
dan
penghematan
energi
RUMAH
TANGGA &
KOMERSIAL
ENERGI
TERBARUKAN
TRANSPORTASI
Sumber: Sterns
Slide
(kerusakan
hutan,
kebakaran, dll.)
NOX
Partikel Kecil
CO
Metana
Senyawa Organik Lain
Bahan Sekunder:
Sulfat
Nitrat
Asam
Ozon Troposfe
Senyawa Organik
Rasio Elektrifikasi
Situasi Energi
Indonesia
2004
1970
M.Bumi: 53%
G.Bumi : 19%
B.Bara : 21%
T.Air : 4%
P.Bumi : 3%
M.Bumi: 88%
G.Bumi : 6%
B.Bara : 1%
T.Air : 5%
P.Bumi : 0%
Intensitas Energi
(toe per juta US$, harga 1995)
Japan
: 92,3
Indonesia
: 470
1.50
1.36
1.16
1.05
1.00
0.73
0.50
0.47
0.26
0.17
0.10
(0.03)
(0.12)
(0.0)
Catatan: Diolah dari data BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004 dan IMF World
Monetary Outlook 2004
2000
2010
Solusi
Sumber: R.
Socolow, R.
Hotinski, J. B.
Greenblatt, and
S. Pacala.
Batang Stabilisasi
Source : R.
Socolow, R.
Hotinski, J. B.
Greenblatt, and
S. Pacala.
1. Efisiensi energi
2. Mencegah kerusakan hutan
3. Energi Terbarukan
4. Carbon Capture Storage (CCS)
5. Gas (transisi)
b. Pulau Kalimantan
b. Pulau Papua
Proyeksi Reforestasi
Pengurangan Karbon
Masa Depan =
Kehidupan maks.
(NDVI di masa depan,
Sosial-Ekonomi di
masa depan, Pola
Spasial di masa
depan, dll.);
Proyeksi Deret Waktu:
Masa depan (NDVI,
Sosial, Ekonomi, Pola
spasial, etc) = ARIMA
f (time)
Masa
Depan
Sekarang
Lampau
1998
2000
Deret gambar
berikut
menunjukkan
pengurangan
Carbon Uptake
(Tangkapan Karbon).
2002
Terlihat perbedaan
nilai tangkapan
karbon di tahun
1994 hingga 2002.
in kg/m^2/year
<0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
>1
Corak merah
menunjukkan
rendahnya Carbon
Penelitian
dan
Pengembang
an
Percontoh
an
Semi
Komersia
l
Komersia
l
Mikrohidro
Surya :
-Fotovoltaik
-Surya Thermal
Angin
Biomassa:
-Directcombustio
n
-Gasifikasi
-Biogas
-Liquefaction
Energi Samudra
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.6
5.0
5.8
5.0
3.6
2.6
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.3
4.3
4.3
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.6
3.6
3.6
4.3
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
3.1
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
0.8
1.1
1.4
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
2.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
3.1
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.6
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
2.6
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
925 mB
1 MW
21
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.1
925 mB
1 MW
21
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.6
2.1
1.4
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
2.1
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.4
1.4
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.4
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
3.6
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.1
2.6
2.1
1.7
2.1
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.6
3.1
4.3
4.3
4.3
3.6
2.1
2.1
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.1
3.6
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.3
4.3
4.3
3.6
925 mB
1 MW
21
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.4
1.4
1.1
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.8
2.1
2.1
1.4
1.1
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.7
1.7
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.6
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.4
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.1
Potensi
= 73 GW
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Kapasitas terpasang optimum = 25
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3
MW
0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.6
Kapasitas saat ini = 0,6 MW
925 mB
1 MW
21
Microhydro 0.216%
Biofuel 1.335%
Coal 32.7%
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
OPTIMISATION
Other 4.4%
Oil 26.2%
Nuclear 1.993%
Produksi energi
Indonesia
Exajoules
Exajoules
microhydropower di Sulsel
sektor
Terimakasih