COMPUTER GRAPHICS

Institute of Information and Communication Technology

University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

BSIT-PIV
Chapter 1
BY: DR. ZEESHAN BHATTI

Course Details

Course Code: ITEC 612-613

Course Title: Computer Graphics
Lecturer: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti, zeeshan.bhatti@usindh.edu.pk
Schedule: Monday and Thursday 8:30-9:15

Refered Book
Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice in C,
by J. D. Foley, A. Van Dam, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes.
Hardcover, 1200 pages, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 2nd edition,
Course web page:
https://sites.google.com/site/drzeeshanacademy/
Blog:
http://zeeshanacademy.blogspot.com/
Facebook
https://www.facebook.com/drzeeshanacademy
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

SENG-620 Artificial Intelligence and Computer Vision

Course overview: Introduction to Computer Graphics; display
memory; generation of points, vectors, shapes, objects, etc.; raster
and geometric graphics; interactive and passive graphics; graphics
peripherals; analog and digital images and analog/digital
conversion; mathematics of 2-D and 3-D transformations;
applications in animation, computer aided design and instruction;
hypertext and multimedia; dialog design; user-interface.
Prerequisites: Programming Fundamentals, Data Structures,
Mathematics, Linear Algebra.
Grading:

10 marks: Attendance
10 marks: Assignment
30 marks: Midterm
50 marks: Final Exam
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

Why Study 3D Computer Graphics?

Systems: Write complex 3D graphics programs (real-time scene in
OpenGL, offline raytracer)
Theory: Mathematical aspects and algorithms underlying modern 3D
graphics systems
This course is not about the specifics of 3D graphics programs and
APIs like Maya, Alias, DirectX but about the concepts underlying them.

Applications (discussed next)

Fundamental Intellectual Challenges

Some content inspired by Pat Hanrahan from Stanfords CS148

Applications
CAD - Computer Aided Design (Mechanical, Architectural)
Simulators (Flight, Driving, Sports)
Advertising
Virtual Reality
Architectural Visualization
Art and Entertainment
Games
Special effects
Education
Scientific visualization

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

Entertainment

Movies: Brave, Pixar 2012

Entertainment

Games: Halo 3, Bungie 2007

Lighting Simulation

Interior Design

Automobile Visualization

Computer Aided Design

Mechanical CAD
Architectural CAD
Electronics CAD
Casual Users
Interiors Professional

Google Sketchup

Visualization: Science and Medicine

Visible Human Project: University of Hamburg

Virtual Reality
VR for design and entertainment
Simulators: Surgical, Flight, Driving, Spacecraft

Digital Visual Media

From text to images to video (to 3D?)

Image and video processing and photography
Multimedia computers, tablets, phones
Flickr, YouTube, WebGL
Real, Virtual Worlds (Google Earth, Second Life)
Electronic publishing
Online gaming
3D printers and fabrication

Why Study 3D Computer Graphics?

Applications (discussed next)
Fundamental Intellectual Challenges
Create and interact with realistic virtual world
Requires understanding of all aspects of physical world
New computing methods, displays, technologies

Technical Challenges
Math of (perspective) projections, curves, surfaces
Physics of lighting and shading
3D graphics software programming and hardware

The Visual Sciences

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

14

The Visual Sciences

Image Processing:
From Images to Images
Computer Vision:
From Images to Models
Computer Graphics:
From Objects to Models (Geometric Modeling).
From 2D/3D Models to Images (Rendering).
From 4D Models to Images (Animation).

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

15

3D Graphics Pipeline

Modeling

Animation

Rendering

Geometric Modeling
From a concept (or a real object) to a geometric representation on
a computer
Example: a sphere can be described as (x,y,z,r)
Complex objects can be constructed from simpler ones

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

17

Curves for Modeling

Rachel Shiner, Final Project Spring 2010

Animation

Definition of complex time-dependent behaviour of objects

Issues with rigid and elastic joints
Realistic rendering of collective behaviours
Examples:
Automatic interpolation between key-frames
Physics based simulation

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

19

Rendering
Given a scene and viewing parameters, produce an image
Images are a 2D array of pixels
Important sub problems:
Which pixels are covered by each object ? (Scan Conversion)
What is visible at each pixel ? (Visible Surface Algorithm)
What color should a pixel be ? (Illumination, Shading
Algorithms).

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

20

Rendering and Image Synthesis Examples

Collage from 2007

Interactive 3D Graphics

Final Project

Rendered Image

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

24

Viewing Transformation Pipeline

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

25

Viewing Factors
Objects:
Geometrical Properties of an Object (Solid Modeling)
Physical Properties of Objects Surfaces
(Illumination Models, Color Models)
Camera:
Projections
Light Source:
Color Theory
Spatial set-up:
3D Transformations, Coordinate Systems

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

26

2D Drawing
Goal: Getting Acquainted with Images

Displays (Raster vs. Vector)

Basic Definitions: Pixel, Resolution, Dynamic Range
Line Drawing (Incremental and Mid-Point Algorithms)
Techniques for Drawing Circles
Filling Polygons

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

27

2D Transformations
Goal: Introduction to 3D, Review Linear Algebra
Basic 2D Transformations: Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Shear.
Composition of Transformations and Transformation
Groups:

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

28

2D Transformations
Transformations in Matrix notation:

Composition of transformations in matrix notation

The homogeneous coordinates in 2D:
Change of coordinates:

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

29

2D Viewing
Goal: Introduction to 3D and some Rendering Concepts
Viewing Transformation pipe-line:

Line and Polygon Clipping:

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

30

3D Viewing
Goal: Geometrical Transformations in Viewing Pipeline
From Model Coordinates to Viewer Coordinates:

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

31

3D Viewing
Projections:
Orthographic
Oblique
Perspective

The Viewing Volume:

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

32

Solid Modeling
Goal: Learn how to Define Solid Objects
1D Curves in 3D
Primitive based: line segments.
Free form:
Implicit, Explicit, Parametric (Polynomials, Splines)

2D Surfaces in 3D
Primitive Based: Polygon Mesh
Free Form: As Above

3D volumes in 3D
Volume Rep.
Sweep Volumes
Spatial Occupancy (Voxels, Octree, )
Constructive Solid Geometry

Boundary Rep.
Polyhedra
Free Form: As Above

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

33

Solid Modelling

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

34

Parametric Surfaces
Bilinear Interpolation
Splines:
Cardinal Spline
Hermite Spline
Bezier Spline
B Spline

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

35

Color Theory
Goal: Understanding what a color is

The Trichromatic Color Theory

Linear Color Space and Color Representations: RGB,CMY,HSB
Perceptual Color Spaces: LAB,YIQ
The CIE Chromaticity Diagram

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

36

Illumination Models and Shading

Goal: Understanding the physical properties of an object

Light Source Parameters (Shape, Position, Color, Intensity)
Surface Parameters: Ambient, Diffuse, Specular
Polygon Rendering Methods
Transparency
Shadow

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

37

Illumination Models and Shading

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

38

Example: Creating an Image from a Model

Polygonal Model Generated from Spline Patches.

Orthographic Projection
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

39

Example: Creating an Image from a Model

Polygonal Model Generated from Spline Patches.

Orthographic Projection
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

40

Example: Creating an Image from a Model

Depth Cueing
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

41

Depth Clipping
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

42

Colored Vectors
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

43

Visible Line Determination

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

44

Visible Surface Dtermination with Ambient

Illumination By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

45

Individually Shaded Polygon with Diffuse

Reflection
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

46

Gouraud Shaded Polygon with Diffuse

Reflection By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

47

Gouraud Shaded Polygon with Specular

Reflection By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

48

Phong Shaded Polygon with

Specular By:
Reflection
Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

49

Curved Surfaces with Specular

Reflection
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

50

Multiple Lights
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

51

Texture Mapping
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

52

Shadows
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

53

Reflection Mapping
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

54

Example: Polynomial Texture Maps

From:
http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/ptm/

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

55

Example: Polynomial Texture Maps

From:
http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/ptm/

By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

56

Thankyou

Q&A
Referred Book
Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice in C,
by J. D. Foley, A. Van Dam, S. K. Feiner, J. F. Hughes.
Hardcover, 1200 pages, Addison-Wesley Pub Co; 2nd edition,
For Course Slides and Handouts
web page:

https://sites.google.com/site/drzeeshanacademy/

Blog:

http://zeeshanacademy.blogspot.com/

Facebook:

https://www.facebook.com/drzeeshanacademy
By: Dr. Zeeshan Bhatti

57