Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Academic Training
By Civilax.com
1999
ACCELERATED TRAINING
SAP 2000
1. INTRODUCTION
At present, many programs based on finite element method for MEF automatically calculate various
structures available. The engineer could thus ignore the principles of the MEF, it needs only to know
how to use computer programs and know the regulations in force. Only, that user would be unable
to realize the correction of the results given by the computer.
It is therefore essential that every engineer knows the basics of MEF, and also understand the process
of the solution phase. This skill can only be acquired by the analytical study of the concept of MEF
and knowledge of technology related to the use of these computational tools.
The training's goal is the presentation of the fundamentals of automatic calculation of a point
of view mainly physical while considering the computer code in its operating efficiency, ie as
a tool for the professional uses.
The latter can then taking into account the above considerations, formulate the problem of
computing structure and monitor results provided by the computer almost effortless.
2. BASIC CONCEPT OF FEM
The finite element method is a generalization of the method to the case of deformation structure
having planes or larger items. The method considers the solid liquid or gaseous medium, constituting
the structure as an assemblage of discrete finite elements. These are interconnected by nodes on the
boundaries of these elements. The actual structures are defined by an infinite number of nodes.
The structure is thus divided, it can be analyzed in a manner similar to that used in the beam theory
manner. For each type of elements, a function of deformation (depending on shape) of polynomial
form that determines the relationship between the deformation and the nodal force may be derived
based on the principle of minimum energy, this relationship is known as name of the stiffness matrix
of the element. A linear algebraic equation system can be established by imposing the balance of
each node, while considering as unknown deformations in the nival nodes. The solution is to
determine these deformations in following strengths and stresses can be calculated using the
stiffness matrices of each element.
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Modeling
The software allows the modeling steps (definition of the geometry, boundary conditions, loads of
structures, etc.) in a totally graphic, digital or combined, using the myriad tools available.
Indeed, a structure can be composed into sub patterns (porches, trellises, slab, sailing) each set in its
corresponding graph database, then assembled into final calculation scheme, while the compatibility
of connections automatically.
Furthermore, finite element, associated with a graphic pattern generation bases (base mesh gantry
frame beam, slab, or sailing hull, etc.), settings are directly (Figure 1) .
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The digital pre-processor that automatically translates the captured data graphically, provides
ongoing support for the extension or correction of records generated. This digital data is translated
into a file with an extension. $ 2K or S2K.
Analysis
Post - processor
SAP 200 software significantly facilitates the interpretation of results, including the ability to
visualize: the deformed system, diagrams of efforts and envelope curves, the stress fields, the natural
modes of vibration, etc. ..
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Coordinate system
To define a structure and system of loading, two types of coordinates are used. The global coordinate
system is an arbitrary system in space, it is used to define the coordinates of the nodes and to give
direction loads. The local coordinate system is associated with each element and is used for
specifying local loads and interpretation efforts and therefore results.
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Beam;
Portal frame;
Braced frame;
Eccentric frame;
Space frame;
Perimeter frame.
Beam
Portal
frame
Braced
frame
Eccentric
frame
Space
frame
Perimeter
frame
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After choosing the model of the structure of the library, you must specify the following
characteristics for structural dimensions.
-
Sloped truss;
Vertical truss;
Space truss.
Sloped
truss
Vertical
truss
Space
truss
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Shear wall
cylinder
barrel
dome
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Fishier import
SAP90
SAP2000.S2K
SAP2000.JOB
.DXF
Export files
SAP2000.S2K
.DXF
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SAP 2000
EXAMPLE
Gantry base
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- Steel yield stress, fy ........................... Elastic deformation of the metal profiles (E24 or E36)
Reinforced concrete
Steelwork
E (Mpa)
DENSITY (KN / m3)
Coeff. Poisson
Thermal Gradient
STEEL
2.0 108
76.80
0.3
1.17 10-5
CONCRETE
2.48 107
23.56
0.2
9.9 10-6
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(1)
SAP 2000
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
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MEMBRANE ELEMENT
The membrane element is that the strength balance tangent to its surface, and therefore can not
transmit bending moments.
In practice, this type is used for thin items.
SHELL ELEMENT
This is the superposition of the plate element and membrane (assembly of the two schemes below).
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This allow to define multiple load cases and their types, such as, dead loads (DEAD), operations
(LIVE), seismic (QUAKE), wind (WIND), snow (SNOW) are distinguished and option other.
The own weight of the structure is taken into account by the coefficient 01 in the case of loads. This
coefficient can be changed as appropriate. For example, the own weight is canceled in the case of
which the operating load coefficient is replaced with 0.
T
Q
1.25 1 2.5 1
R
T1
Q
2.51.25A R
SA
2/3
g 2.51.25A Q T2
R T
2/3
5/3
2.51.25A Q T2 3
R 3 T
0 T T1
T1 T T2
T2 T 3.0S
3.0S T
Along with:
T1 & T2 = 0.15s = 0.4s.
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MX CX K X p(t ).
..
M KA 0.
Calculate the mass matrix and generalized loading.
mr r Mr
T
pr r p t
T
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pr
mr
Calculation of the modal response.
y r 2 r r y r r2 y r
x Ni1 r y r
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Recessed
Double support
Joint
Free node
The user must specify the program in a number of modes of the node of the fixing structure with the
outside environment (support), and between these elements.
Generally the connection of two elements in a node may be a hinge, a locking recess or a few degrees
of freedom.
SAP in 2000, all nodes are recognizing rigid default nodes.
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This option allows us modeling the elastic supports specifying the stiffness of the node 'K'. These
nodes have been supported on springs stiffness 'K (KN / m)' in the direction of translation and
rotation.
For example, modeling the ground, neoprene, etc.
Z (3)
y (2)
X (1)
Z (3)
y (2)
X (1)
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4.4.2.2 Prestress
The bars may be of a structure subjected to a
prestressing load, which can change the distribution
of loads in the structure. The load of the prestress
can be centered or eccentric to the axis of the bar
means. The positions are specified for the cable ends
of the bar and at mid-span. The effects of stress can
be transmitted to adjacent rods (reactions) or
assumed that the bias is already performed and
therefore does not cause a reaction in the structure.
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Uniform
Concentrated
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A linear static analysis to determine the displacement field, recreation restraints, the internal forces
at the nodes and the stress field existing in a structure subjected to various static loads several
implicit assumptions are made:
- Linear elastic behavior of materials.
- Small deformations.
- Small rotations.
The linear static analysis is based on the displacement method of satisfying the balance of forces
and accounts of trips each node in the model structure. To achieve the full analysis of the structure,
the stiffness matrix is obtained by the superposition of contributions from different rigidities of the
bars and of the elements constituting the structure. The compound of the force vector and external
loads distributed to the nodes of the structure. The equation with several unknowns (displacement)
thus obtained is solved using the method of Cholesky decomposition that is well suited for this type
of problems.
ANALYSIS P-DELTA
Delta-P analysis, also known as a second order analysis, allows to take into account the effect of
axial loads on the bending behavior of the elements. SAP 2000 uses a simple and efficient algorithm
for calculation based on the reformation of the vector force versus deformation undergone by the
structure while keeping the constant stiffness matrix. The calculation steps is summarized in the
following:
- Calculation of deflections in the case of initial load.
- Calculation of secondary loads due to movements of the nodes associated with traditional
efforts. These vectors nival charges are added to the vectors of the initial charges.
- Calculation of deflections and deformations and effort with the same stiffness matrix as a
result of the force vector corrected.
This method is particularly useful for the consideration of the effects of gravity on the lateral
stiffness of the structures, as required by certain codes.
SAP 2000 also offers the possibility of a non-linear calculation taking into account the geometric
nonlinairit. The algorithm for this analysis is based on the geometric correction of the stiffness
matrix and load vector simultaneously.
This type of analysis is generally suitable for structures that deform appreciably under the effect of
loads applied to them.
The calculation steps are:
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SAP 2000
Dynamic analysis available in SAP 2000 includes modal analysis, spectral analysis and temporal
analysis.
MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal analysis is used to determine the natural modes and frequencies of structures.
Since there is no external force, the natural frequencies and natural modes are a direct function of
the rigidity and the mass distribution of the structures. Therefore, the calculation result of the
frequencies of the natural modes and can vary considerably depending on the modeling of the
masses.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
The spectral analysis is used to calculate the seismic response of a structure using a response
spectrum. The modal responses are combined using the method of the complete quadratic
combination CQC (Complete Quadratic Combination) or SSRS. The results of spectral analysis can
be combined with the static analysis results for the dimensioning of the structure. To account for the
reversibility of the seismic loads, load combinations can be created by including the contributions
of seismic design with the - / +.
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In cases where a deterministic analysis study temporal dynamics is required, SAP 2000 has the
possibility of calculating the response of a structure under the effect of a dynamic load applied to
any node or ground movement ( at the base). The calculation method is based on the modal
superposition, which gives the response of the structure.
The procedure is to first calculate the modes and frequencies of the system to calculate the matrix
of generalized mass and generalized load vector, which will then be used for decoupling of the
differential equations of motion. The modal response to imposed loading is calculated by the
numerical integration method using the algorithm Wilson- with a constant time interval selected
by the user in the order of 0.1T (T being the period of the highest mode to be included in the answer).
Finally the answer is expressed in terms of geometric coordinates efforts in the elements and support
reactions.
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For dynamic analysis, one must specify the number of modes used in the calculation in a way one
must have a mass greater than 90% participation.
Regarding the P-Delta analysis, we have to specify the number of iterations and tolerance made in
the calculation of forces and displacements.
Figure 31: Menu For data to be specified for the P-Delta analysis and dynamic.
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Deformed eigenmodes can be illustrated and animated for a better understanding and control modes
of the structures in space.
Many features and commands allow the scaling of the image, fragmentation, zoom, digital indexing,
etc. As well as a video file (AVI) can be created that contains the animation of the mode shape.
Bending moment
Shear
Normal force
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MODELING STEPS
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Definition of groups
IPE450-1
IPE450-2
IPE450-3
IPE450-4
TRAVERS
TREILL IS
CONT-H
CONT-V
HEA600
PTR-ROOF
PTR
TRAVERS
HEA600
IPE450-1
IPE450-2
IPE450-3
IPE450-4
LATTICE
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CONT-H
TRAVERS
SAP 2000
PTR-ROOF
PTR
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G, Q, V, N, Ex, Ey, T
Where:
G: dead load.
Q: operating expense.
V: wind load.
N: snow load.
Ex, y: spectral seismic loads in the x, y.
T: load due to temperature.
These load cases are introduced by the command '' Static loads boxes'.
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Specification supports
Selecting only the nodes of support by 'SET
LIMITS'.
Type specification supports using the button
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Item selection is made by selecting the groups, then the type specification section of the selected
elements is set from the ASSIGN menu.
For example:
-
Same procedure for the other elements as before using the item selection by groups or by other
selection options (SET LIMITS for example).
Some elements of the structure does not have the
bending moment. For example, the lattice pole
compound and bracing.
The release of those elements is in rotations made by
RLEASES option after selecting those components.
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6m
6m
5m
5m
4m
5m
5m
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STAGES OF MODELING
-1m
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Beams IPE200
Beams IPE360
HEB 260
posts
HEA 340
posts
HEB 260
posts
SAP 2000
Beams IPE200
Beams IPE200
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G+Q
1.35G + 1.5Q
G + Q + Ex1
G + Q-Ex1
G + Q + EY1
G + Q-EY1
G + Q + Ex2
G + Q-Ex2
G + Q + EY2
G + Q-EY2
G + Q + 1.2Ex1
G + Q-1.2Ex1
G + Q + 1.2Ey1
G + Q-1.2Ey1
G + Q + 1.2Ex2
G + Q-1.2Ex2
G + Q + 1.2Ey2
G + Q-1.2Ey2
0.8g + Ex1
0.8g-Ex1
0.8g + EY1
0.8g-EY1
0.8g + Ex2
0.8g-Ex2
0.8g + EY2
0.8g-EY2
Introduction of the masses of floors for spectral dynamic calculation in horizontal direction X,
Y.
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Each floor is 18 knots. Therefore, the above values will be divided on 18 and gave the following
values:
Wterr / node = 114.5KN
Wtage / node = 109.5KN
Dead load G:
Floor deck G = 5 kN / m
Current G Floor = 4 KN / m
Charges farms Q:
Floor deck Q = 1 KN / m
Q = current floor 2.5 KN / m
These charges are introduced by the FRAME
command STATIC LOADS (uniformly
distributed load)
Ex1 equivalent static loads, y1:
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where:
A = 0.15; D = 2.5; Q = 1.10; R = 5.
V
Load Distribution:
Fi
V Ft
Wi H i
W H
j 1
f1 = 314.60KN
f2 = 276.50KN
f3 = 236.00KN
f4 = 195.40KN
f5 = 154.90KN
f1 / node = 17.50KN
f2 / node = 15.36KN
f3 / node = 13.11KN
f4 / node = 10.86KN
f5 / node = 08.60KN
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