Disaster Management

VAISHALI SINGH
B.ARCH BCM
5TH YEAR 4TH SEM

What is disaster
management ???
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence

that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of

human life, deterioration of health and health
services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from outside the affected
community or area.
(W.H.O.)

A disaster can be defined as an occurrence

either nature or manmade that causes human

suffering and creates human needs that victims
cannot alleviate without assistance.
American
Red Cross (ARC)

What is Disaster
Management

TYPES OF DISASTER

FACTORS AFFECTING
DISASTER

CHARACTERISTIC OF
DISASTER
Predictability
Controllability
Speed of onset
Length of

forewarning
Duration of impact
Scope and intensity

of impact

PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government
Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day

purpose.
Organizations should function as an extension of their core business
Individuals are responsible for their own safety.
Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events. DM

planning should recognize the difference between incidents and disasters.

DM planning must take account of the type of physical environment and

the structure of the population.

DM arrangements must recognise the involvement and potential role of

non- government agencies.

PHASES OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

Disaster preparedness
Preparedness should be in the form of money, manpower and materials
Evaluation from past experiences about risk
Location of disaster prone areas
Organization of communication, information and warning system
Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanisms Development of public

education programme
Co-ordination with media
National & international relations
Keeping stock of foods, drug and other essential commodities.

E.g.: Indian Meteorological department (IMD) plays a key role in forewarning

the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata,
Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31
special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India.
The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the
disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies.

Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA)

World Health Organization (WHO)

UNICEF

World Food Programme (WFP)

Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD)

E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations

Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE)
International committee of Red cross
International committee of Red cross

Disaster impact

Disaster response
Epidemiologic surveillance and disease control

Vaccination

Nutrition

Rehabilitation phase
Water supply
Food safety
Basic sanitation and personal hygiene
Vector control

Disaster mitigation
This involves lessening the likely effects of emergencies.
These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable

population and structure.

Eg. improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such other
buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized.
Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services

including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of

rehabilitation and reconstruction.
This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster
response activities.

DISASTER RECOVERY
Successful Recovery Preparation
Be vigilant in Health teaching
Psychological support
Referrals to hospital as needed
Remain alert for environmental health
Nurse must be attentive to the danger

MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA

1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy
2001 Gujarat earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
2008 Mumbai attack

Hazard, vulnerability & disaster

Disaster = F (Hazard, Vulnerability)

HxV-C=R
Hazard x vulnerability capacity = risk

Seismology
The term Seismology is derived from Greek word Seismo, which
means earthquake and logo
means science; hence the Seismology is Science of Earthquakes
Seismology can be defined in two ways:
1. The science of earthquakes and the physics of the earths interior
2. The science of elastic wave (seismic waves)

Fault
A fault is nothing but a crack or weak zone inside the Earth. When two
blocks of rock or two plates rub against each other along a fault, they dont
just slide smoothly.
As the tectonic forces continue to prevail, the plate margins exhibit
deformation as seen in terms of bending, compression, tension and friction.
The rocks eventually break giving rise to an earthquake, because of building
of stresses beyond the limiting elastic strength of the rock.

DEPTH OF FOCUS

Shallow focus Earthquakes

Intermediate focus earthquakes

< 70 km deep

70 km ~ 300 km

Deep focus earthquakes

> 300 km

IS 1893:2002
More than 60 % area is
earthquake prone.
Zone V 12 %
Zone IV

18 %

Zone III

26 %

Zone II 44 %
Fig. courtesy: nicee

Earthquake Do Not Kill People

Improperly Designed
Structures Do!

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS TO MAKE A

BUILDING EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
1. Configuration
2. Ductility
3. Quality control
4. Base Isolation
5. Passive Energy Dissipating Devices
6. Active Control Systems

Regular Configuration
Regular configuration is seismically

ideal. These configurations have

low heights to base ratio,
symmetrical plane, uniform section
and elevation and thus have
balanced resistance.

Irregular Configuration

Buildings with irregular configuration

Buildings with abrupt changes in

lateral stiffness

Open ground storey building (soft storey)

Ductility
Let us first understand how different materials behave.
Consider white chalk used to write on blackboards and steel pins with solid heads
used to hold sheets of paper together. Yes a chalk breaks easily!!
On the contrary, a steel pin allows it to be bent back-and-forth. Engineers define
the property that allows steel pins to bend back-and-forth by large amounts, as
ductility; chalk is a brittle material.

The currently adopted performance criteria in the

earthquake codes are the following:
1 The structure should resist moderate intensity of
earthquake shaking without structural damage.
2 The structure should be able to resist exceptionally
large intensity of earthquake shaking without collapse.

Quality control
special care is needed in construction to ensure that the elements meant to
be ductile are indeed provided with features that give adequate ductility.
Thus, strict adherence to prescribed standards of construction materials and
construction processes is essential in assuring an earthquake-resistant
building.
Elements of good quality control.
1.Regular testing of construction materials at qualified laboratories
(at site or away)
2. Periodic training of workmen at professional training houses,
and
3. On-site evaluation of the technical work

While Hazards Are Inevitable, Each Hazard Need Not Convert

Into A Disaster As What Comes In Between Is
The Culture of Safety And Prevention
Let us Work Together to Build a Culture of Prevention !