. . .

. .

2008 / 09
, 2008

1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

1
3
6
9
12

2.
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2 MOHR

2.3

13
15
23
24

3.
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.3

44
44
45
46
50
51

4.
4.1
4.2 HOOKE
4.3 HOOKE
4.4 HOOKE
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.5 E, G

53
53
58
61
64
65
66
67

5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

69
69
71
72
75

34
40

II

6.
6.1
6.2
6.3

78
79
81
89

7.
7.1
7.1.1 M y (x )

92
96
97

7.2
7.3

7.1.2 M z (x )
7.1.3 M y (x ) M z (x )

103
108

7.1.4 /

7.2.1 x-z
7.2.2 x-y

7.3.1

7.3.2

114
120
121
126
128
128
131

8.
8.1
8.2
8.2.1 Q z (x )

134
135
138
139

9.
9.1 St.-VENANT
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.2
9.2.1
9.2.2
9.2.3
9.3
9.3.1
9.3.2
9.4

146
147
147
153
157
157
162
164
172
173
181
185

10.
10.1
10.2
10.3

191
194
202
202

III

11.
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3 ,
11.2.4
11.3 CASTIGLIANO
11.4

206
206
209
209
210
213
213
215
217

.
.1
.2
.2.1
S
.2.2 STEINER
.2.3
.2.4
.3
.3.1
.3.2
.4
.5

224
224
226
229
230
232
234
235
236
240
243
249

251

253

263

,
, ,
, (
), .
( )
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
, .

,
, Strength
of Materials Mechanics of Materials.
,

.


.

,
.
,
,
,

.

,
,
.

,

.
,
,
.
,
,
.

, ,
,
.
,

, .
,
,
.
,
.


,
CASTIGLIANO1.

, ..
( ) ,
.

,
,
,
.

Alberto Castigliano (1847-1884)

1.1

, ,


,
.
,
,
.

, .


.

,
.


.

, ,

,
.
,
.

,
.

, .

.

.
1)

, .
, ,
,
,

,
,
,

, ,
,
.

2)

.. ,

.

,
.

3)

,

, .. ,

,
.

.
:
1) .
2)
.

.

.
.


, (
1 .). , .. (,
)
( 2 ).
3) .


.
, (
).
4)
, ,
HOOKE1.

, .
5) St.-VENANT2.
1
2

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Barre de Saint -Venant (1797-1886)

St.-VENANT,
,
, , .
F
F

2
2

(.. ),

, .
:
1:

.
2:
/
, .
3: 1 ( /
)
,

. .
4:
,
.

1.2

,
, ,
.

.
, , ,
, .

( 1.2-1a)
,

.

.

( 1.2-1b)

.

( 1.2-1c)

.

.

( 1.2-1d)
, , .

.

1.2-1.

a) /
b) ( ,
)
c) ( ,
)
d) ( )

, .

,

.

.
,

.



( ).


.

1.3

()
:
)

(),

, 1.3-1a).
,
(), ,
, 1.3-1b).
,
, 1.3-1.
,
1.3-2.

1.3-1.

a)
b)

P2

P1
P

P1

P2

1.3-2. E .

10

: ,
(
).

)
,
1.3-3,

,
,
,
.

1.3-3. .
)
,

, 1.3-4.
F2
F1
F
C
B
A

B
a)

D
A

1.3-4. .
a)
b)

b)

11

)
, .. 1.3-5,

.
.
F

F
F

F
1.3-5.
)
,
,

( ), 1.3-6.
,
(, , ).

1.3-6.

12

)
,
, ..

( )

(, / )

(, / )

.

1.4

,
.
.

.

, .
.

.
1.4-1.

2o

13

F1, F2 , ... , Fn , 2-1a),
-,
,
,
2-1b).
r
, 2-1b), S
,

r
S dS
=
s = lim
0 d

(2-1)

.
.
: 1
2 .
F2 B

Fn

F1

a)

F2

r
S
Fn

F1

b)

-
2-1.

1
2

A
r
S
-

a)
b) -
( )

.
() .

14

,

,

r
s
. ,
, 2-2a).
r
s

zy

zx

2-2.
,
,
zx zy .

.

.
() ()
, 2-2b).
,
2-2c).
v
P , s ,
,
. ,
2-3,
,
.

15
F2

P
F1

F1

r
s2

r
s3

r
s1

1
F2

2-3.

2.1

v
si

, . 2-2a),

.

, :
:

.
, .. x xx ,
,
2.1-1a).

.

,
. .. yz
y
z, 2.1-1b) .
yz
z.

16

z zz
yz

zx

y yy

xy

x xx

2.1-1.

a)
b)

, 2.1-2.
F1

a)

F2

Fn

b)

xz

Fi

zx
dz
yx

zy

xy

yz

y
y

dx

dy
2.1-2.

a)
b)

: 2.1-2
.

17

S = xy
xz

yx
y
yz

zx

zy
z

(3 3)

(2.1-1)

2 .
dx, dy, dz , 2.1-2b),

.

,
,
.
.. x
2.1-3, .
zy +

zy
z

yz

dz

yz +

yz
y

dy

zy

2.1-3.

yz zy

y z

.. ,
TAYLOR1 (
).
x
(
2.1-3)
1

Brook Taylor (1685-1731)

18

( yz dxdz ) dy2 + yz + yyz dy dxdz dy2

(2.1-2)

dz
zy
dz
zy dxdy
zy +
dz dxdy
=0
2
z

(2.1-2),

,
.
(2.1-2) ,
dy 2 dz 2 ,

yz
y

dxdzdy 2

zy
z

dxdydz2 ,

,
yz = zy

,
, 2.1-4.

2.1-4.

x, y, z

xy = yx
xz = zx

(2.1-3)

yz = zy

CAUCHY1 .
,
2.1-1 .
1

Augustin L. Cauchy (1789-1857)

19

,
.
.. x, 2.1-5,
z
zx +

zx
dz
z

dz
yx
yx +
dy
y
y

yx

x + x dx
x

x
2.1-5.

X
dx
dy

zx

yx

dy dxdz + zx + zx dz dydx
x + x dx dydz + yx +
z
x
y

x dydz

yx dxdz

zx dydx

(2.1-4)

+ X dxdydz = 0

y
z , (2.1-2) dx dy dz

x yx zx
+
+
+X = 0
x
y
z
xy
x

y
y

zy
z

+Y = 0

(2.1-5)

xz yz z
+
+
+Z=0
x
y
z

.
(2.1-3)
.
:
,
.

20

,

x-y, y-z z-x.

.
,

, ()
.
, ,
,
.
:

,

.

.
.
45
. .

..
, . 2.1-2, , 2.1-6,
x-y, y-z z-x
ABC.
ABC ,
ABC
, ,
.
r
ABC , S
, .
.

21
z
dz

n
xz

yz
y

xy

yx

2.1-6.

dy

A
x

r
S

zy

zx

dx

nv ABC
S ABC

OBC =
OCA =
OAB =

ABC cos
ABC cos
ABC cos

cos , cos , cos

ABC.

( x ) cos + yx cos + zx cos = 0

xy cos + y cos + zy cos = 0

xz cos + yz cos + ( z ) cos = 0

cos = cos = cos = 0

(2.1-6)

22

cos 2 + cos2 + cos 2 = 1

(2.1-7)

(2.1-6)
.
1, 2 , 3 .

1
2
3

1 2 3

.
,
1 = 2 = 3

,
( ) .

(2.1-7)

( x )
xy
xz

yx
y
yz

zx
zy
= 3 I1 2 + I 2 I3 = 0
( z )

(2.1-8)

I1, I 2 , I3
I1 = x + y + z

I 2 = x y + y z + z x 2xy 2yz 2zx

(2.1-9)

I3 = x y z + 2 xy yz zx x 2yz y 2zx z 2xy

(2.1-8)

1, 2 , 3.

2.2

23

,


z = 0
xz = zx = 0

z = 0
zx = 0

yz = zy = 0

zy = 0
yz

(2.2-1)

xz

, h
, .. 2.2-1.
z
h
xy yx

2.2-1.

x
S = xy
0

yx
y
0

0
0
0

(2.2-2)

xy = yx
, .

x yx
+
+X = 0
x
y

(2.2-3)
xy
x

y
y

+Y = 0

, (2.2-2).

24

y +

y
y

dy + K

dy

yx +

dy + K

x +
x

xy +

xy
yx

2.2-2.

yx

x
dx + K
x

xy
x

dx + K

,
.
,
,
.

.

2.2.1

x , y , xy
x-y, Pi , 2.2.1-1,

Pi .

25
y

xy

yx
P2

P1

xy

P3

2.2.1-1.

yx

P

x y
. , P
x , y , xy

= x , y , xy ,

= x , y , xy ,

)
(2.2.1-1)

P, 2.2.1-2.
y

yx

xy

xy

yx
y

2.2.1-2.

P(x , y ) , 2.2.1-2,

P(x , y ) ,
ABC h, 2.2.1-3.

26

a)

yx

P(x,y)
C
dy

xy

yx

b)

xy

dx

B
x

ds

xy

y
A

yx

dx

2.2.1-3.

a)
b) ABC h

x dy h

xy dy h

AC h

y dx h

yx dx h

AB h
BC
h

ds h

ds h

D,
BC,
xy yx ,
x y D,

27

D
.
D
yx dx h

dy
dx
xy dy h
=0
2
2

(2.2.1-2)

CAUCHY

xy = yx

(2.2.1-3)

.
,
x y :
ds h cos ds h sin x dy h yx dx h = 0

(2.2.1-4)
ds h sin + ds h cos y dx h xy dy h = 0

ABC

dx = ds sin
dy = ds cos
(2.2.1-4)
cos sin x cos yx sin = 0

(2.2.1-5)
sin + cos y sin xy cos = 0

(2.2.1-5) (.. ,
cos sin
)
= x cos 2 + y sin 2 + 2 xy sin cos

= y x cos sin + xy cos 2 sin 2

(2.2.1-6)

28

sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,
sin 2 =

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2

1 cos 2
,
2

cos 2 =

1 + cos 2
2

x + y
2

x y
2

cos 2 + xy sin 2
(2.2.1-7)

x y
2

sin 2 + xy cos 2

(2.2.1-7)
x , y , xy .

.

d
= x y sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d

(2.2.1-8)

d
= x y cos 2 2 xy sin 2 = 0
d

tan 2 o = tan (2 o + ) =

2 xy
x y

(2.2.1-9)
tan 21 = tan (21 + ) =

x y
2 xy

2
.
(2.2.1-7)
sin2 cos2, o tan2.
1 2

(2.2.1-9) o o +

1 1
x y
+ 2xy
= x + y
2 2
2

29

(2.2.1-10)

1 2 . o o +
2
, (2.2.1-7)
o o +

x y sin 2 o

=
+ xy cos 2 o
2
cos 2 o

tan 2o ,
x y 2 xy

+ xy cos 2 o = 0
=
x y
2

(2.2.1-11)

(2.2.1-9) 1 = o
4

2

x y
+ 2xy
max min =
2

(2.2.1-12)

x + y
2

(2.2.1-13)

30

- ,
- .
a)

y = o

y = o

b)

x = o

d)

c)

y = o

x = o

y = o

e)
xy

x = o

yx

x = o

f)
xy = o

xy

yx

yx

xy = o

yx

,

max , min
max , min

,
,
.

1 x + y
x y
+ 2xy

=
2
2
2

tan 2o = tan (2o + ) =

2 xy
x y

o o + ,
2

y-, 2.2.1-3b).

31

x y
+ 2xy
max
=

2
min

tan 21 = tan (21 + ) =

x y
2 xy

1 1 + ,
2

o .
max , min

=

x + y
2

, ,
,
.


.
a) : x = o , y = o , xy = 0 ( x y )
2

+ o
o
+ o
1 = 2 = o
+ 0 = o
2
2

tan 2 o =
x

0
0

max min = 0

x
y

tan 21 =

0
0

o 1

32

b) : x = o , y = o , xy = 0 ( x y )

y = o

1 = 2 = o
tan 2 o =

x = o

x
y

0
0

max min = 0

tan 21 =

0
0

c) : x = o , y = o , xy = 0 ( x y )
1 = o
y = o

2 = o
tan 2 o =

0
=0
2 o

x = o

2o = 0

o = 0

+ o
max min = o
+ 0 = o
2
tan 21 =

2 o
=
0

21 =

1 =

d) : x = o , y = o , xy = 0 ( x y )

y = o

2
1
o o
+ 0 = o
=
2
2

tan 2 o =
x = o

0
=0
2 o

2o = 0 o = 0

o
max min = o
+ 0 = o
2

tan 21 =

2 o
=
0

21 =

1 =

33

e) : x = 0 , y = 0 , xy = yx = o

xy

yx

xy = o

1
2
= o = o
2

1 = o

2o
=
0

2o =

tan 2 o =

2 = o

o =

max min = 2 = o

yx

tan 21 =

0
=0
2o

21 = 0

1 = 0

f) : x = 0 , y = 0 , xy = o

yx
xy

yx

xy = o

1
=
2

( o )2

tan 2 o =

2o
=
0

max min =

tan 21 =

= o

( o )2

0
=0
2o

1 = o 2 = o

o =

21 = 0

1 = 0

2o =

= o

34

2.2.2

MOHR

,
,

.
(2.2.1-7)
,

.

2 1
2
2 x + y + = 2 x y + xy

(2.2.2-1)

- , 2.2.2-1,
MOHR 1 ,
x + y
M
, 0 R =
2

2
2 x y + xy

max

So

xy

S2

o +

S
1

min

1
(1 + 2 )
2

2.2.2-1. MOHR
1

Otto Mohr (1835-1918)

35

MOHR M R,
,
.
MOHR

x y
.

x + y
, 0
M
2

x y (2.2.2-1) .

x
xy ( ,
, ), So ,
MSo MOHR (
). So
x , y xy .

MOHR S1 , S 2
(1, 2 ).

( max , min ) .

So MOHR
,

o o + .
2

1 2 .

S ,
MSo 2 ( ).

36

,

- ,
- .
a)

y = o

b)

y = o

x = o

d)

y = o

y = o

c)

x = o

x = o

e)

yx

xy

x = o

f)
xy =

yx

xy

yx

xy =

yx

MOHR
( o ,0 )

y = o

R =0

x = o

MOHR
o o (

).

37

y = o
x = o

b)

( o ,0 )

R =0

MOHR .
1 = 2 = o . o 1 (.
).

max

y = o
x = o

1 =

So x = o

y = o

1 =

min
2

1 = o

y = o
max
x

min

x = o

o = 0

max = o 1 =
min = o 1 =

1 = = 0
4

38

y = o

1 =

R
max = o

+
d)

x = o

x = o
1 =

So

min
x

max

x = o

min
1

1 = o
y = o

y = o

o =

2 = o o = 0
max = o 1 =

min = o 1 =

1 = = 0
4

o =

max = o

yx
xy

So

xy =

x = 0
y = 0

yx

min
2

1 = max =
2

yx

o =

2 = min =

o =

xy =

max = o

1 = 0

min = o

1 =

(1 = 0) = 1 = = 0
2

39

max = o
yx

xy

xy =

x = 0
y = 0

yx

min
2

1 = max =
1

yx

So
1

o =

o =

2 = min =

o =

xy =

max = o

1 =

min = o

1 = 0

(1 = 0) = 1 = = 0
2

40

2.3

z = 0
xz = zx = 0

(2.3-1)

yz = zy = 0

y = 0
(2.3-2)
xy = yx = 0

x
S = 0
0

0 0
0 0
0 0

.. /
. ,
F

,
A1
2.3-1a), A1 / .

( )
A1 , 2.3-1b).
F A 2 ,

1,
F . N S
F
A 2 .

41

a)

F
A1

F
b)
2

c)
F

2.3-1.

a)
b)
c)

,
2.3-1c), .
A 2

N F cos F

=
=
cos2 = 1 cos2 = 1 (1 + cos 2 )
A1
A2
A1
2
cos
(2.3-3)

S
F sin
F

=
=
sin cos = 1 sin cos = 1 sin 2
A
A2
A1
2
1
cos

2.3-2
.
.

42

1
2

2.3-2.

. (2.3-3)
.
:
d
= 1 sin 2 = 0
d

(2.3-4)

sin 2 = 0 ,

= 0

= 90o .

d
= 1 cos 2 = 0
d

(2.3-5)

cos 2 = 0 = 45o , = 135o , ...

, (2.3-4) (2.3-5)
.

0o

= 1 = max

= 0 = min

= 1
2

= 1 = max
2

= 0 = min

= 0 = min

45o
90o

43

: = 90o
, .
: ,
, .
.

max = 1 = 45o 2.3-1c).

2

1 = 1 cos2
2
2

= 1 sin2
2
(2.3-3), ,
,
2

2
1 + = 1
2
2

(2.3-6)

M 1 ,0 R = 1
2
2
MOHR , 2.3-3.

= 1
2

max

max

= 1 = max

=0

min

1 = max

=0

A1
=0

= 1 = max
= 90

A 2 = 0
= 0

2.3-3. MOHR

44

,
.

.

.



.

3.1

,
P (x , y, z )
P (x + u , y + v, z + w )

u (x , y, z )
r

r = v ( x , y, z )
w (x , y, z )

x
y
z
F1

Fn

P(x , y, z )
P(x + u , y + v, z + w )

rP
F2

F3

3.1-1. .
u, v, w
.

45

( )

.

3.2

,
, .
:

.
.
, 3.2-1.
:
.
,
, 3.2-1.
L1 + L1

L1

+
2

L 2

L 2 L 2

3.2-1. .
,
.

.

46

x , y , z
xy , yx , xz , zx , yz , zy .

x
1
= xy
2
1
2 xz

1
yx
2
y

1
yz
2

zx
2

1
zy
2

.

xy = yz ,

xz = zx ,

yz = zy

3.2.1

,

.

, 3.2.1-1,
, ,
, F1
F2 .
L1
L 2 u.

47
u

L1

F1

z
u

L2

F2

z
3.2.1-1.

.

, x
.
x (x ) x
F ( x (x )
x) . 3.2.1-2,
x ( x 0 ) L
F.
y

x
x

z
y

u(x)

x
F

u(x+x)
3.2.1-2.

=

x L
x

x x

48

u (x + x ) u (x ) du
=
x
dx
x 0

x = lim

(3.2.1-1)

u x
, u = u (x , y, z ) ,
x
x.
v (x , y, z ) w (x , y, z ) y
z
:

x =

u
x

y =

v
y

z =

w
z

(3.2.1-2)

.

dVo = dx dy dz , 3.2.1-3.

(1 + z ) dx

dz
dy
dx

(1 + x ) dx

(1 + y ) dx

3.2.1-3.

dV = (1 + x ) dx 1 + y dy (1 + z ) dz

= (1 + x ) 1 + y (1 + z ) dx dy dz

(3.2.1-3)

, x , y , z
, (3.2.1-3)

49

(
(1 + x + y + z ) dVo

dV = 1 + x + y + z + x y + x z + y z + x y z dVo

(3.2.1-4)

dV dVo = x + y + z dVo

(3.2.1-5)

dV dVo
= x + y + z
dVo

(3.2.1-6)

= 0
.

a, b, c
x , y , z ,
.

a, b, c
, .
:
x = 0,01

y = 0,02
= 0,01

V Vo
= x + y + z = (0,01 + 0,02 0,01) = 0,02
Vo

(1 + x ) a 1 + y b (1 + z ) c a b c
V Vo
=
=
Vo
abc

= (1 + x ) 1 + y (1 + z ) 1 = 1,01 1,02 0,99 1 = 0,019898

50

0,02 0,019898
= 0,005
0,02

0,5 %)

H
.

3.2.2

. 1 2 ,
3.2.2-1, x-y-.

v(x,y,z)

v(x+x, y,z)

3.2.2-1.
,
1 2 .
1 tan 1 =

u (x , y + y, z ) u (x, y, z )
y

2 tan 2 =

v(x + x, y, z ) v(x, y, z )
x

(3.2.2-1)

x-y-
xy = lim (1 + 2 )
x 0
y 0

u (x, y + y, z ) u (x , y, z )
v(x + x, y, z ) v(x, y, z )
= lim
+ lim
y
x
y 0
x 0

(3.2.2-2)

51

x-z, y-z

xy =

u v
+
y x

xz =

u w
+
z x

yz =

v w
+
z y

(3.2.2-3)

u (x , y, z ) , v (x , y, z ) , w (x , y, z )
(x , y, z ) ,
(x , y, z ) .

3.3

(3.2.1-2) x , y , z ,
(3.2.2-3)
xy , yz , zx
u, v, w .

x , y , z xy , yz , zx ,

.
.

,
.
(3.2.1-2) (3.2.1-3), ..

52

2 x

3u
=
y 2
xy 2

2 y

x 2
2 xy
xy

3v

(3.2.3-1)

yx 2
2 v u
3v
3u
+ =
+
xy x y yx 2 xy 2

,

2 x
y 2

2 y
x 2

2 xy
xy

(3.2.3-2)

.

(3.2.3-2).
2 x
y 2

2 y
z 2

2 z

2 y
x 2

2 z
y 2

2 xy
xy

2 yz
yz

(3.2.3-3)

2 x

2 xz
+
=
xz
x 2
z 2

2 z
yz zx xy

2
=
+

xy z x
y
z
2

2 x
xz xy yz

=
+

yz x y
z
x
2 y
xz

(3.2.3-4)

xy yz zx

y z
x
y

(3.2.3-3) (3.2.3-4)
St.-VENANT .

53

,


.

()
.

, .

,
.

.
..
.

.

4.1

, .. DIN,
( )
.
Lo , 4.1-1a).
L = L Lo .
A o Lo
F
F L =

Ao
L
=
.
Lo
, 4.1-1b) .

54

do

a)

d1

F
Lo

Lc
Lt

b)

F
Ao

4.1-1.

do K
Lo K
Lc K
Lt K
h K
d1 K

L
[%]
Lo

a) DIN 50125
b) -

(L o = 5 d o )
(L c L o + d o )

-
( ), 4.1-2.

55
max
F
=
A

Rm

a)

R eH
R eL

F
Ao

E = tan

L
[%]
Lo

A o
b)
max

4.1-2.

/ .
a) -
b)

-, 4.1-2a),
:

.
.

56

, ,
.
.

R e ( R eH , R eL )

.
.

.
R 0,2

-
, .
.
.
R 0,2
=0,002 ( =0,2%). ..
R 0,05 ( =0,05%).

R m

( B
) .

F
B = max
Ao
A o .

( )
( ) R e R 0,2

R m ,
.

.
- 4.1-2a) ( ),
,
A o . ,

57

. ,
=

F
A

A ,
,
4.1-2a) ( ).


,
, 4.1-2b).
- 4.1-2a)
.

(, ) .
(
.. ),
(
4.1-3a). (I ) .
(II )
, (III)
.
.

4.1-3. a)
b)
,
4.1-3b).
.

- .
.

58

.
.

P P
E E
R e R e

, ,
.

F
R m = max R m
Ao
. .


( ) = ( )

4.2

HOOKE

-
P

=E

(4.2-1)

E = tan , 4.1-2,
,
.


=G

(4.2-2)

G ,
.

59

(4.2-1) (4.2-2) HOOKE1.

. ,
x =

F
Ao

(4.2-3)

y = z = 0

. q

q =

d do
<0
do

(4.2-4)

d .
q
,
q
=

(4.2-5)

POISSON2.
1
m =

POISSON.
q = =

(4.1-6)

E , G,
. 0,3 .
, G,
,
.

1
2

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

Simeon-Denis Poisson (1781-1840)

60

,
,
, [ 1 o K ].

POISSON

[ Kg dm3 ]
[MPa]
[MPa]
[]
[1 o K ]

.
4.2-1.

[ Kg dm3 ]

103 [MPa]

7,85

103 [MPa]

[]

10 6 [ 1 o K ]

190, ... ,210

80

0,30

10,4

7,0

100

40

0,25

2,7

65, ... , 75

24, ... , 28

0,33

23,5

8,9

110, ... , 125

40, ... , 50

0,35

16,6

1,74

40

15

0,33

27

4,3

100, ... ,120

39

0,33

8,35

GFK
()

1,95

7, ... , 45

CFK
()

1,4

250

AFK
( Kevlar)

1,35

65

0,50

12

. L
A ,

61

L Lo
=
100 [%]
Lo
(4.2-7)
=

A o A
100 [%]
Ao

.
( 50%) ( 10%).

E , .

, .. .

4.3

HOOKE

HOOKE (4.2-1) (4.2-2) ,

,
.


. ,
, 4.3-1.

F3 = F1 + F2

3 = 1 + 2
3 = 1 + 2

F1

F2

F3

4.3-1.

, .
.

,
x , y , z

x , y z .

62

HOOKE
,
.
.. x

y1 = x ,
E

x1 = x ,
E

z1 = x
E

(4.3-1)

y
x 2 =

y
E

y2 =

y
E

z2 =

y
E

(4.3-2)

x 3 = z ,
E

y3 = z ,
E

z3 = z
E

(4.3-3)

.
To
= To ,

T =

(4.3-4)

.

.
x = x1 + x 2 + x 3 +
y = y1 + y 2 + y3 +
z = z1 + z 2 + z 3 +

(4.3-5)

63

)]

x =

u 1
= x y + z +
x E

y =

v 1
= y ( x + z ) +
y E

z =

w 1
= z x + y +
z E

(4.3-6)

)]

. (4.3-6)

)] 1 2

x =

(1 ) x + y + z
(1 + )(1 2 )

y =

(1 ) y + ( x + z )
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2

z =

(1 ) z + x + y
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2

(4.3-7)

)]

.

. .
,
xy = G xy
yz = G yz

(4.3-8)

zx = G zx

. G
( )
.
(4.3-6) (4.3-8)
HOOKE,
E, , G .

64

4.4

HOOKE

(4.3-6), (4.3-7) (4.3-8)

.
z

x =

u 1
= x y +
x E

y =

v 1
= y x +
y E

xy =

(4.4-1)

u v 1
+
= xy
y x G

x =

(1 ) x + y
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2

y =

(1 ) y + x
(1 + )(1 2 )
1 2

(4.4-2)

xy = G xy

x y.
,
,
z, .. x
y z.

, z
z 0
, z = 0
z 0 .

(
) .

 HOOKE

4.4.1

65

, ..
4.4.1-1.
z

a)

z = 0

yz = 0

b)

xz = 0

y
yx

xy

4.4.1-1.
(4.3-6), (4.3-7) (4.3-8)
,
z = 0

xz = 0

yz = 0

z
z 0

(4.3-6)
z =

x + y

(4.4.1-1)

(4.4-1)
x =

y =

1 2

1 2

( x + y )
( y + x )

(4.4.1-2)

xy = G xy

(4.4.1-1)
z =

+ y
1 x

(4.4.1-3)

66

4.4.2

.

yz = 0

z = 0

z 0

zx = 0

yx
x

z 0

xy

1 2
x =

x 1 y
(4.4.2-1)

y =

y
x

xy =

1
xy
G

x =

(1 ) x + y
(1 + )(1 2 )

y =

(1 ) y + x
(1 + )(1 2 )

z =

+ = x + y
(1 + )(1 2 ) x y

xy = G xy

) (

(4.4.2-2)

 , G

4.5

67

, G

, ,
G .
x = y = ,

4.5-1a). MOHR M (0,0 )

R = , 4.5-1b).
ABCD = .
ABCD 4.5-1c).
D

y =
x

D
a

x =
2

4 2

a 1+ y

a (1 + x )

a
a)

b)

c)

4.5-1.
4.5-1c) :
HB a (1 + x ) 1 + x
tan =
=
=
4 2 AH a (1 + y ) 1 + y

(4.5-1)

( tan )

1 tan
1

2
2
tan =

4 2 1 + tan
1+
2
2

(4.5-2)

(4.5-1)

2 = 1 + x
1 + y
1+
2
1

(4.5-3)

68

HOOKE
x =
y =

1+
1
x y =

E
E

(4.5-4)

1
1+
y x =

E
E

y = x =

(4.5-5)

(4.5-5) (4.5-3)

2 = 1
1+
1+
2
1

(4.5-6)

1+
, = , =
G
E

G=

E
2 (1 + )

0
1
1
E G E
3
2

(4.5-7)
1

2
(4.5-8)

69

,

,
.


, .

,
.

5.1

.
5.1-1
,

.
f

5.1-1.
a)
b)
5.1-1a)
,
.
r
f ,
.

70

x-y, y-z, z-x

5.1-1b),
.

,
.

5.1-2a),
.

,
, 5.1-2b) 5.1-2c).
a)

x
z

b)

x-z

x-y

c)

z
y

y
5.1-2.

a)
b) x-z
c) x-y

x ,
,
y z
.

71

,

S (ys , zs ) , .
,

( ) .

, ,

.

5.2

,
5.2-1 5.2-2.
z

F>0

y
z

F>0
F>0

Az > 0

a)
5.2-1.

b)

Bz < 0

a)
b)

72

Qz

Qy

Qy
Nx

Qz

Nx

Mz

My

My
Mx

Mx

Mz

5.2-2.

5.3

a)
b)

, (M, N, Q )
.

.

q z (x )

73

q z (x ) dx

Q z (x )

M y (x )

N x (x )

M y (x ) +

dM y (x )
dx

N x (x ) +

Q z (x ) +

dx

dN x (x )
dx
dx

dQ z (x )
dx
dx

5.3-1. x-z
a)
b)
x-z
( dx
q z (x ) )

N x (x ) + N x (x ) +
Q z (x ) + Q z (x ) +

dN x (x )
dx + p(x ) dx = 0
dx

dQ z (x )
dx + q z (x ) dx = 0
dx

M y (x ) + M y (x ) +

dM y (x )
dx

dx Q z (x )

dx
dx dQ (x )
dx
Q z (x ) z dx
=0
2
2
dx
2

(dx dx ) , x-z
:
dN x (x )
= p(x )
dx
dQ z (x )
= q z (x )
dx

dM y (x )
dx

(5.3-1)
= Q z (x )

d 2 M y (x )
dx 2

= q z (x )

x-y

74

q y (x )

q y (x ) dx
Q y (x )

M z (x )

N x (x )

dM z (x )
dx
dx
dN x (x )
N x (x ) +
dx
dx
dQ y (x )
Q y (x ) +
dx
dx
M z (x ) +

5.3-2. x-y
a)
b)
x-y
( dx
q y (x ) )
N x (x ) + N x (x ) +

dN x (x )
dx + p(x ) dx = 0
dx

Q y (x ) + Q y (x ) +

dQ y (x )
dx + q y (x ) dx = 0
dx

M z (x ) + M z (x ) +

dM z (x )
dx
dx dQ y (x )
dx
dx + Q y (x ) + Q y (x ) +
dx
=0
dx
2
2
dx
2

(dx dx ) , x-y
:
dN x (x )
= p(x )
dx
dQ y (x )
= q y (x )
dx

dM z (x )
= Q y (x )
dx

d 2 M z (x )
dx 2

= q y (x )

(5.3-2)

5.4

75

N x , Q y , Q z
M x , M y , M z ,
.
N x , Q y , Q z , M x , M y , M z ,
,


.
, ,
,
.

, , 1,

,
.

.
,
, N x , Q y , Q z M x , M y , M z .
..
N x , Q y , Qz
,

.


.
M x , M y , M z .
.
.

,
.

76

Nx
x

xz

Qy

Qz

xy

xz

My
x

5.4-3.

Mz

Mx

xy

a) N x x
b) Q y xy
c) Q z xz
d) M y x
e) M z x
f) M x xy xz

5.4-3,

N x = x dA
A

(5.4-1)

(5.4-2)

(5.4-3)

(5.4-4)

Q y = xy dA
A

Q z = xz dA
A

M y = z x dA
A

M z = y x dA
A

M x = z xy y xz dA
A

77

.
(5.4-1), (5.4-2), (5.4-3), (5.4-4),
.

.

x = x Nx , M y , Mz

xy = xy Q y , M x

(5.4-5)

xz = xz (Q z , M x )

N x M y , M z ,

xy xz Q y , M x
.

(Qz , M x )

,
,
5.4-1
.
5.4-1. ,

Nx > 0

x (N x ) > 0

Nx < 0

x (N x ) < 0

M y 0, M z = 0
M y = 0, M z 0

x M y

M y 0, M z 0
Q y 0, Q z = 0

x M y , Mz
xy Q y

Q y = 0, Q z 0

xz (Q z )

Q y 0, Q z 0

xy Q y , Q z , xz Q y , Q z
xy (M x ) , xz (M x )

Mx 0

( )

x (M z )

(
)
( )
(

78

N x .
,

.


,
.
.
,
S .
, ,
y z y z
, 6-1.

(F<0)

(F>0)

a)

F
x

F
x

y
z

z
F
b)

S
y
z
&
y

S
x

F
x

y
z
&
z

z
&
y z

6-1.
a)
b)
F
S ,
.

6.1

79

, ,
, .
, x,
x (z )
x (z ) = b

(6.1-1)

6.1-1b).
HOOKE ( y z )

x (z ) = E x (z ) = E b

(6.1-2)

,
z x
, 6.1-1c).
x (z ) =

x (z ) =
N x (x )

z
x

N x (x )

a)

x
z

b)

z
x (z ) =

x
z

x (z ) =

c)

x
z

6.1-1.
a) N x (x )
b) N x (x )
c) N x (x )

80

x,
N x (x )
,
N x (x ) = x (z ) dA = E b dA = E b dA = E b A(x )
A

(6.1-3)

Eb=

N x (x )
A(x )

(6.1-4)

N x (x )
x (z ) =

N x (x )
A (x )

(6.1-5)

z, ( 6.1-1c).

, ,
.
: F, = g [ N / m3 ], [ Kg / m3 ],

g [9,81 m / s 2 ].
F
F

L-x

N x (x ) = F A (L x )

N x (x )

x
x
y

x
z

N x (x ) x

N x (x )

81

N x (x ) = F A (L x )

N x (x ) (
F ),
x = L x = 0 .
(6.1-5)
x , max (x = L ) =
x, max (x = 0) =

6.2

N x (x = L ) F
= >0
A
A

()

N x (x = 0 ) F A L
=
<0
A
A

()

N x (x ) / ,
( N x (x ) > 0 , ) ( N x (x ) < 0 , ),
6.2-1.

6.2-1.

u (x )
a)
b)

N x (x ) (6.1-5)
HOOKE, u (x )
x (x )

N x (x ) , .

82

(6.1-2)
(x ) N x (x )
=
x (x ) = x
E
E A (x )

(6.2-1)

,

x (x ) =

N x (x )
+
E A (x )

(6.2-2)

(3.2.1-2)
x =

du N x (x )
=
+
dx E A(x )

(6.2-3)

N x (x )
u (x )

N (x )
u (x ) = x
+ dx + C

E A (x )

(6.2-4)

C .


y

u (x = 0) = 0

z
y

(6.2-5)
x

u (x = 0) = 0

A(x )
x
(6.2-4).
,
, .. ,
, (6.2-4) .
,
i

Li =

N x ,i L i
Ei Ai

N x ,i =
Ei Ai =
i Ti =

83

+ i Ti Li

(6.2-6)

, i
, i
,
i

(6.2-3)
u (x ) ,
p(x).
d 2 u (x )
dx 2

p (x )
EA

(6.2-7)

C1 C 2
( u(x),
p(x)).
1

. [] = [ N / m3 ].
F=AL

N x (x )

N x (x )

L2
2E
N x (x ) x

N x (x ) = A (L x )

(6.2-2)
du (x ) N x (x )
=
= (L x )
dx
EA
E

84

u (x ) =

(L x ) dx =
E
E

(L x ) dx =

x 2
Lx
+ uo
E
2

u o
u (x = 0 ) = 0 . u o = 0
L2
u (x ) =
E

x 1 x 2

L 2 L

u (x )
x. x, .. x = L
u (x = L )
u (x = L ) =

L2
2E

85

:
:

d, P, L, ,


.

Ax

Ax

() P .
G
, . b).

, . c).
A x
b) c) b)
c) .
c) .
)

,

.
P ,
.

86

G = A 2L
.
P G A x ,

Fix = 0

Ax G P = 0

Ax = G + P

b)

N x ,II (x )

N x ,I (x )

Ax

Ax

Ax

0xL

N x , I (x ) = G P

L x 2L

N x , II (x ) = P
c) 0 x 2L

87
P

2L-x

N x (x )

Ax

Ax

N x (x ) = P A (2L x )

N x (x )

N x (x )

b) N x (x )
x = L , c)
x.
)

N x (x ) ,

x (x ) =

N x (x )
A

88

N x (x ) .
x , max = x (x = 0) =

N x (x = 0 ) P A 2L
=
A
A

( )

u (x ) =

N x (x )
1
1
2L x x + u o
(
)
[
]
P
x
A
P
A
2L
x
dx
dx =
+

2
EA
EA
EA

u o .

u (x = 0 ) = 0 = u o

u (x ) =

1
EA

x 2
P x + A 2L x
,

( x L ),
x.

6.3

89

,
,

N x , ,
,

(6.1-5),
(6.2-2)
(6.2-4) (6.2-6),

.

.
. ,
(
N x (x ) ),
, ,
.
:
, ..
.

.
: , L, E, ,
.

Ax

Bx

,
A x Bx
.
, .

.

90

x
L

z
y

..

x
L () = L

z
y

L ()

Bx

z
y

Bx

B L
L(Bx ) = x
EA

,
,
Bx ,
L

Bx L
=0
EA

Bx
Bx = E A

91

Bx

N x (x ) = B x

Nx

x (x ) =

N x (x )
B
= x = E
A
A

()

x .
:
(6.2-6) ,
i = 1 (6.2-6)

L =

N x,1 L1
E1 A1

+ 1 1 L1 = 0

N x,1 = E1 A1 1 1

N x,1 = Bx

92

,
.
.

.
:

.
.
.
.
(z ).
(
) .

7-1a).
.
.

.
:

.
HOOKE ( ).

, 7-1b).

S
z

z
a)

My

My

b)

7-1. a)
b)

93

BERNOULLI1 xz
.

.

. ..

z
= (z ) ,
y.

.

.
, ,
,
(z ) z.

.

M y (x ) , M z (x )

,
y, z, ,

, x,
S .

M y (x ) M z (x )
,
.

.

Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705)

94

7-1.

M y (x ) 0, M z (x ) = 0

My S

M y , Mz

M y (x ) = 0, M z (x ) 0

Pz

S
x

Pz

Py

S
y

Px

Px

Py

Mz

Mz

My

Py , Pz

M y (x ) 0, M z (x ) 0

Px

Px
x

y z ,

y - ( M y (x ) 0, M z (x ) = 0 )
z - ( M y (x ) = 0, M z (x ) 0 )

, .

, M y , M z .
M y (x ) , M z (x )
, .. 7-2
x-z .

95
M y1

M yo

L1

M y (x )

M yo

L2

M y (x )

7-2.
M y (x )
Q y (x ), Q z (x )
x, .. 7-3
x-z .
Pz

Pz

M yo

M yo
L1

M y (x )

M yo

L2

M y (x )

M yo

7-3.
M y (x ) x


.

96

7.1

.
5 (. 5.4-3)
(5.4-5),

N x (x ) M y (x ) M z (x ) .
,
(5.4-5)

x (x, y, z ) = x N x (x ), M y (x ), M z (x )

(7.1-1)

x, max ,

, , x
, N x (x ), M y (x ), M z (x )
x
, y z x (x, y, z ) .

N x (x ), M y (x ) M z (x ) , 7.1-1,
- , HOOKE,

.

Nx
x

My

Mz

7.1-1. N x (x ) , M y (x ) M z (x )
N x (x )
6, .
,
M y (x ) M z (x )

97

.
.

.

M y (x )

7.1.1

,
BERNOULLI,
, x (z ) x
, 7.1.1-1b).

M y (x )

y
z

x (z )

x (z ) = 0
( )

A
x (z ) = 0
( )

x (z )

M y (x )

x
z

b)

a)

7.1.1-1.

c)

a) M y (x )
b) M y (x )
c) M y (x )

M y (x )

x (z ) = m z

HOOKE

(7.1.1-1)

98

x (z ) = E (z ) = E m z

(7.1.1-2)

M y (x ) = z x (z ) dA = E m z 2 dA = E m z 2 dA
A

(7.1.1-3)

dA = I y

y- (. )
E m
Em=

M y (x )

(7.1.1-4)

Iy

(7.1.1-2) , ,
(. 7.1.1-1c))
x (z ) =

M y (x )
Iy

(7.1.1-5)

z, x
M y (x ) I y x.
I y ( [ I y ] = mm4)
,
(7.1.1-5), M y (x )
z. 7.1.1-1c)
( ,
7.1.1-1c) z) (
, 7.1.1-1c) z).

z max y-, y (
z = 0 ).

.


x (x ) =

M y (x )
Iy

z =

99

M y (x )
Iy

(7.1.1-6)

x, max =

M y (x )
Iy

max

M y (x )
Wy

(7.1.1-7)

Wy .

Iy

( y-)

Wy

y-)
.
.
M y (x )

M y (x ) , (7.1.1-3),
F z.
F = x dA = E m z dA = E m z dA = 0

(7.1.1-8)

M z = y x dA = y E m z dA = E m y z dA = 0

(7.1.1-9)

(7.1.1-8)
,
Sy = z dA = 0
(7.1.1-9)

I yz = y z dA = 0

100

M y (x )

, P, L , (b h ) .
:
: .

Ax
Az

Bz

.
M y (x ) ,
y- P.
:
)
)
) (, , Q)
)
)
.
)

S ,
, .

, S
.
)

Fix = 0

Ax = 0

Fiz = 0

A z + Bz P = 0

A z = P Bz =

Miy,A = 0

Bz 3L P 2L = 0

Bz =

2
P
3

1
P
3

101

) (M, N, Q )

0 x 2L

M y (x )

M y (x )

N x (x )

N x (x )

Q z (x )

Q z (x )

Az

Bz

..
N x , I (x ) = 0
Q z , I (x ) A z = 0

M y, I (x ) A z x = 0

1
P
3
1
M y , I (x ) = A z x = P x
3

Q z , I (x ) = A z =

2L x 3L
M y (x )
N x (x )

Az

Q z (x )

M y (x )
N x (x )

Q z (x )

Bz

x

N x , II (x ) = 0
2
Q z, II (x ) = Bz = P
3
M y, II (x ) = Bz (3L x ) =

2
P (3L x )
3

102

)
Q z, II (x )

Q z (x )

1
P
3

Q z, I (x )

M y (x )

2
P
3

M y, I (x )

M y, II (x )

M y, max

x (x, z ) =

Iy

M y (x )
Iy

y-,

,
.

M y (x ) , x
z, (
z).
M y (x )
x = 2L ,

M y,I (x = 2L ) = M y,II (x = 2L ) = M y,max =

2
PL
3

z max

x, max1 =

M y,max h

Iy 2

x, max2 =

M y,max h

Iy 2

103

I y =
x , max 2

x , max 1

b h3
12

x , max 2

x , max 1

a)
b) z

7.1.2

- M z (x )

M z (x )
, HOOKE
.
x (y ) x

x (y ) = m y

z,
7.1.2-1b).

(7.1.2-1)

104

x (y )

x (y )

M z (x )

x (y )

M z (x )

x = 0

x (y )

7.1.2-1. a) M z (x )
b) M z (x )
c) M z (x )

(7.1.2-1)

HOOKE

y = z = 0 ,

x ( y ) = E x (y ) = E m y

(7.1.2-2)

M z (x )

M z (x ) = y x (z ) dA = E m y 2 dA = E m y 2 dA
A

(7.1.2-3)

dA = I z

z-,
E m

Em=

Mz
Iz

(7.1.2-4)

105

(7.1.2-2) (7.1.2-4)
x (z ) =

M z (x )
y
Iz

(7.1.2-5)

y.
, M z (x )

:
:

, Py , L , (b h ) .

M zA

Py

Py

Py

Ax
Ay

, ,
S
.
)

Fix = 0

Ax = 0

Fiy = 0

A y Py = 0

A y = Py

Miz,A = 0

M zA Py L = 0

M zA = Py L

106

x-y
M z (x )

M zA

N x (x )

Q y (x )

Ay

M z (x )

Py

N x (x )

Q y (x )

:
x y .

, . 5.5, x

N x (x ) = 0
Q y (x ) = Py
M z (x ) = Py (L x )

Q y (x )

Py

M z (x )

M z (x ) = Py (L x )

M z (x ) .

x (x, z ) =

M z (x )
y y
Iz

I z z- .

107

M z (x ) x, y
, .

M z,max (x = 0 ) = M z (x = 0) = Py L

x, max1 =

M z, max b

Iz 2

x, max2 =

M z, max b

Iz 2

Iz =

h b3
12

x ,max1

Py

x ,max1

x ,max 2

x ,max 2

108

7.1.3 - M y (x ) M z (x )

M y (x ) M z (x ) .

x ( x , y, z ) =

M y (x )
Iy

M z (x )
y
Iz

(7.1.3-1)

( )

x (M z )

x M y

x M y , Mz = 0

x M y , Mz

7.1.3-1.

a) M y (x )
b) M z (x )
c) M y (x ) M z (x )

, ..
My 0 ,

Mz = 0

(7.1.3-1) M y (x )
7.1.3-1a).

109

.
x , max =

Wy

M y (x )
M y (x ) M y (x )
z max =
=
Iy
Wy
Iy

z max

(7.1.3-2)

y-.
,
,

.
y-z-
.

x ( y, z ) =

M y (x )
Iy

M z (x )
y=0
Iz

(7.1.3-3)

z=

M z (x ) I y
y
M y (x ) I z

(7.1.3-4)

.
( )
,

(7.1.3-1).

110

, M y (x ) M z (x )

, Py , Pz , L, (b h ) .
:
: .
Pz

Pz

Pz

Py

Py

Pz

M yA

M zA

Py

Py

Ax
Ay

Az

, ,
S
.
)

x-z

Fix = 0
Fiz = 0
Miy,A = 0

Ax = 0

A z Pz = 0
M yA Pz L = 0

A y Py = 0

M zA Py 2L = 0

A z = Pz
M yA = Pz L

x-y

Fiy = 0
Miz,A = 0

A y = Py
M zA = Py 2L

111

x-z 0 x L

M yA

M y (x )

M y (x )

N x (x )

Az

Pz

N x (x )

Q z (x )

Q z (x )

x (.
5.4)
N x (x ) = 0
Q z (x ) A z = 0
M y (x ) + M yA A z x = 0

Q z (x ) = A z = Pz
M y (x ) = A z x M yA = Pz (L x )

L x 2L .
x-y 0 x 2L

M zA

M z (x )
N x (x )

Ay

Q y (x )

M z (x )
N x (x )

Q y (x )

x x-y ..
,
N x (x ) = 0
Q y (x ) = Py

M z (x ) = Py (2L x )

112

Q z (x )

Q y (x )

Pz

M y (x )

Py

M z (x )

M y (x )

M z (x )

x (x, y, z ) =

M y (x )
Iy

M z (x )
y
Iz

I y I z ,
h b3
b h3
I y =
.
, Iz =
12
12

: x
,
,
,
x,
.

M y (x ) , M z (x )
.


.

x (x, y, z ) =

M y (x )
Iy

M z (x )
y=0
Iz

z =

M z (x )
M y (x )

Iy
Iz

113

, ,
, .

M y (x = 0 ) = Pz L < 0
M z (x = 0 ) = Py 2L > 0

2 4 , . .
B(y B , z B )

A (y A , z A )

,
A (y A , z A ) B (y B , z B )
,
.
(y A , z A ) (y B , z B )
,
,
x, A (x = 0, y = y A , z = z A ) =

x, B (x = 0, y = y B , z = z B ) =

M y (x = 0 )
Iy
M y (x = 0 )
Iy

zA

zB

M z (x = 0 )
yA
Iz

M z (x = 0 )
yB
Iz

,
.

114

Pz

Py

y
y

7.1.4 /
, 5,
,

x = x Nx , M y , Mz

M y M z
.

,
.
(6.1-5) N x (x )
(7.1.3-1) M y (x ) M z (x )

x (x, y, z ) =

M (x )
N x (x ) M y (x )
+
y
z z
Iz
A
Iy

(7.1.4-1)

x y, z
.
,
x (
y z).
: N x (x ) S
, N x (x )
,
. 7-1.

115

, q, Px , L, (b h ) .
:
: ( ).

Px

Px
Px

q Q z (x )
M y (x ) .
Px

M yo = Px

2
b
M zo = Px
2

,
, .

.
)

, ,
S
.

116

x-z
q

M yA

Ax

x-y

h
M yo = Px
2

M zo = Px

M zA

Px

Az

b
2

x-z

Fix = 0
Fiz = 0

A x Px = 0

Miy,A = 0

M yA + M yo q L

M zA M zo = 0

A x = Px
Az = q L

L
=0
2

M yA = q

M zA = M zo

Az q L = 0

L2
M yo
2

x-y

Miz,A = 0

x-z
M yA

M y (x )
N x (x )

Ax
Az

Qz (x )

M y (x )
N x (x )

M yo

Px

Q z (x )

5.5

N x (x ) = Px
Q z (x ) = q (L x )

M y (x ) = M yo q (L x )

(L x )
2

117

x-y
M z (x )

M zA

M z (x )

N x (x )

Q y (x )

M zo

N x (x )

Q y (x )

N x (x ) = 0
Q y (x ) = 0

M z (x ) = M zo

Px
N x (x )

Q z (x )

M y (x )

M yo

M z (x )

M zo

Px
M y (x ), M z (x )
x (x, y, z ) =

M (x )
N x (x ) M y (x )
+
y
z z
Iz
A
Iy

118

(b h )

Iy =

b h3
12

y,

Iz =

h b3
12

, .
x

N x (x ) ,
M y (x ) , x = 0 x = L .
M z (x ) , .

x = 0 x = L .
: M yo M zo ,
h
b
Px

2
2
, x = 0 .

Px q h, b L.

.

M z (x )
,
.
M y (x )
( ), .
7.1.3,
z =

M z (x )
M y (x )

Iy
Iz

x = 0 M y (x = 0 ) < 0, M z (x = 0 ) > 0

119
B(y B , z B )

A (y A , z A )

: N x (x )

.

x, A (x = 0, y A , z A ) =

M (x = 0 )
N x (x = 0 ) M y (x = 0 )
+
zA
yA z
Iy
A
Iz

x, B (x = 0, y B , z B ) =

M (x = 0 )
N x (x = 0 ) M y (x = 0 )
+
zB
yB z
Iy
A
Iz

x = 0

P
x, A = x +
A

P
x, B = x +
A

L2
2 h M zo b
Iy
2
Iz 2

M yo q

L2
2 h M zo b

Iy
2 Iz 2

M yo q

120

7.2

,
( ).
:
u (x )

v (x )

w (x )

z
Pz

Py
Px

7.2-1.
u (x ) x-
6.2, N x (x ) .
v(x ) w (x )
,
x-
.

v(x ) x-y
w (x ) x-z

x = x o ,
v(x o ) w (x o ) .

7.2.1

121

x-z

w (x ) , 7.2.1-1,
M y (x ) ,
.
My

My

My > 0

My < 0

l
<0
R

l
>0
R

7.2.1-1. x-z

x-z

M y =

M y

7.2.1-1, a) b).
:
x-z . x-y M z (x )
, M z (x )
.

,
7.2.1-2.

122

My

My

(1 + x ) ds
7.2.1-2.
,
z ,

(1 + x (x )) ds = (R + z ) d

(7.2.1-1)

(7.2.1-1) ds = Rd
x (x ) 1
= =
z
R

(7.2.1-2)

,
w (x )
=

w (x )

[1 + w (x )]
2

(7.2.1-3)

x (x )
My(x)
x (x ) =

M y (x )
Iy

(7.2.1-4)

x (x ) x (x ) M y (x )
=
=
z
Ez
EI y

(7.2.1-5)

123

(7.2.1-2), (7.2.1-3) (7.2.1-5) ,

( ),

w (x )

[1 + w (x )]
2

=
2

M y (x )

(7.2.1-6)

EI y

(7.2.1-6) w (x ) (w(x)
, )
. ,
w 2 << 1 ,
w (x ) =

M y (x )

(7.2.1-7)

EI y
EI y

.
( ) I y .
(7.2.1-7) M y (x ) .
w(x)
, C1 C 2
. ,
:
y

w (x = 0 ) = 0

w (x = 0) = 0

w (x = 0 ) = 0

w (x = 0) = 0

z
y

(7.2.1-8)

z
y

w (x = 0 ) = 0

w (x = 0) = 0

w (x = 0) = 0

w (x = 0) = 0

z
y
z

124

:
w=0

w = 0

w = 0

M y (x ) = 0 (7.2.1-7)

w = 0

Q z (x ) = 0

dM y (x )
dx

= Q z (x )

(7.2.1-7) (
(7.2.1-7) EI y = )
w (x ) =

q (x )
E Iy

(7.2.1-9)

(7.2.1-9)
M y (x )
C1 ... C 4
.
x-z

:
d, , L, E.
: w(L)
.
MA

E, I y

Ax

E, I y

Az

, S
S .
)

Fix = 0
Fiz = 0
Miy,A = 0

Ax = 0
Az P = 0

Az = P

MA P L = 0

MA = P L

125

) ( )

Q z (x )

Az

MA

Q z (x )

M y (x )

M y (x )

(L-x)

M y (x ) = P (L x )

M y (x )

w (x ) =

M y (x )
E Iy

P
(L x )
E Iy

E I y =
x
w (x ) =

P
E Iy

L x x + C1

w (x ) =

P
E Iy

x 2 x3
L
+ C1 x + C 2
2
6

w (x = 0 ) = 0
w (x = 0 ) = 0

C1 = 0 , C 2 = 0 w(x)

126

P
w (x ) =
E Iy

x 2 x3
L

2
6

x = L ()
P.
w (x = L ) =

7.2.2

P
E Iy

L3 L3 1 P L3
=
2
6 3 E I y

x-y

x-z ,
x-y
M z (x ) ,
M z (x )

Mz

v(x)

z
Mz

v(x)

y
x

a)

Mz > 0

Mz < 0

l
>0
R

l
<0
R

b)

7.2.2-1. x-y
x-z x-y
( 7.2.1-7)
v(x ) =

M z (x )
E Iz

(7.2.2-1)

v(x )
M z (x ) .

127

(7.2.2-1)
x, C1 C 2 ,
. x-z
, x-y
v (x = 0 ) = 0

v(x = 0 ) = 0

v (x = 0 ) = 0

v(x = 0) = 0

v (x = 0 ) = 0

v(x = 0) = 0

v(x = 0) = 0

v(x = 0) = 0

:
v=0

v = 0

v = 0

M z

v = 0

Q y

,
,
x-z
7.2.1.
x-y , ,
y- z-
.
, ,

x .

(
).

128

7.3

,
,

.
,
,

x-z x-y .

,

.

,
,
, .

.

7.3.1

, ,
.

,
,
.
,

.
.

.

.

129

,
, ,
.

.

.
M o .
Mo

Mo

MA

Az
M y (x )

MA

Q z (x )

Az

7.3.1-1.

Bz

M y (x )

Q z (x )

Mo

Bz

a)
b)
c) x

.

, , , ..
.

130

7.3.1-1.

Fix = 0
Fiz = 0
Miy,A = 0

.. Bz
2

Bz

Ax = 0
A z = Bz
M A = Bz L M o

M y (x )


M o Bz

Ax = 0

A z Bz = 0

M A Bz L + M o = 0

M y (x ) M o + Bz (L x ) = 0
M y (x ) = M o Bz (L x )

EI y w (x ) = M y (x ) = M o + Bz (L x )

Bz

7
2

x 2
EI y w (x ) = M o x + Bz L x
+C

1
2

x 2 x3
x2
+ Bz L
+ C1 x + C 2
EI y w (x ) = M o
2
2
6

w (x = 0) = 0 C 2 = 0
w (x = 0 ) = 0 C1 = 0
L2
L3
w (x = L ) = 0 Bz
Mo
=0
3
2

Bz =

3 Mo
2 L

z = Bz =
=

3 Mo
2 L

3
1
Mo Mo = Mo
2
2

, ,
.

7.3.2

131

,
.
,
.

,
.

.
, .
7.3.1
, ,
.
7.3.1-1
.. ,
7.3.2-1 , 7.3.2-1b), ,
7.3.2-1c).

Mo

Mo

Bz

Mo

7.3.2-1.

MA

a)

b) c)

7.3.2-1
,
.

132

.. b)

Mo

Bz

M y,2 (x ) = Bz (L x )

M y,1(x ) = M o

E I y w 2 (x ) = Bz (L x )

E I y w1(x ) = M

x 2
E I y w 2 (x ) = Bz L x
+ C3

x 2 x3
+ C3 x + C 4
E I y w 2 (x ) = Bz L
2
6

E I y w1 (x ) = M x + C1
E I y w1(x ) = M

x2
+ C1 x + C 2
2

w1(x = 0) = 0 C2 = 0
w1 (x = 0) = 0 C1 = 0

w 2 (x = 0) = 0 C 4 = 0
w 2 (x = 0) = 0 C3 = 0

- Bz
w1 (x = L ) + w 2 (x = L ) = 0
C2 = 0
L2
L3
+ Bz
=0
2
3
3 Mo
Bz =
2 L

Mo

,
,
.
7.3.2-1c)

, .

.
c)
:

Mo

Bz,1

A z,1

Miy,B = 0
A z,1 =

A z,1 L M o = 0

Mo
L

Bz,1 = A z,1

M y,1(x ) = A z,1 x =

133

MA

B z, 2

A z,2

Miy,A = 0
Bz,2 =

Bz, 2 L + M A = 0

MA
L

A z,2 = Bz,2

M y,2 (x ) = Bz,2 (L x ) =

Mo
x
L

MA
(L x )
L

MA
(L x )
L
M
x 2
E I y w 2 (x ) = A L x
+ C3
2
L
M A x 2 x 3

E I y w 2 (x ) =
L
+ C3 x + C 4
6
L 2

E I y w 2 (x ) =

M
E I y w1(x ) = o x
L
E I y w1 (x ) =

Mo x 2
+ C1
L 2

E I y w1(x ) =

Mo x3
+ C1 x + C 2
L 6

w1(x = 0) = 0 C 2 = 0
M o L3
w1(x = L ) = 0
+ C1 L = 0
L 6
M L
C1 = o
6

w 2 (x = 0) = 0 C4 = 0
M A L3
w 2 (x = L ) = 0
+ C3 L = 0
L 3
M L
C3 = A
3

w1 (x = 0) + w 2 (x = 0 ) = 0
Mo L M A L
C1 + C3 = 0

=0
6
3
M
M A = o
2

M Mo 3 Mo
Bz = Bz,1 + Bz,2 = A
=
L
2 L
3 Mo
A z = A z,1 + A z,2 = Bz =
2 L

134

,
,
,
.
:

, 8-1.

.

8-1.
:

, 8-2.
F1

F2

Q z (x )

x
x

z
8-2.

,
.

8.1

135

,
,

,

=

.
,
.

(8.1-1)

,
> ,

(),

, =
, =

, m
S
, B
S

()

136

S
, m 0,8 R m ,

, B R m

R m .

1
()

.
: F = 103 N , d = 10 mm , St 37, R m = 340 MPa ,
S = 2 .

b),
A =

d2
4

Q = F

Q
A

F
d
4

4F
d2

, =

, m
S

137

0,8 R m
= 0,4 R m
2

.
2

St 37,
F .
: h = 4 mm , 40 mm, R m = 340 MPa .

A = ( d ) h

Q
F,
=

Q
F
=
A d h

> , =

, m
S

0,8 R m

F
F > 0,8 R m d h

( ).
: S = 1

138

8.2

,
.

.
, ,
,
.

,
.
,
, , . 8.1,

=

, . 8.2-1,
.
Qz

=0

=0

8.2-1.



.

Q y (x ) , Q z (x ) ,
.

8.2.1

139

Q z (x )

,
.

,
.
8.2.1-1
dx x-z
x.
Q z (x )
M y (x )

dx

zx
xz

z1

zx
xz

8.2.1-1.

x +

z2

x
dx
x

a) Q z (x ) , M y (x )

b) M y (x )

Q z (x )
c)

zx b(z ) dx x dA + x dA + x dx dA = 0
x

M y (x )

(8.2.1-1)

140

x =

M y (x )
Iy

M y (x ) z
x
Q (x ) z
dx =
dx = z
dx
x
x I y
Iy

(8.2.1-2)

(8.2.1-1)
Q (x ) z dx
Q (x ) dx
zx b(z ) dx = z
dA = z
Iy
Iy

z dA

(8.2.1-3)

zx =

Q z (x ) Sy (z )
Iy
b(z )

(8.2.1-4)

Sy (z ) = z dA
z1 z 2 , 8.2.1-1b),
y-.
: 8.2.1-4 S y (z )

z .

S y (z )

141

Q z (x ) .

xz , =

Q z (x )
bh

xz,max =

3 Q z (x )
2 bh

h
2

h
2

Q z (x )

xz,max

y
z

xz (z )

h
2

h
2

b(z)
b

xz (z )

b
z
a)

b)
c)
a)
b)
c) z

8.2.1-1,

b(z )

b(z ) = b

I y =

b h3
.
12

z
h
2

h
2

b h
Sy (z ) = z dA = z b dz = b z dz = z 2
2 2

z
z

xz (x , z ) =

Q z (x ) Sy (z )
I y b(z )

=6

Q z (x ) h
z 2
bh 3 2

z ,
h
z = 0 , . c).
.. z =
2

142

h
xz x , = 0
2

xz (x,0) =

3 Q z (x ) 3 Q z (x )
=
= xz, max
2 bh
2 A

1,5
= ( / ).
: .

Q z ,

b 1
<
h 2
, k

max = k

3 Qz
2 A

k .

b
h
k

<

1
2

1
2

1,033

1,126

1,396

1,986

k
, ,

z
b ,

xy

b
), max .
h

143

Q z (x ) .
Qz

Qz

xz

xz

z1

z2 = R

xz

xz

Qz

xz, =

xz,max

xz,max =

Qz

R2
4 Qz
3 R2

a)
b)
c)
d) z

(8.2.1-4)
xz (z ) =

Q z S y (z )
I y b(z )

Sy (z ) z1 z 2

144

Sy (z ) = z dA

dA = b(z ) dz = 2 R 2 z 2 dz

S y (z ) = z dA =

z=R

z=R

z = z1

z = z1

z b(z ) dz = 2

z R 2 z 2 dz

z = R sin
dz = R cos d
( z = z1 = z = z 2 =

)
2

Sy = 2

R 3 sin cos 2 d =

3
2 3
R 1 sin 2 2
3

z
b(z ) .

3

z 2 2
2
Sy = R 3 1
3
R

Iy =

R4
4

z
b(z ) = 2 R 1
R

145

xz (x , z ) =

2
4 Q z (x ) z
1
3 R2 R

( ) z.
z = 0 ,
xz, max =

4 Q z (x )
3 R2

:
z y,

b(z ) , .. .

xz, max

,

y,
b(z ) .

( FEM,
BEM ...).

146

, ,
.
, 9-1,
M t x.
.
Mt

y
x

z
Mt

9-1.
COULOMB1

.
S-V,
St.-VENANT, ,
.

Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736-1806)

 St.-VENANT

9.1

147

St.-VENANT

St.-VENANT :

, .

( ).

. ,
, (
).

St.VENANT .

,
. ,
.

(y-z ).
St.-VENANT
,
, .
.

9.1.1

,
.
9.1.1-1
, St.-VENANT,
, .

148

x
u(y, z)
z

9.1.1-1.

,
( , HOOKE,
) .
v w y z , P
P ,
9.1.1-2.
z
P

x
a

w v

P
y

9.1.1-2.

=

d(x )
dx

(9.1.1-1)

St.-VENANT
,
x (x = 0 )
x .

v w

 St.-VENANT

149

v = ( r cos r cos( + x ) ) x r sin = x z

w = r sin ( + x ) r sin x r cos = x y

(9.1.1-2)

(9.1.1-2)
,
( x )
sin ( x ) x
cos( x ) 1

TAYLOR
.
, , u,
, u
x y z .

u = (y, z )

(9.1.1-3)

(y, z ) .
(9.1.1-2) (9.1.1-3)
St.-VENANT (3.2.1-2)
x =

u
=0
x

y =

v
=0
y

z =

w
=0
z

(9.1.1-4)

(3.2.2-3)
yz =

v w
+
=0
z y

xy =

v u
+
= z
x y
y

xz =

w u

+
= + y
x z
z

(9.1.1-5)

150

HOOKE
x = y = z = yz = 0

xy = G z
y

(9.1.1-6)

xz = G + y
z

(9.1.1-4) (9.1.1-6)

, .

xy , xz .
(9.1.1-6) (2.3-3)
,
(y, z ) LAPLACE1
=

2
+
=0
y 2 z 2

(9.1.1-7)

(y, z ) y z .
(9.1.1-7) (2.1-5),
(2.1-5) .
(9.1.1-6) (9.1.1-7) ,
(y, z ) ,
St.-VENANT .
(2.1-5)
HOOKE
(9.1.1-7).
LAPLACE
.
St.-VENANT,
.
:

t .
Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827)

 St.-VENANT

151

, ,
xn n ,
.
xn CAUCHY
nx
,
, . 9.1.1-3a).

xz

xt

xt

xn

nx

xy

xz

nx = xn = 0

xy

9.1.1-3.

St.-VENANT
xn = 0

(9.1.1-8)

(y, z ) .
9.1.1-3b) (9.1.1-8)
xn = xy cos(n , y ) + xz sin (n , y ) = 0

(9.1.1-9)

xy xz
(9.1.1-6). ( G )
(y, z ) ,

z cos (n, y ) +
+ y sin (n, y ) = 0
z

(9.1.1-10)

152

cos(n, y ) =

dy dz
=
dn dt
(9.1.1-11)

sin (n, y ) =

dz
dy
=
dn
dt

(9.1.1-10)
dy dz
+
= z cos(n, y ) y sin (n , y )
y dn z dn

(9.1.1-12)

St.-VENANT

= z cos(n , y ) y sin (n , y ) = f (y, z )

n

(9.1.1-13)

, NEUMANN1
:
=

2
y 2

2
z 2

= 0 y, z D

(9.1.1-14)

dz
dy
=z +y
n
dt
dt

y, z

NEUMANN D (
), . 9.1.1-3b), (
(9.1.1-7) LAPLACE)

. NEUMANN, ,

f (y, z ) ds = 0

(9.1.1-15)

f (y, z ) (9.1.1-13).

St.-VENANT .
1

Carl Neumann (1832-1925)

(9.1.1-15)

 St.-VENANT

153

.
. :

z dydz
M t = y xz z xy dydz = G y 2 + z 2 + y
z
y
D
D

(9.1.1-16)

M t = GI t

(9.1.1-17)

dydz
z
I t = y 2 + z 2 + y

z
y

(9.1.1-18)

I t
, M t ,
.
(9.1.1-17)
M t
. St.VENANT.

(y, z ) ,

.

9.1.2

(y, z )
(y, z ) (y, z )
CAUCHY RIEMANN1:

=
,
y z

Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866)

(9.1.2-1)

154

=
z
y

x = y = z = yz = 0

z
xy =
z

(9.1.2-2)

xz =
+ y

y
HOOKE
x = y = z = yz = 0

xy = G
z
z

(9.1.2-3)

xz = G
+ y

y
(9.1.2-3)
(2.1-5) .
(3.2.3-2) (3.2.3-4).
(3.2.3-2) (3.2.3-4) ,

(y, z ) LAPLACE
=

2
+
=0
y 2 z 2

(9.1.2-4)

, (9.1.2-4)
(y, z )
.

 St.-VENANT

155

dy dz dy dz
=
+
=
+
=
n y dn z dn y dt z dt t
(9.1.2-5)

dy dz
dy dz
=
+
=
+
=
t y dt z dt
y dn z dn
n
(9.1.1-11), (9.1.1-13)

z cos(n , y ) y sin (n , y ) = y

dy
dz d y 2 + z 2
+z =
dt
dt dt 2

(9.1.2-6)

d y 2 + z 2
=
=
n t dt 2

(9.1.2-7)

y2 + z2
+C
2

(9.1.2-8)

(y, z ) . C
,
. ,
.
,
C = 0 ,
, .. ,

.
DIRICHLET1,
D, ( 9.1.1-3b),
. NEUMANN

.
DIRICHLET
:
=

2
+
=0
y 2 z 2

y, z D

Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859)

(9.1.2-9)

156

y2 + z 2
+C
z

y, z

( y, z ) = ( y, z )

y2 + z2
2

(9.1.2-10)

LAPLACE POISSON,
2

2
+
= (y, z ) 2 = 2
y 2 z 2

(y, z ) =

(9.1.2-11)

( y, z ) = C

(9.1.2-12)

, C .
(y, z )
xy = G

z
(9.1.2-13)

xz = G

,
(9.1.1-15),
(y, z )

dydz
z
M t = y xz z xy dydz = G y 2 + z 2 y

y
z

D
D

(9.1.2-14)

y 2 + z 2

M t = 2G
dydz = 2G (y, z ) dydz

D
D

(9.1.2-15)

STOKES1
.
(9.1.2-15).

Sir George Gabriel Stokes (1819-1903)

 St.-VENANT

157

M t
(9.1.2-15) .
(9.1.2-15) (9.1.1-18)
I t
I t = 2 (y, z ) dydz
D

(9.1.2-16)

(y, z )
(y, z ) .

(
, ,
, ...).


.

9.2

9.2.1

(
) .

,

( y, z ) = 0

(9.2.1-1)

.

(9.1.1-6). ..
y ( z = 0 , . 9.2.1-1a),

158

xy = G
z = 0
y

(9.2.1-2)

xz = G
+ y = G y

z
COULOMB, (
)
. z ( y = 0 )
.
x r
= G r

(9.2.1-3)

,
M t = r dA = G r 2 dA = G I p
A

Mt

(9.2.1-4)

I p = r 2dA
A

Ip =

R 4 d4
=
2
32

I t
I p .

xz

xz

max

xy

159

Ra

max

Ri

9.2.1-1.

=

Mt
GIp

(9.2.1-5)

= (r ) =

Mt
r
Ip

(9.2.1-6)

r = R
max = (r = R ) =

Mt
M
M
R= t = t
Ip
Ip
Wp
R

(9.2.1-7)

Wp .
GI p (9.2.1-5)
GI t , I t
, . .. (9.1.1-17). (9.1.1-17)
( = 0) I t
I p , I t I p .
:
( )
R4

2

I p =

160

I p, =

4
R a R i4
2

Ra
Ri

.
: R, R a , R i .

Ri

Ra

R 2 = R a2 R i2

R 2 = R a2 R i2

I t , I = I p, I =

R4
2

) (

)(

) (

R a4 R i4
R a2 + R i2 R a2 R i2
R a2 + R i2 R 2
I t , II = I p, II =
=
=
2
2
2

max, I =

Mt
2 Mt
R=
I p, I
R3

max, II =

161

Mt
2 Mt Ra
Ra =
I p, II
(R a2 + R i2 ) R 2

2
2
2
R a2 + R i2
2 Mt Ra + Ri R
=
=
>1
max, II R 3
2 Mt Ra
R Ra

max, I

R = Ra

M t
.
GI t
, .

I t, I
I t , II

R2
R4
2
=
<1
2 R a2 + R 2 R 2 R a2 + R 2
i
i

R = Ra

GI t , I < GI t , II
,
, ,

M t .

max,II

max,I

Mt

Mt

. M t .

162

:
,
.

, .


.

IP ( x
) I t
.

Ra
Ri

A = A

I t = Ip

I t , I < I t , II

max

max,I > max,II

G I t
G = G = G

G I t , I < G I t , II

M
= t
G It

I > II

/ m
B=gA
I = II =

BI = BII

163

..

9.2.2

y2
a2

z2

+ 2 =1
b

a b , 9.2.2-1.

a 2 b 2 y 2 z 2
(y, z ) = 2
1

a + b 2 a 2 b 2

(9.2.2-1)

(
(9.1.2-11)) ,
POISSON (9.1.2-10). (y, z )
.
max

9.2.2-1.
(9.1.2-12)

164

xy = G

a2 z

= 2G 2
z
a + b2
(9.2.2-2)

xz = G

b y

= 2G 2
y
a + b2

2G
= xy2 + xz2 = 2
a 4 z2 + b4 y2
2
a +b

(9.2.2-3)

max =

2G
2

a +b

a2 b

(9.2.2-4)

(9.1.2-16)
I t = 2 (y, z ) dydz
D

2 a 2 b2
a 2 + b2

1
1

2
2
dy dz 2 y dy dz 2 z dy dz
a D
b D
D
123
14243
14243
=A

=Iz
=I y

(9.2.2-5)

A=ab,

Iy =

a b3
,
4

Iz =

a3 b
,
4

a 3 b3
It = 2
a + b2

(9.2.2-6)

M t M t a 2 + b2
=
GI t
G a 3 b3

(9.2.2-7)

(9.2.2-4) M t
max =

2M t

a b2

(9.2.2-8)

9.2.3

165

, 9.2.3-1,
b
0.

a
max

max
1

9.2.3-1.
a)
b)

(y, z ) = b 2 z 2

(9.2.3-1)

xy = 2 G z

(9.2.3-2)
xz = 0

.
= 0 y = a ,
.
.
a

-a

-b

I t = 2 dy dz = 8 dy dz =
D

16 a b 3 L h 3
=
3
3

(9.2.3-3)

max = 2 G b = G h =

Mt
3 Mt
h=
It
L h2

(9.2.3-4)

166

L
h
. (
L
)
< 10 ,
h
, max
I t
9.2.3-4 9.2.3-3
.

I t = k1 L h 3
(9.2.3-5)
max =

Mt

k2 L h2

max .


1 = k 3 max
L

h
9.2.3-1 k1 , k 2 9.2.3-2.

k1 , k 2 , k 3

9.2.3-1. k1 , k 2 k 3
L
h

1,0

1,2

1,5

2,0

3,0

10

k1

0,141 0,166 0,196 0,229 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307

0,312

0,333

k2

0,208 0,219 0,231 0,246 0,267 0,282 0,299 0,307

0,312

0,333

0,741

0,741

k3

1,0

0,935 0,862 0,794 0,752 0,746 0,741 0,741

9.2.3-2.

167

k1 k 2
I t max

.

M t
- ( max )
- ( GI t ).
L
=1
h
A1 = 4a 2

L
=4
h
A 2 = 4a 2

max
I t

168

Mt

Mt
Mt
=
=
k 2 L h 2 k 2 8 a 3 0,208 8a 3

max,1 =

max,2 =

Mt

Mt
Mt
Mt
=
=
=
k 2 L h 2 k 2 4a a 2 k 2 4a 3 0,282 4a 3

I t ,1 = k1 L h 3 = k1 2a (2a )3 = k1 16a 4 = 0,141 16a 4
I t ,2 = k1 L h 3 = k1 4a a 3 = k1 4a 4 = 0,281 4a 4

max,2 > max,1


I t ,1 > I t ,2
( GI t ).

A=Lh

A = A

max

max,I < max, II

I t

I t , I > I t , II

G I t
G = G = G
M
= t
G It
/ m
B=g
= =

G I t , I > G I t , II
I < II
BI = BII

169

:
: ,
G,
,
M t
,
( GI t ).

max
I t ,
:

L1 h1 = L 2 h 2 = A =

( )

L
Li h i = i h i2 = A
hi

h i2 =

A
Li

hi

Li
hi

Li
hi
Mt
Mt
Mt
Mt
max =
=
=
=
k 2 L h 2 k 2 (L h ) h k 2 A h A A k 2

M t ,
Li
hi
k2
Li

hi
,
L
( k 2 ), i (
hi
,

170

) ,
max , .

I t = k1 L h 3 = k1 (L h ) h 2 = k1 A h 2 = k1 A

A
= A2
Li

hi

k1
Li

hi

,
L
i I t
hi
GI t . ,


=

Mt
GI t

:

,
, .
2

-
-
.
: a.
1)

2)
R
a

.

R2 = a2

d = 2R =

2
a = 1,128 a

171

max,1 = G R =

Mt
Mt
Mt
M
2M t
3
,
54
2

R= t R=
=

It
Ip
a3
a3
R3

max,2 =

Mt
k2 L h

Mt
k2 a

M
1 Mt
1 Mt
=
4,8 3t
3
3
k2 a
0,208 a
a

.
(G I t ) ,

It

(G1 = G 2 = G ) .
4

R4 a
a4
I t ,1 = I p,1 =
0,16 a 4
=
=
2
2
2

I t ,2 = k1 L h 3 = k1 a 4 = 0,141 a 4

I t ,1 > I t ,2
.
1 =

1
1
< 2 =
G I t ,1
G I t ,2

, .

172

A1 = A 2 = A3

max

max,1 < max,2 < max,3

It

I t ,1 > I t ,2 > I t ,3

G I t
G1 = G 2 = G 3 = G

G I t ,1 > G I t ,2 > G I t ,3

Mt
G It

/ m
B=g
= = III =

1 < 2 < 3

B1 = B2 = B3

9.3

173

,
.

,

,
, .
/ /

.
, , .

.
, (
) . 9.3-1a), ,
( ), . 9.3-1b).

9.3-1.
,
.
.

174

9.3.1

,
,
, 9.3.1-1a).
a)

b)

ds

h(
s)

Am

d)

0 s

T+

T
ds + K
s

T
c)
9.3.1-1.

( )

= h (s )

(9.3.1-1)

h(s)
(. 9.3.1-1c).
, 9.3.1-1c), 9.3.1-1d)
, ,

=0
s

(9.3.1-2)

175

= h (s ) =

,

.
9.3.1-1c)
M = p(s ) ds = p(s ) ds

(9.3.1-3)

p(s ) ( )
. p(s ) ds
.

M t = 2 m

(9.3.1-4)

A m ,
9.3.1-1b).
(9.3.1-4) BREDT1.

(9.1.1-6)
n, s

= zt = G
+ p(s )
s

(9.3.1-5)

(s ) = o +

1 s
ds 2 a (s )
G

(9.3.1-6)

a (s )
s ,
s

1
a (s ) = p(s ) ds
2o
1

Rudolph Bredt (1842-1900)

(9.3.1-7)

176

(9.3.1-6) o = (0)
.
, ( )
(0 )
1
( ) = (0) +
ds 2a ( )
(9.3.1-8)
G
a ( ) = A m

ds = 2 G A m

(9.3.1-9)

(9.3.1-9) BREDT (9.3.1-4)

BREDT
=

Mt

ds

4 A 2m G

h (s )

(9.3.1-10)

(9.1.1-16) ,
:
It =

4A 2m
ds
h (s )

(9.3.1-11)

h (s )
(9.3.1-10)
ds

h (s ) = h ds = h

L .

, ,
9.3.1-2. .. .
,
.
.

177

h(
s)

T2

T1

T3

C1

C3
C2

A m,1

T1

h(s
)

T2

A m,2

9.3.1-2.
.. 9.3.1-2
2 + 3 = 1

(9.3.1-12)

,
BREDT
2A m,1 1 + 2A m,2 2 = M t

(9.3.1-13)

. BREDT

1
ds
ds
2G =
1
+ 3
A m,1 C h
h
C3
1

2G =

ds
ds

2
3
A m,2 C h
h
C3
2

(9.3.1-14)

(9.3.1-15)

1, 2 , 3 .
3 = 0
.

It =

Mt
G

(9.3.1-16)

178

1 ( )

-
- .
: a, L b = 3 , G1 = G 2 = G 3 = G , t.

A1 = A 2 = A 3
A1 = 2 R t
A 2 = 4a t

A 3 = 2 (L + b ) t
A1 = A 2 R =
L
a
= 3 b = .
b
2

A1 = 2 R t = 4a t
A m,1 = R 2 =

max,1 =

I t,1 =

4a 2

Mt
M
= t
2 A m,1 t 2 t 4a 2

4 A 2m,1
2R

t = 2 R3 t =

16

a3 t

2a

A 2 = A 3

A 2 = 4a t
A m,2 = a 2

max,2 =

I t,2 =

Mt
M 1
= t
2 A m,2 t 2 t a 2

4 A 2m,2
4a

t = a3 t

L
A 3 = 2 (b + L ) t = 2b 1 + t = 4a t
b
A m,3 = b L

max,3 =

M 4 1
Mt
M 1
M
1
= t
= t
= t
2 A m,3 t 2 t b L 2 t b 2 L 2 t 3 a 2
b

4 A 2m,3

9
4 b 2 L2 t
= a3 t
I t,3 =
t=
2 (b + L )
L 16
2b 1 +
b

179

180

A1 = A 2 = A3

max

max,1 < max,2 < max,3

I t

I t ,1 > I t ,2 > I t ,3

G I t
G1 = G 2 = G 3 = G

G I t ,1 > G I t ,2 > G I t ,3

Mt
G It

/ m
B=g
1 = 2 = 3 =

1 < 2 < 3
B1 = B2 = B3

:
1:
.
2:
. G I t
.
3:
,
.
4: G I t
,
.
5:
(, , ) ,
, .
.

181

:
,
L b ,
, 9.6.6.
2 ( )

1, 2 , 3
, M t .
T2

A m,2

T1
T1
T3

T2
a2

A m,1

h
a1

BREDT
2 A m,i Ti = 2A m,1T1 + 2A m,2T2 = M t
(9.3.1-14) (9.3.1-15)
2G =

L
1
L1
1 + 3 3 =

A m,1 h
h A m, 2
1

L3
L2
2 h 3 h

1 = 2 + 3

1, 2 , 3 .
(4 4 )
(3 3) 1, 2 , 3
1
1

2A m, 2
2A m,1
A m,2L1 A m,1L 2

T1 0

0
T2 = M t
A m,2 L3 A m,1L3 T3 0
1

182

(9.3.1-14) (9.3.1-15) .
G I t

G It =

Mt

i = i
h

9.3.2

9.2.3 L
h .


.
(. (9.2.3-3),
.. ,
L1

L2

h1
h2

L1

h1

It =

L1
h1

h1
h2

L2

h3

L3

L1

L1

L2

h3

h2

h3

L3

L3

h1

L2
h2

L2

1
1
Li h 3i I t = h 3 (s ) ds

3 o
3 i

(9.2.3-4)

(9.3.2-1)


max = G h max =

183
Mt
h max
It

(9.3.2-2)

h max .

,
.
.

: ,
.
( )
.

x,u
Mt

Mt

9.3.2-1.
,
, 9.3.2-1.

184

.

.

u (y, z ) .
,
(9.3.1-6)
s

(s ) = o p ds = o 2a (s )

(9.3.2-3)

..
( 9.3.2-1),
u = (2 r ) o = 2 r 2

(9.3.2-4)

It =

1
1
L h 3 = 2 r h 3
3
3

(9.3.2-5)

max =

3M t

2 r h 2

,
BREDT (9.3.1-4) (9.3.1-10)
I t = 2 r 3 h
(9.3.2-6)
max =

Mt

2 r 2 h

.
.

185

Mt

Mt

max

9.3.2-2.

max

.
: t = , H 2b (
).

186

,

.

max = G t max =

Mt
t max
It

It =

1
Li t 3i
3

It =

1
t3
b t 3 + b t 3 + H t 3 + b t 3 + b t 3 = (4b + H )
3
3

max = t ,
max GI t
.

9.4

M t ,
,
, .

S .
.
, ,
,
,
.
,
.

.

,
(

S
, M S ).

( )

S
(


S).

S.

S



(
).

,

.

,

S
.

187

188

y, z , 9.4-1.

ds

Qz

yM

yM

zM

zM

9.4-1. ( )

:
L

2
yM =
z a (s ) h (s ) ds
I y o
(9.4-1)
zM =

2
y a (s ) h (s ) ds
I z o

L () .

yM =

A
2
z a (s ) h (s ) ds m

Iy
B

z b(s ) h (s ) ds
(9.4-2)

zM =

A
2
y a (s ) h (s ) ds m

Iz
B

y b(s ) h (s ) ds

A m

189

ds
h (s )
0

b(s ) =

B = b(L ) =

ds
h (s )

(9.4-3)

1s
a (s ) = p ds
20
,

( S).

, a (s ) .
:
(
).
1

.
z
s
ds
t

M
yM

Rcos

t
t

R R R +
2
2

,
y z M = 0 .

y M
yM =

2
z a (s ) h (s ) ds
I y 0

( )
,
.

190

.
z = R cos
a (s ) =

1
1
Rs= RR
2
2

h (s ) = t

ds = R d

R +
1
Iy =
2

t
t
R
2
2
64

2
= R 3t 1 + t

2
2
4R

Iy

3
R t
2

y M
yM =

3
R t =0
2

R cos

R2
4 R4 t
t R d =
cos d
2
R 3 t 2 =0

(. )

cos d

= 2

=0

yM =

4R

.

.

191

.
z
I

s2

Am

ds
d

z
y

s1

z M = 0
yM =

A
2
z a (s ) h (s ) ds m

B
Iy

Am =

R2
,
2

z b(s ) h (s ) ds

B = B(L ) =

2R + 2 R
h

L = 2R + 2 R .

h
2
I y = (2R )3 + h R 3cos 2 d = h R 3 +
12
3 2
0

z = R + s1

z = R cos

a (s1 ) = 0

a (s 2 ) =

1
R s2
2

s
b(s1 ) = 1
h

b(s 2 ) =

2R s 2
+
h
h

yM =

4( + 6)
R 0,53 R
(3 + 4)( + 2)

10

191

,
,
,

.
,

.
.. , 10-1.

10-1.
, = 0 = .
= 0 ,
= 0
. , = ,
.
.
.
. ,
.
:

( 10-2a)
( 10-2b) ,
( 10-2c).

192

F
F

a)

b)

c)

10-2.

,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
, ,
, .

,
.
Pk ()
. Pk
.
Pk
Pk ()
.

193

P < Pk

P > Pk

P = Pk
P > Pk

P Pk

10-3

,
,
,

,

,
(
, ).
,
.
.

.
. Pk
,
,

P
k = k
A

,
,
.

194

> k

a)

F
>
A

b)

10-4.

10.1

, HOOKE.
EULER1, ( EULER,
EULER .).
.
.
P

P1

P2

n=1

n=2

w 1 (x )

w 2 (x )

z
a)

b)

c)

10.1-1.
1

Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)

195

I min = min I y , I z

. .. I min = I y ,
z.
w(x) z,
x
M y (x ) = P w (x )

(10.1-1)

w (x ) =

M y (x )
EI y

P w (x )
P w (x )
=
EI y
EI min

(10.1-2)

w (x ) + 2 w (x ) = 0

(10.1-3)

P
P
=
2 =
( ).
EI y EImin

w (x ) = A cos x + B sin x

(10.1-4)

w (x = 0 ) = 0
w (x = L ) = 0

A=0

(10.1-5)
B sin L = 0

w(x) B 0 .

sin L = 0

(10.1-6)

196

= n =

n
L

2
P = n 2 2 EImin = n 2Pk
L

n = 1, 2, 3, K

Pk =

2
L2

EI min

(10.1-7)

.

. n 2 Pk . n
w = sin n x .
, ,
.. .
n = 1 n = 2
10.1-1b) 10.1-1c). w 2 (x ) P2
P2
( , n = 1 n = 2).

n = 1 .
, = 0,
w(x)=0, P < Pk
.
Pk
, Pk .
Pk
, ,
.
Pk .
, ,
, .. 10.1-2,

( ).

197
H
Mo

w(x)

x
L

10.1-2.

M o , .
x
M y (x ) = P w (x ) H (L x )

(10.1-8)

w (x ) + 2 w (x ) =

H
(L x )
EI min

(10.1-9)

, 10.1-1,
.
w (x ) = A cos x + B sin x +

H
(L x )
P

(10.1-10)

w (x = 0 ) = 0

(10.1-11)

w(x = 0 ) = 0
w (x = L ) = 0
M (x = L ) = 0

( )

198

A+L

H
=0
P

H
=0
P

(10.1-12)

A cos L + B sin L = 0

H
.
P

, ,

,
1

1 = 0
cos L sin L 0

(10.1-13)

L = tan L

(10.1-14)

,
.
, ,
10.1-3.
y

tan L

y=L

45o

3
2

5
2

1L = 4,493 2 L = 7,725

10.1-3. L = tan L
,
, 1 .

199

(10.1-14), L = 4,49K ,

Pk = 2 EI min = 4.49 2

EI min
L2

4,49 2 2 EI min
2

L2

= 2.04

2 EI min
L2

2 EI min
L2

2.04

(10.1-15)

Pk

(
).
.
Pk
L k .
L k .
L k
.
10.1-1. L k
Lk

L
P
P

2L

L
P
0,7 L

P
0,5 L

200

Pk =

2
L2k

EI min

k
P
2 EI min
k = k =
A
L2k A

(10.1-16)

Lk

(10.1-17)

i min

, i min
,
P
2 E I min
2 E
2 E
k = k = 2
=
=
2
A
A
Lk
2
L
k
i min

(10.1-18)

k = k ( ) EULER, 10.1-3.
EULER
E = 210 103 MPa

k [MPa ]

400
R e (St 37)

300

St 52
TETMAJER
()

St 37

200
P (St 37)
100

e (St 37)

50

P (St 37)

[-]

100

0 e

e P

10.1-3. EULER

201

10.1-3, k < P
k P
HOOKE. P
.

.
, .. .
P ,

2 E
E
= E
P =
P
P
0,8 R e

(10.1-19)

P - 10.1-2
10.1-2.

E [MPa ]

P [MPa ]

P 0,8 R e

P =

St 37

210 103

176

108

St 52

210 103

256

89

Al,

71103

96

85

Al Cu Mg

72 103

225

56

Al Zn Mg

72 103

368

44

Ti

110 103

800

37

E
P

< P
(.. TETMAJER1) .
25 ,
,
.

Ludwig von Tetmajer (1850-1905)

202

10.2

Pk
k .
P

Sk = k = k
P

Sk 1,8
Sk = 2,5 4
Sk 10

10.3

(10.2-1)
,
,
.

,
( )

, ,
EULER ( )
.

> P

EULER
.

< P

.
( ),

.

203

,
> P ( EULER).

, EULER,
( ).

> P ,
EULER.
< P ,
EULER
.

.

.

.
1

.
:

P = 840 N , L = 103 mm , E = 210 103 N / mm2 , P = 280 N / mm 2

: b = 10 mm , h = 40 mm

.
, ,
:
=

Lk
i min

= Lk

A
I min

= 2L

bh
b3 h

12 =

2L
b

12 692

204

P =

E
86
P

>> P EULER .

b3 h
1727 N
E
E I min =
Pk =
L2k
(2L )2 12
P = 840 N (P < Pk )

P
Sk = k 2,06
P
2

Sk = 3 .
:

P = 2 103 N , E = 210 103 N / mm 2 , P = 280 N / mm 2 , L = 103 mm

Sk = 3 , .

,
Sk = 3 .
EULER
,
Pk =

2 E I min
L2k

= Sk P

I min =

205

d 4min Sk P L2k
=
64
2 E

d 4min =

64 Sk P L2k 64 3 2 103 106

=
mm 4
3
3
3
E
210 10

d 15,58 mm

, ,

> P

EULER .

=

Lk
i min

= Lk

A
I min

= Lk

4
256
d

P =

E
86
P

> P

EULER.

206

11

11.1

.

,
(.. ).
HOOKE,

, ..
.

,
.
, ,
(
)
.
,
.
11.1-1 a,
,
.
,
.
z

3a 2

a
a
1a 2

2a 2

a
a

11.1.1.

207

1, 2 , 3 0 1

1, 2 , 3 0 1
.

1 a 2 .
d,
a1d.
1

1
1
1
dU1 = 1 a 2 (a 1 d ) = 1 1 a 3 d = 1 1 a 3
2
0
0

(11.1-1)

dU dU1 dU 2 dU3 1
=
+
+
= (1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 )
dV dV
dV
dV 2

(11.1-2)

.
x, y, z,
,
.

,
(11.1-2)
.

dU 1
= x x + y y + z z + xy xy + xz xz + yz yz
dV 2

(11.1-3)

HOOKE ,
.
(11.1-3) .

208

2 1

U = G 2x + 2y + 2z +
x + y + z + 2xy + 2xz + 2yz
1 2
2
V

) dV

(11.1-4)

(
)

1 2
x + 2y + 2z 2 x y + x z + y z

2E
U* =
1 2
V +
+ 2 + 2yz
2G xy xz

)]

dV

(11.1-5)

. U*
U=U* HOOKE.

U* U.
(11.1-4)
.


(, , , )
.


, , ,
.

11.2

209

,
.

,
,
.

11.2.1

a)

b)
F

A
Nx

Nx

11.2.1-1.
, ,

.
(11.1-5)
( )

1 2
x dx
2E
V

U =

(11.2.1-1)

x (x )
. x

210

x =

Nx
A

N x .
(11.2.1-1)
L 2
L
2

l N 2x
l N 2x
l N x dA dx = 1 N x dx
dV
=
dA
dx
=
2E A 2
2E A 2
2E A 2
2 0 EA
0
A
V
V

U =

(11.2.1-2)

L .
(11.1-4) ( (11.1-3)
x 0 )
U=

11.2.2

1
1
u
E 2x dV = E dV

2 V
2 V x

(11.2.1-3)

Qz

Qy

My
Mz

11.2.2-1.
x-

y = z = yz = 0

x , xy , xz , .
(11.1-5) ,

211

1 2 1 2
U =
x +
xy + 2xz
2E
2G
V

) dV

(11.2.2-1)

x , xy , xz , M y , M z
Q y , Q z .
x (5.1-10)
My

x =

Iy

Mz
y
Iz

(11.2.2-2)

xy , xz , (5.2-5)
xz =

Q z Sy (z )
I y b(z )

Q y Sz ( y )
xy =
I z b( y )

(11.2.2-3)

(11.2.2-2) (11.2.2-3) (11.2.2-1)

dV = dA dx


L

1
2E
0

U =

M 2y

M yMz
M 2z
2
2

dx +
+

z
dA
y
dA
2
y
z
dA

2
I 2y A

I
I
I
z A
y z A

2
Q 2y
1 Q 2z S y (z )
S2z (y )

+
+
dA
dA dx
2 2
2 2
2
G

(
)
(
)
I
b
z
I
b
y
z A
0
y A

(11.2.2-4)

Iy

y-

Iz
I yz

z-

, I yz .
(11.2.2-4)

212

2
2
L
1 M y M 2z k z Q 2z k y Q y
dx
+
+
+
U =
GA
GA
2 0 EI y EI z

(11.2.2-5)

S2y (z )

k z = 2 2
dA
I y A b (z )

(11.2.2-6)

S2z (y )
dA
2

A
k y = 2
I z A b (y )

(11.2.2-5)
.
:
(.. )
(11.2.2-5)
Q y Q z .

M y , M z , v
w,
Mz 2v
=
,
EI z x 2

My
EI y

2w
x 2

(11.2.2-7)

,

2
2
L
2w
2v
1
U = EI z 2 + EI y 2 dx

2 0
x
x

(11.2.2-8)

: (11.2.2-5) (11.2.2-8)
() .
x s
.

11.2.3

213

,
Qz
Qy

My

Nx
Mz

11.2.3-1. ,

, ,
, (11.2.1-1)
(11.2.2-1) (11.2.2-5)

U* =

2
2
L
1 N 2x M y M 2z k z Q 2z k y Q y
dx

+
+
+
+
2 0 EA EI y EI z
GA
GA

(11.2.3-1)

11.2.4

xz
xy

11.2.4-1.
, xz
xy ,

1 2
xy + 2xz dV
2G
V

U* =

(11.2.4-1)

214

(6.1.1-6)
(6.1.1-16)
L

1
U =
2G
0
*

2
2
2

M t

+ y dA dx
z +
2

z
I t A y

(11.2.4-2)

GREEN 1

U* =

1 M 2t
dx
2G
I
0
t

(11.2.4-3)

M t .
,
,

(.. ).
(9.1.1-17)
,
L

1
U = G I t ()2 dx
2 0

(11.2.4-4)

(/, , ).

( ).

, .

George Green (1793-1841)

 CASTIGLIANO

11.3

215

CASTIGLIANO

, ,

U* = U* (F1, F2 , K, Fn )

(11.3-1)

(variation)

U*
= ai
Fi

(11.3-2)

CASTIGLIANO,
:


.
.
i i .
CASTIGLIANO
U*
= i
M i

(11.3-3)

(11.3-2) (11.3-3) CASTIGLIANO.

U = U (a1, a 2 ,K, a n )

(11.3-4)

U
= Fi
a i

(11.3-5)

CASTIGLIANO.

.

216

CASTIGLIANO
.

,
( ).
CASTIGLIANO
.
CASTIGLIANO
A i
, a i A i
. CASTIGLIANO A i
U*
= ai = 0
A i

(11.3-6)

() .
CASTIGLIANO
MENABREA1 :
,
.

,
.
:

.

Federico Luigi Menabrea (1809-1896)

11.4

217

CASTIGLIANO.

P = 3 103 N , L = 103 mm , E = 210 103 N/mm2 , = 0,3 , b = 20 mm ,

h = 60 mm

CASTIGLIANO,
( x- z- )

wP =

U*
P

U* .
,

L

1
U =
2 0
*

M 2y k Q 2

+ z z dx
GA
E Iy

,

. ,
.

wP =

L M M
U*
y
y
=
dx
P 0 E I y P

218

M y = P (L x )
M y
P

= (L x )

E Iy

1 L
P L3
wP =
P (L x )(L x ) dx =
E I y 0
E Iy 3
CASTIGLIANO

w (x ) =

P x 2 x3

L
E I y 2
6

w (x = L ) =

P L3
E Iy 3

.
2

CASTIGLIANO.
:

x=L

P = 3 103 N , L = 103 mm , E = 210 103 N/mm 2 ,

: b = 20 mm , h = 60 mm
P
y
z

x
2L

. x = L ,
.

219

CASTIGLIANO

(
).
CASTIGLIANO ,

.

0xL

M y, I (x ) = H (L x ) P (2L x )

M y, I
H

= (L x )

L x 2L

M y, II (x ) = P (2L x )

M y, II
H

=0

x = L

w (x = a ) =

L M
2L M
U*
y,I M y,I
y,II M y,II
dx +
dx
=
E
I
H
H 0 E I y H

y
L

220

, ,
.

1 L
P 5L3
(
)(
)
[

]
=
w (x = L ) =
P
2L
x
L
x
dx
E I y 0
E Iy 6
CASTIGLIANO
.
3

CASTIGLIANO.
P = 103 N , L = 2 103 mm , e = 200 mm
b = 40 mm , h = 80 mm

P
M yo = P e

e
y

P
L

,
.
,
,

( .. ...).
, ,
:
1)

MA

Mo

Ax
Az

Bz

221

A x , A z , M A Bz .

Fix = 0

Ax + P = 0

Fiz = 0

A z + Bz = 0

MiA = 0

M A + Bz L M o = 0

( ).

CASTIGLIANO.
2)

.
.. Bz

A x = P

( Bz )

A z = Bz

M A = M o Bz L
P, M o Bz .
3) (M, N, Q )
P, M o , Bz
.
,
.

222

N x (x )

Q z (x )

N x (x ) = P

Q z (x ) = B z

M y (x ) = Bz (L x ) M o
M y (x )

4)
.
CASTIGLIANO (
MENABREA),
.
U*
=0
Bz

.
Bz .
,

2
1 L N 2x M y
U =
dx
+
2 0 E A E Iy

U* L N x N x M y M y
=
+
dx = 0
Bz 0 E A Bz E I y Bz

Nx = P ,

N x
=0
Bz

M y = Bz (L x ) M o ,

M y
= (L x )
Bz

223

1 L
U*
=
[Bz (L x ) M o ] (L x ) dx = 0
Bz E I y 0

1 L3
L2
Mo
Bz
=0
E I y
3
2

Bz =

3 Mo
2 L

.
5) Bz ,

, 2.
A x = P

A z = Bz =

3 Mo
2 L

M A = M o Bz L = M o

M
3
Mo = o
2
2

( A z M A ).

224

,
.

:

S
S.

.
S
.
.. , S
.


.

. y-z
.


.
.

,
.

.1

-1
,

.


zo

225

S (yS , zS )

zS

dA

z
r
yS

yo

.1-1. S
yo , zo
S(yS , zS )
dA = dy dz

yS , zS ,
yS =

y dA = Sz
dA A

zS =

z dA = Sy
dA A

y o z o ,
Sy = z dA

y-

Sz = y dA

z-

.
1: S
, ,

yS = 0
zS = 0

226

Sy = 0

y S

Sz = 0

z S

2: ,
S .

(.. )

n

A = Ai
i =1
n

Sy = zSi Ai
i =1
n

Sz = ySi Ai
i =1

yS =

ySi Ai
Ai

zS =

zSi Ai
Ai

.2

I y = z 2 dA

y-

I z = y 2 dA

z-

I yz = yz dA

227

.
I y I z

I p = r 2 dA = y 2 + z 2 dA
A

Ip = I y + Iz

1:
, I yy I y , I zz I z .
2: [] 4 .
3: I y , I z I p ,

Iy > 0
Iz > 0
Ip > 0

I yz > 0
I yz < 0
I yz = 0


, ,
I yz = 0

dA .. y
dA y z- .

(.. )

228

I y = I yi
i

Iz = Izi
i

I yz = I yzi
i

i y , i z , i p

Iy
,
A

iy =

Iy
A

I
i 2z = z ,
A

iz =

Iz
A

Ip
,
A

ip =

Ip
A

i 2y =

i 2p =

,

.

[] ([ i y ] = )
,
[] 4 .
,

.

.
,

.

.

229

.2-1

S

I y , I z , I yz , I p

S
I u , I v , I uv

I u , I v , I uv

S

(
1 2)
I1 = I max
I 2 = I min
I12 = 0

.2.1

:
:

, S

S ( .2-1, )

230

.2.1-1. y-z

I y = z 2 dA
I z = y 2 dA

I yz = yz dA


S .

.2.2

STEINER1

:
:

y-z I y , I z , I yz
u-v
( .2-1, B), I u , I v , I uv

Jakob Steiner (1796-1863)

231

dA u-v

u = y+b
v=z+a

I u = (y + b )2 dA = y 2 dA + b 2 dA + yb dA
I v = (z + a )2 dA = z 2 dA + a 2 dA + za dA
I uv = (y + b )(z + a ) dA = yz dA + bz dA + ay dA + ab dA

yz dA = I yz
bz dA = b z dA = 0

( z S)

ay dA = a y dA = 0

( y S)

ab dA = ab dA = abA
y

dA = I z

dA = b 2

dA = b

yb dA = b y dA = 0 ( y S)
2
z dA = I y

dA = a 2

dA = a

za dA = a z dA = 0

( z S)

232

Iu = I y + a 2 A
I v = Iz + b2 A

STEINER

I uv = I yz + a b A
STEINER.

.2.3

y-z
I y , I z , I yz

u-v
y-z
( .2-1, C), I u , I v , I uv

y, z dA y-z
u, v dA u-v
u, v
u = y cos + z sin
v = y sin + z cos

u 2 = y 2 cos 2 + z 2 sin 2 2 y z sin cos
v 2 = y 2 sin 2 + z 2 cos 2 2 y z sin cos

uv = z 2 - y 2 sin cos + y z cos 2 sin 2

233

cos 2 =

1
(1 + cos2 ) ,
2

sin 2 =

2sin cos = sin 2 ,

1
(1 cos2 )
2

cos 2 - sin 2 = cos2

) (

) (

u2 =

1 2 2 1 2 2
y + z + y z cos2 + 2 y z sin2
2
2

v2 =

1 2 2 1 2
y + z + z y 2 cos2 y z sin2
2
2

uv =

1 2
z y 2 sin2 + y z cos2
2

I u = v 2 dA
I v = u 2 dA
I uv = uv dA

) (

) (

Iu =

1
1
I y + I z + I y I z cos2 + I yz sin2
2
2

Iv =

1
1
I y + I z I y I z cos2 I yz sin2
2
2

I uv =

1
I y I z sin2 + I yz cos2
2

y, z S, I y , I z , I yz
.

234

.2.4

u-v,

.
, I u , I v , I uv

.


dIu
=0
d
dI v
=0
d

dI u
dI
= v = 2 I uv = 0
d
d

tan 2 o =

2 I yz
I y Iz

2

.
1 = o 2 = o +

.

.
2 o
,
I1 I 2 ( 1, 2).

I1 = I max =

I y + Iz
2

I y Iz
+ I 2yz
+

I 2 = I min =

I y + Iz
2

235

I y Iz
+ I 2yz

,
.
tan 2 o =

2 I yz
I y Iz

2
.. 01
I1 I 2 .
, 01

02 = 01 +

I1 o

tan o =

I yz

I1 I z

< o
2
2

o y-

I1 = Imax

.3

, ,

. .. ,


.

236

,
, .

.3.1

:
b h.
: ) I y , I z , I yz , I p , I1, I 2
) i y , i z , i1, i 2
) I , I , I

) y-z
S . y z
S, ( I yz = 0 ).

dA. ..
z2 =

I y = z 2 dA =
A

h
2

z1 =

h
2

z 2 b dz =

b h3
= I max = I1
12

y2 =

I z = y 2 dA =
A

b
2

y1 =

b
2

y 2 h dy =

237

h b3
= I min = I 2
12

I yz = 0 ( )

h b b2 + h 2
I p = y 2 + z 2 dA = I y + I z =
12
A

)
iy =

iz =

Iy
A
Iz
A

.

.


(
).

iy =

iz =

Iy
A

12
b h3
=h
= i1 = i max
12
12 b h

12
Iz
h b3
=
=b
= i 2 = i min
12
A
12 b h

238

z, 2


i max

y, 1

i min

) -
STEINER ( ),
2

b h3 h 4
h
+
bh
I = I y + A =
12
4
2
2

h b3 b 4
b
+
bh
I = Iz + A =
12
4
2

h 2 b2
hb
I = I yz + A = 0 +
4
22
: I yz = 0

, y, z ,
.
-
.
(h=b=a) -

:
a.
: ) I y , I z , I yz , I p , I1, I 2
) i y , i z , i1, i 2
) I , I , I

239

a
) ,
- y z
- ,
,
I y = I z = I max = I min = I1 = I 2
I yz = 0

h = b = a
Iy =

a4
= I max = I min
12

Iz =

a4
= I max = I min
12

Ip = I y + Iz =

a4
6

iy =

iz =

Iy
A

a4
12 a

=a

12
= i max = i1
12

Iz
a4
12
=
=a
= i min = i 2
2
A
12
12 a

240

z
i max

y

) ) ,
(
),
I = I = I y = I z = I1 = I 2 = I min = I max
I = I yz = 0

.3.2

:
R.
: ) I y , I z , I yz , I p , I1, I 2
) i y , i z , i1, i 2

) H

y, z ,
.
I y = I z = I max = I min = I1 = I 2
I yz = 0

241

i y = i z = i max = i min = i1 = i 2

I p = I y + I z = 2 I y = 2 I max = 2 I min = 2 I1 = 2 I 2

I1 ,
I 2 ,

I p = y 2 + z 2 dA = r 2 dA =

2 = 2 r2 = R

1 = 0

r 2 r dr d =

r1 = 0

R4
2

1
R4
I y + I z = I1 = I 2 = I p =
2
2

)
i y = i z = i1 = i 2 =

Iy
A

R4
4R

R
2

y
i max =

R
2

:
,
I min = I max (
),
.

242

Iy =

b h3
12

2
h
3

h b3
Iz =
12

h3

I yz = 0

Iy =

r4
4
r
4

z
r
y
4r
3

4r
3

yo

4
I y = r 4
16 9

Iy =

I yz =

b h
72

I y = Iz

1 4 4
I yz =
r
8 9
z

S
b

h b3
Iz =
36
2

b h3
36

4
r
8

4
I y = r 4
16 9

1 4 4
I yz =
r
8 9

4
r
8

8
I y = r 4
8 9

Iz =

I y = Iz

h b3
36

I y o z o = 0, I yz = 0

Iy =

b h3
36

h b3
Iz =
36

Iz =

I yo = Izo =

I yz = 0
4r
3

b h3
36

I yz = 0

z, z o

Iz =

Iy =

y
I yz =

b2 h 2
72

.4

243

,

.

,

(, , ,
...).

:

244

Ai .
O

.

A1

A2

zo
A1

A2

yo

zo

S1
S2

yo

zo

zS

yo

yS
zo

yo , zo


, ..

.

z
S1 S y
S2

yo

ySi , zSi

Si A i

yo , zo .

Ai

.
yS , zS
S .

y, z
S
y o , z o .

Ai

3 STEINER
A i
y, z S
.
I x , I y , I xy y-z
.

I1, I 2 , o S
.

245

:
:

a)
) S
) I y , I z , I yz

o , I1, I 2 , i1, i 2

zo

z oS,1

S1

zoS

z oS,2
S2
yoS,1 yoS yoS,2

yo

, ..
b)
S1
S2
yo zo

1
2

.
S
i

yS,i

zS,i

a
2

2a

5a
2
a
2

Ai

yS,i A i

zS,i A i

3 a2

3 3
a
2

15 3
a
2

4 a2

8 a3

2 a3

19 3
a
2

19 3
a
2

S (y oS , z oS )

y oS

y oS,i A i

Ai

y oS,1 A1 + y oS,2 A 2
A1 + A 2

19 3
a
19
= 2
= a
2
14
7a

246

z oS ,

z oS = y oS =

19
a
14

.
)

S y-z

.

.

i

I y i ,Si

I z i ,Si

ai

bi

Ai

a i2 Ai

bi2 Ai

a i bi A i

a (3a )3
12

3a a 3
12

6
a
7

8
a
7

3 a2

108 4
a
49

192 4
a
49

144 4
a
49

4a a 3
12

a (4a )3
12

9
a
14

6
a
7

4 a2

81 4
a
49

144 4
a
49

108 4
a
49

zo

19
a
14
z1

3a

S1
b1

19 1
a1 = a
14 2

a1

19

a2 = 2 a
14

y1

S
z2
S2

a2
4a

y2

b2

19
a
14

5 19
b1 = a
2 14

yo

19 1
b2 = a
14 2

A1 : I yz ,S = 0
1 1
A 2 : I yz ,S = 0
2 2

STEINER

247

I y = I y1 ,S1 + b12 A1 + I y 2 ,S2 + b 22 A 2

I z = I z1 ,S1 + a12 A1 + I z 2 ,S2 + a 22 A 2
I yz = I yz1 ,S1 + a1 b1 A1 + I yz 2 ,S2 + a 2 b 2 A 2
,
,
I yz1 ,S1 = 0

( 1)

I yz2 ,S2 = 0

( 2)

y-z S
31 48
Iy = + a4
12 7

31 48
Iz = + a 4
12 7
I yz =

36 4
a
7

i min

i max

, 45o S
, ,
.
:

248

I1 =

I2 =

I y + Iz
2
I y + Iz
2

I y Iz
31
31 48
36
+ I 2yz = + 12 a 4 = + a 4 + a 4
+
7

12 7
12
2
2

I y Iz
31 12
+ I 2yz = + a 4

12 7
2

i1 =

I1
1 31

=a
+ 12
A
7 12

i2 =

I2
1 31 12
=a
+
A
7 12 7

:

.

.5

249

.
I yz = 0 .

(
) .
y z I y = I z (
, ,
)
S
.
I y , I z I p
, I yz
.

,
.

,
I p = I y + I z = I u + I v = I1 + I 2

250

,
( ).

.
.

: y .

,
.

f ( )

f ( ) d

1
1

4
1
2
1

2
0

sin 2

cos 2

sin cos

sin

1
1

sin 2
2
2

1
1

+ sin 2
2
2

1 2
sin
2
sin cos

cos

cos + sin

1 cos

- sin

(1 cos )2

10

(1 cos ) sin

11

(1 cos ) cos

3
1
2 sin + sin2
2
4
1 2
cos sin
2
1
1

sin + sin 2
2
2

12

(1 cos )(1 + sin )

1 2
sin
2

1+

1
2
3
2
4
1
2

1
4
1

2 2

f ( ) d

-2

3
2
2

2+

1
-1
3
4
3
4
1
2
-1
3
1
2
3
+1
2
9
+2
4
1
2
3
1
4
3 3
+
2 2

f ( ) d
0

0
0

0
-2
0
2
3
0
-
2

251

3
2

T.

cos
sin

sin
cos

sin cos

f ( ) d

f ( ) d

1
2

252

253

254

,

...,
.
,
,
.
.

,
.
,

,
, .

.
,
,
.

,
,
.

, .

263

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