GUIDELINES

FOR

BOARD EXAM
(CLASS-XII)

Guidelines for Board Exam

CHAPTER-1 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

[In 2015, 1 Que. of 6 marks]

1.

Relations : In case of neither nor condition we take examples, otherwise we give a general proof.

Ex.1 :
Sol. :

Show that the relation R on the set R of all real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a < b2} is
neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
We have, R = {(a, b) : a < b2}, where a, b R.
2

5 5
5 5
Reflexivity: We observe that is not true. Therefore, , / R .
2 2
2 2
So, R is not reflexive.
Symmetry :We observe that 1 < 3 2 but 3 / (-1)2 i.e. (1, 3) R but (3, 1) R.
So, R is not symmetric.
Transitivity : We find that

Ex.2 :
Sol. :

2.

2 < (3)2 and 3 < 12 but 2 / 12

i.e., (2, 3) R and (3, 1) R but (2, 1) R.
So, R is not transitive.
Show that the relation R on R defined as R = {(a, b) : a < b} is reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric.
We have, R = {(a, b) : a < b}, where a, b R.
Reflexivity: For any a R, we have a < a.
(a, a) R for all a R.
R is reflexive.
Symmetry :We observe that 2 < 3 but 3 / 2 i.e. (2, 3) R but (3, 2) R. So, R is not
symmetric.
Transitivity : Let (a, b) R and (b, c) R. Then,
(a, b) R and (b, c) R
a < b and b < c
a<c
(a, c) R
So, R is transitive.

Functions : Graphical representation of functions must be avoided. If it can not be avoided, then

the full explanation of the graph must be done.

Ex.1 :
Prove that : R R, given by (x) = 2x, is one-one and onto.
Sol. :
We observe the following properties of :
Injectivity : Let x1, x2 R such that (x1) = (x2). Then,
(x1) = (x2)
2x1 = 2x2
x1 = x2
So, : R R is one-one.
Surjectivity : Let y be any real number in R(co-domain). Then,
(x) = y

2x = y x =

y
2
3

Guidelines for Board Exam

y
y
y
R for y R such that = 2 = y .
2
2
2
y
Thus, for each y R (co-domain) there exists x = R (domain) such that (x) = y.
2
This mean that each element in co-domain has its pre-image in domain.
So, : R R is onto.
Hence, : R R is bijection.
Show that the function : R R, defined as (x) = x2, is neither one-one nor onto.
We observe that (1) = (1)
So, is not one-one.
Since (x) assumes only non-negative values. So, no negative real number in R (co-domain)
has its pre-image in domain (R). Consequently is not onto.
These facts are evident from the graph of (x) as shown in Figure

Clearly,

Ex.2 :
Sol. :

y
(1,1)

(1,1)

(1)
x

(1)

(1,0)

(1,0)

CHAPTER-2 : I.T.F. [In 2015, 1 Que. of 4 marks]

1.
The principal value of I.T.F. always exist in the principal value branch (range)
Ex.1 :
cot1(cotq) = q, for all q (0, p).
Sol. :

2p 2p
2p
p
p

as
sin -1 sin
does not lie between - and .
3 3
3

2
2
2p
p

-1
Now, sin -1 sin
= sin sin p -

3
3

p
2p

sin -1 sin = sin -1 sin

3
3

2p
p

Q sin 3 = isn p - 3

[Q sin(p q) = sinq]

2p p

sin -1 sin =
3 3

Page no. 42 of NCERT : We will not go in to the details of these values of x in the domain as this
discussion goes beyond the scope of this text book.

2.

st
1

For example : tan -1 x + tan -1 y = 2nd

3rd

3.

x+y
tan -1
,
1 - xy
x+y
p + tan -1

1 - xy

if xy < 1
if x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1 ,

x+y
-p + tan -1
if x < 0, y < 0 & xy > 1
1 - xy

2nd and 3rd results go beyond the scope of text book.

Focus on existence of a value, which is determined.
4

Guidelines for Board Exam

p
2

Ex.2 :

Solve : sin -1 (1 - x ) - 2sin -1 x =

Sol. :

We have, sin -1 (1 - x ) - 2sin -1 x =

1 - x = sin + 2sin -1 x
2

1
1 x = cos{cos (1 2x2)}

1 x = (1 2x2)

For, x =

p
2

x =2x 2

p
+ 2 sin -1 x
2

sin -1 (1 - x ) =

1 - x = cos ( 2sin -1 x )
2sin1x = cos1(1 2x2)]
1
x(2x 1) = 0
x = 0,
2
[Q

1
, we have LHS = sin1(1 x) 2sin1x
2
p
1
1
1
x = sin -1 - 2sin -1 = - sin -1 = - R.H.S.
2
2
2
6

1
is not a root of the given equation.
2
Clearly, x = 0 satisfies the equation.
Hence, x = 0 is a root of the given equation.

So, x =

CHAPTER-3 : MATRICES [In 2015, 3 Que. of (1 + 4 + 4) = 9 marks]

1.
Focus on presentation of word problems.
Ex.1 :
There are two families A and B. There are 4 men, 6 women and 2 children in family A and 2
men, 2 women and 4 children in family B. The recommended daily allowance for calories is :
Man : 2400, Woman : 1900, Child : 1800 and for proteins in Man : 55gm, Woman : 45 gm and
Child : 33 gm.
Represent the above information by matrices. Using matrix multiplication, calculate the total
requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families.
Sol. :
The members of the two families can be represented by the 2 3 matrix
M W C
A 4 6 2
F=
B 2 2 4
and the recommended daily allowance of calories and proteins for each member can be
represented by 3 2 matrix
Calories Proteins

M 2400
55

F = W 1900
45
C 1800
33
The total requirement of calories and proteins for each of the two families is given by the matrix
multiplication :
2400 55
A 24600 556
4 6 2
FR =
1900 45 =

B 15800 332
2 2 4

1800
33

Hence, family A requires 24600 calories and 556 gm proteins and family B requires 15800
calories and 332 gm proteins.
5

Guidelines for Board Exam

2.

Read the question carefully based on finding the inverse matrix (There are three types of questions)
(a) First type question : find the inverse matrix using elementary transformation.
In row ele. trans.
In column ele. trans
We write A = IA
We write A = AI.
Do not mix. row and column ele. trans.
(b) Second type question : Find the inverse matrix.
in this case use f ormula A -1 =

adjA
and firstly check the existence of A1 through |A| 0.
|A|

3 1
Third type Question : If A =
show that A2 5A + 7I = 0. Hence find A1. In this case for

-1 2
finding A1 use property
[A.A1 = A1A = I].

CHAPTER-4 : DETERMINANT [In 2015, 1 Que. of 4 marks]

1.

Focus on applying only one either row or column operation at a time.

2 -3

For example : D = 6
1

0
5

5
4
-7
-4 -3

Here firstly on applying R1 R1 R2, we get D = 6

1
-4

Secondly, on applying C2 C2 C1, we get D = 6

1
2.
3.

0
5
1

4
-7
1

-6 4
4 -7

Focus on writting () sign, when area is given.

Do not use CRAMER'S RULE for solving a solution of the system of linear equations. Use
matrix method (X = A1B)

CHAPTER-5 : CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY [In 2015, 3 Que. of 4+4+4 = 12 marks]

1.

Use limit for any type of discussion of continuity and differentiability (avoid the graph)
for continuity (at a point x = a) RHL = lim (a + h) = LHL = lim (a - h) = (a)
h 0

for diff. (at a point x = a)

2.

h 0

RHD = lim (a + h) - (a) = LHD = lim

h 0
h 0
h

(a - h) - (a)
-h

Focus on second order derivative of parametric function.

For

example : If x = acos3q and y = asin3q, then find the value of

d2y
p
.
2 at q =
dx
6

Sol. x = acos3q ; y = asin3q

dx
= 3cos 2 q( - sin q)
dq
dy dy / dq
=
from
dx dx / dq

........(i) ;

dy
= 3a sin 2 q cos q
dq

........(ii)

Guidelines for Board Exam

dy 3a sin 2 q cos q
=
= - tan q
dx -3a cos 2 q sin q

d2y
1
2 =
dx 3a.cos 4 q.sin q

3.

1
d2 y
dq
= - sec 2 q
= - sec 2 q
2
-3a cos2 q sin q
dx
dx

d2y
2
dx q=

p
6

32
27a

3 1
3a

2 2
Proving questions based on second order derivative, apply oppropriate method which takes minimum time.

Ex.1 :
Sol. :

d2 y
dy
If y = sin1x, show that (1 - x 2 ) 2 - x
=0
dx
dx
dy
1
=
or
We have y = sin1x. Then
dx
(1 - x 2 )

d
dy
2
(1 - x ). = 0
dx
dx

So

(1 - x 2 )

(1 - x 2 )

or

dy
=1
dx

d 2 y dy d
+ .
(1 - x 2 ) = 0
2
dx dx dx

d 2 y dy
2x
(1 - x ) 2 - .
=0
dx dx 2 1 - x 2
2

or

d2 y
dy
Hence (1 - x 2 ) 2 - x
=0
dx
dx
1

Alternatively, Given that y = sin1x, we have y1 =

1- x

, i.e., (1 - x 2 ) y12 = 1

(1 x2).2y1y2 + y (0 - 2x) = 0
(1 x2)y2 xy1 = 0
2
1

So
Hence

CHAPTER-6 : AOD [In 2015, 1 Que. of 6 marks]

Maxima and minima word problems : Attempt these question with following steps :
Step 1 : Draw the required named figure.
Step 2 : Let function properly.
Step 3 : Establish a relation between two variables.
Step 4 : Differentiate the function and find critical point.
Step 5 : Use FODT or SODT for maximum and minimum .

CHAPTER-7 : INTEGRAL [In 2015, 1 Que. of 4+4+4 = 12 marks]

Indefinite integration
1.
Integrals of some particular function use directly :
1
1
x -a
dx = log
+ C (x > a)
2
x -a
2a
x+a

(i)

(iii)

(iv)

(vi)

(ii)

1
1
a+x
dx =
log
+ C (x < a)
2
a -x
2a
a-x

1
1
1
x
x
dx = tan -1 + C = - cot -1 + C
2
a
+a
a
a
a
1
1
x
1
x
x
dx = sec -1 + C
(v)
dx = sin-1 + C = - cos-1 + C
2
2
2
2
a
a
x x -a
a
a
a -x
2

1
x +a
2

dx = log | x + x 2 + a 2 | + C

(vii)

1
x -a
2

dx = log | x + x 2 - a 2 | + C
7

Guidelines for Board Exam

2.

Use partial fraction method for integration of proper rational function

(for this use table 7.2 Page No 317 NCERT)

Definite Integration :
3.

If we use properties of D.I., then write standard form of properties.

a

for example : (x)dx = (a - x)dx

4.

Focus on limit, while applying substitution method

5.

Focus on taking square root in definite integration.

p

For example : Evaluate :

1 - 2sin dx .

x
x

p
In the given interval, we take + 1 - 2sin for x 0, and - 1 - 2 sin for x , p

2
2

3
3

p/3

I=

6.

x
x

1 - 2 sin dx + - 1 - 2 sin dx

2
2
p/3

Some question can be solved through many method but you need to select the method which takes
minimum time.

CHAPTER-8 : AOI [In 2015, 1 Que. of 6 marks]

Attempt this question with following steps :
Step 1 : Draw the required named figure.
Step 2 : Calculate intersection point of given curves
Step 3 : Take the limit for bounded region and draw required vertical (Horizontal) strips.
Step 4 : Find area by using suitable formula

CHAPTER-9 : D.E. [In 2015, 3 Que. of (1 + 1 + 6) = 8 marks]

1.
2.

Find order and degree of D.E. carefully.

Better practice required for formation of a D.E. (for an idea try yourself )
Q.

Find the differential equation of the family of curves (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2, where h and k are
arbitrary constants.
[CBSE 2015, 6M]
3

2
d2 y
dy
Ans. 1 + = r 2 2
dx
dx

3.

Learn to show that D.E. is homogeneous.

4.

Focus on standard form of linear D.E., its I.F. and solution.

e.g.

dy
+ py = Q (linear D.E.) ;
dx

Pdx
I.F. = e ;

Sol. y(I.F.) = Q.(I.F.)dx

Guidelines for Board Exam

CHAPTER-10 : VECTOR
[In 2015, 3 Que. of (1+1+4) = 6 marks]

uuur
Do not calculate directly from coordinate geometry use vector sign AB or
r r
r r
Ex.1 :
L and M are two points with position vector 2a - b and a + 2b
position vector of a point N which divides the line segment
externally.
uuuur
uuur
uuur 2 OM - 1 OL
L
M
ON =
Sol.
2 -1
(2ab)
a+2b
r
r
uuur 2 (ar + 2b) - 1 (2ar - b)
r
O
ON =
= 5b
1

1.

Ex.2

Find a vector a of magnitude 5 2 , making an angle of

r
a.
respectively. Write the
LM in the ratio 2 : 1

[1]

p
p
with x-axis, with y-axis and an
4
2

acute angle q with z-axis.

Sol.

Here l = cos

p
p
1
=
and m = cos = 0
2
4
2

Therefore, l2 + m2 + n2 = 1 gives

1
1
+ 0 + n2 = 1 n =
2
2

r
is given by
Hence, the required vector r = 5 2 (li + mj + nk)

r
1 r
1
r =5 2
i + 0j+
k = r = 5i + 5k .
2
2
Ex.3
Sol.

.........(1)

Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC, whose vertices are A(1, 2, 3), B(2, 1, 4) and
C(4, 5,1).
uuur
uuur
A(1,2,3)
Side BA = - i + 3j - k &
[1]
BC = 2i + 6j - 5k
area of DABC =

1 uuur uuur
BA BC
2

i j k
C(4,5,1)
B(2,1,4)
uuur uuur
-6 - 6) = -9i - 7j - 12k
BA BC = -1 3 -1 = i(-15 + 6) - j(5 + 2) + k(
2 6 -5
uuur uuur
274
BA BC = 81 + 49 + 144
Now area of DABC is =
2.

[1]

S.T.P. in syllabus.

1
274
2

[]

[1]

[1]

Guidelines for Board Exam

CHAPTER-11 : 3-D [In 2015, 3 Que. of (1 + 4 + 6) = 11 marks]

1.
2.

Find the answer in vector form or cartesian form accordingly question.

If we use standard results (formula) directly, then we save the time.
for example :
r
r
r r
r r
(a) Shortest distance between two skew lines r = a 1 + lb1 and r = a 2 + b 2
r r r r
(a 2 - a1 ).(b1 b 2 )
r r
S.D. =
| b1 b 2 |
(b) Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points (x 1, y1, z1) (x2, y2, z2) (x3 y3 z3)

x - x1
is required plane = x 2 - x1

y - y1
y 2 - y1

z - z1
z 2 - z1 = 0

x 3 - x1

y3 - y1

z 3 - z1

(other results shows in NCERT Page No. 499 to 503)

CHAPTER-12 : LPP [In 2015, 1 Que. of 6 marks]

1.

2.

Focus on optimal value of unbounded region :

To decide the optimal value of function we graph the inequality
[ax + by > M (max. value) or ax + by < m (min. value)] dotted line. See example No. 4 and 6.
Draw the named graph properly.

CHAPTER-13 : PROBABILITY [In 2015, 2 Que. of (4 + 6) = 10 marks]

1.

Use formula's of Baye's theorem, Bernoulli Trials, mean, variance and standard deviation accordingly
NCERT Tex Book.

10

Guidelines for Board Exam

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS OF NCERT TEXT BOOK

CHAPTER-1 : RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Example No.
Exercise # 1.1
Exercise # 1.2
Exercise # 1.3
Exercise # 1.4
Miscellaneous Exercise # 1

Q. No. 12, 23, 45

Q. No. 2, 9, 14
Q. No. 9, 10
Q. No. 8, 9, 12
Q. No. 5, 6, 11
Q. No. 4, 12

CHAPTER-2 : I.T.F
Examples
Exercise # 2.1
Exercise # 2.2
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 9, 12, 13
Q. No. 12, 14
Q. No. 8, 13, 14, 20
Q. No. 2, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17

CHAPTER-3 : MATRICES
Example
Exercise # 3.1
Exercise # 3.2
Exercise # 3.3
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 3, 10, 18, 22, 24

Q. No. 5 (i), 9, 10
Q. No. 2 (i), 10, 15, 18
Q. No. 9, 11
Q. No. 7, 13

CHAPTER-4 : DETERMINANT
Examples
Exercise # 4.2
Exercise # 4.3
Exercise # 4.4
Exercise # 4.5
Exercise # 4.5
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 5, 15, 16, 32

Q. No. 10, 11, 13
Q. No. 2, 3
Q. No. 5
Q. No. 12, 13, 15, 18
Q. No. 15
Q. No. 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, 19

CHAPTER-5 : CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY

Examples
Exercise # 5.1
Exercise # 5.2
Exercise # 5.3
Exercise # 5.4
Exercise # 5.5
Exercise # 5.6
Exercise # 5.7
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 37, 41, 45 (iii)

Q. No. 24, 26, 30
Q. No. 10
Q. No. 7, 10, 15
Q. No. 7, 10
Q. No. 9, 12, 14, 15
Q. No. 7, 11
Q. No. 13, 14, 16, 17
Q. No. 6, 15, 16, 17, 23

CHAPTER-6 : AOD
Example No.
Exercise # 6.1
Exercise # 6.2
Exercise # 6.3
Exercise # 6.4
Exercise # 6.5
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 12, 13, 16, 19, 20, 38, 39, 48

Q. No. 5, 8, 10
Q. No. 7, 9, 16
Q. No. 10, 18, 24
Q. No. 1(iv), 2, 5
Q. No. 3(iii), (iv), 8, 11, 12, 17, to 26
Q. No. 14, 15, 17, 18
11

Guidelines for Board Exam

Examples
Exercise # 7.2
Exercise # 7.3
Exercise # 7.4
Exercise # 7.5
Exercise # 7.6
Exercise # 7.7
Exercise # 7.8
Exercise # 7.9
Exercise # 7.10
Exercise # 7.11
Miscellaneous Exercise

CHAPTER-7 : INTEGRAL

Q. No. 4, 6(ii), 10(ii), 12, 15, 21, 22(ii), 26, 30, 32, 36, 39, 40, 43
Q. No. 24, 36, 37, 38
Q. No. 14, 19, 22
Q. No. 7, 15, 19
Q. No. 6, 9, 12 16, 21
Q. No. 6, 10, 18, 20, 22
Q. No. 5, 9
Q. No. 6
Q. No. 18
Q. No. 8, 9, 10
Q. No. 8, 9, 12, 16, 19
Q. No. 5, 10, 18, 19, 21, 24, 31, 33, 40, 43, 44

CHAPTER-8 : AOI
Examples
Exercise # 8.1
Exercise # 8.2
Miscellaneous Examples
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 7, 9, 10, 13
Q. No. 4, 6, 9
Q. No. 5
Q. No. 10, 11
Q. No. 15

Examples
Exercise # 9.1
Exercise # 9.2
Exercise # 9.4
Exercise # 9.5
Exercise # 9.6
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 5, 7, 16, 20, 28

Q. No. 1, 12
Q. No. 6
Q. No. 4, 10
Q. No. 6, 8, 11, 13
Q. No. 5, 10, 15
Q. No. 6, 9, 11, 14

CHAPTER-9 : D.E.

CHAPTER-10 : VECTOR

Examples
Exercise # 10.2
Exercise # 10.3
Exercise # 10.4
Mise. Exercise

Q. No. 8, 9, 17, 18, 20, 21, 27, 28

Q. No. 9, 11, 13
Q. No. 5, 6, 9, 13
Q. No. 4, 7, 9, 10, 11
Q. No. 9, 13, 15

Examples
Exercise # 11.1
Exercise # 11.2
Exercise # 11.3
Miscellaneous Exercise

Q. No. 11, 21, 22, 24, 25

Q. No. 4, 5
Q. No. 6, 12, 15, 17
Q. No. 9
Q. No. 6, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20

Examples
Exercise # 12.1
Exercise # 12.2
Miscellaneous Examples

Q. No. 6, 9, 10
Q. No. 4
Q. No. 3, 8
Q. No. 5, 8, 10

Examples
Exercise # 13.1
Exercise # 13.2
Exercise # 13.3
Exercise # 13.4
Exercise # 13.5
Miscellaneous Examples

CHAPTER-11 : 3-D

CHAPTER-12 : LPP

CHAPTER-13 : PROBABILITY
Q. No. 7,17,24,27,29,36
Q. No. 5,12,14
Q. No. 4,9,14
Q. No. 4,6,12
Q. No. 6,11
Q. No. 4,7,8,12
Q. No. 7,9,13,16
12